人文科学专业英语教程作者翻译

作者介绍

第一单元

Around the beginning of the twentieth century there was a strong reaction among many philosophers, especially in the Anglo-American world, to metaphysical idealism in all its various forms. These new realists, as they were called, were motivated to a considerable extent by what they regarded to be the inability of metaphysical idealism to make sense out of science, with its implicit faith in the existence of an independent , real world. They wanted to show how perception does give us genuine knowledge of objects.

在一开始的第二十世纪，有一种强烈的反应之间的许多哲学家，尤其在英美世界，形而上学的唯心主义在其所有的各种形式。这些新的现实主义者，因为他们被称为，动机，很大程度上是由于他们认为是无法对形而上学的唯心主义的有意义的科学，其隐信心独立存在，真实的世界。他们想显示如何知觉对象给我们真正的知识。

Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872-1970) was a British philosopher, mathematician, and Nobel laureate, whose emphasis on logical analysis influenced the course of 20th - century philosophy.Russell was among the strongest realist voices of the time. He developed his realism from a so-called phenomenalistic theory of perception and the adoption of what he took to be "the logical-analytic method". He believed that our direct experiences have primacy in the acquisitionli of knowledge, and that the main task of the philosopher was to illuminate the most general propositions about the world and to eliminate confusion.

贝特朗亚瑟威廉罗素（1872-1970）是英国哲学家，数学家，和诺贝尔奖得主，其重点是逻辑分析的过程中影响第二十-世纪哲学。罗素是其中最强的写实声音的时间。他发展

了他的现实主义从所谓的现象主义理论的认识和采取什么他是“逻辑分析法”。他认为，我们的直接经验，首要的获取知识，和主要任务的哲学家是照亮了最一般的命题的世界和消除混乱。

The main problem that philosophical realism faces is how to account for errors in perception and how to avoid the possibility that all of perception is systematically misleading regarding the actual state of the world insofar as all our knowledge is necessarily partial and incomplete.

主要的问题是哲学的现实主义所面临的是如何考虑的观念中的错误和如何避免的可能性，所有感知系统误导有关实际状态的世界在我们所有的知识必然是片面的、不完整的。

In the selection from Our Knowledge of the External World (1914), Russell formulates his arguments in a very lucid manner.

在《外间世界的真理》的选择中（1914），罗素提出他的论点，一个非常清晰的方式。

第二单元

Arnold Toynbee was born in April 14,1889 in London and died in October 22,1975, in Y ork, England. His 12-volume A Story of History (1934-1961)put forward a philosophy of history, based on an analysis of the cyclical development and decline of civilizations, and provoked much discussion.

阿诺德汤因比是天生的在四月141889在伦敦死于十月221975，在约克郡，英国。其十二个历史故事（1934-1961）提出一个历史哲学的基础上，分析周期性的发展及衰落的

文明，并引发了许多议论。

Toynbee began his study of history in 1922. In the study Toynbee examined the rise and fall of 26 civilizations in the course of human history, and he concluded that they rose by responding successfully to challenges under the leadership of creative minorities composed of elite leaders. Civilizations declined when their leaders stopped responding creatively, and the civilizations then sank owing to the sins of nationalism, militarism, and the tyranny of a despotic minority. Unlike Spengler in his The Decline of the West, Toynbee did not regard the death of a civilization as inevitable, for it may or may not continue to respond to successive challenges.

汤因比开始了他的研究历史1922。在研究汤因比的上升和下降26个文明在人类历史的进

程，于是他得出结论，他们的成功应对挑战的领导下创造性少数精英所组成的领导。文明衰落了当他们的领导人停止响应，创造性，和文明瘫由于罪恶的民族主义，军国主义和专制，暴政的一个少数民族。不像格勒在《西方的衰落》，汤因比并没有把死亡的文明是不可避免的，因为它可能或可能不继续响应连续挑战。

Toynbee has been severely criticized by other historians. In general, the critique has been leveled at his use of myths and metaphors as being of comparable value to factual data and at the soundness of his general argument around the rise and fall of civilizations, which relies too much on a view of religion as a regenerative force. Many critics complained that the conclusion he reached were those of a Christian moralist rather than of a historian . His work, however, has been praised as a stimulating answer to the specializing tendency of modern historian research.

汤因比一直严厉批评由其他历史学家。一般来说，批判一直稳定在他使用的神话和隐喻为可比价值的事实数据，在他的健全的论点在上升和下降的文明，这很大程度上依赖于一个宗教观作为一个再生力。许多批评人士抱怨说，他是一个基督教道德达到而不是一个历史学家。他的工作，然而，被誉为刺激答案的专业现代历史学家的研究趋势。

The text is selected from Chapter One of Arnold Toynbee and the Western Tradition (1996) by Marvin Perry, who is a retired Professor of History at Baruch College, City University of New Y ork. He has published several successful Houghton Mifflin texts, including Western Civilization;

A Brief History; Sources of the Western Tradition, the leading Western Civilization reader; and Sources of Twentieth-Century Europe.

本文选自第一章阿诺德汤因比和西方传统（1996）由马尔文·佩里，是一位退休的历史学教

授在巴鲁克大学，纽约城市大学。他发表了几次成功的著作原件或文本，包括西方文明；一个简短的历史；西方传统来源，领先西方文明的读者；和二十世纪的欧洲的来源。