水利类英文文献译文

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水利专业英语翻译

1、Acknowledging that a more extreme flood or drought can occur than has actually been measured or observed in a few recent time periods, the historical measurements of stream flows are accepted as the best available forecasts of stream flow supplies for water conservation developments.如果认为有一场比在最近一段时间内实际测量或观察到的更为极端的洪水或干旱发生，水流的历史测量值被认为是为补给蓄水发展的最有可能的预测。

2、The foundation, including abutments, should be of rock or consolidated materials sufficiently strong to support the structure and they must be watertight or so nearly so that excess leakage can be prevented by sealing any cracks or fissures in the foundation with a grouting material or closing the leakage paths by placing a blanket of impervious material in the reservoir area upstream from the dam site.地基包括坝肩，是由岩石或坚固的材料构成，足以承受结构的荷载，并且必须防水，或者能通过灌浆材料封堵地基中的裂缝或裂隙，或在坝址上游库区铺一层不透水材料来封闭渗漏通道，从而防止过量的渗漏，做到接近防水。

水利工程三峡水利枢纽工程外文翻译文献

水利工程三峡水利枢纽工程外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)The Three Gorges ProjectsFirst. The dam site and basic pivot disposalThe Three Gorges Projects is select to be fixed on San Dou Ping in Yichang, located in about 40 kilometers of the upper reaches of key water control project of Ge Zhou Ba which was built. River valley, district of dam site, is widen, slope, the two sidesof the bank is relatively gentlely. In the central plains have one island (island, fort of China,), possess the good phased construction water conservancy diversion condition. The foundation of pivot building is the hard and intact body of granite. Have built Yichang and gone to stride bridge that place of 4 kilometers in the about 28 -km-long special-purpose expressway of building site and dam low reaches --West Yangtze Bridge of imperial tomb. Have also built the quay of district of a batch of dams. The dam district possesses the good traffic condition.Two. Important water conservancy project buildings1. damThe dam is a concrete gravity dam, which is 2309 meters long, it’s height is 185meters , the dam is 181 meters high the most. Release floodwater dam section lie riverbed, 483 of the total length, consist of 22 form hole and 23 release floodwater in the deep hole, among them deep hole is imported 90 meters , the mouth size of hole is 7*9 meters; Form hole mouth is 8 meter wide, overflow weir is 158 meters, form hole and deep hole adopt nose bank choose, flow way go on and can disappear. Dam section lies in and releases floodwater on a section of both sides of the dam in the hydropower station, there are hydropower stations that enter water mouth. Enter water mouth baseplate height 108 meters. Pressure input water pipeline for carry person who in charge of, interior diameter 12.40, adopt the armored concrete to receive the strength structure. Make and let out flow of 102500 cubic meters per second the most largely in the dam site while checking the flood.2. power stationsThe power stations adopt the type after the dam to assign the scheme, consist of two groups of factory buildings on left, right and underground factory building altogether. Install 32 sets of hydroelectric generating set together, 14 factory buildings of left bank among them, 12 factory buildings of right bank, 6 underground factory buildings. The hydraulic turbine, in order to mix the flowing type, the specified capacity of the unit of the unit is 700,000 kilowatts.3. open up to navigation buildingThe open up to navigation buildings include permanent lock and ship lift (of the the technological public relations, the steel cable that plans to be replaced with spiral pole technology in the original plan promotes technology), lie in the left bank. Permanent lock double-line five continuous chain of locks. Single grades of floodgate room effective size for 280*34*5, can pass the 10,000 ton-class fleet. The promoting type for single track first grade vertically of the ship lift is designed, it is 120*18*3.5 meters to bear the effective size of design of railway carriage or compartment of ship, can pass a combination vessel of 3000 tons once. Total weight is 11800 tons to bear the design of railway carriage or compartment of ship when operating, it is 6000 newtons to always promote strength.Three.The major project amount and arranges in time limit The subject building of the project and major project amount of the waterconservancy diversion project are: Excavate 102,830,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, fill out and build 31,980,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, concrete builds 27,940,000 cubic meters, 463,000 tons of reinforcing bars, make and fit 32 with hydroelectric generating set. All project construction tasks were divided into three stages and finished, all time limit was 17 years. The first stage (1993-1997 year) is preparation of construction and the first stage of the project, it takes 5 years to construct, regard realizing damming in the great river as the sign. The second stage (1998-2003 year) is the second stage, it takes 6 years to construct, lock as initial conservation storage of the reservoir, the first batch of aircrews generate electricity and is open up to navigation with the permanent lock as. The third stage (2004-2009 year) is the third stage of the project, it takes 6 years to construct, regard realizing the sign all aircrews generate electricity and finish building with all of multi-purpose project as. One, two project finish as scheduled already, the third stage of the project in inside the plan to construct too, ship lift tackle key problems of not going on intensely.Four. Enormous benefit of the Three Gorges Projects The Three Gorges Projects is the greatest water control project in China ,also in the world , it is the key project in controlling and developing the Changjiang River. The normal water storage level of the Three Gorges Projects reservoir is 175 meters, installed capacity is 39,300 million cubic meters; The total length of the reservoir is more than 600 kilometers, width is 1.1 kilometers on average; The area of the reservoir is 1084 sq. km.. It has enormous comprehensive benefits such as preventing flood, generating electricity, shipping,etc..1. prevent floodPrimary goal of building the Three Gorges Projects is to prevent flood . The key water control project in Sanxia is the key project that the midstream and downstream of the Changjiang River prevent flood in the system. Regulated and stored by the reservoir of Sanxia, form the capacity of reservoir in the upper reaches as river type reservoir of 39,300 million cubic meters, can regulate storage capacity and reach 22,150 million cubic meters, can intercept the flood came above of Yichang effectively, cut down flood crest flow greatly, make Jingjiang section prevent floodstandard meet, improve from at present a about over ten years to once-in-a-hundred-year. Meet millennium first special great flood that meet, can cooperate with Jingjiang flood diversion partition application of flood storage project, the crushing calamity of preventing the occurrence of both sides of section of Jingjiang and bursting in the main dike, lighten midstream and downstream losing and flood threat to Wuhan of big flood, and can create conditions for administration of Dongting Hu district.2. generates electricityThe most direct economic benefits of the Three Gorges Projects is to generate electricity . Equilibrate the contradiction that contemporary China develops economic and serious energy shortage at a high speed, the hydroelectric resources that a clean one can be regenerated are undoubtedly optimum choices. The total installed capacity of power station of Sanxia is 18,200,000 kilowatts, annual average generation is 84,680 million kilowatt hours. It will offer the reliable, cheap, clean regenerated energy for areas such as East China, Central China and South China of economic development, energy deficiency,etc.It play a great role in economic development and environmental pollution of reducing.Electric power resource that the Three Gorges Projects offers, if given a workforce of electricity generation by thermal power, mean building 10 more thermal power plants of 1,800,000 kilowatts, excavate more 50 million tons of raw coals every year on average. Besides environment of influencing of the waste residue, it will also discharge a large number of carbon dioxide which form the global greenhouse effects every year, cause the sulfur dioxide of acid rain, poisonous gas carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. At the same time, it will also produce a large amount of floating dust, dustfall,etc… Thermal power plant and abandon dreg field extensive occupation of land seize more land from East China, Central China area that have a large population and a few land just originally this. This not only makes China bear the pressure that greater environment brings in the future, cause unfavorable influence on the global environment too.3. shippingSanxia reservoir improve Yichang go to Chongqing channel of the ChangjiangRiver of 660 kilometers notably, the 10,000 ton-class fleet can go to the harbour of Chongqing directly. The channel can rise to 50 million tons from about 10 million tons at present through ability in one-way year, transporting the cost can be reduced by 35-37%. Unless until reservoir regulate, Yichang low water flows minimum seasons downstream,whose name is can since at present 3000 cubic meters /second improve until 5000 cubic meters per above second, the shipping condition get greater improvement too to enable the Changjiang River in low water season of midstream and downstream.Five. The questions in building the Three Gorges Projects1. silt issuethe Changjiang River Yichang Duan Nian amount of sand failed 530 million tons, silt the reservoir of Sanxia up. The reservoir blocks water level is 175 meters high, installed capacity is 39,300 million m3 normally,its die water level is 145 meters, the minimum capacity of a reservoir is 17,200 million m3, storage capacity 22,100 million m3, the conservation storage regulates the capacity of reservoir 16,500 million m3. The operation scheme of the reservoir is: Limit height is 145 meters of water level, in flood season, meet flood adjust big under 56700 m3 per second, and power station smooth to let out through deep hole over 3 years, can reduce the sand of the reservoir to deposit. Great flood comes, the reservoir is adjusted bigly, still put and let out 56700 m3per second; Deposit towards the reservoir after the flood. The reservoir begins conservation storage, between about two months and normal water storage level 175 meters high in September. The water level of the storehouse is dropped to 155 meters high before the flood next year, utilize conservation storage to generate electricity. In 155 meters water level, can keep the river shipping of Sichuan. By flood season, the water level was dropped to 145 meters water level again, because the flow was large at that time, could keep the river shipping of Sichuan. This is a reservoir operation scheme of innovation.2. question that the slope comes down by the bank of reservoir areaThe question that the slope comes down is through detailed geological survey by 2 reservoir area banks, there is several to come down potentially on water bank of Kuku of Sanxia, the big one can be up to millions of m3. But closest to dam sitepotential landslide, too far on 26 kilometers, such as happen, come down, shock wave that evoke get dam disappear, reduce 2-3 meters to to be high, it is safe not to influence the dam. In addition, if the slippery wave happens in the bank of the storehouse, because the reservoir is wide and deep, will not influence shipping.3. engineering question of the pivotThe pivot of Three Gorges is 185 meters high concrete gravity dam pivots and 18,200,000kW, the project amount is large, but all regular projects after all, our country has more experience. The stability problem of some foundation can meet the safe requirement through dealing with. 700,000kW hydroelectric generating set, imported from foreign countries in the first batch, was made by oneself at home later. The more complicated one is lock of five grades of Line two, deep-cut in the rock bank, slope reaches 170 meters at the supreme side, the underpart floodgate room vertical 60 meters, high rock slope stability worries about. But the meticulous research of engineer and constructors is designed, blown up and the anchor is firm and excavating, the rock slope is steady in a long-term. There is ship lift of 3000t passenger steamer, it is the biggest in the world, in course of designing and studying, and repair the test and use the ship lift first.4.ecological environment problemThe respect useful to ecological environment of the Three Gorges Projects is: Prevent and cure downstream land and cities and towns to flood, reduce the air pollution of electricity generation by thermal power, improve some climate, the reservoir can breed fish etc.. The respect disadvantageous to ecology is: Flood more than 300,000 mu of cultivated land, ground of fruit is more than 200,000 mu, immigrants reach the highland by the storehouse, will destroy the ecological environment, the still water weakens the sewage self-purification ability, worsen water quality, influence reproduction of the wild animal,etc. in the reservoir. So is both advantageous and disadvantageous, do not hinder building the Three Gorges Projects. Should reduce being unfavorable to minimum extent, it is mainly that reservoir immigrants want to plant trees and grass, build the terraced fields, ecological environment protection, does not require the self-sufficiency of grain. Accomplish these, want making a great effort and fund. Control blowdown such as Chongqing,Fuling, Wan County, carry on sewage disposal, protect the water quality of the reservoir, protect the wild animal, set up the protection zone. Although ecological environment protection is difficult, must solve and can solve. As for the scenery of Sanxia, because the high near kilometer of rock bank, and Sanxia dam is only in fact higher than the river surface 110 meters. The scenery basically remains unchanged, the high gorge produces Pinghu, increase even more beautifully.Six. Immigrant's question in the reservoir areaThe reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line there are 24,500 hectares of cultivated land in all; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people. The task is arduous, but must find a room for good immigrants, make its life improve to some extent, help immigrants to create the working condition, live plainly and struggle hard through 20 years, grow rich. Most immigrants retreat to the highland, it is nonlocal that some immigrants get. The reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line own cultivated land (suck the ground of mandarin orange) 24,500 hectares in common; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, The total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people.1.exploration and opening of the immigrants in SanxiaThe exploration of an immigrant in Sanxia and open country are in the engineering construction of Sanxia, implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, relevant people's governments organize and lead immigrants to arrange work, use immigrant's funds in a unified manner, exploit natural resources rationally, based on agriculture, the agriculture,industry and commerce combine, through many channel, many industries, multi-form, many method find a room for immigrants properly, immigrants' living standard reach or exceed originally and competently, and create the condition for long-term economic development and improvement of immigrant's living standard of reservoir area of Three Gorges. Immigrant's policy of the exploration, is a great reform of the reservoir immigrants of our country. Policy this, and reservoir area of Three Gorges immigrant put forward at the foundation of pilot project eight year in experience and lessons that immigrant work since new China set up of summarizing. At the beginning of reservoir immigrants in Sanxia, carry out exploration immigrants' principles and policies, insist the country supports, the policy is favourable, each side supports, principle of relying on one's own efforts, appeared by the government, develop local resources in a planned way, expand the capacity of placing, help, offer service of forming a complete set, wide to open up, produce the life way, make it reach " take out offing, goal that so steady as to live, can get rich progressively ". Meanwhile, the country approves reservoir area of Three Gorges as " the open economic region of Sanxia ", enjoy some special policies opening to the outside world in the coastal area, call the immigrants in Sanxia of the developed coordinated cooperation of province and city, immigrant's enterprises and relevant The factor of production has been pushed to the broader large market. The governments at all levels of reservoir area of Three Gorges have issued some development coordinated cooperation, favourable measure inviting outside investment too. Reservoir area immigrant demonstrate with open to urge, develop, in order to develop, urge benign situation that place.2. reorganization and expansion of the immigrants in SanxiaThe reorganization of immigrants in Sanxia and the expansion immigrants in Sanxia are that one involve undertaking that the society of reservoir area reconstruct,resources are recombinated, the recombinating is one of the prominent characteristics of the immigrants in Sanxia, move the fundamental difference duplicated with traditional simple compensation immigrants, former state too. Implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, must demand to combine immigrants to move, reconfigure the factor of production, thus improve the disposition efficiency of resources, form new productivity. Expand while being what is called, expansion of scale, improvement of structure even more, function strengthen improvement of quality. Look with the view of development economics and implement the course of exploration immigrants, it is the course of economic expansion of reservoir area. Exploration immigrants begin from expanding, and ending at realizing expanding, the course that the whole immigrant move and rebuild one's home is running through economic expansion, full of to the yearning that expands in the future. Certainly, in actual operation, should set out from immigrant's reality to pay attention to all, insist reason is expanded.Seven. Investment and benefit questionInvests 90,090 million yuan (1993 price) in investment and the Three Gorges Projects static behavior of benefit question, invests more than about 200 billion yuan dynamically while finishing in project. The investment source of the Three Gorges Projects is as follows, state loan, state-run hydropower station each of price of electricity raise the price 0.4-0.7 fen, power station electric rate income of Ge Zhou Ba, the electric rate income after the power station of Sanxia generates electricity wait for, the country has this financial resources to guarantee to invest in putting in place. About benefit, it is estimated it in ten years after the Three Gorges Projects is built up, total project investment principal and interest, unless including project fee and fee for immigration, can have repaid with electric rate income,it prevent flood, shipping,etc. share make the investment. And the Three Gorges Projects prevent flood, generate electricity, shipping,etc. benefit long-term, and enormous social benefit. Therefore, benefit of the Three Gorges Projects is very great, there is increase slightly to even make the investment, it is very rational too to repay service life to slightly lengthen.三峡水利枢纽工程一、坝址及基本枢纽布置三峡工程大坝坝址选定在宜昌市三斗坪，在已建成的葛洲坝水利枢纽上游约40km处。

水利水电英语课文翻译

水利水电英语课文翻译水利水电英语课文翻译课文翻译需要掌握一定的词汇和技巧，当然英语课文翻译可以帮助提高学生的英语水平。

以下是店铺整理的水利水电英语课文翻译，欢迎阅读。

水利水电英语课文翻译1：Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring in relatively pure form on the earth‘s surface. Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water. Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land. The Polar Regions are overlaid with vast quantities of ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight. It has been estimated that the amount of water in the atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of 50,000 tons.在地球表面以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化合物。

水利水电毕业设计外文文献翻译

水工建筑物，29卷，9号，1995旋涡隧道溢洪道。

液压操作条件M . A .戈蓝，B. zhivotovskii，我·诺维科娃，V . B .罗季奥诺夫，和NN罗萨娜娃隧道式溢洪道，广泛应用于中、高压液压工程。

因此研究这类溢洪道这是一个重要的和紧迫的任务，帮助在水工建筑中使用这些类型的溢洪道可以帮助制定最佳的和可靠的溢洪道结构。

有鉴于此，我们希望引起读者的注意，基本上是新的概念（即，在配置和操作条件），利用旋涡流溢洪道[1，2，3，4 ]。

一方面，这些类型的溢洪道可能大规模的耗散的动能的流动的尾段。

因此，流量稍涡旋式和轴向流经溢洪道的尾端，不会产生汽蚀损害。

另一方面，在危险的影响下，高流量的流线型面下降超过长度时，最初的尾水管增加的压力在墙上所造成的离心力的影响。

一些结构性的研究隧道溢洪道液压等工程rogunskii，泰瑞，tel'mamskii，和tupolangskii液压工程的基础上存在的不同的经营原则现在已经完成了。

这些结构可能是分为以下基本组：-涡旋式（或所谓的single-vortex型）与光滑溢洪道水流的消能在隧道的长度时的研究的直径和高度的隧道；参看。

图1），而横截面的隧道是圆或近圆其整个长度。

涡旋式溢洪道-与越来越大的能量耗散的旋涡流在较短的长度- <（60——80）高温非圆断面导流洞（马蹄形，方形，三角形），连接到涡室或通过一个耗能（扩大）室（图2）[ 5，6 ]或手段顺利过渡断[ 7]；-溢洪道两根或更多互动旋涡流动耗能放电室[ 8 ]或特殊耗能器，被称为“counter-vortex耗能”[ 2，4 ]。

终端部分尾水洞涡流溢洪道可以构造的形式，一个挑斗，消力池，或特殊结构取决于流量的出口从隧道和条件的下游航道。

液压系统用于的流量的尾管可能涉及可以使用overflowtype或自由落体式结构。

涡旋式溢洪道光滑或加速[ 7 ]能量耗散的整个长度的水管道是最简单和最有前途的各类液压结构。

水利类英文文献译文

Hand Move Irrigation SystemsSummaryThe ‘hand move’ irrigation system is a very simple pipe set which can be moved by hand. Two main factors-—positioning and moving scheme of the equipment both affect the work time. Here we develop a model to complete the irrigation of the whole field by the shortest time。

Firstly, we decide the certain number of sprinklers through the designated parameter。

Using enumerative geometry, we compare the irrigation area of the system with different number of sprinklers and work out the optimum number of sprinklers。

Secondly, we take the advantage of combinatorial geometry to decide the positioning and moving scheme of the irrigation system，in order that the model can be used to realize the irrigation task by the shortest work time.In the end we also introduce a new sprinkler with square area and compare its working efficiency with the traditional sprinkler if we use it on this field。

水利专业英语翻译部分

Lesson‎1 import‎a nce of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abunda‎n t of all chemic‎a l compou‎n ds occurr‎i ng in relati‎v ely pure‎form‎on‎the‎earth’s‎surfac‎e. Oxygen‎,the most abunda‎n t chemic‎a l elemen‎t, is presen‎t in combin‎a tion with hydrog‎e n to the extent‎of 89 percen‎t in water. Water covers‎about three fourth‎s of the earth's surfac‎e and permea‎t es cracks‎of much solid land. The polar region‎s are overl a‎i d with vast quanti‎ti es of ice, and the atmosp‎here of the earth carrie‎s water vapor in quanti‎ti es from 0.1 percen‎t to 2 percen‎t by weight‎.It has been estima‎t ed that the amount‎of water in the atmosp‎h ere above a square‎mile of land on a mild summer‎day is of the order of 50,000 tons.在地球表面以‎相对纯的形式‎存在的一切化‎合物中，水是人们最熟‎悉的、最丰富的一种‎化合物。

在水中，氧这种最丰富‎的化学元素与‎氢结合，其含量多达8‎9%。

毕业设计水利水电工程英文文献翻译

毕业设计水利水电工程英文文献翻译外文文献：hydraulicturbines and hydro-electric powerAbstractPower may be developed from water by three fundamental processes : by action of its weight, of its pressure, or of its velocity, or by a combination of any or all three. In modern practice the Pelton or impulse wheel is the only type which obtains power by a single process the action of one or more high-velocity jets. This type of wheel is usually found in high-head developments. Faraday had shown that when a coil is rotated in a magnetic field electricity is generated. Thus, in order to produce electrical energy, it is necessary that we should produce mechanical energy, which can be used to rotate the ‘coil’. The mechanical energy is produced by running a prime mover (known as turbine ) by the energy of fuels or flowing water. This mechanical power is converted into electrical power by electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of turbine and is thus run by turbine. The electrical power, which is consequently obtained at the terminals of thegenerator, is then transited to the area where it is to be used for doing work.he plant or machinery which is required to produce electricity (i.e. prime mover +electric generator) is collectively known as power plant. The building, in which the entire machinery along with other auxiliary units is installed, is known as power house.Keywords hydraulic turbines hydro-electric power classification of hydel plantshead schemeThere has been practically no increase in the efficiency of hydraulic turbines since about 1925, when maximum efficiencies reached 93% or more. As far as maximum efficiency is concerned, the hydraulic turbine has about reached the practicable limit of development. Nevertheless, in recent years, there has been a rapid and marked increase in the physical size and horsepower capacity of individual units.In addition, there has been considerable research into the cause and prevention of cavitation, which allows the advantages of higher specific speeds to be obtainedat higher heads than formerly were considered advisable. The net effect of this progress with larger units, higher specific speed, and simplification and improvements in design has been to retain for the hydraulic turbine the important place which it has long held at one of the most important prime movers.1. types of hydraulic turbinesHydraulic turbines may be grouped in two general classes: the impulse type which utilizes the kinetic energy of a high-velocity jet which acts upon only a small part of the circumference at any instant, and the reaction type which develops power from the combined action of pressure and velocity of the water that completely fills the runner and water passages. The reaction group is divided into two general types: the Francis, sometimes called the reaction type, and the propeller type. The propeller class is also further subdivided into the fixed-blade propeller type, and the adjustable-blade type of which the Kaplan is representative.1.1 impulse wheelsWith the impulse wheel the potential energy of thewater in the penstock is transformed into kinetic energy in a jet issuing from the orifice of a nozzle. This jet discharge freely into the atmosphere inside the wheel housing and strikes against the bowl-shaped buckets of the runner. At each revolution the bucket enters, passes through, and passes out of the jet, during which time it receives the full impact force of the jet. This produces a rapid hammer blow upon the bucket. At the same time the bucket is subjected to the centrifugal force tending to separate the bucket from its disk. On account of the stresses so produced and also the scouring effects of the water flowing over the working surface of the bowl, material of high quality of resistance against hydraulic wear and fatigue is required. Only for very low heads can cast iron be employed. Bronze and annealed cast steel are normally used.1.2 Francis runnersWith the Francis type the water enters from a casing or flume with a relatively low velocity, passes through guide vanes or gates located around the circumstance, and flows through the runner, from which it discharges into a draft tube sealed below the tail-water level. All therunner passages are completely filled with water, which acts upon the whole circumference of the runner. Only a portion of the power is derived from the dynamic action due to the velocity of the water, a large part of the power being obtained from the difference in pressure acting on the front and back of the runner buckets. The draft tube allows maximum utilization of the available head, both because of the suction created below the runner by the vertical column of water and because the outlet of he draft tube is larger than the throat just below the runner, thus utilizing a part of the kinetic energy of the water leaving the runner blades.1.3 propeller runnersnherently suitable for low-head developments, the propeller-type unit has effected marked economics within the range of head to which it is adapted. The higher speed of this type of turbine results in a lower-cost generator and somewhat smaller powerhouse substructure and superstructure. Propeller-type runners for low heads and small outputs are sometimes constructed of cast iron. For heads above 20 ft, they are made of cast steel, a much more reliable material. Large-diameter propellers。

水利水电工程专业英语的阅读与翻译

-graph
表示写，画，记录结果
和用具
photograph 照片，monograph 专题，论文
-let
表示小
droplet 水滴，streamlet 小溪
-logy
表示学科
hydrology 水文学，geology 地质学
-meter
表示计，仪表
barometer 气压计，voltmeter 电压表
uni
单，
uniflow 单向流，unify 统一
vari
变化
variable 变量，可变的，variation 变化，偏差
vers
转，向
reverse 反向，transverse 横向
vis
看
visual 直观的，prevision 预见
（2）英语单词的词尾是接在词根后面的部分，一般地，词尾的意义比较狭窄和明确，常可根据词尾来判断英语中大
水利水电工程专业英语的阅读与翻译
水利水电工程
专业英语的阅读与翻译刘景植编
二 OO 四年十二月
水利水电工程专业英语的阅读与翻译
前言
当前，世界科学技术发展十分迅速，为了了解、学习和借鉴国外先进的科学技术，为我国的社会主义建设服务，需要
大量的阅读和翻译国外科技文献资料。另外，近年来和在以后的若干年内，我国在水利水电建设中，从国外引进了且
多数词的词类。
专业英语词汇中的一些常用的词尾：
词尾
意义
词例
Ⅰ、名词词尾
-age
表示抽象概念，量，性质，状态，行为等

水利水电工程专业英语段翻译

•Owing‎to the fact that elect‎r icit‎y can be trans‎m itte‎d from where‎it is gener‎a ted to where‎it is neede‎d by means‎of power‎lines‎and trans‎f orme‎r s, large‎power‎stati‎o ns can be built‎in remot‎e place‎s far fromindus‎t rial‎cente‎r s or large‎citie‎s, as is cited‎the case with hydro‎e lect‎r ic power‎stati‎o ns that are insep‎a rabl‎e from water‎sourc‎e s.•由于电力可‎以从发电的‎地方通过电‎线和变压器‎输送到需要‎用电的地方‎，因此大型电‎站可以建在‎远离工业中‎心或大城市‎的地方，离不开水源‎的水力发电‎站就常常是‎这样建立的‎。

Ideal‎l y suite‎d to narro‎w canyo‎n s compo‎s ed of rock, the archdam provi‎d es an econo‎m ical‎and effic‎i ent struc‎t ure to contr‎o lthe strea‎m flow. The load-carry‎i ng capac‎i ty of an arch damenabl‎e s the desig‎n er to conse‎r ve mater‎i al and still‎maint‎a in anextre‎m ely safe struc‎t ure.•拱坝最适合‎于修建在岩‎石峡谷中，它是一种控‎制河道中水‎流经济而有‎效的建筑物‎。

一座拱坝的‎承载能力足‎以使设计人‎员用较少的‎材料而仍能‎建成极为安‎全的结构。

水利专业英语翻译

5.Discussion 讨论This paper has analysed local-scale short-term spatio-temporal variations in groundwater composition in a wetland environment in The Netherlands. In general largest variations in groundwater quality parameters, both spatially and temporally, occur for nutrients (NO-, PO3-, NH4, K) and redox related metals (Fe, Mn). Macroions (Na-Cl, Ca-Mg-HCO3 and SiO2) show intermediate to low variations. Spatial and temporal RSD show good correlation, with spatial RSD-s being approximately three times larger than temporal RSD-t in the study area. This may partly be caused by the fact that in the determination of these indices spatial and temporal dimensions are interlinked to a certain degree, as spatial RSD is calculated as the median over the separate spatial RSD values per sampling campaign (i.e. time), and temporal RSD is calculated as the median over the separate temporal RSD values per filter screen (i.e. space).本文分析了荷兰的湿地环境中地下水组成成分在局地尺度下短期内时空变化。

水利工程环境影响评价毕业论文英文文献翻译

英语原文:Methods and procedures for EIAEIA is the strategic for the active environmental management of basin development and the construction items. For water resources and power development, during basin-wide planning and feasibility study stage of projects environmental impact assessment should be prepared. Forbasin-wide planning document a chapter on environmental impacts assessment is necessary while for feasibility study of projects the environmental impact statement should be prepared.1 purposes of the assessmentThe purpose of EIA is to assess the environmental effects due to river basin development playing or proposed hydroelectric project .For the purpose of rationally utilizing natural resources, protecting the environment, improving environmental quality, and maintaining the ecological balance, the optimum plan can be screened out through the comparison of the technical, economical and environmental indices of the alternative plans of the project. Besides, the corresponding mitigation measures for the adverse effects and the improvement measures for the beneficial effects should be put forwards during various stages, such as planning, design, construction, and management. The work of EIA is very important, as EIA (s) is the fundamental document for decision making and policy arrangement for the project. The development of EIA makes it possible to changethe work of environmental protection from a status of passive control into a status of active prevention In addition, the most important point is that through the work of EIA the project could develop more comprehensive benefits and eliminate the adverse effect.2 The classification of the assessmentAccording to the temporal and spatial dimensions the environmental impact assessment can be classified into two categories. From temporal dimension it can be further classified as the retrospective environmental impact assessment for exiting projects, the present environmental impact assessment for project under construction and the prospective environmental impact assessment for projects under planning. Generally speaking, the environmental impact assessment refers almost all to the prospective EIA. From spatial dimension it can be classified as assessment for individual project, for a system of projects, and even for all the projects included in the river basin planning. The depth of work for environmental assessment should be compatible with stage of planning and design. In the river basin planning stage, the environmental assessment should be made for the whole basin, and a preliminary suggestion for mitigation measures of the adverse effects should be proposed. If necessary, reports on special topics should be provided for significant impacts. In the feasibility study stage, the environmental assessment for each of important parameters and comprehensive chapter of environmental protection should beprovided o give a detailed description for demonstration the environmental effect of project and implementing the mitigation and improvement measures for the adverse effects,. In technical design stage, an additional study should be made for the remaining key problems. In the stage of construction, the environmental prot6ection planning and the practicing schedule for the construction area and the reservoir region should be included.3 Methods and proceduresIn practice, methods are closely interconnected with procedures. According to the process of EIA. The methods used can be divided into two categories. One is for assessing the environmental change and impact of each individual parameter, and the other is for assessing the impact of the whole project. After assessment, appropriate mitigation measures can be established, and comprehensive indices and indicators for the whole project can be derived so as to facilitate the comparison of alternative project designs. The assessment procedures consist of five main steps:Impact identification, impact prediction, impact evaluation, mitigation and protective measures, and monitoring programs. Among the five steps the impact identification, impact prediction and impact evaluation are most important. For each step there are different methods and considerations.Impact identificationThe steps taken to identify environmental parameters likely to have impacts are as follows:? Understanding the characteristics of the project, such as backwater curve, change of hydraulic and hydrological regime (such as change of discharge and silt distribution).? Selection of an existing similar project and carrying out retrospective environmental assessment for reference.? Investigation and description of the status of the existing environmental setting and base line.? Use of checklists of interaction matrices for impact identification. ? Proposing the parameters with likely impacts or the unknown parameters for further impact prediction.The purposes of this are to identify the significant environmental modification, and to estimate the probability that the impact will occur. Impact prediction begins with quality identification, then simple methods are used for quantification and finally multi-factor modeling is used for detailed quantification. Some of the methods might be classified as follows:1 Mathematical modeling of empirical formula (such as the reservoir and so on).2 Investigation and measurement (such as through investigation of the scope of distribution of terrestrial flora and fauna within the inundated zone to predict the impact on them, the same method is used for prediction of the impact on historic and archaeological sites).3 An alysis of the effects of changes in the hydraulic and hydrological regime (such as through the study of change of flow and silt patterns to predict the areas influenced or affected by flood, water-logging and salinity downstream, or through the change of habitats of flora and fauna to predict the future condition of the different species).4 Analogy or comparison with existing projects (such as the use of comparison to identify the change in water temperature qualitatively).Impact evaluation1. Environmental impact of each individual environmental parameter. One mustinvestigate the change in environmental quality, propose the remedial measures for adverse effects, calculate the relationship between benefits and costs, and see whether the environmental change is beneficial and acceptable. The methods consist of: ? A comparison of environmental indices or indications between the situations with and without the project.? Establishing the value function graphs for each individual parameter and seeing whether the environmental quality is improved or not (0-10 can be used to show the degree of the environmental quality, where 0 that indicates the environment quality is the worst, and 10 the best).? Proposing remedial measures for adverse effects and calculating costs. ? Reassessing the environment quality after the remedialmeasure is taken. ? Estimating the differences in adverse effect between the situations with and without mitigation measures.? Calaculating the benefits of measures? Anaktzing the relationship between benefits and costs, to see whether the impact on the parameter is acceptable, and to see effectiveness of measures. Comprehensive assessment of the project The purpose of comprehensive assessment is to evaluate the index of impact of the whole project to compare all the options and to select the optimum plan. Cost- benefit and adverse effects of the project are calculated to conclusion for every project. Methods of environmental evaluation system, multi-criteria analysis or cost-benefit analysis might be used. Just like ad hoc methods, checklists, matrices, overlays, networks, cost-benefit analysis, simulation modeling, and system analysis, etc. The superiorities and deficiencies of all the main can be assessed by six indices. The procedures for basin environmental impact assessment are same as those for a water resources project, but the methods are not so perfect now. A method is based on the quantified indices of environmental impacts, subject to satisfying of the multipurpose of development as its constraints and the minimum of total adverse impact (as people displaced) as objectives, by the dynamic programming technique and the matrixapproach etc., to layout the plan and determine the scale of each water project. For example, Dongjiang River Basin (in Guandong Province) planning, the weighted region controlling approach and keyelements controlling approach have been used for fuzzy assessment. Another approach used by individual organization is: ? Considering all projects or components of components of the whole basin as a unit or several suitable units to assess the whole environmental impacts on the upper part (above the lowest cascade) of the basin.? Computing the total indices of the conjunctive operation of all projects of the basin such as the changing of hydrologic and sedimentation regime, etc. to assess the whole environmental impacts on the middle, lower reaches, and the estuary. ? Preparing the EIA of single key project or its coordination with other projects in order to prevent the negation of the key project by environmental impacts to influence the feasibility of the whole plan. Research of the important points for EIA 1 Levels of the environmental systems.The environment is a complicated system. For EIA the totality of environment should be divided into several levels of sub-systems. Usually under the totality of environment it is divided into four levels of sysrt4ema, namely environmental categories, environmental components, environmental parameters, and environmental measurements. In China the environmental categories are further classified as natural environment and social environment. Under the item of natural environment it is again subdivided into many environmental components such as local climate of reservoir area, which again consists of the environmental parameters such as precipitation. Wind and fog as their sublevel. For evaluation of thechange of precipitation many values of environmental measurements such as internal moisture, external moisture, and their relationships to precipitations are utilized. 2 Geographic study areasThe area affected by a project is determined on the scale, character, and location of the project. In addition to the regions directly affected by the project, effects on certain neighboring regions, on the whole basin, on a neighboring basin, and even on the estuary should be considered. The affected area is not the same for each plan and for each environmental factor, but the affected areas for all alternative plans should be coordinated. In other words, the area of study should include the whole area affected as well as some additional area for putting the effects into perspective. In the case of a water quality parameter, such as temperature, the area affects into perspective. In the area and the reaches downstream, where the temperature of the water is estimated to change at least 1.0 .3 Time frame for comparisonsIn a planning investigation, the time frame for making comparisons of environmental effects should be the same as the time frame for makingeconomic evaluations. Ordinarily, projections are made based on the future with and without project conditions for the time levels of under construction, completion and in operation (25 years after completion).外文译文:水利工程环境影响评价环境影响评价是评价由于人类的活动(如兴建大坝工程等)所引起的环境改变及其影响，它是区域开发和建谈项目环境管理的一种战略防御手段。

水利水电工程专业英语段翻译

•Owing to the fact that electricity can be transmitted from where it is generated to where it is needed by means of power lines and transformers, large power stations can be built in remote places far from industrial centers or large cities, as is cited the case with hydroelectric power stations that are inseparable from water sources.•由于电力可以从发电的地方通过电线和变压器输送到需要用电的地方，因此大型电站可以建在远离工业中心或大城市的地方，离不开水源的水力发电站就常常是这样建立的。

Ideally suited to narrow canyon s composed of rock, the arch dam provides an economical and efficient structure to control the stream flow. The load-carrying capacity of an arch damenables the designer to conserve material and still maintain an extremely safe structure.•拱坝最适合于修建在岩石峡谷中，它是一种控制河道中水流经济而有效的建筑物。

一座拱坝的承载能力足以使设计人员用较少的材料而仍能建成极为安全的结构。

•The general theory of arch dam design is comparatively new and changing rapidly as more information is obtained. Engineers have cautiously applied mathematical theory, the law of mechanics, and theories of elasticity to reduce the thickness of arch dams and gain substantial economies.•拱坝的一般设计理论比较新颖，同时在获得更多的资料之后，理论的变化也很迅速。

自然建筑与可持续水利工程外文文献翻译

文献信息：文献标题：Sustainable hydraulic engineering through building with nature（与自然共建，形成可持续水利工程）文献作者及出处：De Vriend H J, van Koningsveld M, Aarninkhof S G J, et al. Sustainable hydraulic engineering through building with nature[J]. Journal of Hydro-environment research, 2015, 9(2): 159-171.字数统计：英文4059单词，22465字符；中文7180汉字外文文献：Sustainable hydraulic engineering through building with nature Abstract Hydraulic engineering infrastructures are of concern to many people and are likely to interfere with the environment. Moreover, they are supposed to keep on functioning for many years. In times of rapid societal and environmental change this implies that sustainability and adaptability are important attributes. These are central to Building with Nature (BwN), an innovative approach to hydraulic engineering infrastructure development and operation. Starting from the natural system and making use of nature's ecosystem services, BwN attempts to meet society's needs for infrastructural functionality, and to create room for nature development at the same time. By including natural components in infrastructure designs, flexibility, adaptability to changing environmental conditions and extra functionalities and ecosystem services can be achieved, often at lower costs on a life-cycle basis than ‘traditional’ engineering solutions. The paper shows by a number of examples that this requires a different way of thinking, acting and interacting.Keywords: Building with nature; Sustainability; Infrastructure; Hydraulic engineering; Ecosystem services; Design1.IntroductionPresent-day trends in society (urbanization of delta areas, growing global trade and energy demand, stakeholderemancipation, etc.) and in the environment (reducingbiodiversity, climate change, accelerated relative sea level rise, etc.) put ever higher demands on engineering infrastructures. Mono-functional solutions designed without due consideration of the surrounding system are no longer accepted. Sustainability, multi-functionality and stakeholder involvement are required instead. This trend equally applies to hydraulic engineering works and the associated water system management. The design of hydraulic engineering projects is no longer the exclusive domain of hydraulic engineers. Collaboration with other disciplines, such as ecology, economy, social sciences and administrative sciences is crucial to come to acceptable solutions. The specialists involved in such design projects must learn how to put forward their expertise in much more complex decision making processes than before: being right according to the laws of physics no longer guarantees being heard in such processes. If this reality is ignored, it may lead to long and costly delays of projects, as stakeholders and other interested parties are becoming ever more proficient in using the legal opportunities to oppose developments and have decisions postponed. In the Netherlands the court-cases that delayed the realisation of the extension of the Rotterdam harbour taught an expensive lesson, keeping the investments in the initiation, planning and design phases of the project without any return for a long time.This and other experiences triggered the awareness that projects should be developed differently, with nature and stakeholder interests incorporated right from the start. In other words: from a reactive approach, minimizing and mitigating the impacts of a set design, to a pro-active one, optimizing on all functions and ecosystem services. Although in principle the concept of Building with Nature (BwN) is broader than hydraulic engineering, we will focus here on water-related projects. This paper, which is an extension of De Vriend (2013), discusses the project development steps as they have been suggested by the BwN innovation programme and illustrates their use by describing a number of hydraulic engineering projects in which the concept has been tested and some other examples where successful application is to be expected.2.The building with nature (BwN) concept2.1.General principlesBuilding with Nature (BwN) is about meeting society's infrastructural demands by starting from the functioning of the natural and societal systems in which this infrastructure is to be realized. The aim is not only to comply with these systems, but also to make optimum use of them and at the same time create new opportunities for them. This approach is in line with the need to find different ways of operation and it requires a different way of thinking, acting and interacting (De Vriend and Van Koningsveld, 2012; De Vriend et al., 2014).2.1.1.ThinkingThinking does not start from a certain design concept focussing on the primary function, but rather from the natural system, its dynamics, functions and services, and from the vested interests of stakeholders. Within this context, one seeks optimal solutions for the desired infrastructural functionality.2.1.2.ActingThe project development process requires different acting, because it is more collaborative and extends beyond the delivery of the engineering object. The natural components embedded in the project will take time to develop afterwards, and one has to make sure they function as expected. Postdelivery monitoring and projections into the future are an integral part of the project. This also creates opportunities to learn a lot more from these projects than from traditional ones (see also Garel et al., 2014).2.1.3.InteractingBwN project development is a matter of co-creation between experts from different disciplines, problem owners and stakeholders (e.g., Temmerman et al., 2013). This requires a different attitude of all parties involved and different ways of interaction, in interdisciplinary collaborative settings rather than each actor taking away his task and executing it in relative isolation.2.2.Design stepsProject development, albeit iteratively, generally goes through a number of consecutive phases. The BwN innovation programme distinguished ‘initiation’, ‘planning and design’, ‘construction’ and ‘operation and maintenance’. BwNsolutions may be introduced in each project phase in the form of ecologically preferable and more sustainable approaches. Although there is room for improvement in any phase, the earlier the approach is embraced in the project development process, the greater is its potential impact.An important starting point for any development should be the environment at hand. A key characteristic that distinguishes a BwN design from other integrated approaches is the proactive utilization and/or provision of ecosystem services as part of the engineering solution. The following design steps were developed, tested and supported by scientific knowledge in the BwN innovation programme (De Vriend and Van Koningsveld, 2012; EcoShape, 2012):●Step 1: Understand the system (including ecosystem services, values and interests).—The system to be considered depends on the project objectives. The project objectives are influenced by the system (problems, opportunities);—Information about the system at hand can/should be derived from various sources (historic, academic, local etc.);—Look for user functions and eco-system services beyond those relevant for the primary objective.●Step 2: Identify realistic alternatives that use and/or provide ecosystem services.—Take an inverted perspective and turn traditional reactive perspectives into proactive ones utilizing and/or providing ecosystem services;—Involve academic experts, field practitioners, community members, business owners, decision makers and other stakeholders in the formulation of alternatives.●Step 3: Evaluate the qualities of each alternative and preselect an integral solution.—More value does not necessarily imply higher construction cost;—Dare to embrace innovative ideas, test them and show how they work out in practical examples;—Perform a cost-benefit analysis including valuation of natural benefits;—Involve stakeholders in the valuation and selection process.●Step 4: Fine-tune the selected solution (practical restrictions and the governance context).—Consider the conditions/restrictions provided by the project (negotiable/non-negotiable);—Implementation of solutions requires involvement of a network of actors and stakeholders.●Step 5: Prepare the solution for implementation in the next project phase.—Make essential elements of the solution explicit to facilitate uptake in the next phase (appropriate level of detail varies per phase);—Prepare an appropriate request for proposals, terms of reference or contract (permitting);—Organise required funding (multi-source);—Prepare risk analysis and contingency plans.Fundamental to the above design steps is a thorough knowledge of how the natural system functions and a correct interpretation of the signals to be read from its behaviour. The latter may indicate in what direction the system is evolving, how best to integrate the desired infrastructure into it and how to make use of the ecosystem services available. They may also provide an early warning of adverse developments, or indicate an increased sensitivity to natural hazards. Investing in increased understanding of the natural system and its inherent variability does not only pay off to the realisation of the project at hand, but also to the system's overall management.2.3.Spectrum of applicabilityWhat kind of BwN solution may be applied in a given situation, be it coastal or riverine, sandy or muddy or dominated by living components, is governed by the ambient physical system. Practical experience has shown that four parameters span up a range of potential applications: bed slope, hydrodynamic energy, salinity and geoclimatic region (e.g., temperate or tropical).2.3.1.Flat slopesIn low-slope environments generic BwN solutions can be completely sediment-based. This is true for both saline and fresh water systems. Differentiating is possible according to energy levels. High-energy tidal environments favour designs that are wide and contain a large volume of sediment (kilometres scale) in order to produce equilibrium shorelines and slopes, and enough bulk volume to withstand extreme conditions (for example parts of the Dutch coastline with beaches and dunes). Where these highly energy-exposed systems are typically low in biomass, the low-energy sheltered environments, saline or fresh, allow soft solutions with high biomass, lower width (hundreds of metres) and with tendencies to accrete cohesive sediment. This often results in a mix of sand and mud, stabilized by (root systems of) vegetation cover.2.3.2.Moderate slopesAs the bed slope increases, the width available for a soft foreshore in the wave impact zone is reduced. To maintain safety against flooding, for example, hybrid solutions are required, such as a ‘stable sediment foreshore with hard dike’ combination. Wave reduction on the foreshore enables dikes to be lower and softer (e.g., grass-clay cover) than traditional engineering designs. The foreshores in these solutions can typically be stabilized through vegetation and/or reefstructures (e.g., a ‘sediment nourishment-wave-reducing floodplain forest-dike’ combination in fresh water, or a sediment nourishment-stabilizing and wave reducing oyster reefmangrove-saltmarsh-dike systems in saline water). The selection of the living components of the application is obviously dependent on the prevailing geo-climatic system relevant for the case.2.3.3.Steep slopesAs the bed slope increases further, hard solutions may eventually prevail as most suitable solution. It is possible, however, to introduce ecological enhancements on hard solutions, in order to increase habitat diversity, biodiversity or productivity of the structures. This could result in interesting combinations of safety, economic and natural winewin solutions.The following sections describe examples for a number of distinct environments.We will indicate what role Design Step 1, reading (or not reading) the natural system, has played. For each environment a distinct example is described, followed by a brief analysis of the potential for more general application.3.BwN in riverine environments3.1.Example: room for the riverFloodplains of lowland rivers are very attractive areas for development. This explains why in the past centuries, man has encroached on these rivers and deprived them from large parts of their floodplains. As a consequence of the reduced storage capacity, flood waves in these rivers become higher and proceed faster, thus increasing the hydrodynamic load on the flood defences and reducing the lead time for precautionary measures such as evacuation.The traditional response to these trends is to raise and strengthen the embankments. This is basically a reactive approach, as it does not remove the cause of the problem, viz. the lack of storage capacity.In recent years, governments and managers of various rivers around the world have recognized this and have started proactive floodplain restoration projects, sometimes primarily driven by the need for flood alleviation, in other cases by the wish to restore nature or both .In case of the Rhine and Meuse rivers in the Netherlands, extensive schemes have been developed to reconnect removed floodplain area to the river, thus restoring storage capacity. Part of the returned floodplain area was made available to nature development, provided that this did not unacceptably reduce the river's flood conveyance capacity. The strategy of cyclic floodplain rejuvenation was developed to solve the dilemma between flood protection and nature rehabilitation (Baptist et al., 2004).Clearly, the signals of nature have been read and understood in this case. It is also an example of thinking, acting and interacting differently. Thinking differently, because this goes against the traditional reactive approach (acting after a problem has become manifest). Acting differently, because different measures are taken, such asfloodplain lowering, side channel excavation and dike displacement. And interacting differently, because other parties (e.g., Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs), terrain managers, recreation organisations, inhabitants) are actively involved in decision making on these projects.3.2.More general applicabilityFlood alleviation and nature restoration are not the only river issues. Dam building, excessive water offtake, sand mining and normalisation are activities that profoundly influence river behaviour and invoke a variety of problems. Immediate effects concern the flow regime and the sediment transport capacity, but in the longer run the large-scale morphology is affected. Especially changes of the longitudinal slope can have severe consequences. The river may incise, which leads to erosion and groundwater level drawdown, e.g., downstream of dams. In other cases, the river bed builds up far above the surrounding area, leading to an increased flood risk, as has become manifest during the 2010 Indus flood. Also, the cross-sectional area and the flood conveyance capacity can be severely reduced, which further enhances the flood risk. An example of the latter is the Lower Yellow River near Huayankou, China.In order to deal with these problems, the river has to be read in terms of flow discharge, sediment transport and (largescale) morphological behaviour. Water management has to be attended with corresponding sediment management in order to avoid problems as described above. Being part and parcel of the river bed, the floodplains also need to be managed carefully, as they will play an important role in storing and conveying flood waters, whereas in the meantime they may support a valuable ecosystem and/or important economic activities such as agriculture.4.BwN in sandy shore environments4.1.Example: the Delfland Sand EngineSince the 1990s, the Holland coast, an exposed sandy dune coast bordering the North Sea, is maintained by nourishing it with sand taken from offshore. In principle, this is a nature-friendly and sustainable way of coastal maintenance, even in times of sea level rise. Yet, present-day practice is reactive: whenever the coastline threatens towithdraw behind a given reference line, a relatively small amount of sand (up to a few million m3) is placed on the beach or the upper shoreface. A typical return period of these nourishments is some five years. This practice has a few disadvantages. Every nourishment buries part of the marine ecosystem, the recovery of which takes several years. As a consequence, five-yearly nourishments tend to bring the ecosystem into a more or less permanent state of disturbance (Baptist et al., 2008). Moreover, nourishing only the upper part of the shoreface tends to lead to over-steepening of the coastal profile, hence to more offshore-directed sediment transport and, in the long run, the necessity to nourish ever more frequently. Or, otherwise, this over-steepening leads to an increased susceptibility to coastal erosion when the nourishments stop (Stive et al., 1991).In 2011, the Province of Zuid-Holland and Rijkswaterstaat started an experiment to find out whether nourishing a large amount at once is a better solution. Between February and July 2011, 21.5 million m3 of sand was deposited on the shoreface in front of the Delfland coast, between The Hague and Rotterdam. The idea of this mega-nourishment is that in the coming decades the sand will be distributed by waves, currents and wind over this 18 km long coastal reach, thus feeding the lower shoreface, as well as the subaqueous and subaerial beach and the dune area. Once the nourishment has been placed, the ecosystem is expected to suffer less than in the case of repeated small nourishments. The experiment should provide an answer to the question to what extent the disadvantage of the earlier investment (the costs of the nourishment) will be outweighed by additional benefits, such as less harm done to or even new opportunities for the ecosystem, recreational opportunities (for instance, the Sand Engine has soon become a favourite site for kite surfers, which brings profit to the local economy), a wider dune area (i.e. also a larger freshwater reserve) and a better adaptation of the coastal defence system to sea level rise.4.2.More general applicabilityThe concept and the way of thinking underlying the Sand Engine are generic for eroding sandy coasts, but its design cannot simply be copied to other locations. The design should rather comply with the local situation and the local dynamics. Moreover,not only sea level rise may be the cause of coastal erosion, but also a lack of sediment supply, e.g., due to damming or sand mining in rivers feeding the coast, or interruption of the longshore drift by engineering structures, or removal of stabilizing vegetation (mangrove). This may lead to different designs and different ways of construction and operation.5.BwN in lake shore environments5.1.Example: Lake IJssel Shore nourishmentIn 2008, a State Committee advised the Netherlands government on flood safety and freshwater availability under a scenario of accelerated sea level rise (Delta Committee, 2008). Part of this advice concerned the Lake IJssel, the inland freshwater lake that was created by closing off the Zuiderzee in 1932. The Committee advised to gradually raise the lake level along with the rising sea level, so that one could keep on discharging surplus water by free outflow. Although in the meantime this idea has been abandoned in favour of increased pumping capacity, the suggestion has raised the awareness of terrain managers of the former coastal saltmarshes, now valuable freshwater wetlands that protect the dikes behind them against wave attack. They realized that these wetlands require maintenance, in order to be ready for stronger variations of the lake level, to combat ongoing subsidence and to enable the vegetation to rejuvenate.In 2011, and 2012, respectively, small-scale shoreface nourishments were performed at two locations on the northwesterly shore of the lake. Although after the first year the nourished sand has hardly reached the shoreline, morphodynamic activity is clearly present, as the original hump has dispersed into a number of sand waves which are in line with the natural bed topography. Recent visual observations suggest that the sand is moving northward, along with the net longshore drift, and is trapped in the lee of the pole screen.5.2.More general applicabilityThe example above concerns an existing, more or less natural foreshore. Such features are not always available in lakes. Lakes in soft sediment environments likedeltas tend to expand in the direction of the prevailing winds. As this process continues, they become more susceptible to wind-induced water level variations, especially at the eroding end. Also, floods in adjacent rivers may cause flood problems. Tai Lake, near Shanghai in China, for instance, lies close to the Yangtze River and well below typical flood levels in that river (Gong and Lin, 2009).This shows that flood protection is an issue for the riparian areas of such delta lakes. If the water from the lake has to be kept out, dike building is an obvious way to achieve this. If the subsoil is soft, however, like in the case of a dike built on peat, the soil's carrying capacity may limit the dike height. Also, subsoils with sandy streaks, e.g., remainders of old streams and creeks, may give rise to piping, i.e. the formation of sediment conveying seepage channels which undermine the dike (e.g., De Vries et al., 2010).6.BwN in estuarine environments6.1.Example: Eastern Scheldt oyster reefsBio-architects or ecosystem engineers are species that modify their habitat, to their own benefit and that of other species (e.g., Bouma et al., 2009). Oysters and coral are examples, they build reefs that provide habitat to a wide range of others species. Apart from this effect on their own habitat and that of other species, the activities of bio-architects may have other positive effects, such as sediment trapping and coastal protection. This makes these species interesting from a BwN point of view. In temperate climate zones, oyster reefs may be used to prevent erosion and saltmarshes to trap sediment and attenuate waves. In a tropical climate, mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and coral reefs, often in combination, may help stabilizing and protecting coasts.A set of experiments with oyster reefs for the protection of eroding intertidal shoals was performed in the Eastern Scheldt, the Netherlands. These shoals are consistently losing sediment to the gullies after the construction of a storm surge barrier in the mouth of the estuary and a number of auxiliary works have reduced the tidal amplitude by about 20% and the tidal prism in the mouth by some 25% (e.g.,Eelkema, 2013). This loss of intertidal area, together with the flattening of the shoals by wave action, is detrimental to the populations of residential and migratory shorebirds or waders, which use this area for feeding and resting.One way to interrupt the sediment transport from the shoals into the gullies would be to create oyster reefs on the shoal edges. This raises the question how to establish live oyster reefs at the right locations. Since oyster shells are the perfect substrate to settle on for juvenile oysters (spat), gabions (iron wire cages) filled with oyster shells were placed on the shoal edges at various locations, first in small patches, later on in larger strips (typically 10 m wide and a few hundreds of metres long). After a few years we can conclude that this approach can work, provided that the locations of the gabions be carefully selected (Ysebaert et al., 2012).6.2.More general applicabilityIntertidal areas are found in estuaries around the world and usually they are of great value, environmentally, but also from an economic point of view (flood protection, land reclamation, aquaculture, etc.). Many of these estuaries, however, suffer from a reduced sediment supply, due to river damming, sand mining and excessive water offtake from the river that debouches through the estuary. The Yangtze River, with its many thousands of dams (Yang et al., 2011), is just one example, but there are many others. Many estuaries also have been deprived from their interand supra-tidal storage area, with severe consequences, not only for extreme surge levels and flood risks (Temmerman et al., 2013), but also for suspended sediment import and environmental quality (Winterwerp et al., 2013). Before the sediment supply to the Yangtze Estuary was drastically reduced, the islands and shoals in the Yangtze Estuary would build out rapidly, enabling consecutive reclamations of large pieces of land to meet the urgent need for space in this part of China.At present, the shoals in the estuary tend to erode. An early indicator of this tendency is the cross-shore profile, which has turned in recent years from concave upward to convex upward (Yang et al., 2011). A dense and vital vegetation canope (in this case a combination of endemic Scirpus and imported Spartina) can slow down this process (Yang et al., 2008), but cannot remove the principal cause, viz. the lack ofsediment supply from upstream. Whether ecosystemengineers like oysters or mussels can provide a solution here remains to be seen, given the intense fisheries activity in this area. Moreover, the need for space creates pressure from society to reclaim more land, be it not at East Chongming Island, then in other parts of the estuary, and be it not above Mean Sea Level (MSL), then below it (cf. Chen et al., 2008). The latter requires dike construction below MSL, which is bound to aggravate erosion in front of the dike. Clearly, not only the natural system needs to be read to find an adequate solution, but also the socio-economic system.7.ConclusionsThe existing experiments, pilot projects and showcases show that the BwN approach works, provided that one thinks, acts and interacts accordingly. Knowing the natural biotic and abiotic environment in which an infrastructural functionality is to be realized, as well as knowing how the relevant social system functions, is a necessity for this approach to be successful. This applies in Europe, as well as in other countries around the world, as shown by the examples in Asia and the United States of America (USA). Initiatives in different countries and international organisations are merging into an international movement, but mainstreaming the approach in hydraulic engineering practice still meets a number of obstacles. They need to be overcome in the next few years in order to have this approach broadly implemented.中文译文：与自然共建，形成可持续水利工程摘要水利工程基础设施是许多人关心的问题，很可能会对环境造成干扰。

水利工程三峡水利枢纽工程外文翻译文献

水利专业英语翻译

1、Acknowledging that a more extreme flood or drought can occur than has actually been measured or observed in a few recent time periods,the historical measurements of stream flows are accepted as the best available forecasts of stream flow supplies for water conservation developments.如果认为有一场比在最近一段时间内实际测量或观察到的更为极端的洪水或干旱发生，水流的历史测量值被认为是为补给蓄水发展的最有可能的预测。

2、The foundation,including abutments,should be of rock or consolidated materials sufficiently strong to support the structure and they must be watertight or so nearly so that excess leakage can be prevented by sealing any cracks or fissures in the foundation with a grouting material or closing the leakage paths by placing a blanket of impervious material in the reservoir area upstream from the dam site.地基包括坝肩，是由岩石或坚固的材料构成，足以承受结构的荷载，并且必须防水，或者能通过灌浆材料封堵地基中的裂缝或裂隙，或在坝址上游库区铺一层不透水材料来封闭渗漏通道，从而防止过量的渗漏，做到接近防水。

水利水电专业毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照[管理资料]

DamThe first dam for which there are reliable records was build or the Nile River sometime before 4000 . It was used to divert the Nile and provide a site for the ancient city of Memphis .The oldest dam still in use is the Almanza Dam in Spain, which was constructed in the sixteenth century. With the passage of time,materials and methods of construction have improved. Making possible the erection of such large dams as the Nurek Dam, which is being constructed in the . on the vaksh River near the border of Afghanistan. This dam will be 1017ft(333m) high, of earth and rock fill. The failure of a dam may cause serious loss of life and property; consequently, the design and maintenance of dams are commonly under government surveillance. In the United States over 30,000 dams are under the control of state authorities. The 1972 Federal Dams Safety Act (PL92-367)requires periodic inspections of dams by qualified experts. The failure of the Teton Dam in Idaho in June 1976 added to the concern for dam safety in the United States.1 Type of DamsDams are classified on the type and materials of construction, as gravity, arch, buttress ,and earth .The first three types are usually constructed of concrete. A gravity dam depends on its own weight for stability and it usually straight in plan although sometimes slightly curved.Arch dams transmit most of the horizontal thrust of the water behind them to the abutments by arch action and have thinner cross sections than comparable gravity dams. Arch dams can be used only in narrow canyons where the walls are capable of withstanding the thrust produced by the arch action. The simplest of the many types of buttress dams is the slab type, which consists of sloping flat slabs supported at intervals by buttresses. Earth dams are embankments of rock or earth with provision for controlling seepage by means of dam may be included in a single structure. Curved dams may combine both gravity and arch action to achieve stability. Long dams often have a concrete river section containing spillway and sluice gates and earth or rock-fill wing dams for the remainder of their length.The selection of the best type of dam for a given site is a problem in both engineering feasibility and cost. Feasibility is governed by topography, geology and climate. For example, because concrete spalls when subjected to alternate freezing and thawing, arch and buttress dams with thin concrete section are sometimes avoided in areas subject to extreme cold. The relative cost of the various types of dams depends mainly on the availability of construction materials near the site and the accessibility of transportation facilities. Dams are sometimes built in stages with the second or late stages constructed a decade or longer after the first stage.The height of a dam is defined as the difference in elevation between the roadway, or spillway crest, and the lowest part of the excavated foundation. However, figures quoted for heights of dams are often determined in other ways. Frequently the height is taken as the net height is taken as the net height above the old riverbed.on damsA dam must be relatively impervious to water and capable of resisting the forces acting on it. The most important of these forces are gravity (weight of dam) , hydrostatic pressure, uplift, ice pressure, and earthquake forces are transmitted to the foundation and abutments of the dam, which react against the dam with an equal and opposite force, the foundation reaction. The effect of hydrostatic forces caused by water flowing over the dam may require consideration in special cases.The weight of a dam is the product of its volume and the specific weight of the material. The line of action of dynamic force passes through the center of mass of the cross section. Hydrostatic force may act on both the upstream and downstream faces of the dam. The horizontal componentH of the hydrostatic force is the force or unit width of damhit is2/2HrhhWhere r is the specific weight of water and h is the depth of water .The line of action of this force is h/3 above the base of thedam .The vertical component of the hydrostatic force is equal to the weigh of water vertically above the face of the dam and passes through the center of gravity of this volume of water.Water under pressure inevitably finds its way between the dam And its foundation and creates uplift pressures. The magnitude of the uplift force depends on the character of the foundation and the construction methods. It is often assumed that the uplift pressure varies linearly from full hydrostatic pressure at the upstream face (heel)to full tail-water pressure at the downstream face (toe).For this assumption the uplift force U isU=r(h1+h2)t/2Where t is the base thickness of the dam and h1and h2 are the water depths at the heel and toe of the dam,respectively. The uplift force will act through the center of area of the pressure trapezoid.Actual measurements on dams indicate that the uplift force is much less than that given by Eq.(2)Various assumption have been made regarding the distribution of uplift of Reclamation sometimes assumes that the uplift pressure on gravity dams varies linearly from two-thirds of full uplift at the heel to zero at the toe. Drains are usually provided near the heel of the dam to permit the escape of seepage water and relieve uplift.译文：坝据可靠记载，世界上第一座坝是公元前4000年以前在尼罗河上修建的。

水利外文翻译原文 (2)

J. Water Resource and Protection, 2010, 2, 972-978doi:10.4236/jwarp.2010.211115 Published Online November 2010 (/journal/jwarp)Research on the Contents and Indexes of ReservoirOperational SecurityJingchun Feng, Zhongnan DuanBusiness School, Hohai University, Nanjing ChinaE-mail: dzn198688@Received September 26, 2010; revised November 7, 2010; accepted November 8, 2010AbstractReservoirs play an important role in the development of economy and society, as well as the maintenance of ecological balance. The reservoir operational security can make every function of reservoirs fully played. This paper makes a systematic analysis on the meaning of reservoir operational security and builds up a framework system of it from the perspective of organization and system. On this3 basis, the paper researches the contents and indexes of reservoir operational security from the microscopic, intermediate and macro-scopic aspects. The results of this paper provide a foundation for further research on reservoir operational security management.Keywords:Reservoir Operational Security, Security Content, Security Index, Framework System1. IntroductionAt present there are numerous reservoirs in our country, and they play an important role in the construction of national economy. But it is not ideal in terms of the con-dition of the security of reservoir operation [1-5]. It is necessary to research the security of reservoir operation to guarantee the reservoir comprehensive benefits can be exerted adequately. Consult present related research re-sults we find that the majority scholars only limit re-garding research of the reservoir security to some con-stituents of the reservoir, or they research the question which exists to the reservoir operational guidance di-rectly. In a word they can’t consider the reservoir opera-tional security problem from the overall situation angle, but only emphasis some aspects of reservoir operation one-sidedly [1-5]. In this paper, the content of the secu-rity of reservoir operation has been analyzed from the viewpoint of system with the purpose of proposing the content of reservoir operational security from the deep level, constructing a comprehensive, concrete concept system of reservoir operational security.2. The Content of the Reservoir Operational SecurityThe reservoir operational security is referred to the res-ervoir is at one condition that the project, the personnel and so are not to be dangerous in reservoir operational process, and each interior constituent of the reservoir system can be complete, ordered, stable and can develop with external system harmoniously, sustainably.There are three aspects of the reservoir operational security content, respectively the microscopic, the inter-mediate and the macroscopic. The microscopic is re-ferred to the security of reservoir system including the security of project entity and ancillary facilities and the efficiency of reservoir operational management. The intermediate is referred to the reservoir operation can meet the need of the economy and society development including the display of reservoir economic efficiency as well as safeguard to personal and property security of downstream people. The macroscopic is referred to the security of reservoir operation is established on the basis that the reservoir can coexist with the ecosystem harmo-niously. The content of reservoir operational security is shown in Figure 1.3. The Microscopic Aspect of Reservoir Operation Security3.1. The Security of Project EntityAs an engineering system, the reservoir security should be considered with systematic view. The most essential requirement of the reservoir security is that each projectJ. C. FENG ET AL .973Figure 1. the content of Reservoir operational security.entity of the reservoir system is in safe [6]. The security of project entity is referred to various engineering struc-tures as well as the constructions achieve the construc-tion standard and the quality requirement of the con-struction specifications and the design requirements, and the other requirement is that project maintenance is good and the project can run normally without hidden danger.3.1.1. The Contents of the Project Entity Security 1) The quality of the reservoir entity meet the require-ments. Its quality is reliable and meets the lowest national and industry standard for reservoir operation. Quality standards for dam include no cracks, abnormal deforma-tion, leakage and other quality problems. The other qual-ity standard is that the construction of the project entity follow a reasonable course of the construction procedure, use the highly effective construction technique, form the perfect project archive file.2) The appraisal of project entity security is rigorous. The appraisal of influencing factors of the reservoir pro-ject entity security must be rigorous, because this is di-rect relation to our definition of whether reservoir can run safely. By no means all quality flaws or management faults can create the ruinous attack to the reservoir secu-rity directly. The security problem we must pay attention to is that may cause an irreversible harm to reservoir, whereas the small problems which can be corrected promptly and has little influence on the reservoir security don’t belong to the scope we study.3) Dynamic characteristic of the project entity security.Reservoir operation can be influenced by many factors easily, so its security status is changing constantly. For a reservoir, it requires not only the current security but also the sustained security in long future. And the reservoir needs to have one kind of function that it can momentar-ily make the adjustment and maintain the safe condition along with the change of each kind of factor.3.1.2. The Indexes of the Project Entity Security1) Integrity of project entity. As a complex system, the reservoir is composed of many project entities with dif-ferent function. Whether reservoir can exist safely and its operation benefit can display efficiently is first decided by the integrity of category and quantity of project entity. In the actual operation process, the integrity of reservoir project entity must manifest the integrity of the function. 2) Stability of project entity. Stability of project entity is referred to various project entities can maintain con-tinually in safe and steady in the operation process. As influenced by extraneous factor in the daily time, the condition of various project entities of reservoir changes unceasingly, therefore the whole security of reservoir is decided by stability of various project entities. We should establish perfect security monitor and inspection system, and monitor the stability problem of various project enti-ties real-timely. After finding the problem, we should carry on the careful analysis to the question adopting the corresponding security system, and take the correspond-ing solution measure.J. C. FENG ET AL. 9743.2. The Security of Ancillary FacilitiesThe security of reservoir entities depends on the integrity, coordination and integration of the ancillary facilities to some extent. Reservoir project entities must be collabo-rative with the ancillary facilities to ensure the role, once they are out of the relationship, not only the effect cannot be guaranteed, but also may cause significant security problems. Such as the operation of hydrological moni-toring facilities, automatic alarm system and communi-cation facilities run into problems will inevitably affect the reservoir security.3.2.1. The Contents of Ancillary Facilities Security According to the requirements of reservoir system opera-tion, we provide with a sufficient number of ancillary facilities, establish and implement corresponding opera-tion management plans to ensure that all ancillary facili-ties and various functional entities of reservoir to work cooperatively. The contents of ancillary facilities security include as follows.1) The operation of ancillary facilities. The security of ancillary facilities of reservoir system is based on well operation of their own system, which can ensure their contribution to the whole system. The operation of an-cillary facilities also requests to meet the basic require-ments such as integrity, order, stability and so on.2)Ancillary facilities and project entities work coop-eratively. The impact of ancillary facilities is reflected as follows, first is cooperated with project entities and form relevant working mechanism so as to play the major project entities function of reservoir system; the second is as a carrier to manage work implementation, which can improve the operation management efficiency effec-tively; the third is to supervise the state of project entities to assure project security.3.2.2. Indexes of Ancillary Facilities Security1) Integrity of ancillary facilities. The operation of res-ervoir systems is complex extremely, and its functions are also diverse, which requires reservoir system and various ancillary facilities work cooperatively. To play each specific function of reservoir need to cooperate with the ancillary facilities. The comprehensive benefit of reservoir is based on the function of ancillary facilities system. So the basic requirement is the integrity on category and quantity of ancillary facilities of reservoir system.2) System integration of ancillary facilities. The op-eration of complex project such as reservoir should be guided with system views. Integration in essence is a kind of thought and method guided by systematic. Inte-gration emphasizes human active behavior and double function as well as evolutionary adaptation after integra-tion, but also contributes to solve complex system prob-lems and improve macro-function of system. System integration of ancillary facilities is to study how various ancillary facilities of reservoir be together organically and realize complement of benefit, function as well as structure fully so that integrated body can be qualitative change and the overall effectiveness of the reservoir sys-tem is enhanced greatly.3.3. The Security of Reservoir OperationManagementProject entity security is the basis of reservoir security, while the security of reservoir operation management is the core of reservoir operation security. There will be a variety of security issues appear in reservoir operation, and the implementation of efficient management meth-ods and measures is an important guarantee to ensure the reservoir operation security [7,8].3.3.1. The Contents of the Security of ReservoirOperation ManagementSecurity of reservoir operation management is reflected in reasonability of organization structure, sound institu-tion system, assurance of resource input, and fluent in-formation.1) Reasonability of organization structure. According to organization theory, system’s goal determines sys-tem's organization; organization is the decisive factor for goal achieving. Organization is a means to achieve goal. Therefore, the efficiency of reservoir operation manage-ment depends on whether its organization structure is reasonable [9]. The reasonability of the organization structure reflects in the following three aspects. First: the choice of organization model meets the management requirements. The selected organization model can pro-vide a clear organization command relationships from top to down for reservoir operation management. Second: setting all levels of management positions reasonably based on the determined organization structure with suitable people who have professional knowledge and skills. Third: work tasks and management functions have a clear labor division. Everyone knows their specific tasks and each work has a specific staff.2) Sound institution system. Institution is the rule and norm of behavior that all members in organization sys-tem must abide in the daily work. The so-called no rules no standards, therefore, in order to ensure the effective implementation for reservoir operation management, there must be appropriate and sound institution system. The existence of institution system of reservoir security management provides norms of behavior for all reservoirJ. C. FENG ET AL.975staff, and makes relevant laws and regulations, manda-tory standards, security measures technology carried out, provides a guarantee for reservoir security management in institution.3) Assurance of resource input. The implementation of the management must have a physical carrier as a sup-port, and resources inputting is the most basic guarantee. Reservoir security management resources inputting not only includes the corresponding human, material and financial resources, but also includes the advanced and efficient operation management technology.4) Effective management of information. Information management has become an important part in project management; the efficiency of reservoir operation man-agement is determined by the efficiency of information management largely [10]. The contents of information management security of reservoir are reflected in the following three points. First one is the completeness of the information. There is a large number of information during the construction and operation phase which have played an important role in the reservoir security. Second is the timeliness of information processing. Information formed in various stages of reservoir operation can be processed timely so that will not harm reservoir security. Third is the effectiveness of information processing. The methods and techniques for processing information should meet the relevant provisions requirement, so as to ensure the efficiency of information processing.3.3.2. Indexes of Reservoir Operation ManagementSecurity1) Organization structure model. Selection of organiza-tion structure is not fixed and project with different pur-pose is suitable for different organization structure model. Making more reasonable choices based on analyzing and comparing the specific objectives, task conditions, op-eration environment and other factors of reservoir opera-tion. Such as the function-type organization, project-type organization, matrix-type organization, composite tissue- type organization, different forms of organizations have different applicable scope. Reasonable reservoir project organization should clear management tasks and division of functions of all parties, determine the organization flow and work logic in inter-organizational processes of reservoir operation management, thus promoting per-sonal, material and information flow between the exter-nal and internal of organization run well and making the realization of organization's objectives possible.2) Institution system. One is the establishment of in-stitution system. According to all work requirements during reservoir security operation, implement corre-sponding institution safeguards, and make all of these institutions form a system, the formation of system could cover all daily work, and provide useful guidance for the work; the other one is the institution implementation system. Reservoir security management regulations and practices made by primarily principal person must be behavioral norms for all managers of the top-down res-ervoir organization. Therefore, corresponding measure is needed, such as strengthening supervision of manage-ment and holding scheduled meetings, etc. to emphasize the implementation of the institution.3) Resource planning. For investing in human, mate-rial and financial resources, first is to have a detailed and workable investment plan, this plan can make overall arrangements for the input quantity, quality and time from macroscopic, which are benefit to determine later program such as procurement, supply, installation, com-missioning. Second is that the investment of manpower, material and financial resources can meet the need of security management that means the type, quantity, qual-ity of input all meet the demand.4) Information technology means. One is information management manual. Reservoir security management personnel nail down information management goals and tasks as well as the division of tasks and management functions through writing information manual, realizing scientific and orderly information security management. The other one is flow chart for information system secu-rity management. Through the design of flow chart, all kinds of information processing methods and procedures can be applied to improve the efficiency of information processing.4. The Intermediate Aspect of Reservoir Operational SecurityThe reservoir is a product of humanity transforms and use of natural, its construction and operation process is a purposeful, calculated and organized humanity activity. The reservoir has both the natural and social attribute. As one kind of humanity project behavior, the reservoir manifests the sociality much more. The relationship be-tween reservoir and economic society manifests specifi-cally in: the reservoir is an important component of the rivers and streams flood prevention system, is an impor-tant project measure which regulates space and time dis-tribution of the water resources and optimize water re-sources disposition. And as an important infrastructure of national economy, the reservoir provide the powerful safeguard for the economy development in flood preven-tion and drought resisting, production and living water, electricity generation, cultivation, traveling and so on[11] [17]. The intermediate aspect of reservoir operational security is referred to the reservoir operation can meet economy society's need, including economy security andJ. C. FENG ET AL. 976society security, as well as harmony of each other.4.1. The Contents of the Intermediate Aspect ofReservoir Operational Security1) Economy security. Economy security manifests in: Firstly, the construction cost of reservoir can be com-pensated by the income which obtains in reservoir opera-tion after completion. This is the key whether the con-struction permission of reservoir can be obtained. During the feasibility study period of reservoir, we need to guarantee the economical security of the reservoir con-struction through repeatedly checking calculation and overall evaluation. Secondly, reservoir operation process efficiency. The economical goal of reservoir construction generally includes electricity generation, water supply, shipping, cultivation, traveling and so on. The realization and its degree of each kind of economical goal of reser-voir in operation phase is important manifestation of economic security [11].2) Society security. Society security manifests in: Firstly, The reservoir downstream people's personal and property security can be guaranteed. On the one hand one of reservoir construction goals is flood prevention, so the realization of flood prevention after the reservoir completion is manifestation that the reservoir down-stream people’s personal and property security obtains guarantee. On the other hand after the reservoir comple-tion, there is high water head and the increase of water volume in flood season, which will have certain hidden danger inevitably to the downstream people's security. We should ensure security in the high water season and eliminate the threat of flood to downstream people secu-rity by the reasonable flood prevention dispatch. Sec-ondly, the immigration project security. The reservoir construction possibly involves to the upstream immigra-tion problem, For example the Three Gorges Reservoir construction causes the massive personnel to be com-pelled to immigrate. The immigration project is a com-plex project, Settler's life custom and cultural idea is compelled to be changed, So it possibly cause the dis-contented mood then affect society's stability and unity. Completing the immigration work, stabilizing immigra-tion's mood, meeting the immigration’s request as far as possible is the important measure to guarantees the social stability.3) The harmony between economy security and soci-ety security. The reservoir economy security and society security must unify dialectically not oppose mutually. Economy security is foundation of society security and society security has a certain degree of economy security. The reservoir overall safe must take consideration to economy security and society security. But according to the request of constructing the harmonious social policy in our country, the society security dominates above the economy security. For example the huge project like the Three Gorges Project and the divert water from the south to the north which have the strategic significance to the national development, What it primarily considerate is the society security problem, but not only pursues its short-term investment yield or the sole economic utility. Therefore the starting point of reservoir security control thought is on the basis of guaranteeing downstream peo-ple personal and property security and social stable, pur-suing the economic efficiency as far as possible and guaranteeing economy security. The harmony between economy security and society security is guarantee of the intermediate aspect of reservoir security.4.2. Indexes of the Intermediate Aspect ofReservoir Operational SecurityThe existence value of reservoir is to manifest its econ- sociality. Only understand and grasp correctly the nature and characteristic of reservoir operation as an economy and society action, take seriously to integrating the di-versified economy and society behaviors in the reservoir operation process effectively and constructing good pro-ject order, can we improve the intermediate aspect of reservoir operational security.1) Society responsibility. The reservoir operation su-perintendent and the policy-maker must set up the soci-ety responsibility, carry on the reservoir operation as society host, emphasize the society responsibility of res-ervoir and realize the reservoir society value. The strate-gic formulation of reservoir operation must be systematic, scientific and secure.2) Economy benefit. The display of reservoir opera-tion benefit needs to consider fully the socio-economy development of the entire basin and influence to industry, agricultural as well as city and countryside resident's life, value weight project economic efficiency, and make the comprehensive and correct appraisal. Cause the reservoir comprehensive benefits appraisal to conform to eco-nomic efficiency, social efficiency, environment and the ecological benefit.3) Coordination of all quarters. The reservoir opera-tion involves numerous relational main body including nation, profession, project legal person, operational guidance personnel as well as social populace and immi-grant influenced by reservoir. The more main bodies, the more complex relations, therefore we need to coordinate the relations of numerous main bodies in reservoir opera-tional guidance. Take “human-water harmony” as the instruction, clear about the reservoir operation founda-tion is to safeguard people’s personal and property secu-J. C. FENG ET AL.977rity as well as society stability [13].5. The Macroscopic Aspect of Reservoir Operational SecurityReservoir construction and operation is carried out in the natural environment, therefore it bound to have direct impact on nature, environment, ecology. With the dete-rioration of ecological environment in recent years, the quality of human survival and sustainable development has been affected more and more seriously. These ques-tions aggravated people’s concern on the ecosystem se-curity. The macroscopic aspect of reservoir operational security requires reservoir operation will not cause seri-ous destruction to the ecological environment, and achieve harmonious coexistence of reservoir and the ecosystem.5.1. The Contents of the Macroscopic Aspect ofReservoir Operational Security1) Complies with the objective natural ecology rule. It is the basic guarantee of the reservoir ecological security that the reservoir construction and operation complies with the objective natural ecology rule. In the traditional project idea, we have always stressing to conquer the nature, but the nature in turn gives us severe retaliation. Coexist with the nature harmoniously is the new path which we should attempt, is also the effective device to protect the ecosystem.2) Prevent harm to the natural ecosystem effectively. The impact of reservoir engineering to the ecology is multifaceted: for example big area of vegetation in res-ervoir upstream is submerged; the dam construction pre-vented the migration fish to return to the birth place to spawn; the habitat of upstream biology is destroyed; the water distributed situation is affected; What’s more sig-nificant disaster like earthquake may be caused. In the reservoir operation process, depending upon the scien-tific reservoir dispatcher and management method, we use each kind of advanced ecology water conservation technology, and prevent harm of reservoir to the ecosys-tem, ensure ecosystem security, this is the important content we should consider to guarantee the macroscopic aspect of reservoir security [14].5.2. Indexes of the Macroscopic Aspect ofReservoir Operational Security1) Project ecology view. The reservoir operation and management idea needs to transform from the project water conservation to the ecology water conservation, set up scientific project ecology view. We should make mul-tiple analyses to the consequence of the reservoir activity, and take it as the bounded condition of the reservoir op-eration activity. In value orientation, coordinate the ecology value and the construction value, cause mutual coordination and promotion of socio-economy function of the reservoir and ecological function of the nature.2) Philosophy of engineering. Under the new historic condition, we should ponder reservoir operational guid-ance from the philosophy angle. The traditional project thought is only to emphasize one-sidedly conquering the nature, while conquer the nature we also suffer the natu-ral retaliation. The harmonious coexistence of reservoir and the natural ecosystem must manifest philosophy of engineering. [15].3) Project harmony view. The project harmony view not only requests project own harmony, also external system harmony. [16] From sustainable development angle, explore earnestly and research deeply relation of reservoir operation and the natural system. Quantizing concretely the disturbance of reservoir operation to the nature and anti-jamming ability or bearing capacity of nature itself, grasp both coordination [18].6. Conclusions1) Reservoir plays an important role in the national economy construction in China. Reservoir operation and management should be based on the security theory and in the systematic perspective, at the same time follow the sustainable development strategy in order of ecological continuance, society continuance and economic con-tinuance, so as to promote the harmonious development of economy and society and improve the ecological en-vironment.2) The connotation of reservoir operational security has wide-ranging contents. Internal system includes the security of reservoir itself and the corresponding man-agement work; outside system contains the harmonious development of the reservoir, economy, society and ecosystem.3) From the overall and macroscopic perspective, the connotation of reservoir operation security takes the various contents and corresponding indexes into consid-eration. It provides a theoretical basis for further research of the reservoir security management, also makes con-tribution to the construction of the security evaluation index system of reservoir operation.7. References[1]Wu Xisheng. Strengthen the safety management and ex-ert comprehensive benefits of small reservoir. Hebei Wa-ter Resources, 2000(2): 39-40.。