英汉语言句法对比
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19
English: linear tree-like sentence structure （线性树式结构）
As a nation of gifted people who comprise about onefourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.
4
英语是从综合型向分析型语言发展的语言;
He will be speaking in the congress tomorrow. (综合型) He will speak in the congress tomorrow.(分析型)
汉语是分析型语言，语序是重要的语法手段：
学习政治 to study politics 政治学习 the study of politics 一会儿再说 //再说一会儿 坐车到郊外 // 到郊外坐车 我喜欢，我选择。// 我选择，我喜欢。 屡战屡败//屡败屡战 ……
proud.
16
4. 汉英句子结构比较
汉语： “板块型” 或 “竹节型”，流水型 汉语句子往往是句子较短,结构紧凑,好似 “万倾碧波层层推进” “左分支” 结构 (left-branching) “后重心”：重要信息放在后面。 “狮子头” （头大尾小）
17
Chinese: circular bamboo-like sentence structure （环性 竹式结构）
2
1. synthetic language& analytical language
What is a synthetic language?
综合性语言是指通过次词本身的形态变化来表达 语法意义（格、数、时等）的语言。e.g.
He is speaking on the phone. (通过动词speak的变化来 表示进行时态） He spoke to me so yesterday. (speak变为spoke表示过 去式）
nature
syntax
Synthetic-analytical language综合-分析型
Hypotaxis(形合)
Analytical language 分析型
Parataxis(意合)
Word formation; word order; correspondence of word meaning; part owenku.baidu.com speech; etc.
Trunk line: S + V + (O) Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes
20
请看下面句子
The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities，is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 这是一句比较典型的英语句子。看起来似乎很长， 实际上是个简单句，只有一个主语（subject）,一个 谓语（predicate）.全局共有九个名词（包括抽象名 词和具体名词），用五个介词连接起来，而动词只 有一个。句中主语是：The isolation of the rural world ,谓语是is compounded。句子首先指出，农 村社会处于一种与外界社会隔绝的状态，然后用介 词短语说出原因：离开城市远，缺乏交通工具，通 讯工具不足。
* Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast. *The man ran away when he saw the dog. *John loves Mary and Mary loves John, too.
英语语法呈外显性(overtness) ；语法型
7
Paratactic relations refer to constructions whose components are linked in meaning through juxtaposition and punctuation/ intonation and not through the use of conjunctions (句子的意合关系指组成句子的各个成分依靠意思来连接，只需 将各个成分并列、或用标点符号，语调连接起来，而不使用连 接词等)
13
我的头疼的要命
My head aches badly.
My head is killing me. I have a terrible headache.
I have a splitting headache.
I have a migraine.
14
懒惰的人不会成功
A lazy person will never succeed. Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed. Laziness makes success impossible.
形合：带着雨意的阵阵寒风使得街道上几乎没有什 么行人了。 意合：阵阵寒风，带着雨意，街上冷冷清清，几乎 没有什么人了。
10
He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 形合：他有一种意见变化迅速、反复无常的、 令人难堪的习惯。
3
What is a analytical language?
分析型语言指该语言中语法关系主要不是通过词 本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段 来表示。e.g.
Every night for weeks there had been much preaching, singing, praying, and shouting, and some very hardened sinners had been brought to Christ, and the membership of the church had grown by leaps and bounds. 一连几周每天晚上教堂里都有许多布道、唱歌、以及大声祈祷 等活动，连一些极其顽固的罪人也被带引到了上帝面前，一时 间教堂的信众人数陡增。
意合：他有一种令人疑虑不安的习惯：一会 儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
11
3.主题显著&主语显著
汉语：
主题显著的语言 (topic-prominent language), 采用 主题-述题(topic-comment)的句式 “话语 ---说明结构” 汉语句子建立在意念主轴 (thought-pivot)上。 英语： 主语显著的语言 (subject-prominent language), 几 乎都采用主语-谓语(subject-predicate) 的句式 “主语 --- 谓语结构” 英语句子建立在形式(或主谓)主轴(form-pivot)上。
增、减词法
9
比较：
She was glad to go home, and yet most woefully sad at leaving school.
形合：她回家很高兴，可是离开学校却很难过。 意合：她喜欢回家，又舍不得离校。
Chilly gusts of wind with a taste of rain in them had well-nigh dispeopled the streets.
15
这位母亲为有个聪明漂亮的女儿骄傲
The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.
The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very
从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户 人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。 开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝 症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买， 想抽就抽。
句子的各部分似分似连，形散意合，像竹节那 样，相对独立，但意义又相互关联。
18
英语:
“多枝共干型” 或“葡萄串型”，树形 英语句子如“老树参天, 枝杈横生”, 句子长, 插入成分多, 形成复杂嵌套结构. “右分支” 结构(right-branching ) “前重心”：主要信息放在主句中，放在句首。 前重后轻。 “孔雀尾”：头小尾大
12
译文主语的选择
原文：这件事你不用操心。
1. This you don’t need to worry. 2. You don’t need to worry about this.
3. This is not something you need to worry about.
4. It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. 5. There is no need to worry about this.
Conjunctions are used more frequently in English than in Chinese.
Write to me when you have time. 有时间就给我写信。 They were so moved that tears came to their eyes. 他们感动得热泪盈眶。 Army men and civilians are united as one. 军民团结如一人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。
男女老少都参加了战斗。 (Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.) 一定在下雪，外面这么亮。 It must be snowing, for it is so bright outside. 趁热打铁。 Strike while the iron is hot. 她美，她年轻，她要强，她勤俭。 老太太理不直，气不壮，力不够，抵挡不住，索性坐到地 上，哭了起来。 汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)；语义型 8
英汉语言对比
句法对比
1
General differences
English Language family Writing system history Indo-European Alphabetic writing： moon, sun, desk, wood; 1500 years Chinese Sino-Tibetan Ideagraphic writing： 月，日，桌，木； 6000 years
5
2. Hypotaxis & parataxis
What is hypotaxis (形合), and what is parataxis (意合)？ English is a hypotactic language and Chinese a paratactic one.
6
Hypotactic relations at the sentential level refer to construction whose components are linked through the use of conjunctions. (句子的形合关系指依靠连接成分的使用将 句子结构的各个组成部分的连接起来) eg.
English: linear tree-like sentence structure （线性树式结构）
As a nation of gifted people who comprise about onefourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.
4
英语是从综合型向分析型语言发展的语言;
He will be speaking in the congress tomorrow. (综合型) He will speak in the congress tomorrow.(分析型)
汉语是分析型语言，语序是重要的语法手段：
学习政治 to study politics 政治学习 the study of politics 一会儿再说 //再说一会儿 坐车到郊外 // 到郊外坐车 我喜欢，我选择。// 我选择，我喜欢。 屡战屡败//屡败屡战 ……
proud.
16
4. 汉英句子结构比较
汉语： “板块型” 或 “竹节型”，流水型 汉语句子往往是句子较短,结构紧凑,好似 “万倾碧波层层推进” “左分支” 结构 (left-branching) “后重心”：重要信息放在后面。 “狮子头” （头大尾小）
17
Chinese: circular bamboo-like sentence structure （环性 竹式结构）
2
1. synthetic language& analytical language
What is a synthetic language?
综合性语言是指通过次词本身的形态变化来表达 语法意义（格、数、时等）的语言。e.g.
He is speaking on the phone. (通过动词speak的变化来 表示进行时态） He spoke to me so yesterday. (speak变为spoke表示过 去式）
nature
syntax
Synthetic-analytical language综合-分析型
Hypotaxis(形合)
Analytical language 分析型
Parataxis(意合)
Word formation; word order; correspondence of word meaning; part owenku.baidu.com speech; etc.
Trunk line: S + V + (O) Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes
20
请看下面句子
The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities，is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 这是一句比较典型的英语句子。看起来似乎很长， 实际上是个简单句，只有一个主语（subject）,一个 谓语（predicate）.全局共有九个名词（包括抽象名 词和具体名词），用五个介词连接起来，而动词只 有一个。句中主语是：The isolation of the rural world ,谓语是is compounded。句子首先指出，农 村社会处于一种与外界社会隔绝的状态，然后用介 词短语说出原因：离开城市远，缺乏交通工具，通 讯工具不足。
* Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast. *The man ran away when he saw the dog. *John loves Mary and Mary loves John, too.
英语语法呈外显性(overtness) ；语法型
7
Paratactic relations refer to constructions whose components are linked in meaning through juxtaposition and punctuation/ intonation and not through the use of conjunctions (句子的意合关系指组成句子的各个成分依靠意思来连接，只需 将各个成分并列、或用标点符号，语调连接起来，而不使用连 接词等)
13
我的头疼的要命
My head aches badly.
My head is killing me. I have a terrible headache.
I have a splitting headache.
I have a migraine.
14
懒惰的人不会成功
A lazy person will never succeed. Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed. Laziness makes success impossible.
形合：带着雨意的阵阵寒风使得街道上几乎没有什 么行人了。 意合：阵阵寒风，带着雨意，街上冷冷清清，几乎 没有什么人了。
10
He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 形合：他有一种意见变化迅速、反复无常的、 令人难堪的习惯。
3
What is a analytical language?
分析型语言指该语言中语法关系主要不是通过词 本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段 来表示。e.g.
Every night for weeks there had been much preaching, singing, praying, and shouting, and some very hardened sinners had been brought to Christ, and the membership of the church had grown by leaps and bounds. 一连几周每天晚上教堂里都有许多布道、唱歌、以及大声祈祷 等活动，连一些极其顽固的罪人也被带引到了上帝面前，一时 间教堂的信众人数陡增。
意合：他有一种令人疑虑不安的习惯：一会 儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
11
3.主题显著&主语显著
汉语：
主题显著的语言 (topic-prominent language), 采用 主题-述题(topic-comment)的句式 “话语 ---说明结构” 汉语句子建立在意念主轴 (thought-pivot)上。 英语： 主语显著的语言 (subject-prominent language), 几 乎都采用主语-谓语(subject-predicate) 的句式 “主语 --- 谓语结构” 英语句子建立在形式(或主谓)主轴(form-pivot)上。
增、减词法
9
比较：
She was glad to go home, and yet most woefully sad at leaving school.
形合：她回家很高兴，可是离开学校却很难过。 意合：她喜欢回家，又舍不得离校。
Chilly gusts of wind with a taste of rain in them had well-nigh dispeopled the streets.
15
这位母亲为有个聪明漂亮的女儿骄傲
The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.
The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very
从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户 人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。 开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝 症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买， 想抽就抽。
句子的各部分似分似连，形散意合，像竹节那 样，相对独立，但意义又相互关联。
18
英语:
“多枝共干型” 或“葡萄串型”，树形 英语句子如“老树参天, 枝杈横生”, 句子长, 插入成分多, 形成复杂嵌套结构. “右分支” 结构(right-branching ) “前重心”：主要信息放在主句中，放在句首。 前重后轻。 “孔雀尾”：头小尾大
12
译文主语的选择
原文：这件事你不用操心。
1. This you don’t need to worry. 2. You don’t need to worry about this.
3. This is not something you need to worry about.
4. It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. 5. There is no need to worry about this.
Conjunctions are used more frequently in English than in Chinese.
Write to me when you have time. 有时间就给我写信。 They were so moved that tears came to their eyes. 他们感动得热泪盈眶。 Army men and civilians are united as one. 军民团结如一人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。
男女老少都参加了战斗。 (Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.) 一定在下雪，外面这么亮。 It must be snowing, for it is so bright outside. 趁热打铁。 Strike while the iron is hot. 她美，她年轻，她要强，她勤俭。 老太太理不直，气不壮，力不够，抵挡不住，索性坐到地 上，哭了起来。 汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)；语义型 8
英汉语言对比
句法对比
1
General differences
English Language family Writing system history Indo-European Alphabetic writing： moon, sun, desk, wood; 1500 years Chinese Sino-Tibetan Ideagraphic writing： 月，日，桌，木； 6000 years
5
2. Hypotaxis & parataxis
What is hypotaxis (形合), and what is parataxis (意合)？ English is a hypotactic language and Chinese a paratactic one.
6
Hypotactic relations at the sentential level refer to construction whose components are linked through the use of conjunctions. (句子的形合关系指依靠连接成分的使用将 句子结构的各个组成部分的连接起来) eg.