-ing分词及其短语在句中的作用

-ing分词及其短语的用途很广，可以充当各种句子（短语）成分。

1.和助动词be连用，构成谓语动词和不定式动词的进行体和完成进行体形式。例如：

Tom is working hard.

Philip has been working here for five years.

Joey is said to be making much progress.

Frank claimed to have been working in the laboratory all the time.

2.做主语。例如：

Talking mends, no holes.

Beating a child will do more harm than good.

-ing分词短语较长或需要强调时必须后置，用先行代词it作形式主语。

例如：

It’s foolish talking like that.

Is it worthwhile spending so much money?

3.作表语。例如：

His speech is inspiring.

His hobby is collecting stamps.

What I’m doing is teaching him a lesson.

4.作宾语：

1)动词宾语。例如：

Have you finished writing your book?

Carol acknowledged having been at such a meeting.

作宾语的-ing分词及其短语可以带补语，-ing分词短语较长而宾语补语较短时，可以用

先行代词it作形式宾语。例如：

You must find working here interesting.

You must find it interesting working here with us.

I think it worthwhile discussing the question again.

2)形容词宾语。能直接用-ing分词及其短语作宾语的形容词不多，除worth外都是形容词

和介词构成的短语形容词。例如：

New York is a city worth visiting.

Don’t be afraid of asking for help.

I’m tired of being treated like a child.

3)介词宾语。例如：

Granny is a little hard of hearing.

We must be good at learning from others.

Thank you for giving us so much help.

5.作补语：

1）宾语补语。例如：

Can you imagine anyone being so silly?

We’ll keep the machine running.

I heard somebody singing in the next room.

少数动词后作宾语补语的-ing分词及其短语需用介词as引导，即介词短语作状语表示宾语补语的关系。例如：

Amanda regards him as being without principles.

How can you describe him as lacking in experience?

2）主语补语。例如：

Jessica was found sitting at the foot of the bed.

Darcy is often heard singing that song.

Carol was seen working alone in the garden.

少数动词后作主语补语的-ing分词及其短语需用介词as引导，即用介词短语作状语表示主语补语的关系。例如：

Water can be shown as containing impurities.

Joe is sometimes portrayed as belonging to another world.

3）介词宾语补语。例如：

It’s very warm with the fire burning.

Any object may be hot without the motion in it being visible.

I didn’t know about the weather being so awful in the area.

6.作定语：

1）前置定语，通常是简单的-ing分词，可以起名词的作用表示被修饰名词的用途或与之有关的动作。例如：

a reading lamp a sleeping car

an opening speech the freezing point

也可以起形容词的作用表示被修饰名词的性状特征。例如：

a charming girl an interesting book

an inspiring speech the exciting news

也可以起动词的作用表示被修饰名词正在进行的动作。例如：

boiling water melting snow

the rising sun fading flowers

也可以起动词的作用表示被修饰名词的属性或能力。例如：

a flying boat a singing bird

laboring people the working class

用作前置定语的-ing分词不能带宾语、表语或状语，而必须用构词成分表示，即和名词、形容词或副词构成复合词作前置定语。例如：

an epoch-making event high-sounding words冠冕堂皇的话

the rapidly changing world

2）后置定语，通常是-ing分词短语，表示被修饰名词及其短语的动作，相当于一个定语从句。例如：

Student arriving late will not be permitted to enter the lecture hall.

A person having had dealings with him will never forget him.

简单-ing分词通常前置，但表示动作时必须后置。例如：

The man speaking (=who is speaking) is the chairman.

There were no soldiers drilling (=who were drilling).

少数-ing分词在某些习惯用法中必须后置。例如：

That’s the best car going.

We traveled for four days running.

7.作同位语，补充说明名词，通常用标点符号分开。例如：

Tim has only one hobby, collecting stamps.

His current research, investigating attitudes to racial stereotypes, takes up most of his time.