耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文 字幕10

在这门课刚开始的时候We began the course我们讨论过一个现代心理学的基本观点by talking about one of the foundational ideas of modern psychology.弗兰西斯·克里克称之为This is what Francis Crick described as"惊人的假说""The Astonishing Hypothesis,"我们的心理活动 the idea that our mental life,我们的意识我们的道德观念our consciousness, our morality,我们做出决定和判断的能力our capacity to make decisions and judgments 皆由一个物质的生理大脑所产生is the product of a material physical brain.今天我想讲的What I want to talk about today and introduce it,将会是and it's going to be a theme贯穿我们接下来课程的一个主题that we're going to continue throughout the rest of the course,也是第二个同样惊人的观点is a second idea which I think is equally shocking,甚至可能更惊人perhaps more shocking.这个观点和我们的心理活动的来源有关And this has to do with where mental life comes from,重点不在于它的物质性not necessary its material nature,而在于它的起源but rather its origin.这又一"惊人的假说"And the notion, this other "astonishing hypothesis,"被哲学家丹尼尔·丹尼特称之为is what the philosopher Daniel Dennett has described达尔文的危险思想as Darwin's dangerous idea.这个观点解释了现代生物学中And this is the modern biological account生物现象的起源of the origin of biological phenomena包括心理现象including psychological phenomena.人们很久以来就对Now, people have long been interested in复杂事物的进化感兴趣the evolution of complicated things.有一个观点在历史中被不断提及And there is an argument that's been repeated throughout却还深深的吸引着人们history and many people have found it deeply compelling,包括达尔文自己including Darwin himself.达尔文在写《物种起源》的时候Darwin, as he wrote The Origin of Species,就被神学家威廉姆·佩利提出的一个观点was deeply persuaded and movedby this argument from--所深深折服in the form presented by the theologian William Paley.这里佩利举例说So, Paley has an example here.佩利说假如你走在沙滩上Paley tells--gives the example of you're walking down the beach脚踢到了一块石头and your foot hits a rock.然后你就想这块石头是从哪里来的呢And then you wonder, "Where did that rock come from?"你知道这不会是个多有趣的答案And you don't really expect an interesting answer to that question.也许它一直在那儿Maybe it was always there.也许它是从天上掉下来的谁在乎呢Maybe it fell from the sky. Who cares?但是假如你在地上发现了一块手表But suppose you found a watch on the ground然后琢磨这块手表是从哪里来的and then you asked where the watch had come from.佩利指出仅仅说它一直在那儿Paley points out that it would not be satisfying to simply say或碰巧在那儿it's always been there是不会让人信服的or it came there as an accident.他用这个比喻证明And he uses this comparison to make a point,手表是一件非常复杂有趣的东西which is a watch is a very complicated and interesting thing.由于佩利曾经是名医生Paley is--was a medical doctor所以佩利将手表形容and Paley goes on to describe a watch为眼睛并将其作对比and compare a watch to the eye他注意到手表和眼睛都是由多部分组成and noticing that a watch and the eye contain multitudes of parts并且各部分之间以复杂的方式相互作用that interact in complicated ways 产生有趣的效应to do interesting things.事实上In fact,如果把这个类比稍稍变化升级一下to change and to update the analogy a little bit,眼睛和照相机非常相像an eye is very much like a machine known as a camera.许多地方也异常类似And they're similar at a deep way.它们都有折射光线的镜头They both have lenses that bend light并把图像投射到一个感光面上and project an image onto a light-sensitive surface.对眼睛来说感光面是视网膜For the eye the light-sensitive surface is the retina.对相机来说是胶片For the camera it's the film.它们都有对焦功能They both have a focusing mechanism.眼睛通过肌肉的伸缩For the eye it's muscles来改变晶体的形状that change the shape of the lens.相机通过改变光圈的大小来控制曝光度For a camera it's a diaphragm that governs the amount of incoming light.它们甚至都有暗室Even they're both encased in black.眼睛和相机的感光部分The light-sensitive part of the eye都被包在暗处and part of the camera are both encased in black.区别在于事实上The difference is--So in fact,眼睛和相机看上去非常像the eye and a camera look a lot alike我们知道相机是人造品and we know the camera is an artifact.相机是由有智慧的人The camera has been constructed by an intelligent--为达成某种目的而制造出来的by intelligent beings to fulfill a purpose.事实上如果要说眼睛In fact, if there's any difference between things like the eye和相机有什么区别的话and things like a camera,那就是眼睛the difference is that things like the eye要比相机复杂得多are far more complicated than things like the camera.我小时候看过一部巨好看的电视剧When I was a kid I had this incredible TV show叫"六百万富翁"called "The Six Million Dollar Man."有人看过或听过吗Anybody here ever seen it or heard of it?反正那个剧讲是讲一个试飞员Oh. Anyway, the idea is there's a test pilot,史蒂夫·奥斯汀Steve Austin,他的喷气式火箭坠毁了and his rocket jet crashes他失去了他的双腿双手和眼睛and he loses his--both legs, his arm and his eye,听起来很不幸 which sounds really bad但他使用仿生材料来替换这些部位but they replace them with bionic stuff,从而得到了有超能力的人造腿with artificial leg,artificial arm人造手臂以及人造眼睛and an artificial eye that are really super-powered.然后他打击犯罪And then he fights crime.这绝对是史上最好看的电视剧了It was really the best show on.非常棒It was really good,但是这部剧拍于一九七四年but the thing is this was in 1974.距今已经三十多年了It's now over thirty years later不管在过去还是现在 and it's true then and it's true now,其中的情节都是幻想this is fantasy.都不算是科幻小说It doesn't make it to the level of science fiction.只是纯粹的幻想我们还远远不能It's fantasy. We are impossibly far away 发明出具有超能力的机器from developing machines that could do this.也远远不能造出We are impossibly far away from building a machine媲美人眼的机器that can do what the human eye does.所以像佩利这样的人就指出And so somebody like Paley points out,"生物世界的复杂性证明了"Look. The complexity of the biological world suggests that这些精密的人造制品these things are complicated artifacts是由比任何人类工程师created by a designer far smarter都要聪明的设计者创造的than any human engineer.这个设计者当然就是上帝"And the designer, of course, would be God."我登陆了谷歌图片I went to Goggle Images.我并非渎神That--I don't mean that to be sacrilegious in any sense.你们可以自己试试You could try this.我在谷歌图片中输入 "上帝"I went to "Google Images" and typed in "God"这就是上面蹦出来的图片and this is what showed up right in the middle所以佩利提出的so--And this,Paley argued,这个复杂事物起源的观点and it was--has been convincing throughout most of history,在历史上盛行了很长时间is a perfectly logical explanation并且合乎逻辑for where these complicated things come from.同时这个观点还占有符合It also has the advantage of being compatible圣经和宗教信仰的优势with scripture and compatible with religious beliefs,但是抛开宗教佩利的观点也说的通的but Paley made the point this stands on its own.如果你找到了复杂的事物If you find complicated things that--复杂的人造物complicated artifacts,你不会认为他们是意外出现的you don't assume they emerged by accident.你会认为他们是由智者创造的You assume that they were created by an intelligent being.这个观点始终都有问题Now, this view has always had problems.这个我们可以称之为"神造论"的观点This view, you could call it "creationism,"生物由which is that biological structures were created智者创造by an intelligent being,一直都有问题has always had problems.其中的一个就是自相矛盾One problem is it pushes back the question. So you ask,"那个智者又是是从哪里来的呢""Where did that intelligent being come from?"这是一个从心理结构进化角度看来And this is a particularly serious problem尤其严重的问题from the standpoint of the evolution of psychological structures.所以我们想知道So, we want to know,"这个地球上生生不息的生命是如何获得"how is it that creatures came across--upon this earth判断计划和做事的能力的呢"with the ability to reason and plan and do things?"如果答案仅仅是 And then the answer is"另一个有这种能力的人创造了我们""well, another creature with that ability created us."这个解释不一定错That doesn't necessarily mean it's wrong,但是显然不尽如人意but it means it's unsatisfying.因为你马上就会问You immediately want to get an explanation for那个人是从哪里来的where that other creature comes from.更重要的是More to the point,总是有证据支持进化论there's always been evidence for evolution.这里我指的进化And what I mean by evolution here不是某种具体的机制isn't necessarily a specific mechanism,而是身体各部位but merely the fact that body parts比如说眼睛并不是突然之间出现的like the eye didn't emerge all of a sudden,它既存在于其他现存动物but rather have parallels both within other existing animals也始终贯穿人类和生物史and across human and biological history.支持进化论的证据有不同的类型This evidence comes in different forms.不同身体部位的化石There is fossil evidence for different body parts证明他们是从更原始的形态进化而来的suggesting that they have evolved from more rudimentary form.其中也有一些退化特征There is vestigial characteristics.这说明有些人体特征And what this means is there are characteristics that是难以解释的human bodies have that are somewhat inexplicable,比如尾骨和鸡皮疙瘩like the human tailbone or goose-bumps,除非你将现在的人体形态unless you view them--the human body in its current form视为是先前形态的进化as modifications from a previous form.这同其它动物身上的一些特征相似There are parallels with other animals.在心理方面也表现明显And this is clear in psychology.所以尽管人类的大脑不同于老鼠 So, a human brain is different from the rat,猫以及猴子的大脑cat, and monkey brain但你还是能看出它们but at the same time you see them有一些相同的机制和结构following a sort of common plan and common structures.对此一个合理的解释就是And one rational inference from this is that它们在进化中相互关联they're linked through evolutionary descent.最后有些设计也是不尽如人意的Finally, there is occasional poor design.尽管佩利狂热的赞美人体So, Paley rhapsodized about the remarkable powers of以及其各部位的非凡能力the human body and the different body parts,即便佩利自己也承认有些部位but even Paley admitted that there are some things并不那么好使which just don't work very well.眼睛因为神经分布的关系Your eye contains a blind spot存在一个盲点because of how the nerves are wired up.男性的泌尿系统中尿道是穿过In the male urinary system the urethra goes through前列腺而不是绕过的the prostate gland instead of around it,这会给男性在年老时带来不少生理问题which leads to many physical problems in men later on in life.所以这就迫使你要么辩称And so you're forced to either argue that这些部位都很好these are really good things要么就承认上帝是残酷或不称职的or that God is either malicious orincompetent.这些都是很难去辩解的论点And those are difficult arguments to make.所以这些都是对神造论的质疑So, these are problems with the creationist view.即便如此But still,在人类智慧史上的很长的一段时间里for the longest time in human intellectual history我们找不到其他解释there was no alternative.事实上理查德·道金斯 And in fact, Richard Dawkins,世界上依然在世的the most prominent evolutionary--最伟大的进化生物学家之一one of the most prominent evolutionary biologists alive最坚定的神造论的批判者之一and one of the most staunchest critics of creationism,曾在《盲眼钟表匠》里写道has written in The Blind Watchmaker saying,一百或一百五十年前look, anybody 100 years ago or 150 years ago任何不相信上帝创造了人类和其他生物的who didn't believe that God created humans and other animals都是白痴was a moron因为神造论这个观点实在太好了because the argument from design is a damn good argument.在没有其他解释的前提下And in the absence of some other argument你就应该相信它遵从它你应该说you should go--defer to that. You should say,"尽管有种种的问题但是人类"Well, there are all of these problems but humans和其他的生物的结构一定都是神创造的and other biological forms must have divine creation因为它们的结构是那么复杂精准because of their incredible rich而又令人难以置信"and intricate structure."一切直到达尔文的出现才有所改变What changed all that of course was Darwin.达尔文的成就在于And Darwin--Darwin's profound accomplishment他向世人展示了人类复杂的生理结构was showing how you get these complicated biological structures,例如眼睛like the eye,从一个完全无刻意不可复制emerging through a purely non-intentional,non-created process,纯自然的过程中出现a purely physical process.这个观点的重要性可以和And this could be seen as equal in importance to the claim地球是围绕太阳旋转that the Earth revolves around the Sun以及我们不是宇宙的中心相提并论and that we're not the center of the universe.事实上有些学者甚至提出了And in fact, some scholars have made a suggestion貌似更具有说服力的建议which seems plausible,他们认为自然选择的观点that the idea of natural selection is是现今科学中最重要的理论the most important idea in the sciences, period.所以尽管这不是一门进化论的课So, this is not a course in evolution但是我希望大家了解相关背景知识and I expect people to have some background.如果你对这方面不了解的话If you don't have a background in it,你可以读一些课外书you could get your background from external readings 或者格雷的教材but also from--the Gray textbook和诺顿文集从中你们可以and the Norton readings will both--will each provide you汲取到足够的背景知识with enough background to get up to speed.总体来说自然选择有三个组成部分But the general idea is that there are three components to natural selection.物种之间的差别There is variation.这个差别对生存和繁殖And this variation gives rise to different degrees产生不同影响of survival and reproduction并一代代传下去and gets passed on from generation to generation进而影响对环境的适应and gives rise to adaptations,达尔文把这描述为What Darwin described as恰好激发我们想象力的完美结构"that perfection of structure that justly excites our imagination."生物世界里到处都是这种例子And the biological world has all sorts of examples.比如伪装You look at camouflage.达尔文之前的人会认为是Prior to Darwin one might imagine that某个智慧的创造者赋予了动物们some intelligent creator crafted animals躲避猎食者的能力to hide from their prey.但是现在我们对此有不同的解释But now we have a different alternative,说那些更擅长隐藏的动物们which is that animals that were better hidden更容易生存下来 survive better,更利于繁衍后代reproduce more,经过上千年and over the course of thousands,甚至可能上百万年的进化 perhaps millions of years,他们才具备了伪装的能力they've developed elaborate camouflage.许多人都曾探讨过There's been a lot of work佩利最喜欢的眼睛例子on Paley's favorite example the eye.达尔文也曾指出So Darwin himself noted人类的眼睛不是一下子就出现的that the human eye did not seem to emerge all at once如果你去观察其他动物but rather you could look at other animals并发现了类似组织结构那只能说明and find parallels in other animals that seem to suggest它们可能是从更早期的形式中that more rudimentary forms进化而来are possible.随着近来电脑仿真技术的发展And more recently computer simulations have developed--在选择压力的貌似可信假设下have been developed that have crafted eyes 发展出人造眼睛under plausible assumptions of selective pressure已经开始变成可能and what the starting point is.这就是自然选择的理论So, this is the theory of natural selection.你不禁要问The good question to ask is,我为什么要在心理学导论的课堂上"why am I talking about evolution讨论进化论的问题呢in Introduction to Psychology class?"答案是And the answer is that there are这两者相互关联two ideas which come together.事实上它们都是危险的观点And in fact, they're both of the dangerous ideas.第一个是达尔文的观点One idea is that Darwin's idea--他说生物结构的进化过程是纯自然的that biological forms evolve through this purely physical process.第二个观点笛卡尔的反驳The second idea, the rejection of Descartes,说我们的心理活动is that our minds are是自然物质和自然事件的产物the product of physical things and physical events.当你把两个观点结合起来的时候You bring these together and it forces you 它会促使你了解我们是什么to the perspective that what we are--我们的心理活动和眼睛伪装一样our mental life is no less than the eye, no less than camouflage,是自然选择中纯自然过程的产物the product of this purely physical process of natural selection.更确切的说More to the point,我们的认知机制的出现our cognitive mechanisms were evolved并不是为了取悦上帝not to please God,也不是偶然not as random accidents,而是为了生存和繁衍后代but rather for the purpose of survival and reproduction.更有争议的是More contentiously,你可以说它们是由自然选择you could argue they've been shaped塑造来解决某些问题的by natural selection to solve certain problems.所以从进化论的角度来看And so, from an evolutionary point of view,当你想弄清大脑是什么和做什么时when you look at what the brain is and what the brain does,你就可以用以上的理论来解释you look at it in terms of these problems.这也是研究心理学的目的And this is what psychology is for.也是我们思考的目的This is what our thinking is for.我们已进化出足够的心理能力We have evolved mental capacities来解决不同问题to solve different problems:感知世界交流perception of the world, communication,寻找食物休息等等getting nutrition and rest, and so on.现在我们就来讨论如何Now, we're going to talk about how to apply将进化论应用到心理学中evolutionary theory to psychology.但是在我们讨论之前 But as we're doing so我们必须先明确两个误解we have to keep in mind two misconceptions.在此你会犯两种严重的错误There are two ways you can go seriously wrong here.第一种是想The first is to think that, well,如果我们采取进化论的观点if we're taking an evolutionary approach那么自然选择then natural selection会促使动物广泛传播他们的基因will cause animals to want to spread their genes.如果我们从生物的角度考虑So, if we're being biological about it,那么这意味着肯定每个人都成天想着that means everybody must run around thinking我要传播我的基因"I want to spread my genes."我想说这真是I want to--and this is just really --Oops.我不应该这么做的这完全不对I shouldn't do that. This is really wrong.幻灯片上的字甚至都红了It's [the text on the slides] even in red.这个观点的问题就在于没有And what this fails to do is make a distinction 把终极导因和引信导因区分开between ultimate causation and proximate causation.这两个术语的意思是终极导因是指And those are technical terms referring to--Ultimate causation is某事物在数百万年的历史中the reason why something is there in the first place,存在的第一原因over millions of years of history.引信导因是指Proximate causation is现在做某事的原因why you're doing it now.这二者不同很明显比如And these are different. Obviously, for instance,动物会做各种事情animals do all sorts of things来保证他们的生存及繁衍to help survive and reproduce但是蟑螂却不会想but a cockroach doesn't think我要做这个来"oh,I'm doing this帮助我生存繁衍和传播基因to help survive and reproduce and spread my genes."一只蟑螂根本不知道什么是基因A cockroach doesn't know anything about genes.所以驱使它去这么做Rather, the mechanisms that make it do的机制与其自身心理状态what it does are different不同如果它有的话为什么这么做from its own mental states, if it has any--why it does them.威廉姆·詹姆斯有一个很棒的观点This is a point nicely made by William James.有人问威廉姆·詹姆斯So, William James is asked,我们为什么吃东西他写道"Why do we eat?" and he writes,十亿个人中也不会有一个人Not one man in a billion when taking his dinner 吃饭时会考虑其目的ever thinks of utility.他吃饭因为食物味道好并且使他想多吃些He eats because the food tastes good and makes him want more.如果你问他为什么他要多吃If you asked him why you should want to eat more那个味道的食物of what tastes like that,如果你没说自己是哲学家instead of revering you as a philosopher,他很可能会笑你是个傻瓜he will probably laugh at you for a fool.而且这真的是很普遍的答案And it's really the common sense answer.你为什么吃饭没人会回答"Why are you eating?" Nobody's going to answer,因为我必须维持我的身体"Because I must sustain my body用于将来传播我的基因so as to spread my genes in the future."相反你吃饭是因为你饿了Rather, you eat because you're hungry.这两个解释你吃饭因为你饿了Those two theories, you eat because you're hungry和你吃饭是为了维持身体and you eat to sustain your body用于在未来能传播基因 so you could spread your genes in the future,并非对立are not alternative.更确切的说Rather,它们是对同一事物在不同层次上的解释they're different levels of explanation.你们不能把它们混淆了And you can't confuse them.为了生存和繁衍The ultimate level which does appeal to survival的终极层面and reproduction does not--与心理层面不相关is independent from the psychological level.再举个例子To give another example,人们保护它们的孩子那么你问people protect their children so you ask,为什么人们保护它们的孩子呢"Why do people protect their children?为什么会有人花那么大的精力Why would somebody devote so much effort 去保护帮助喂养他们的孩子呢to protecting and helping and feeding their children?"进化论的解释为Well, the evolutionary explanation is不保护自己后代的那些动物很难在animals that don't protect their offspring don't last进化史中生存下来over evolutionary time.我们保护后代We protect our offspring是因为他们继承了我们百分之五十的基因because they contain fifty percent of our genes,但是这可不是心理层次上的解释but that's not the psychologicalexplanation.除了精神错乱的心理学家Nobody but a deranged psychologist没有谁会这么回答would ever answer,我爱我的孩子是因为"Oh, I love my children because他们继承了我百分之五十的基因they contain fifty percent of my genes."心理层次上的解释更深入Rather, the psychological explanation is a deeper--并且特征不同is different and has a different texture.这一点在我们谈到感情的时候会更清楚And this will be a lot clearer when we talk about the emotions,那时你们就可以更好的区分开where you could really see a distinction between the question of为什么有些事从进化论角度的解释why we feel something from an evolutionary point of view有些是要从日常生活中去感知and why we feel it from a day-to-day point of view.第二个错误是The second misconception认为自然选择is that natural selection使得所有事物都具有适应性entails that everything is adaptive,包括我们所做的一切that everything we do,所想的一切都是为了更好的适应everything we think is adaptive.这是错误的This is wrong.自然选择进化基本来说Natural selection and evolution, more generally,将适应性与副产品和意外区分开来distinguish between adaptations and byproducts and accidents.你们许多人正在Many of you are currently,或者将来老了时会被背痛折磨or will as you get older, suffer back pain.如果我问你你为何会背痛If I was to ask you, "So, why do you suffer back pain?背痛如何帮助你存活和繁衍的呢How does back pain help you survive and reproduce?"答案并非适应性Well, the answer is it's not an adaptation.背痛是我们背部形态的意外副产品Back pain is an accidental byproduct of how our backs are shaped.不要期待找出打嗝自怜Don't go looking for an adaptive reason for hiccups 或者饭后腹胀的适应目的or self-pity or bloating after you eat.身体会做各种各样的没有任何There's all sorts of things a body will do适应目的只是意外的事情that have no adaptive value, rather just accidents.我们有个会做各种事情的身体We have a body that does all sorts of things.有一些事属于意外Some things it will do by accident这一点在心理学上毫无疑问and this is certainly true for psychology.所以很多东西比如So, a lot of the things, for instance,日常生活中让我们感兴趣that occupy our interest or our fascination或者着迷的事物in day-to-day life几乎可以肯定都是进化意外are almost certainly evolutionary accidents.人类现在最热衷的三大事物The number--The three--Three of the main preoccupations of分别为色情片电视巧克力humans are pornography,television, and chocolate但是如果我问你 but if I asked you,你为何喜欢毛片你回答"Why do you like porn?" and you'd say,因为我喜欢毛片的祖先比那些"Because my ancestors who liked porn reproduced more不喜欢的有更多后代than those who didn't,"这肯定不是事实it's not true.你喜欢毛片假设你喜欢毛片的话Rather, you like porn, assuming you do,作为一个意外as an accident.你进化出 You have evolved--例如假设你是一个异性恋的男性的话For instance, should you be a heterosexual male,你进化出了吸引女性的特点you have evolved to be attracted to women.这更像是一个进化论适应性观点That is most likely to be an evolutionary adaptation因为吸引女性并且想和女性发生性关系because being attracted to women and wanting to have sex with women是产生后代的第一步is one step to the road to having kids,从进化论的角度来讲是件大好事which is very good from an evolutionary perspective.但是在现代社会中It so happens, though, in our modern environment人们创造了图片替代品that people have created images that substitute.无需再出去寻找女性So, instead of actually going out and seeking out women你只要花几个小时上网you could just surf the web for hours and hours看色情电影和书籍就可以了and watch dirty movies and read dirty books进化适应论的死胡同evolutionary adaptive dead ends.这些只是意外而已They're accidents.为何你喜欢巧克力呢假设你喜欢Why do you like chocolate bars, assuming that you do?不是因为你非洲草原上喜欢巧克力It is not because your ancestors in the African savanna的祖先比那些不喜欢的人后代多who enjoyed chocolate bars reproduced more than those who didn't.而是因为我们进化出了一种对甜食的喜好Rather, it is because we've evolved a taste for sweet things.这种对甜食的喜好的部分原因And we've evolved a taste for sweet things, in part,在于自然界里的甜食比如水果because the sweet things in our natural environment like fruit对我们是很有好处的were good for us.现代社会里我们创造出了像巧克力这种In the modern world we have created things like chocolate,对我们没好处但是我们依然喜欢吃的东西which are not so good for us but we eat anyway.很多争论心理学领域对于A lot of the debates--There's a lot of controversy 用进化论来解释问题是很有争议的in psychology over the scope of evolutionary explanations.很多争论的焦点在于And a lot of the debate tends to be over什么是适应性什么不是what's an adaptation and what isn't.有些例子是很明显的There are some clear cases.我们拥有彩色视觉 We have color vision.我们为什么有彩色视觉呢Why do we have color vision?我想每个人都会认同我们的彩色视觉Well, I think everybody would agree we have color vision作为一种适应性使我们在as an adaptation because of the advantages it gives us看东西以及视觉辨别时占有优势for seeing and making visual distinctions.我们怕蛇We are afraid of snakes.我们以后会更细节的讨论这个问题We're going to talk about that in more detail但是这里有个很简单的解释but there's a straightforward adaptive story about that.。