英国文学——盎格鲁撒克逊时代PPT课件
英国文学TheAngloSaxonPeriod ppt课件
The Anglo-Saxon Period witnessed a Transition from tribal society to feudalism.
British Literature I
5. The Anglo-Saxon religious belief
The Anglo-Saxons were heathen (异教徒) people, believing in old mythology of Northern Europe.
Early Inhabitants
Britons
Britain
a tribe of Celts the land of Britons
primitive people clustering of huts
tribal society
2. The Roman Conquest
British Literature I
British Literature I
History and Selected Readings of British Literature
British Literature I
Outline of British Literature
▪ 1. Anglo-Saxon Period 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(449-1066) ▪ 2. Anglo-Norman Period (Middle Ages)盎格鲁- 诺曼时期
English language was influenced by the Northern mythology.
▪ 6.The Romanticism浪漫主义时期（1798-1832） ▪ 7.The Critical Realism 批判现实主义时期（19世纪30年代-
英国文学.ppt
The Renaissance Period marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world .It refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy ,with the flowering of painting , sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe . The Renaissance which means rebirth or revival ,is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events ,such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture ,the new discoveries in geography and astrology(占星学），the religious reformation and the economic expansion .
literature
⒈Old and Medieval English Literature （约 5C后期—1485） ⒉The Renaissance Period (15C后期--17C初） ⒊ The Neoclassical Period (17C中期—18C中 期） ⒋ The Romantic Period (1798—1832) ⒌ The Victorian Period (1836—1901) ⒍The Modern Period (1918—1945 ) ⒎ The Contemporary Period (1945– now)
英国文学史 Part One Chapter1 Anglo-Saxon Poetry
The Roman Conquest
Britons, trodden down as slaves or cultivators of the land Buildings of Roman style for Roman conquerors Highways or Roman roads for military purposes Towns built, as London
after the settlement organs of state kingship (君王统治) the military commander
chief’s bread; the booty The Anglo-Saxon period (战利品) witnessed a transition power of life and death; from tribal society to feudalism. close relationship
Huts of Anglo-Saxon Tribe
• The Danish Invasion : Danish Vikings
刘 P5. para. 3
The Danish Invasion
787 A.D.
Danish vikings (plundering settlement)
King Alfred the Great (阿尔弗雷德大帝 849-901):
The Old English Literature
The English Medieval Ages
李P2. para.1
(the end of the 7th C.the end of the 15th C.)
more than 800 years
[教育]英国文学的PPT教案literatureintheAnglo-Saxonandmiddlee
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alliteration
Eg: clean and clear Round the rocks runs the river busy as a bee
flame • Mingled with sound of weeping;…
Beowulf (alliterative verse)
• For their dead king; exalted his brave deeds, • Holding it fit men honor their liege lord • Praise him and love him when his soul is fled • Thus the (Geat’s) people, sharers of his hearth, • Mourned their chief’s fall, praised him of kings,
2st one: Beowulf kills Grendel’s mother
3rd one: Beowulf kills a dragon and dies
Theme:
people’s struggle with the hostile forces under a wise and heroic leader
Popular ballad(民谣)
• Ballad: a narrative poem of no great length, without any known writer （anonymous） in an oral tradition then was written down theme: romantic stories of love and friendships, of treachery and murder, supernatural tales about ghosts and spirits
第二章 盎格鲁撒克逊时期
四,贤人会议和郡区制
(一)贤人会议 是王国中央政府的重要机构, 是王国中央政府的重要机构,源自欧洲大陆日耳曼人的民众 大会,是盎格鲁-撒克逊时代特有的中央机构. 大会,是盎格鲁-撒克逊时代特有的中央机构.贤人会议由国王 主持召开,会期,会址,规模不定,参加人数不等, 主持召开,会期,会址,规模不定,参加人数不等,多是高级教 世俗贵族,国王近臣和地方官员. 士,世俗贵族,国王近臣和地方官员. 职权: 参与国家税收,外交,防务,分封等重大决策,选举, 职权:(1)参与国家税收,外交,防务,分封等重大决策,选举, 废黜国王.( 行使司法权.作为群体性贵族机构, .(2 废黜国王.(2)行使司法权.作为群体性贵族机构,是国家最 高法庭,能审理各种诉讼, 高法庭,能审理各种诉讼,包括涉及王室和显贵的要案及地方疑 难案件. 为国王提供信息. 难案件.(3)为国王提供信息. 奉行原则:群体表决,多数认可. 奉行原则:群体表决,多数认可. (二)郡区制 盎格鲁-撒克逊晚期形成以郡, 级管理为主, 盎格鲁-撒克逊晚期形成以郡,区,乡3级管理为主,城镇为辅的 地方管理制度. 地方管理制度. 村庄:是在农村公社的基础上演变而来的社会基层组织. 村长" 村庄:是在农村公社的基础上演变而来的社会基层组织."村长": 处理邻里纠纷,缉捕盗贼等. 处理邻里纠纷,缉捕盗贼等. 百户区:若干村邑组成. 百户长" 征收捐税,摊派徭役, 百户区:若干村邑组成."百户长":征收捐税,摊派徭役,征召 民军,强化地方治安和司法管理. 民军,强化地方治安和司法管理.
亚瑟王和他的圆桌武士
亚瑟王的传说最早出现在1485年 汤玛斯 亚瑟王的传说最早出现在1485年,汤玛斯玛罗 利写的《亚瑟王之死》 利写的《亚瑟王之死》.传说的亚瑟王大约生活 在公元5世纪末6世纪初, 在公元5世纪末6世纪初,是威尔士一带的凯尔特 人的国王.在他的城堡里有一个大圆桌, 人的国王.在他的城堡里有一个大圆桌,可围坐 150人,只有屡立战功,名扬天下的英雄武士才有 150人 只有屡立战功, 资格坐在桌旁. 资格坐在桌旁.亚瑟王和他的武士和占领不列颠 的罗马人和入侵的盎格鲁-撒克逊人顽强战斗, 的罗马人和入侵的盎格鲁-撒克逊人顽强战斗,是 对抗野蛮的文明的象征,在充满罪恶的世界, 对抗野蛮的文明的象征,在充满罪恶的世界,亚 瑟王代表着勇敢,真理,正义和忍耐. 瑟王代表着勇敢,真理,正义和忍耐.
人文知识人文知识人文知识盎格鲁—...
人文知识盎格鲁—萨克逊时代5世纪中叶，三支日尔曼部落（Teutonic tribes）朱特人（Jutes）、撒克逊人（Saxons）和盎格鲁人（Angles）不断侵入不列颠。
自此，盎格鲁—萨克逊时代（the Anglo-Saxons）开始了。
住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠，在东南部建立了肯特王国（Kent）。
后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯（Essex）、苏塞克斯（Sussex）和威塞克斯（Wessex）建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。
六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚（East Anglia）、麦西亚（Mercia）以及诺森伯利来（Northumbria）定居，也分别建立了王国。
朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人建立的7个王国并称为七王国，在英文中是Heptarchy。
考古学家发现早在3500年前，在不列颠岛上就有人类居住，此后地中海伊比利亚人，比克人，凯尔特人，先后来到不列颠。
1-5世纪英格兰东南部为罗马帝国统治。
罗马人撤走后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁人、萨克逊人、朱特人相继入侵，他们由农夫、渔民、商人、战士和航海者组成，装备精良作战勇猛最终将凯尔特人击败并在此定居，一部分凯尔特人则逃往苏格兰和威尔士的山区，一部分逃往爱尔兰，他们是今天苏格兰人、威尔士人和爱尔兰人的祖先。
７世纪开始形成封建制度，许多小国并成七个王国，争雄达200年之久，称"盎格鲁-撒克逊时代"。
在此之前居住在不列颠岛上的人并不说英语，今天的英国人称他们是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后代，这些来自欧洲北部的人说的就是最早的古英语。
829年威塞克斯国王爱格伯特统一了英格兰。
8世纪末遭到来自挪威和丹麦的维京海盗（Viking）的入侵（今天的英格兰人和苏格兰人有一部分维京人的血统），1016-1042年为丹麦海盗帝国的一部分。
其后经英王短期统治，1066年诺曼底公爵渡海征服英格兰。
盎格鲁-撒克逊ppt
法律
• 极少的法典从盎格鲁撒克逊时期留下至今， 其法律文化受罗马法 的影响颇大。这个法 律文化除了诺曼征服 之后的发展，盎格鲁撒克逊时期的发展鲁-撒克逊多神教 盎格鲁-撒克逊基督信仰
建筑
• 早期不列颠的盎格鲁撒克逊建筑一般而言 颇为简单，通常使用 木材和茅草做为屋顶。 盎格鲁-撒克逊人通常 不喜欢居住在古罗马 城市里，他们在其农 耕中心旁建立小城镇。 在每一个城镇中心里 会有一个主要会堂
文学
• 盎格鲁-撒克逊文学包含史诗、圣徒言行录、训诫、 圣经的翻译、法律文件、编年史、谜语等类型。 目前大约有400本该时期留存至今的手抄本，这 些手抄本对于研究以及建立盎格鲁-撒克逊语料库 来说非常重要。 • 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期最著名的作品当属史诗《贝奥 武夫》（Beowulf），其在不列颠有着民族史诗的 地位。《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle）是对早期英格兰历史的重要整理。七 世纪的《卡德蒙的赞美诗》（Cæ dmon's hymn） 被认为是现今最古老的英语文字纪录。
盎格鲁-撒克逊
★起源 ★建筑 ★文学 ★语言 ★ 法律 ★信仰
起源
• 日耳曼人据信于五世纪从现今 德国北部和斯堪地那维亚南部 迁徙至不列颠。(e.g. Undley bracteate).[3]根据毕德的《英 格兰教会及人民史》一书， 迁 入的人口传统上分为盎格鲁人、 撒克逊人和朱特人，但是他们 的组成并不十分明确，可能包 含弗里斯兰人和法兰克人。The Parker Library拥有包含可能是 日耳曼部族迁移至不列颠的最 早纪录的《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年 史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle）。盎格鲁人、撒克 逊人和朱特人在150年希腊托勒 密的《地理学指南》 （Geographia）里被纪录为一 个联盟。
英国文学史PPT课件
Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver’s Travels
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1
The Enlightenment Period
Historical and cultural background:
1 After the tempestuous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of comparatively peaceful development.
permanently flawed.
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12
The Enlightenment Period
Major Writers of the period
Jonathan Swift (1667 -1745) Major works
A Tale of a Tub (1704) a religious satire, the adventures of three brothers: Peter --- Roman Catholicism, Martin --- church of England, Jack --- the Dissenters. a satire on all branches of Christianity.
society that forces Moll to repeated sins and crimes
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8
The Enlightenment Period
Major Writers of the period
Daniel Defoe (1660 -1731) Major works
Robinson Crusoe (1791) celebrating the 18th-century Western
英美文学史 第一部分 盎格鲁
第一部分盎格鲁——撒克逊时期III. 名词解释1. Epic (or Heroic Poetry)It is, originally, an oral narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. Epics deal with legendary or historical of events of national or universal significance, involving action of broad sweep and grandeur. Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual, thereby giving unity to the composition. Typically, an epic includes several features: the introduction of supernatural forces that shape the action; conflict in the form of battles or other physical combat; and stylistic conventions such as an invocation to the Muse, a formal statement of the theme, long lists of the protagonists involved, and set speeches couched in elevated language. Commonplace details of everyday life may appear, but they serve as background for the story and are described in the same lofty style as the rest of the poem. Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. Examples include the ancient Greek epics by the poet Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The characteristics of the hero of an epic are national rather than individual, and the exercise of those traits in heroic deeds serves to gratify a sense of national pride. At other times epics may synthesize the ideals of a great religious or cultural movement. The Divine Comedy by the Italian poet Dante expresses the faith of medieval Christianity. The Faerie Queene by the English poet Edmund Spenser represents the spirit of the Renaissance in English and like Paradise Lost by the English poet John Milton, represents the ideals of Christian humanism.2. AlliterationA repeated initial consonant to successive words. In Old English verse, any vowel alliterates with any others, and alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regularly recurring structural feature of the verse, occurring on the first and third, and often on the first, second, and third, primary-stressed syllables of the four-stressed line. Thus, from The Seafarer:hreran mid hondum hrincaelde sae(“to stir with his hand the rime-cold sea”)In later English verse tradition, alliteration becomes expressive in a variety of ways. Spenser uses it decoratively, or to link adjective and noun, verb and object, as in the line: “much daunted with that dint, her sense was dased.” In the 18th and 19th centuries it becomes even less systematic and more "musical".IV .1.What is the theme of Beowulf?Beowulf, which centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure Beowulf, is mainly about his three major adventures. It reflects a life of fights and feasting, of ceremony, of brilliant gold and sudden darkness. Here is a world of sacred obligations, feud and vengeance with heroic figures who are proud of their birth and their physical strength. But beyond this, the forces of wyrd (fate) seem to control man's destiny with mysterious omnipotence, while evil itself is both primordial and powerful. However, thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends. For those interested in symbols, thesimplest interpretation of the myths in the poem is to regard Beowulf’s successive fights against the three monsters as the overcoming of the hostile forces of nature by man’s indomitable will and perseverance. For instance, the battle between Beowulf and the Dragon symbolically represents that phase of Winter and Summer myth in which the Summer God, here embodied by Beowulf, fights his last battle against the Winter Dragon in order to rescue the treasures of earth, that is, the golden corn and ruddy fruits. Having given them back to men, Beowulf himself dies of the Winter’s breath.2.What is the heroic ideal of Beowulf?Beowulf is essentially an aristocratic poem concerned with the heroic ideal of kings and kingship in North Europe. The social patterns ascribed in the poem are rigidly feudal, highly violent. Battle is a way of life. Strength and courage are basic virtues for both kings and his warriors. The hero-king strove to do better than any one else the things that are vitally important to the happy life of his people. The king should protect his people and show gentleness and generosity to his warriors. And in return, his warriors should show absolute obedience and loyalty to the king. By praising Beowulf's wisdom, strength and courage, and by glorifying his death for his people, the poem presents the heroic ideal of a king and his good relations to his warriors and people.3.What is the structure of Beowulf?According to the contents of the story, the poem can be divided into three parts:Part I: the fight against GrendelPart II: the fight against Grendel’s motherPart III: the fight against DragonBeowulf is an oral poem and for centuries the bards sing it to the people. As it is quite long, the bard could only sing a part of the story each night. Usually he would sing one adventure on the first night about the battle with Grendel. Then on the second night, he would continue and sing about Beowulf's fight against Grendel’s mother. However, there might be some new listeners. So before he came to the second adventure, he would give a short summary about what he sang the night before. And on the third night, he would give a longer summary about what happened on the first two night. There is also a prelude to invent an allusion to the real story. The poem begins with the funeral of a king and rounds up with that of another.4.Give a description of style in Beowulf.“Beowulf”towers above all other literary works written in Anglo-Saxon, chiefly because it is a powerful poem about a people’s hero written in true epic style, and not so much because the other extent writings of the period are mediocre or fragmentary. Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess but he is forever eager to help others in distress and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people. Setting aside the supernatural elements pervading the poem as an inevitable limitation of the tribal-feudal age, “Beowulf” deserves to be ranked among the great heroic poems of northern Europe through it has not been as well known as the “Nibelungenlied”. In artistic form the epic tells the tale in a leisurely way, full of elaborations in legendary details, and the verse rises at places to heights of poetic grandeur, particularly in the descriptions of the hero’s nobility ofcharacter and in the narrations of his courageous battlings with malevolent foes.尼伯龙根之歌（Nibelungenlied）是著名的中世纪中古高地德语叙事诗。
lecture 1- anglo-saxon period(英国文学盎格鲁撒克逊时期)
The invasion of Anglo-Saxons
Anglo—angul—hook fishermen Saxon—seax—a short sword hardy fighters The ancestors of the present English people King Arthur (a legendary figure) -- Celts
Kenning
A metaphor usually composed of two words the formula for a special object E.g. helmet bearer = ? The world candle = ? Whale road=? Ring giver= ? wave-traveler‖ or ―sea-wood‖ = ?
Preview questions
What is the influence of the Norman Conquest upon English language and literature? What are the essential features of romance in the Medieval English literature? What’s the general idea of the romance ― Sir Gawain and the Green Knight‖? What is Chaucer’s contribution to English language? summarize Chaucer’s literary career. What is the function of the Prologue to ― The Canterbury Tales‖? What is the social significance of ― The Canterbury Tales‖?
2[1].The Anglo-Norman PeriodPPT精品文档36页
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The Literature—Romance and Ballad
The prevailing form of literature in the feudal
England was the Romance. (传奇)
Romance: It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. (term)
Part II The Anglo-Norman Period 盎格鲁—诺曼底时期 (1066-1350)
Historical background The literature Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Literary terms Summary
The central character of romances was the
knight (骑士), a man of noblຫໍສະໝຸດ birth skilled in
the use of weapons. He was commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He was devoted to the church and the king. The code of manners and morals
3. Great changes took place in languages: after the conquest, three languages co-existed in England. The Normans spoke French, the lower class spoke English, and the scholars and clergymen used Latin.
Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period (盎格鲁-撒克逊时期)
• In 410 A. D. Romans withdrew.
400 years of occupation
Britons, trodden (trampled) down as slaves or cultivators of the land Buildings of Roman style for Roman conquerors Towns built, as London Christianity introduced
II. What is Literature?
• Literature refers to the practice and profession of writing. It comes from human interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in describing in words some aspects of human experiences.
7. Twentieth Century Literature
Poetry W. B. Yeats T. S. Eliot Fiction Thomas Hardy John Galsworthy D. H. Lawrence James Joyce Virginia Woolf Drama George Bernard Shaw Oscar Wilde
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Love
Why study literature
• 1. To benefit from the insight of others. • 2. To open our minds to ambiguities of meaning. • 3. To explore other cultures and beliefs. • 4. To appreciate why individuals are the way they are • 5. To teach us to see individual bias. • 6. To encourage us to question "accepted" knowledge. • 7. To help us see ourselves as others do. • 8. To explore ethical complexities
1盎格鲁-撒克逊
现在大部分英国人就是盎格鲁-撒克逊人。 盎格鲁、撒克逊是古代日耳曼人的部落分支，原居北欧日德兰 半岛、丹麦诸岛和德国西北沿海一带。 公元五世纪——六世纪，盎格鲁、撒克逊两部都有人群南渡北 海移民大不列颠岛，在此后的三四百年间，两部落才融合为盎 格鲁· 撒克逊人。 通过征服、同化，盎格鲁· 撒克逊人与大不列颠岛的“土著人” （凯尔特人），再加上后来移民的“丹人”、“诺曼人”经长 时期融合，才形成近代意义上的英吉利人（包括苏格兰人）。 但从二战时看，盎格鲁· 撒克逊人与日耳曼人已经疏远，反倒和 英伦的原住民（土著凯尔特人）融为一体。
盎格鲁-撒克逊 Anglo-Saxon
盎格鲁-撒克逊（AngloSaxon）的本意就是盎格 鲁（Angles） 和撒克逊 （Saxons）两个民族结合 的民族，是一个集合用语， 通常用来形容五世纪初到 1066年诺曼征服之间，生 活于大不列颠东部和南部 地区，在语言、种族上相 近的民族。
1.人类学上指不列颠祖先的分类：盎格鲁-撒克逊 族（Anglo-Saxon），盎格鲁（Angles） 和撒克 逊（Saxons）两个民族结合的民族（大部分英国 人和美国人是盎格鲁-撒克逊人后裔） 2.语言学上指一种英语的分类：古英语或盎格鲁撒克逊语（Old English或Anglo-Saxon），指从 450年到1150年间的英语 3.地理/历史：盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰/盎格鲁-撒克 逊时代，指五世纪中期，凯尔特（英文Celtic，拉 丁文称Celtae或Galli，希腊文Keltoi，又译：克尔 特）的不列颠被盎格鲁—撒克逊的英格兰所替代， 盎格鲁人把不列颠称为“盎格兰”（“英格兰”一 词的由来）
随着罗马军队的撤出蛮族人对罗马化不列颠的侵扰越来越频繁公元410年时自顾不暇的罗马帝国拒绝援助罗马化不列颠公元410年西哥特国王阿拉里克alaric攻陷罗马罗马官员也接着离开了不列颠于是在5世纪下半叶日耳曼部落纷纷涌进了不列颠它们分别是盎格鲁撒克逊人来自今德国西北部和荷兰以及朱特人jute来自日德兰半岛jutland
英国文学盎格鲁萨克逊时期课件-ppt
Old English Poetry and Beowulf
The earliest forms of English literature, which are still preserved as the relics of the Anglo-Saxon, are poems originally from the collective efforts of the people. Among these poems, Beowulf , a 3182 lines alliterative verse, has generally been considered the national epic of the English people.
ii. Middle English (about 1100-1500) iii. Modern English (about 1500-present)
2.
Two divisions of the literature of this period: Pagan ---- oral sagas Christian ---- the writings developed under teaching of the monks
The poem consists of 3182 lines, each line with four accents marked by alliteration and divided into two parts by a caesura (see Versification). The structure of the typical Beowulf line comes through in modern translation, for example: Then came from the moor under misted cliffs Grendel marching God's anger he bore ...
Part-II-The-Anglo-Saxon-PeriodPPT课件
● 3. In the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon prose
appeared. The famous prose writers of that period were Venerable Bede （比德） and Alfred the Great （阿尔弗烈德大王）.
.
2
Contents
British Literature I
I.
The Historical Background
II. Characteristics of Anglo- Saxon Literature
III.
Anglo-Saxon Poetry
IV.
Anglo-Saxon Prose
V.
Assignments
.
7
Ⅲ. Anglo-Saxon Poetry
British Literature I
● 1. Pagan Poetry（世俗诗）
● The pagan poetry, also called secular poetry, does not contain any specific Christian doctrine and emphasizes on the harshness of circumstance and the helplessness of humans before the power of fate. Beowulf is the representative.
●
.8ຫໍສະໝຸດ 1.The Pagan Poetry: The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫之歌》
英国文学盎格鲁撒克逊时代ppt课件
篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛 时间里 得分多 少来决 定胜负 的，因 此，篮 球比赛 的计时 计分系 统是一 种得分 类型的 系统
Celtic Mythology
Arthur – legendary Celtic warrior; became embodiment of English values (Sir Thomas
Anglo-Saxon Success
Fame and success gained only through LOYALTY to the leader
Success measured in gifts from the leader
篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛 时间里 得分多 少来决 定胜负 的，因 此，篮 球比赛 的计时 计分系 统是一 种得分 类型的 系统
green
dotted with thatched cottages, quaint stone churches, and mysterious stone ruins
篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛 时间里 得分多 少来决 定胜负 的，因 此，篮 球比赛 的计时 计分系 统是一 种得分 类型的 系统
The Anglo-Saxon Period
449-1066
篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛 时间里 得分多 少来决 定胜负 的，因 此，篮 球比赛 的计时 计分系 统是一 种得分 类型的 系统
Ancient World
isolated
rain-drenched and often fogged in
Woden (Woden’s Day: Wednesday) Dragon: significant figure; guardian of the grave,
英国文学史及选读课件 1 History and Anthology
1832
1901
Unit 1 AngloThe Anglo-Saxon Period
(449 - 1066)
Basic Background
1. The formation of Britain:
Time Before B. C. 55 --B. C. 55 Romans Invasion (Julius Caesar) Celts Albion main events names of population Celts names of Britain Albion
epic
• An extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero. • 史诗：用严肃或庄重的语言写成的叙事 长诗，歌颂传奇中或历史上英雄的丰功 伟绩
Anglia AngleAngle-land England
2. Social Background:
• 1）The Anglo-Saxons were in the later Anglostages of tribal society, and feudalism封建制 度 assumed definite shape. • 2) Agriculture developed and trade expanded.
Timeline of British literature
17th century; 18th century (the Neoclassical period 新 古 典 主 义 时 期 , Enlightenment, the rise of novel )→ 4. 19th century (Romanticism 浪 漫 主 义 , Victorian age, Realism) → 5. 20th century (Naturalism 自 然 主 义 , Modernism, Post-modernism) 3.
《英国的起源》课件
大宪章与议会起源
大宪章
1215年，英格兰贵族迫使约翰王签署《大宪章》，限制国王的权 力，保护贵族和骑士的权益。
议会的起源
随着封建制度的演变，英格兰的议会制度逐渐形成，最初由贵族和 骑士组成，后来逐渐发展成为现代议会。
议会的作用
议会起初是为了协调封建贵族之间的关系而设立的，后来逐渐发展 成为监督政府、制定法律的重要机构。
封建制度
封建制度
封建制度是一种以土地关系为基 础的社会制度，贵族和骑士之间
形成了严格的封建等级关系。
骑士与领主关系
骑士作为领主的臣下，承担军事 义务，领取领主的土地，并为其 效忠。领主则提供保护和支持。
封建义务与权利
封建制度下的义务和权利是相互 的，领主有权要求其封臣履行军 事义务，封臣也有权享受领主提
盎格鲁-撒克逊时期实行土地制度改革 ，建立了封建土地所有制和庄园经济 。
维京人入侵
01
02
03
维京人的到来
公元793年至1066年，维 京人多次入侵英国，对当 地的社会、经济和文化产 生了影响。
丹麦王朝
一部分维京人在英格兰建 立了丹麦王朝，对当地政 治、法律和文化产生了影 响。
文化交流
维京人的入侵也促进了英 国与斯堪的纳维亚地区的 文化交流，对英国的文化 和历史发展产生了影响。
帝国主义与殖民地
帝国主义
19世纪末至20世纪初，英国成为了全球最大的帝国主义国家之一。英国在全球 范围内建立了广泛的殖民地，控制了许多国家和地区。
殖民地
英国的殖民地遍布全球，包括印度、加拿大、澳大利亚、南非等。这些殖民地 为英国带来了巨大的财富和资源，但也引发了民族主义和反帝情绪的兴起。
04
英国文学史盎格鲁撒克逊时期Part I
Part I. English Literature of the Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)1.The Historical Background:Before the coming of the Anglo-Saxons, the Celtic tribes lived in what is now Britain. In the middle of the first century B.C., Roman troops led by Julius Caesar invaded Britain, then Claudius conquered it in A.D. 43 and Britain became a Roman province till the beginning of the fifth century. During their rule the Romans built roads, walls, garrisons, villas, etc., and the Celtic became either slaves or unfree cultivators of the land. Then, in early 5th century, as the Germanic races attacked and overran the Roman Empire, the Roman garrisons in Britain withdraw.Not long after that, in the mid-5th century, the tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes (later known simply as Anglo-Saxons) migrated to England from the European Continent, or more specifically from western Denmark and the northwest coast of Germany. They settled down there and soon ruled over the whole of England, enslaving some of the native Celts while driving the others to the hills north and west, to Wales and Scotland and even Ireland across the sea. Thus began the Anglo-Saxon period in English history.While still on the Continent, the Anglo-Saxons were in the later stages of tribal society. Their common occupation was agriculture, with a small number of them already set apart as professional soldiers or as hereditary military leaders. Some of these leaders gradually became thanes or the nobility and a few of them rose to be chieftains or even kings. Settlement in Britain hastened the disintegration of tribalism as the tribal chieftains and thanes had the possession of large tracts of land and grew in wealth and power while the free farmers became more and more dependent economically.By the 7th century, seven kingdoms of fairly large territories emerged out of more numerous smaller kingdoms and there were wars among them. Of the seven Mercia and then Northumberland in the north flourished particularly in wealth and culture in the 7th and 8th centuries, and Wessex in the south became a more important centre of military and political power and assumed supremacy in culture and learning in the 9th and 19th centuries. Beginning from late 8th century the Danes came to invade England and for more than a century they made intermittent raids on the eastern coast of Britain and occupied for fairly long periods of time large areas of northeastern England. In late 9th century King Alfred the Great (A.D. 840-901？) of the Kingdom of Wessex successfully led the English people in a protracted war against the invading Danes who were threatening to overrun the whole country. The invaders were repulsed and gradually all the kingdoms in England were united into one.In early 11th century the Danes again came to invade England and under Canute they conquered and ruled over all England for a quarter of a century (A.D. 1017-1042). Then, following the expulsion of the Danes the Normans from Normandy in northern France came to invade England in 1066, and under the leadership of William the Duke of Normandy who claimed the succession to the English throne they succeeded in defeating the English troops and conquering the whole of England. The “Norman Conquest”marked the end of the Anglo-Saxon period.In late Saxon England feudalism assumed definite shape, with the king at the top, then the earls and the thanes, then the freemen and last the serfs. Agriculture developed and trade expanded. Towns came into existence and wealth became more concentrated. With the Norman Conquest feudalism underwent further development.The Anglo-Saxons were heathen upon their first arrival in England. In A.D. 597 the first missionaries led by St. Augustine came to England from Rome and converted King Ethelbert of Kent, and within a century all England was Christianized. Churches were built and the monks were among the most learned in the country. The heathen mythology was gradually replaced by the Christian religion, but heathen concepts of nature and the supernatural persisted for a considerable period of time and often were curiously mixed with Christian views and expressions. This phenomenon found its expression not infrequently in literary works of the Anglo-Saxon period.2.“Beowulf” the National Epic of the Anglo-Saxon:The earliest poetry of the Anglo-Saxons, like that of many other peoples, originated from the collective efforts of the people, usually while they were working or resting from their labors. Then these stories based on history or legend or contemporaneous events would be narrated orally and often sung, during festivities and other occasions, chiefly for entertainment. Some of the more interesting of these narratives would pass from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation, and as they were told by different singers at different times, additions or deletions were introduced in the successive rehandlings of the oral tradition of each epic.With the disintegration of tribal society and the appearance of class divisions, professional narrators or singers of these popular stories emerged. They were known as “scops” or “gleemen” among the Anglo-Saxons, the former being poet-singers who sang poetic tales of their own making while the latter mere retellers of epics already in circulation. At first these “scops” and “gleemen” also served as priests gibing spells or citing incantations on various solemn occasions but later they became simply wandering minstrels traveling extensively from one chieftain’s court to that of another, providing entertainment with their singing. Two of the earliest Anglo-Saxon lyrics extant, “Widsith” (probably of the 7th century) and “Deor’s Lament” (probably of the 8th century), are good literary specimens that illustrate the life and social position of the later “scops” or “gleemen”.Because these popular narratives of the Anglo-Saxons in the earliest times existed originally in oral tradition and few of them seemed to have been handed down in written form, “Beowulf”is possibly the only important single poem of this kind preserved to this day more or less in its entirety and has generally been considered the most monumental work in English poetry of the Anglo-Saxon period.“Beowulf” probably existed in its oral form as early as the 6th century and was written down in the 7th or 8th century, though the manuscript of the poem now extant dated back to the 10th century. It contains 3183 lines of alliterative verse, being the longest of the early Anglo-Saxon poems preserved. The story in the epic is based on part-historical, part-legendary material brought over to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their original homes on the European Continent. So Beowulf the hero of thepoem and his adventures are placed in Denmark and southern Sweden rather than in England.The poem opens with a brief account of the line of Danish kings down to Hrothgar, Beowulf’s kinsman who builds a splendid hall names Heorot to entertain his followers (lines 1-100 in the poem). A monster by the name of Grendel frequently comes to the hall at night and at one time devours as many as thirty warriors sleeping there, so that the hall is deserted after dark (lines 101-193). The news of Grendel’s ravages finally reaches southern Sweden, where Beowulf, nephew to King Hygelac of he Geats and a man of great strength, hears of it and sails with fourteen companions to lend help to Hrothgar. They reach the Danish coast and are directed by the watchman to Hrothgar’s abode (lines 194-319). There the Danish king tells of his friendship with Beowulf’s father Ecgtheow and Beowulf states the purpose of his coming. Then the cisitors ae invited to a feast (lines 320-497). At the banquet one of Hrothgar’s followers Unferth speaks tauntingly to Beowulf and our hero retorts by relating his successful contest with a certain Breca in swimming (lines 498-606). Thereupon Hrothgar’s queen, Wealhtheow, fills Beowulf’s cup and the hero utters his determination to conquer the monster or die. Soon it grows dark and the king and his retinue depart, leaving Beowulf and his men to guard the hall (lines 607-665).Then the first adventure begins. Before Beowulf and his companions get ready to go to sleep, the former puts off his armour and declares not to use his sword in the coming combat. Soon enough Grendel bursts into the hall and very quickly eats up one of the warriors and comes directly to Beowulf. The hero then engages in a terrific battle with the monster ass the hall rings with the sound of their combat. Eventually Beowulf tears an arm and a shoulder off the monster who runs away, mortally wounded (lines 665-833). The victor displays Grendel’s torn arm and the Danes show their admiration by telling stories of the heroes of the past. Then Hrothgar comes and rewards Beowulf with rich gifts (lines 834-1062). At the feast that follows, Hrothgar’s minstrel sings of old tales (lines1063-1159), and the queen appears and thanks Beowulf and presents him with a valuable necklace which is later worn by Hygelac and becomes the property of the Franks after the latter’s death (lines 1160-1232). Hrothgar and Beowulf now retire while a number of warriors stay on in the hall for the night. Then Grende’s mother comes and carries off Aeschere, the kings’chief councilor (lines1233-1306). Beowulf is sent for and Hrothgar tells him of the tragic event and describes the abode of the monsters and Beowulf promises to avenge Aeschere (lines 1306-1396).The second adventure opens with Beowulf and his companions setting out for a pool and upon arrival he plunges into the water and reaches a cave underneath. There he engages in a long struggle with Grende l’s mother and finally succeeds in killing her with a magic sword of the ancient giants hanging in the cave. He cuts off her head as well as that of her son Grendel lying dead nearby. With these as his booty he returns to the shore of the pool where his companions are still waiting, already in despair about his life (lines 1397-1631). The victors march back to Heorot and are welcomed by Hrothgar who eulogizes the hero but then enters into a lengthy moralizing discourse on the evils of pride (lines 1632-1784). The next day Beowulfbids farewell to Hrothgar who rewards him with further gifts and the visiting warriors embark to return to their native land (lines 1785-1921). Then, after a laudatory account of the virtues of Hygd, King Hygelac’s young wife, we are told of the meeting between Hygelac and Beowulf at which the latter first speaks digressively of the relations between Hrothgar and his daughter Freawaru and son-in-law Ingeld, and then gifts are exchanged between uncle Hygelac and nephew Beowulf (lines 1922-2199). After a lapse of time Hygelac dies and his son succeeds to the throne but is soon killed in battle by the Swedes. Then Beowulf is chosen king and he rules gloriously over the Geats for fifty years (lines 2200-2210).The third and last adventure of our hero takes place in his own country. A dragon has kept guard over a hidden treasure hoarded for many years but suddenly finds part of the hoard stolen by a runaway slave, and in revenge he starts to ravage the land with the fatal blasts of his fiery breath. Beowulf, now an aged king, resolves to fight with the dragon himself (lines 2210-1349). But before the description of the battle, lengthy digressions are introduced. First there are reminiscencesby our hero, as he recalls how at a battle in the land of the Frisians Hygelac lost his life while Beowulf himself escaped by swimming, how upon his return therefrom he refused the throne offered him by Hygelac’s widow-queen Hygd, how young Heardred succeeded his father Hygelac but was soon lain by the Swedish king Onela and finally how Beowulf some time later avenged the death of Heardred by participating in a feud that led to Onela’s death (lines 2349-2396). Then, the main thread of the story is resumed with an account of Beowulf taking with him twelve companions and approaching the shore dwelling of the dragon, but a second digression is inserted as the old king recollects the more remote past of his family history: how one brother of Hygelac’s, Haethcyn, then the king of the Geats, accidentally killed another bother Herebeald, how their father Hrethel died of grief in consequence, how subsequently in a war with the Sweded Haethcyn and the Swedish king Ongentheow, Onela’s father, were both killed, How Hygelac the third brother died among the Frisians, and how there Beowulf killed Daeghrefn a warrior of the Hugas (lines 2397-2509). Then when the main narrative is picked up again, Beowulf orders his men to wait outside while he goes down to the mound of the hoard where the dragon lives. There he is attacked by the dragon and his sword fails him when he uses it to pierce the monster’s scales. Beowulf now falls under the threat of the fiery breath of the dragon and is in great danger, but one of the companions Wiglaf, son of Weoxstan, rushes down to help while the other companions flee into a wood. In the meantime Beowulf strikes at the dragon on the head, but his sword breaks and the dragon seizes him by the neck. In the nick of time Wiglaf succeeds in wounding the dragon and Beowulf kills the monster with his knife (lines 2510-2709). But the old king is himself mortally wounded, and as Wiglaf brings the treasure out of the hoard, the king gives his last orders about his own funeral and presents the faithful companion with his armour and necklace and then dies (lines 2709-2842). The cowardly warriors now return and Wiflaf rebukes them and sends a messenger to the people to announce the king’s death. The messenger in his speech foretells the disasters that are to follow Beowulf’s death, recalling the former wars with the Franks, the Frisians and the Swedes andprophesying future strife with these enemies now that the hero is no longer alive to protect his people. Then the people arrive at the scene of the fight and carry away the treasure hoard. Wiglaf repeats Beowulf’s dying instructions, and the dragon is thrown into the sea as a funeral pyre is built on which Beowulf’s body is buried. Over his remains a huge mound is piled up and the dragon’s treasures are placed therein. Twelve warriors ride round the barrow lamenting the death of Beowulf and praising his virtues as a great and good king: “of all kings he was the gentlest and most gracious of men, the kindest to his people and the most desirous of renown”(lines 2842-3183).Except for occasional digressions when the hero recalls past events or when some gleemen sings a tale, “Beowulf”as a poem centres on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure Beowulf, including his adventures with Grendel and his mother in Denmark and with the dragon in the land of the Geats. In other words, it is a long verse narrative on the theme theme of “arms and the man” and such belongs to the tradition of a national epic in European literature that van be traced back to Homer’s “Iliad” and Vergil’s “Aeneid”.Another characteristic of the epic tradition to be found in “Beowulf”is the part-historical, part-legendary origin of the story. It’s part-historical as quite a number of the characters either appearing or mentioned in the poem are real persons lifted from the pages of history, including King Hrothgar of the Danes (based on “Historia Danica” of Saxo Grammaticus) and King Hygelac of the Geats (based on “Historica Francorum”of Gregory of Tours and “Gesta Regum Francorum”as well as “Liber Monstrorum”), both of whom play rather important roles in the development of the tale. Besides, several digressional episodes in the epic, those about Finn and Hnaef (in the gleeman’s lay) and about Ingeld and Freawaru as well as the one about the wars between the Swedes and the Geats, all have their historical basis. And these historical figures and events place the poem in the historical period of the disintegration of tribal society, when there were tribal wars as well as inter- and intra-family feuds among the rulers. But the hero Beowulf is essentially a legendary figure. His name cannot be found in any historical document, and all that scholarly research can do has been to try to identify him with Beowa, a deity in Northern Mythology known to have killed sea monsters and dragons, or to compare him with Sigmund or his son Sigourd (alias Siegfried) in the “Edda” or “V olsunga Saga” or “Nibelungenlied”, though his relations with Hygelac and the Geat People and with Hrothgar and the Danes all appear to be rather realistic reflections of the social cinditionsof the tribal age during which the poem must have been first conceived and sung. Also, Beowulf’s fights with Grendel and Grende l’s mother and the dragon, all with a distinctly mythical or fabular character, have their parallels in other European legends, and they also illustrate the common desire of the tribal people in ancient times to conquer the mysterious forces of nature that wrought havoc upon human society.There can be little doubt that the development of “Beowulf” as an epic, from its oral tradition to its present written form, took up several centuries. The fact that the locale of the story is set in Denmark and southern Sweden shows all too clearly that the tale was brought over by the Angles, Saxons or more likely Jutes from theirContinental homes upon their immigration to England. Therefore, while the epic contains chiefly reflections of tribal society in a heathen world, there are also many feudal elements in it and some Christian coloring. For instance, while the chief theme of the poem is the primitive people’s struggle against hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader and there are gleeman’s tales of tribal wars and inter- and intra-family feuds and of intimate kinsmen’s relationship between the kings and their warriors, yet on the other hand the kings described not only were already hereditary but were possessed of absolute authority to have big halls built and hold feasts there and dispense gifts to his guests and followers. The warriors or thanes were loyal subjects of the king and were ever ready to risk their lives for their sovereign, and they resembled somewhat the feudal knights as they sallied forth on their adventures to kill monsters and dragons in order to relieve the distressed. Also there is in the poem obvious censure here and there of the bloody feuds among the kinsmen in the ruling circles. Even the story of the runaway slave’s robbery of the hoard of gold and of the dragon’s revenge for the loss is a motif that has its many parallels in other old legendary tales in European poetry (e.g., the Nibelungenlied”) and belongs to the feudal age rather than to the earlier days of tribalism.Likewise, the curious mixing in the poem of pagan elements with Christian coloring was the natural result of the epic descending from its original oral form and passing through the hands of a number of different scribes from generation to generation. The most striking example is the frequent reference in the epic to “wyrd”(i.e., fate) as the decisive factor in human affairs, but at other times and in different places there is also the mention of “God” or “Lord” as the omniscient and omnipotent being that rules over the whole universe. Sometimes the poet-singer even interrupts the narrative with uncalled-for interpolations to point to God’s intervention in helping the virtuous and punishing the wicked or to lament the misfortunes of the heathens who were unable to see the invisible power of God everywhere. Direct but rather curious references to Biblical personages are also occasionally to be found, such as identifying the monster Grendel with “the children of Cain”. Also, in Hrothgar’s lengthy passages of moralizing following Beowulf’s conquest of Grendel’s mother and in the not infrequent comments here and there on the brevity and transitoriness of human existence, the influence of Christian religion is quite unmistakable, with its emphasis on moral behavior and on the importance of “future life”above earthly bliss.But, on the whole, the pagan mood is more dominant and tribal life rather than feudal ways seems to be the determining factor for the main structure of the story. However, though the tale deals with happenings on the European Continent, the extant written version of the poem grew up on the English soil and consequently must have absorbed much from the social life and manners of the Anglo-Saxons following their settlement in England, so it is not improper to consider the work as an early national epic of the English people.Anglo-Saxon or Old English, in which “Beowulf” was written, represents the earliest stage in the history of the English language and is very different from modern English. It appears almost like another language altogether and cannot be understoodtoday by English-speaking peoples unless one consults notes and glossary in detail or reads its translation in modern English. It was closely related to Old Low German and therefore it is highly-inflected like other Germanic languages. “Beowulf” was written in alliterative verse, employing the device of alliteration instead of the use of rhymes or blank verse that was common to the English poems beginning from the Middle English period. In the practice of alliteration, words beginning with the same consonants alliterate with each other within each line, or a word beginning with a vowel alliterates with another word beginning with the same or another vowel. Each line of verse may contain an indefinite number of words or syllables but generally has four stresses, with a pause between the second and the third stresses, thus breaking the line into two parts. Alliteration invariably falls upon the stressed syllables, but not all four of the stresses in a line need to alliterate, usually two or three of them alliterate, with at least one from each half-line. The first three lines of the original poem are given here as specimen, with their translation into modern English provided below: Hwaet! We Gar-Dena in gear-dagumPeod-cyninga prym gefranon,Hupa aeth lingas ellen fremedon.(Lo! We Spear-Danes in days long pastOf warrior kings’glory have heard,How the princes wrought deeds of prowess.)One peculiar characteristic of style in “Beowulf”is the frequent use of compound-words to serve as indirect metaphors that are sometimes very picturesque. These are known as “kennings”, such as: “swan-road”, “whale-path”or “seal-bath”used to refer to the sea; “wave-tra veler”, to indicate a ship; “shield-bearer”, “battle-hero”or “spear-fighter”as substitute for the word “soldier”; “sword-clashings”or “edge-clash”to describe battlings or fights; “ring-mail”, “limb-sark” or “breast-net” as equivalent to armour.“Beowulf”towers above all other literary works written in Anglo-Saxon, chiefly because it is a powerful poem about a people’s hero written in true epic style, and not so much because the other extant writings of the period are mediocre or fragmentary. Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess but he is forever eager to help others in distress and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people. Setting aside the supernatural elements pervading the poem as an inevitable limitation of the tribal-feudal age, “Beowulf” deserves to be ranked among the great heroic poems of northern Europe though it has not been as well known as the “Nibelungenlied”. In artistic form the epic tells the tale in a leisurely way, full of elaborations in legendary details, and the verse rises at places to heights of poetic grandeur, particularly in the descriptions of the hero’s nobility of character and in the narrations of his courageous batttlings with malevolent foes.。
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Roman Evacuation
Trouble at home (Italy)
Evacuated Britain, leaving fixtures but no central government
Island weak, ripe for invasion
Video break: 3
VideHale Waihona Puke break: 4 & 6
Stowa Dark Ages: Three Elements that Join
Anglo-Saxon Life
NOT barbarians, though often depicted that way
Warfare was the order of the day
Engla land from the Angles
Anglo-Saxon Invasion
Celts put up a fight, then retreated to Wales
Welsh chieftain: Arthur
The Danes Invade
Alfred the Great unified the independent principalities against the invading Danes (Vikings, pirates, from Denmark)
Malory, 15th Century, Le Morte D’Arthur)
Different from Anglo-Saxon (which came later) Full of strong women Enchanted lands where magic and imagination
British Literature
Introduction
The British Isles
Look at the maps on page 4 & 87 of your text.
The Anglo-Saxon Period
449-1066
Ancient World
isolated rain-drenched and often fogged in green dotted with thatched cottages,
(sounds like….)
Celtic Religion
Animism – from Latin word for “spirit” Everything had spirits: rivers, trees, stones,
ponds, fire, thunder Spirits had to be constantly satisfied Druids, priests, acted as intermediaries between
Law and order was the responsibility of the leader
Anglo-Saxon Success
Fame and success gained only through LOYALTY to the leader
Success measured in gifts from the leader
rule
Video break: 1 & 2
The Dark Ages Roman Britain
Roman Invaders
55 B.C. Julius Caesar began invasions and claimed Britain for Rome
Claudius settled Britain in earnest about 100 years later
gods and people Ritual dances, rites: Stonehenge?
Celtic Mythology
Arthur – legendary Celtic warrior; became embodiment of English values (Sir Thomas
The Anglo-Saxon Invasions of Britain
Anglo-Saxons Sweep Ashore
5th Century Angles and Saxons from Germany Jutes from Denmark Attack across the North Sea Drove old Britons out before them “Germanic” Language became dominant in
Roman Contributions
Armies to defend Britain against further invasions
Network of roads (some still in use) Defensive wall 73 miles long (Hadrian’s
Wall) Public baths Brought Christianity and Celtic religion
Plundered and destroyed a path through the country before settling in northeast and central England
Battle continued until 1066 (over 150 years), when William, Duke of Normandy, defeated them all
quaint stone churches, and mysterious stone ruins
British Influence on America
Common law Parliamentary Government Literature Language
Celts
Early inhabitants Tall, blonde warriors Group within group: Brythons