美国文化期末总结‘
美国历史文化期末复习资料
美国历史文化期末复习资料美国历史文化期末复习资料美国历史文化是一门涵盖广泛的学科，涉及到从殖民地时期到现代的各个方面。
在期末复习中，我们可以通过对不同时期的重要事件、人物和文化特点的了解，来全面理解美国历史的发展脉络。
本文将从美国历史的几个重要时期入手，为大家提供一些复习资料。
1. 殖民地时期（1607-1776）殖民地时期是美国历史的起点，也是美国文化的源头。
在这个时期，英国殖民者在北美建立了13个殖民地，逐渐形成了独立的社会和政治体系。
重要事件包括詹姆斯敦殖民地的建立、五月花号的抵达、马萨诸塞湾殖民地的建立等。
值得注意的是，殖民地时期的美国文化受到了英国文化的深刻影响，包括宗教、法律和政治制度等方面。
2. 独立战争与建国时期（1775-1789）独立战争是美国历史上的重要转折点，也是美国独立的标志。
这场战争是美国殖民地与英国的解放战争，于1776年宣告独立。
重要事件包括波士顿茶叶事件、独立宣言的起草和签署、约克敦议会的召开等。
在建国时期，美国制定了宪法，并建立了联邦制政府。
这个时期的美国文化受到启蒙思想的影响，强调个人自由和民主原则。
3. 西进运动与印第安人的命运（1800-1850）西进运动是美国历史中的重要时期，也是美国国土扩张的时期。
在这个时期，美国通过购买路易斯安那领土、佛罗里达和得克萨斯的并入，以及与墨西哥的战争等方式，逐渐扩大了国土。
同时，这个时期也是印第安人命运的转折点，他们被迫迁徙到西部的保留地。
重要事件包括印第安人移民法案的通过、小大角战役的发生、俄勒冈储备地的建立等。
西进运动对美国文化产生了深远的影响，形成了西部开拓精神和牛仔文化。
4. 南北战争与重建时期（1861-1877）南北战争是美国历史上最为重要的战争之一，也是美国社会和文化的分水岭。
这场战争是南方农奴制度与北方工业资本主义制度之间的冲突，最终导致南方的失败和废除奴隶制。
重要事件包括福特史岱儿堡战役的发生、解放宣言的颁布、阿巴拉契亚山脉战役的胜利等。
美国文化讲座心得体会
在现代社会，随着全球化进程的不断加快，文化交流与融合已成为各国人民共同关注的话题。
近期，我有幸参加了一场关于美国文化的讲座，通过这场讲座，我对美国文化有了更深入的了解，以下是我的一些心得体会。
一、美国文化的多样性讲座中，主讲人详细介绍了美国文化的多样性。
美国是一个移民国家，来自世界各地的人们在这里汇聚，形成了独特的文化。
这种多样性体现在美国人的生活方式、价值观念、宗教信仰等方面。
在讲座中，我了解到美国有黑人、白人、亚洲人、拉丁美洲人等多个种族，他们各自保留着自己的文化传统，同时也在不断地融合与交流。
首先，美国人的生活方式非常丰富多彩。
他们注重个人自由，追求自我价值实现。
在美国，人们可以自由选择职业、居住地，甚至信仰。
这种自由度让我深感震撼。
此外，美国人的休闲生活也颇具特色，如篮球、棒球、橄榄球等体育活动深受人们喜爱，各类音乐会、戏剧、舞蹈等文艺活动也层出不穷。
其次，美国人的价值观念与我国有着一定的差异。
在美国，个人主义和自由主义占据主导地位。
人们追求个人利益的最大化，注重个人权利的保护。
这种价值观念在一定程度上推动了美国社会的快速发展。
然而，过度强调个人主义也带来了一些问题，如贫富差距扩大、社会道德沦丧等。
再次，美国宗教信仰多元。
在美国，基督教、犹太教、伊斯兰教等宗教并存。
这些宗教在各自的历史发展中形成了独特的文化传统。
宗教信仰在美国人的生活中占有重要地位，影响着他们的道德观念、价值取向等方面。
二、美国教育的特点讲座中，主讲人还介绍了美国教育的特点。
美国教育注重培养学生的创新精神和实践能力，这与我国教育体制有所不同。
以下是我对美国教育的几点认识：1. 美国教育体系分为公立和私立两种。
公立学校由政府资助，提供免费教育；私立学校则由私人或宗教团体创办，学费较高。
这种多元化的教育体系使得美国教育更加注重学生的个性化发展。
2. 美国教育注重培养学生的批判性思维。
在课堂上，教师鼓励学生提出问题、质疑权威，培养学生的独立思考能力。
科目英美文化学习总结
科目英美文化学习总结在英美文化学习的过程中，我深入了解了英国和美国的历史、社会、艺术和生活习俗等方面。
通过学习，我对英美文化有了更深入的了解，同时也发现了一些不同于我国的特点。
在此，我将总结我在科目英美文化学习中的收获和感悟。
第一部分：历史与社会英美历史深远而辉煌，世界上很多重大事件都与英美相关。
英国作为大英帝国的发源地，曾经统治过广大领土，并对全球产生了深远的影响。
美国则是世界上最年轻的超级大国，其独立战争和建国历程为世人所瞩目。
英美社会的特点也是我在学习中的重点之一。
英国素以其礼貌和绅士风度而闻名，这在很大程度上影响了整个社会的文化氛围。
美国则强调个人主义和自由精神，注重个体权利和多样性。
我从中学习到了不同社会制度和文化背景对人们世界观和行为方式的影响。
第二部分：艺术与文学英美文化以其独特的艺术和文学作品而闻名于世。
莎士比亚的作品是英国文艺复兴时期的代表，他的戏剧作品深入探索了人性和社会现象。
美国作家马克·吐温则以其幽默和讽刺风格成为美国文学的代表人物。
除了文学作品，英美的音乐、电影和绘画等艺术形式也给我留下了深刻的印象。
英国的摇滚乐队如披头士和皇后乐队是世界音乐史上的经典，而美国的好莱坞电影则以其制作精良和多元题材赢得了全球观众的喜爱。
第三部分：生活与习俗英国和美国的生活方式和习俗都有独特的特点。
在英国，下午茶是一种重要的社交活动，人们会在下午享受茶点和轻松的谈话。
美国人则以烧烤、比赛观赏和聚会为主的户外活动为主导。
此外，英国人对于足球的热爱和美国人对于篮球和橄榄球的热情也是两国文化的体现。
总结：通过对科目英美文化的学习，我对英国和美国的历史、社会、艺术和生活习俗等方面都有了更深入的了解。
英美文化的独特魅力吸引着我，也让我对自己的国家文化有了更多的思考和比较。
通过学习英美文化，我不仅开阔了眼界，还培养了对不同文化的尊重和包容心态。
在今后的学习和生活中，我将继续深入了解英美文化，并将其融入到自己的成长和发展中。
美国文化期末总结‘
美国文化期末总结‘Geography1.location and sizefor a long time there were forty-eight states, then in 1959 Alaska and Hawaii became the forty-ninth and fiftieth states.Of all the states Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.2.Topography-----The Face of the LandmountainsCalifornia on the Pacific coast, you have to cross two mountain ranges----the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. Rivers and lakesThe Mississippi proper rises in the lake region in North Minesota and flows south to the Gulf of Mexico.南北向从五大湖区流到墨西哥湾The Mississippi has been called “ father of waters or “old man river老人河On the Pacific side there are two great rivers：the Colorado in the south，and the Columbia，which rises in Canada。
It flows through mountains，plateaus and deep canyons5大湖The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes。
初中必背外国知识点总结
初中必背外国知识点总结一、美国1. 美国历史美国历史可以追溯到1492年，哥伦布发现了美洲大陆。
17世纪末，美国殖民地占据了大片土地，成为英国的殖民地。
1776年，美国独立战争爆发，美国宣布独立。
1787年，美国宪法颁布实施，确立了美国联邦制的基本原则。
1861年至1865年，美国爆发内战，南北战争结束后，黑奴制度废除，美国从此进入工业化时代。
20世纪初，美国成为了世界强国，并在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战中起到了关键作用。
2. 美国文化美国文化多元，包括宗教、音乐、电影、体育等方面。
宗教上，基督教是美国最主要的信仰，但也有其他宗教信仰者。
音乐方面，美国有爵士乐、蓝调音乐、摇滚乐等各种类型的音乐，产生了许多世界知名的音乐家和乐队。
电影方面，好莱坞是世界上最著名的电影产地，许多世界知名的电影公司和明星都来自于这里。
体育上，篮球、棒球、美式橄榄球都是美国最受欢迎的运动项目。
3. 美国政治美国政治体系由行政、立法和司法三大分支构成，实行总统制。
总统由选民投票选举产生，任期4年，最多可以连任两届。
国会由参议院和众议院两个议院组成，负责制定法律和监督政府。
最高法院是美国的最高司法机构，负责解释宪法和审理重大案件。
美国政治体系以权力分立和相互制约为原则，保障人民的民主权利。
二、英国1. 英国历史英国历史悠久，可以追溯到罗马时代。
1066年，威廉征服者入侵英格兰，建立了诺曼王朝。
13世纪，英国国会形成，成为世界上最古老的议会制度之一。
16世纪，英国开始殖民扩张，建立了大英帝国。
18世纪，工业革命在英国兴起，带来了社会经济的巨大变革。
20世纪，英国经历了两次世界大战，在战后重新崛起。
2. 英国文化英国文化源远流长，包括文学、音乐、电影等方面。
文学上，莎士比亚是英国文学的巨匠，他的作品被全世界广泛传播。
音乐方面，英国有许多著名的古典音乐家和流行音乐明星，如贝多芬、披头士乐队等。
电影方面，英国有众多世界级导演和影星，产生了不少经典的电影作品。
学完美国文化之感受
学完美国文化之感受报关与国际货运100564248 褚杨明在我们中国人眼里，美国是一个颇具争议的国家。
它曾经在我国周边地区制造过很大的麻烦。
人是万物之灵，可贵之处在于他的想象。
他能回顾过去，分析现在，预测未来。
于是思想是人的特征，是历史和文化、哲学和知识的来源，也是政治和经济活动、社会组织和生活方式的根据，思想是人的智慧的表现。
正因为如此，美国大学极其强调个性发展的教育思想，课堂上，学生可以随时举手发言，反驳教授的观点，发表自己的意见。
学生在课堂上的表现大约占这门课分数的15%。
上课时的发言，不仅能与教授及其他同学做多向交流，也能充分表现出学生的参与感，进而在教授的心中留下好印象。
美国学生最大的特点是极具个性化和想象力，这从他(她)们的衣饰、发型、谈吐可以得到印证。
不从众，不跟风，努力做自己。
我们知道，西方文化其实来自三个文化传统，即希伯莱(犹太)文化的宗教，希腊文化的哲学，罗马文化的法律，三者可称之为西方文化的内涵和精神。
希腊文化衰退后，重心转向罗马；罗马衰退后，其法律传统，转移到欧洲各国。
英国继承罗马帝国传统兴盛一时，英帝国衰落，今日政治、经济和军事重心转移到美国。
从一个中心转移到另一个中心，如果说中国文化是好静的文化，那么西方文化则是好动的文化。
好动的文化往往是好进取的文化，同时也是好强好斗好侵略的文化。
美国是民主法制的社会。
美国人活的很轻松简单，因为社会环境是自由公正的，是按章按法办事的；相比中国人活的要累，因为我们很多事情是围绕情和钱转的。
在美国像政府、公务员、选举、审判、求职还有孩子上学什么的，都是透明的也都是在舆论的监督下。
新闻是很自由的。
人们可以自由地谈论总统、谈论政府。
记得当时还看到了很多我们政府禁止的关于中国的书，不过那里的华人都习以为常了，没人在意。
当然，这种体制下也有它并不完善的一面，过度的自由，才引发了最近的世界金融危机。
总的来说，在我的印象中，美国文化就是自由的象征，随着全球化的日益加剧，美国文化也会被越来越多的人所接受，取长补短，得到更好地传播，造福于全人类。
英美文化总结英文版作文
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文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The English and American cultures are rich and diverse, each with its own unique characteristics. In England, the traditional afternoon tea is a popular custom. People gather together to enjoy a cup of tea, accompanied byfinger sandwiches, scones, and cakes. It is a time for relaxation and socializing, often accompanied by polite conversations and polite manners.In America, the Fourth of July is a significant holiday that celebrates independence. It is marked with fireworks, parades, and barbecues. Families and friends come together to enjoy the festivities and show their patriotism. It is a time for fun, food, and freedom.English and American cuisines also have their own distinct flavors. In England, fish and chips are a classic dish that is loved by many. The crispy battered fish and the thick-cut chips are a perfect combination. In America, hamburgers and hot dogs are iconic foods that are oftenenjoyed at barbecues and picnics. They are quick, easy, and delicious.When it comes to sports, football is a passion for both the English and the Americans. In England, football matches are a major event, with fans cheering for their favorite teams and singing chants. In America, American football is a popular sport, with the Super Bowl being one of the most-watched events of the year. The atmosphere is electric, with fans coming together to support their teams.The English and American education systems also have their own unique approaches. In England, students wear uniforms and follow a more formal structure of education. In America, students have more freedom in their choice of clothing and the curriculum is more flexible. Both systems aim to provide quality education and prepare students for their future.In terms of language, English is spoken in both England and America, but there are some differences in vocabulary and pronunciation. For example, in England, the word"biscuit" refers to what Americans would call a "cookie." Additionally, accents can vary greatly between regions in both countries, adding to the linguistic diversity.Overall, the English and American cultures are diverse and fascinating. From traditional customs and cuisine to sports and education, each culture has its own unique characteristics that contribute to the rich tapestry of global culture.。
必备的美国文化常识总结(合集4篇)
必备的美国文化常识总结第1篇美国人在待人接物方面，具有下述四个主要特点。
第一、随和友善，容易接近。
第二、热情开朗，不拘小节。
第三、城府不深，喜欢幽默。
第四、自尊心强，好胜心重。
(2)服饰礼仪总体而言，美国人平时的穿着打扮不太讲究。
崇尚自然，偏爱宽松，讲究着状体现个性，是美国人穿着打扮的基本特征。
跟美国人打交道时，应注意对方在穿着打扮上的下列讲究，免得让对方产生不良印象。
第一、美国人非常注重意服装的整洁。
第二、拜访美国人时，进了门一定要脱吓帽子和外套，美国人认为这是一种礼貌。
第三、美国人十分重视着装细节。
第四、在美国女性最好不要穿黑色皮裙。
第五、在美国，一位女士要是随随便便地在男士面前脱下自己的鞋子，或者撩动自己裙子的下摆，往往会令人产生成心引诱对方之嫌。
第六、穿睡衣、拖鞋会客，或是以这身打扮外出，都会被美国人视为失礼。
第七、美国人认为，出入公共场合时化艳妆，或是在大庭广众之前当众化妆补妆，不但会被人视为缺乏教养，而且还有可能令人感到“身份可疑”。
第八、在室内依旧戴着墨镜不摘的人，往往会被美国人视作 “见不得阳光的(3)餐饮礼仪美国人用餐的戒条主要有以下六条: 其一、不允许进餐时发出声响。
其二、不允许替他人取菜。
其三、不允许吸烟。
其四、不允许向别人劝酒。
其五、不允许当众脱衣解带。
其六、不允许议论令人作呕之事。
(4)习俗禁忌国花:玫瑰国树:山楂国鸟:白头雕国石:蓝宝石最喜欢的颜色:白色最讨厌的数字:13必备的美国文化常识总结第2篇山姆大叔（Uncle Sam）是与英国约翰牛（Johnbull）齐名的国家昵称。
在美国的报纸杂志、文学作品和漫画中，都可以看到“山姆大叔”的名字及其生动的形象。
山姆大叔是美国二战后政治需求的产物，他代表着美国文化中诚实可靠、吃苦耐劳的精神。
美国人民还把其具有的爱国主义精神视为自己民族的骄傲和共有品质。
芭比娃娃（Barbie Dolls）。
风靡全球的芭比娃娃是自1959年来美国最畅销的时尚娃娃玩具，其拥有永远年轻的相貌、变化多端的形象和创造者不断赋予她生活故事和职业经历。
英美文化知识点总结初中
英美文化知识点总结初中
英美文化是指英国和美国的文化，这两个国家有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化传统。
初中阶段是学生接触英美文化的重要时期，下面将从英美文化的饮食、节日、体育和艺术等方面进行总结。
一、饮食文化 1. 英式早餐：英国人的早餐通常包括煎蛋、培根、烤面包和烤番茄等食物。
这种丰盛的早餐给人们提供了充足的能量。
2. 快餐文化：美国是快餐
的发源地，汉堡包、炸鸡、薯条等快餐食品在美国非常流行。
3. 下午茶：英国人
喜欢在下午享用茶和点心，这是英国人独特的传统习惯。
二、节日文化 1. 圣诞节：在英美文化中，圣诞节是最重要的节日之一。
人们会互相赠送礼物，家庭成员会聚在一起享用丰盛的晚餐。
2. 感恩节：感恩节是美国
人的传统节日，人们会感谢收获和亲友的关爱，并举行盛大的家庭聚会。
三、体育文化 1. 足球：英国人对足球情有独钟，足球比赛是英国人生活中的重要组成部分。
2. 棒球：棒球是美国最受欢迎的运动之一，每年的世界棒球经典赛
吸引了全球的关注。
四、艺术文化 1. 莎士比亚：莎士比亚是英国最伟大的剧作家之一，他的作品对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
2. 奥斯卡奖：奥斯卡奖是美国电影界最重要的奖项，每年颁发给优秀的电影和电影人。
总结起来，英美文化在饮食、节日、体育和艺术等方面有着丰富多样的内容。
初中阶段的学生可以通过学习英美文化，了解不同国家的传统和习俗，拓宽自己的视野，丰富自己的知识。
英美文化总结英文版作文
英美文化总结英文版作文1. The United States and the United Kingdom both have rich and diverse cultural traditions that have influenced the world in many ways.2. American culture is often seen as more informal and individualistic, with a focus on personal freedom and self-expression.3. British culture, on the other hand, is often associated with tradition, politeness, and a sense of reserve.4. In terms of language, American English and British English have some differences in spelling, vocabulary, and pronunciation.5. Both countries have a strong tradition of literature, music, and film, with many iconic works and artists coming from both sides of the Atlantic.6. When it comes to food, American cuisine is often seen as more diverse and influenced by different immigrant cultures, while British cuisine has its own traditional dishes and comfort foods.7. In terms of sports, the United States is known for its love of baseball, American football, and basketball, while the United Kingdom has a strong tradition of soccer, rugby, and cricket.8. Both countries have their own unique holidays and traditions, such as Thanksgiving in the United States and Bonfire Night in the United Kingdom.9. Despite their differences, both American and British culture have had a significant impact on the global stage and continue to shape the world in many ways.。
美国知识点归纳
美国知识点归纳一、介绍美国是位于北美洲的一个国家，是世界上最强大的国家之一。
它有着丰富的历史、多元的文化和卓越的科技实力。
本文将从历史、地理、文化和经济等方面归纳美国的知识点。
二、历史 1. 美洲大陆上最早的居民是印第安人，他们的文化遗产至今仍然存在。
2. 1492年，哥伦布发现美洲，为欧洲人探索美洲大陆铺平了道路。
3. 1607年，英国殖民者在弗吉尼亚建立了第一个永久性英国殖民地——詹姆斯敦。
这标志着美国的殖民化时代的开始。
4. 1776年，美国独立战争爆发，最终美国在英国的统治下获得独立，成为一个独立的国家。
5. 1861年至1865年，美国发生内战，南北战争结束后废除奴隶制度。
6. 20世纪初，美国经历了两次世界大战，成为世界上最强大的超级大国之一。
三、地理 1. 美国是一个拥有50个州的联邦制国家，拥有广阔的领土和多样的地理景观。
从东到西，可以分为东部、中部、西部和太平洋海岸四个区域。
2. 美国有五大湖，分别是苏必利尔湖、休伦湖、密歇根湖、伊利湖和安大略湖，是全球最大的淡水湖群。
3. 美国境内有著名的大峡谷、尼亚加拉瀑布、黄石国家公园等自然景点，吸引着众多游客。
四、文化 1. 美国是一个移民大国，拥有来自世界各地的移民群体。
这种多元文化的融合，使美国成为一个文化多样性的国家。
2. 美国文化对全球产生了深远的影响，如好莱坞电影、摇滚乐、快餐文化等。
3. 美国有许多重要的节日，如独立日、感恩节等，这些节日反映了美国人民的价值观和传统。
五、经济 1. 美国是世界上最大的经济体，以其先进的技术和创新能力而闻名。
2. 美国是全球最大的消费市场，其内需对全球经济增长具有重要推动作用。
3. 美国拥有世界上一些最大的跨国公司，如苹果、亚马逊、谷歌等。
六、总结美国作为一个拥有丰富历史、多元文化和强大经济实力的国家，对世界产生了重要影响。
通过了解美国的历史、地理、文化和经济等方面的知识点，可以更好地了解这个国家的发展和特点。
美国的知识点总结
美国的知识点总结美国是一个拥有多元文化和丰富历史的国家，其独特的社会和政治体系影响着全球。
在这篇文章中，我们将总结美国的一些重要知识点，包括历史、政治、文化、经济和教育等方面。
一、历史1. 美国的殖民地时期始于17世纪初，当时欧洲殖民者开始在北美大陆建立定居点。
2. 美国独立战争发生于1775年至1783年，最终导致了美国脱离英国独立。
3. 美国宪法于1787年颁布，确立了美国作为一个联邦制国家的基本政治体制。
4. 19世纪中期美国发生了内战，南北战争导致了黑奴制度的废除和南方各州重新加入联邦。
5. 美国在20世纪经历了两次世界大战，并成为世界上最有影响力的国家之一。
二、政治1. 美国是一个联邦制国家，由联邦政府和各州政府组成。
2. 美国总统是国家的最高行政官，每届任期为4年。
3. 美国国会分为参议院和众议院两个议院，负责立法工作。
4. 美国最高法院是国家的最高司法机构，负责解释宪法和裁决法律争议。
三、文化1. 美国是一个多元文化的国家，拥有来自各种民族和种族的人口。
2. 美国音乐文化享誉全球，流行音乐、摇滚乐、爵士乐等都源自美国。
3. 奥斯卡奖、格莱美奖等国际知名的文化奖项也是由美国发起和主办的。
4. 美国的体育文化非常发达，包括美式橄榄球、篮球、棒球等运动。
四、经济1. 美国是世界上最大的经济体之一，拥有高度发达的市场经济体系。
2. 美国在科技、金融、医疗、航空航天等行业拥有世界领先地位。
3. 美国大型跨国公司如苹果、亚马逊、谷歌等在全球拥有广泛的影响力。
4. 美国的农业、制造业和服务业分别在国家经济中起着重要作用。
五、教育1. 美国拥有世界上一些最著名的高等教育机构，如哈佛大学、斯坦福大学等。
2. 美国教育制度包括幼儿园、小学、中学、高中和大学等不同阶段。
3. 美国大学教育重视学生的自主学习和思考能力，注重学术研究和实践能力培养。
4. 美国的科研投入和科技创新在全球具有重要地位，许多重大科研成果源自美国大学和研究机构。
对美总结范文
对美总结引言美（美国）作为一个世界强国，在政治、经济、文化等方面都具有重要的影响力。
美国的发展历程以及对世界的影响必然是一个值得深入分析和总结的话题。
本文将从美国的历史、经济状况、文化影响等方面对美国进行总结。
历史背景美国的历史可以追溯到1492年，当时哥伦布发现美洲大陆，为后来的殖民化和移民潮铺平了道路。
17世纪开始，英国殖民者开始在北美建立殖民地，后来这些殖民地演变成了美国。
18世纪末，美国独立战争爆发，美国最终从英国获得独立。
19世纪中叶，美国经历了内战，奴隶制度被废除。
20世纪，美国成为世界上最强大的超级大国之一。
经济状况美国是全球最大的经济体之一，其经济体量和发展水平在世界上占据重要地位。
美国的经济以市场经济为基础，有着高度的自由化和竞争性。
美国有着世界顶级的科研实力和技术创新能力，并拥有全球最发达的金融体系和科技产业。
然而，美国经济也存在一些问题，例如财富分配不均等。
文化影响美国的文化影响力深远，其流行音乐、电影、电视剧、文学以及时尚等都在全球范围内具有高度影响力。
美国的好莱坞以其电影产业垄断了全球的电影市场，成为世界上最大的电影工业。
同时，美国的硅谷以及科技企业如苹果、谷歌等也在全球范围内具有重要的影响力。
此外，美国的民主制度、法律体系以及人权观念等也为世界范围内其他国家提供了借鉴与参考。
外交政策美国在外交政策上一直以维护自身利益和推行民主价值观为主要目标。
美国经常参与国际事务，积极介入世界各地的冲突和问题，并通过经济制裁、军事行动等手段来维护自身利益。
美国也是联合国的创始会员国之一，并在多个国际组织中扮演重要角色。
然而，美国的外交政策也屡次受到争议，例如伊拉克战争和阿富汗战争等。
结论总的来说，美国作为一个世界强国，其在政治、经济、文化等方面的影响力不可忽视。
美国的历史背景、经济状况、文化影响以及外交政策都对世界产生了重要影响。
然而，美国也面临一些问题和挑战，如财富分配不均、外交政策争议等。
美国历史文化期末复习资料
美国历史文化期末复习资料美国历史文化期末复习资料美国历史文化是一个广阔而丰富的话题，涵盖了从殖民时期到现代的各个方面。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些重要的事件、人物和文化现象，以帮助您复习美国历史文化的知识。
一、殖民时期和独立战争殖民时期是美国历史的起点，也是美国文化的根基。
17世纪初，英国开始在北美建立殖民地。
这些殖民地逐渐发展成为独立的社会和政治实体。
然而，殖民地居民对英国的统治感到不满，最终导致了独立战争的爆发。
独立战争是美国历史上的重要事件之一。
1775年至1783年，美国殖民地与英国进行了一场艰苦的战斗，最终赢得了独立。
这场战争不仅是美国独立的标志，也是美国民族意识的觉醒。
值得一提的是，美国独立宣言被视为现代民主的重要里程碑，它宣布了人民的自由和平等的原则。
二、西部拓荒和印第安人在独立后的几十年里，美国人民向西部拓展。
这一过程被称为西部拓荒运动。
西部拓荒者面临着艰苦的环境和印第安人的抵抗。
他们通过建立新的定居点、开辟新的农田和建设铁路，逐渐开发了西部地区。
然而，西部拓荒也带来了对印第安人的残酷对待。
印第安人被剥夺了土地和资源，并遭受了种种不公正待遇。
这导致了一系列的印第安战争和印第安人的流离失所。
这段历史提醒我们要反思和尊重不同文化之间的差异，以及对土地和资源的合理利用。
三、奴隶制度和南北战争奴隶制度是美国历史上最黑暗的一章。
自17世纪起，南方殖民地开始使用奴隶劳动力来种植棉花和烟草。
这种制度导致了南北之间的经济和文化分歧。
19世纪中叶，这种分歧最终引发了南北战争。
南北战争是美国历史上最血腥的战争之一，持续了四年。
北方联邦军和南方邦联军进行了激烈的战斗，最终导致了奴隶制度的废除。
这场战争对美国社会产生了深远的影响，包括加强了中央政府的权力和加速了工业化进程。
四、移民和多元文化美国是一个移民国家，吸引了来自世界各地的移民。
从17世纪的英国移民到19世纪的爱尔兰和德国移民，再到20世纪的亚洲和拉丁美洲移民，不同的移民群体为美国社会带来了多样性和文化的融合。
英美国家文化学习心得 doc
英美国家文化学习心得 doc
我开始学习美国文化已经有一段时间了，通过各种教育媒体以及历史图书的学习，收获了许多宝贵的知识和见解。
美国是一个非常多元化的国家，因此，其文化也非常多样化。
美国文物受先前洲际移民、非裔美国人和原住民等众多文化的影响，融合了多种不同文化产生的文化差异。
从历史上看，美国文化的特点就是其“多元性”。
美国艺术是以20世纪以来的美国文化的关键部分，从电影到画作、音乐到时装，美国艺术给了社会更大的影响力及国际美誉。
乔治·华盛顿、林肯、威廉·萨默塞特·梭罗和泰德·斯莱克等人都是美国历史上最著名的人物。
他们中的每一个都通过他们不同的社会成就和观念诠释了美国文化。
美国文化也有其独特性，最显著的就是它强调自由、平等、团队精神和责任感。
这不仅体现在美国国家的政治体制中，在经济体制中也同样如此。
美国人深知隐私的重要性。
例如，电子商务的发展意味着一定要有庞大的技术基础来保障网络安全，个人隐私也必须得到有效的保护。
另外，一切的发展都要以科学教育为基础，美国人非常重视教育。
他们坚信，每个人都有权和责任以双手工作来取得自己的成就，这种自力更生的精神发挥了重要作用，为美国社会发展贡献了不可磨灭的力量。
总的来说，美国文化是一种多彩多姿的文化，包含着不同文化融合而成的特殊性质。
它强调自由、平等、团结、团队精神和责任感，重视隐私保护，依靠科学教育实现发展，倡导自力更生，为社会发展贡献自己的力量。
美国历史与文化学习总结修订本
美国历史与文化学习总结修订本美国历史与文化学习总结修订本学院：化学与环境工程学院学号：1110920xx01姓名：梁杏《美国历史与文化》课程学习总结经过一个学期的学习，对于我来说，还是蛮有意义的。
第一，单看这个选修课的名称，我便选了，有关历史的课程，我都喜欢，而且是有关美国的历史与文化，这无疑是有吸引力的。
第二，当我得知我们的老师是搞英语这方面的，我很庆幸，我的英语比较差，所以，在老师的教导下，提高我的英语水平还是有帮助性的。
这，是一举两得吧。
不同于以往的选修课，当聆听您的第一堂课的时候，您洪亮的嗓音以及在叙述对英语方面知识的渊博，着实使我觉得，很不一般。
我都不知道该用什么好的词句来形容您了，恕学生冒昧。
我想，接下来的课程，该是什么呢？我的想法，是以为介绍有关美国历史方面比较宽广性的，诸如建国，移民，西部开发，科技发展等。
但，多媒体显示的PPT，是美国历届比较有重要影响力的总统。
其中，就有，国父乔治华盛顿，南北战争时期的亚伯拉罕林肯，以及接任者的有关历史。
的确，一个国家的历史，得从它的重要事件来佐证，追寻它的足迹，您所讲的都是准确无误的。
我，在这里，很赞同。
最令我喜欢的课程内容，第一，是听VOA新闻，并将听到的单词空给补上，这无疑对听力有很大的帮助，而这正是我所需要的。
第二，是它的知识性，其中优美的句子，能够让我们从中汲取有价值的内容，帮助我们更好的理解并学习英语方面的知识。
第三，前两点的介绍都具有现实的功利性，但，这一点，是不同的。
就如老师给我们看的那篇林肯发表的重要演说，虽然只有三分钟，却是最具震撼力，有世界影响力的演说。
它的内容，有着鲜明的立场，对国家统一的强有说服力和追求“平等、自由、进取”精神的阐述，深刻影响了美国历史的进程，更为广泛的来说，是影响了美国今后及世界的历史进程走向吧。
当然，其中还有些更为令人折服的课堂教学内容，正如您所说，是对旧的教学模式改革的成果，其目的是为了充分调动学生的积极性，为大学生学习增添色彩。
新编英美文化总结
新编英美文化总结引言英美文化是世界上最具影响力和广泛传播的文化之一。
英美文化继承了西方文明的伟大传统，融合了不同民族和移民的特点，形成了独特且充满活力的文化体系。
本文将从语言、饮食、音乐、电影和体育等方面对英美文化进行总结，以便更好地了解英美世界的魅力。
语言英语是英美文化的核心，它在全球范围广泛使用并成为国际交流的重要工具。
英美英语有许多共同特点，但也有一些差异。
英式英语注重发音规范，使用较多复杂的句法结构和词汇。
而美式英语则更加注重口语化，使用简洁直接的表达方式。
英语也是诗歌和文学的语言。
英美文化孕育了许多伟大的文学作品和著名的作家，如莎士比亚、奥斯卡·王尔德、弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫等。
这些作品不仅影响了英美文化，也对整个世界文学产生了深远的影响。
饮食英美饮食有着丰富多样的特点。
英国是茶文化的代表，下午茶是英国传统习俗之一，人们在下午喝茶和品尝点心。
同时，英国也以英式早餐和酒吧文化闻名。
美国则以汉堡、炸鸡、薯条和披萨等快餐食品为代表，在世界各地享有盛名。
此外，英美文化也有许多特色食物。
英国传统的烤牛肉和烤羊肉是其饮食文化的重要组成部分。
美国的巧克力、烤肉、火鸡等都是世界知名的美食。
音乐英美音乐是世界音乐史上不可忽视的一部分。
英国的流行音乐在全球范围内影响巨大，披头士乐队、皇后乐队、滚石乐队等都是英国音乐界的传奇。
美国则以爵士乐、摇滚乐和流行音乐见长。
爵士乐起源于非裔美国人社区，被誉为美国的独特音乐风格。
摇滚乐则主要起源于20世纪50年代的美国，并随着艾尔维斯·普雷斯利、披头士乐队、滚石乐队等乐队的崛起而迅速传遍全球。
电影英美电影业享有盛誉，许多经典的电影作品承载着英美文化的精髓。
好莱坞是美国电影工业的代表，以其丰富多样的电影类型而闻名。
从黑白无声电影时代的《乱世佳人》到现代的《星球大战》系列，这些电影作品不仅在票房上大获成功，也在影响全球电影制作的发展方向。
英国电影也有着自己的特色。
美国知识点归纳总结
美国知识点归纳总结一、地理与人口1. 地理位置：美国横跨北美洲，东临大西洋，西临太平洋，北与加拿大接壤，南与墨西哥相邻，地理位置优越。
2. 主要城市：纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥、休斯顿等。
3. 地形地貌：美国地势起伏，东部为平原和低山地带，中部为大平原，西部有喀斯喀特山脉、落基山脉和洛矶山脉等。
4. 气候：由于地大物博，气候种类繁多，南部为热带气候，西部为沙漠气候，北部为寒冷气候。
5. 人口：美国是多民族国家，主要民族有白种人、黑种人、拉丁裔、亚裔等，人口众多，多元文化交融。
6. 国家公园：美国有许多著名国家公园，如黄石国家公园、大峡谷国家公园等，风景秀丽，吸引着全球游客。
二、政治与国家机构1. 政治体制：美国是一个联邦制国家，政治制度为总统制，国家实行三权分立，包括行政、立法和司法三大分支。
2. 政府机构：美国政府包括联邦政府和各州政府，联邦政府由总统、国会和最高法院组成。
3. 政治党派：美国的两大政党是民主党和共和党，两党轮流执政，政治倾向各异。
4. 司法体系：美国的司法系统独立，最高法院是最高审判机构，负责审理宪法和联邦法律事务。
5. 外交政策：美国是世界上最重要的超级大国之一，其外交政策影响深远，常常干涉国际事务。
三、经济与工业1. 经济体系：美国是发达资本主义国家，经济体系完善，市场经济发达。
2. 经济产业：美国的经济产业多元化，以服务业和制造业为主，高科技产业发达。
3. 主要企业：美国有许多著名跨国公司，如苹果、微软、谷歌、亚马逊等，对全球经济有重大影响。
4. 贸易关系：美国是全球最大的贸易国之一，与世界各国有着密切的贸易关系。
5. 金融体系：华尔街是美国金融中心，美国拥有世界上最发达的金融体系。
6. 发展问题：美国的富裕程度不均，存在着贫富差距和社会不公现象，需要进一步改善。
四、文化与教育1. 文化传统：美国是一个移民国家，文化多元，民族融合，美国文化受到各种文化的影响。
2. 娱乐文化：好莱坞是全球最大的电影工业基地之一，美国的音乐、文学、体育等也备受瞩目。
美国文学选读期末总结
美国文学选读期末总结美国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，拥有悠久的历史和丰富的文化，它影响了世界各地的文学发展。
在这门选读课程中，我们从殖民地时期开始，一直到二十一世纪，学习了许多重要的美国文学作品。
通过阅读这些作品，我们不仅了解了美国文化和历史，也探讨了许多重要的主题和思想。
在殖民地时期，美国文学开始萌芽。
我们读到了威廉·布拉德福的《普利茅斯记》和詹姆斯教酋长的《联邦纲要》。
这些作品记录了最早的殖民地生活，揭示了殖民者面临的困难和对未来的希望。
通过阅读这些作品，我们了解到殖民地时期的美国社会是如何建立起来的，以及它对后世产生了怎样的影响。
在十九世纪，美国文学迎来了一个辉煌的时期。
我们阅读了许多重要的作品，如纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》、赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的《白鲸》和马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。
这些作品探讨了人性的复杂性、道德的问题和对社会的批判。
他们让我思考人类内心的冲突和道德选择的困难。
这些作品也在文学史上留下了深远的影响，对后来的作家和文学发展产生了重要的影响。
在二十世纪，美国文学经历了一系列重要的变革和创新。
我们读到了弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和托尼·莫里森的《亲爱的》。
这些作品通过不同的风格和形式来探索一系列的主题，如美国梦、个体与社会的关系、种族和性别等。
它们展示了美国文学的多样性和丰富性，也反映了美国社会的变化和发展。
此外，我们还读到了一些二十一世纪的作品，如乔纳森·弗兰岑的《自由的哀思》和夏娃·芭比恩·鲍登的《女人的生活》，它们涉及了当代社会的问题和议题。
这些作品让我思考了现代社会的挑战和困境，也让我对未来的发展有了更深的思考。
通过这门选读课程，我对美国文学有了更深入的了解。
我认识到美国文学不仅仅是一堆经典的作品，更是一个反映社会和思想的镜子。
美国文化总结
Unit 11 Vacationing in the U.S.When do most American families go away on vacation?The most popular vacation periods are during the summer and during the 2-week school break surrounding the Christmas and New Year’s holidays. These periods are also the most crowded and the most expensive time to travel.TransportationThe automobile is the least expensive way to travel, especially for families. Its fast and convenient. The exc ellent interstate highway system connects nation’s major cities.3. What’s a theme park? What are some different types of theme parks?(1).Theme park are a variation on the outdoor entertainment complexes called amusement parks.Like amusement park, theme parks have carnival games, rides, shows, displays, shops that sell souvenirs, restaurants and food stores. But theme parks tend to be much larger and more high-tech than the older amusement parks. And they are developed around a theme or idea, such as American, water sports or regional history. Many are very educational as well as entertaining.(2) such as American, water sports or regional history4.four major theme parks in walt Disney world?It includes four major theme parks, Magic Kingdom(similar to Disneyland, mechanical figures that appear in many exhibits) Epcot Center(technologies of the future; architecture, crafts,food and entertainment of 11 nations), Disney-MGM Studios(has Hollywood movie-making as its theme) and Animal Kingdom (1000animals including rare and endangered animals) plus several minor ones.5. what to see in manhattan?They visit skyscrapers, especially the empire state building, one of the tallest.They visit museums and art galleries, shops in the city’s department stor es and specialty shops, and dine in elegant restaurants.Other attractions are united nations building, the new York stock exchange, rockefeller center, and the metropolitan opera.6. what to see in washinton DC?The nation’s capital, visitors can watch congress in action in the capitol, attend a session of the supreme court, and tour the white house, the home of the president. The Smithsonian institution, with its many museums and art galleries, offers much ofhistorical interest. It exhibits gowns of the first ladies and the wright brothers. There are also magnificent monuments to see, memorials honoring presidents washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Roosevelt.7. What are some structures of historical interest in the East?In Washington DC, The nation’s capital, visitors can watch congress in action in the capitol, attend a session of the supreme court, and tour the white house, the home of the president. The Smithsonian institution, with its many museums and art galleries, offers much of historical interest. It exhibits gowns of the first ladies and the wright brothers. There are also magnificent monuments to see, memorials honoring presidents washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Roosevelt.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is the site of the building where the us constitution was signed in 1787. Boston , Massachusetts has many colonial landmarks. Virginia, colonial Williamsburg old buildings…..8. Name three very large structures mentioned in this section.The most famous skyscraper is Sears Tower, the tallest building in the US.(other attractions in Chicago, are the museums of science and industry, with its exhibits showing applications of science to industry)buckingham fountain, the world’s largest lighted fountain which is a beautiful multicolored sight on a summer evening)and Gateway Arch(in st Louis)9. What are four famous tourist sites in Florida?Walt Disney World, Everglades(one of the largest and most interesting swamp areas in the world with many unusual plants and birds ), the John F. Kennedy Space Center and St. Augustine(the oldest permanent European settlement).10. Compare the climates in Alaska and Hawaii.In Alaska, the winter temperature can go down as low as -62℃. In the northernmost part of Alaska, the sun doesn’t set for 80 days in the summer; and for 50 days in the winter. In Hawaii, the climate is much comfortable. It is made up of 20 tropical islands.11.what to see in the west?Rocky mountain-draw skiers and snowmobilers.Casinos and nightclubs in las vegas, Nevada attract vacationers who enjoy gambling and big-name entertainment.National parks- who interested in beautiful scenery, natural wonders, and wildlife.Grand canyon- huge colorful rock formations.Yellow stones-th e world’s greatest geyser area, as well as spectacular waterfalls.Los angeles- Hollywood- the home of the American movie industry. See the fabulous homes of movie stars, shopping in elegant shops.San Francisco- hilliest and most metropolitan of American sites. Famous for bridges, cable cars, breathtaking scenery, and fine dining(seafood and asian cuisine)V ocabularyamusement:消遣，娱乐architecture:建筑；建筑学destination: 目的地，终点gambling: 赌博；投机glacier:冰河，冰川monument: 纪念碑passport:护照sculpture: .雕塑；雕刻souvenir:纪念品spectacular:壮观的：惊人的statue: 雕像，塑像surrounding: 周围的，附近的theme:主题tourist:游客volcano: 火山capitol：一般的立法机关Capitol：美国国会大厦（专指在华盛顿那家）Capital：首都Expressionsas well as:也；和…一样big-name:大名鼎鼎的change of scene:换个环境First Lady:总统妻子get an earful: 听了一大堆话，听得叫人厌烦show off:炫耀time off:休假；请假word of mouth:口头宣传；口头传达的unit 12 Leisure-Time Activities1. What are the three most popular team sports in the U.S.? What’s the difference between Bowl games and the Super Bowl.(1)Baseball(national pastime), football(knocking down a player who is trying to carry the ball down the field) and basketball(most popular indoor sport).(2)At the end of the college football season, the best teams compete in Bowl games. Theprofessional football seaso n ends with the Super Bowl, the game between the country’s two teams. It’s the most watched tv show in the world2. What are some important differences between golf and tennis?Golf can be played from about age 10 to 110. It’s safe, tame and not strenuou s. It is played all year except snow. It is recommended for mild exercise.Tennis requires speed and great endurance. It is played all year indoors or out, and provides a very vigorous workout.(2-singles 4-doubles)Skiing-individuals and families( artificial snow or real mountains)Ice-skating- indoors and ourdoorsHockey- for boys figure skating- for girls (doing various difficult maneuvers)What are some activities to get exercise and enjoy the outdoors at the same time?Motorcycling, snowmobiling, riding a wave-runner, walking, running, jogging,.Get back to nature, go hiking, camping, boating, fishing, hunting and taking care of the lawns and gardens.4. Name some places where people can go to see animals in action.Zoos, aquarium circus travels, rodeos(cowboys demonstrate their skills by climbing atop wild horses and bulls for very short rides) and racetrack(赛马场).5. What are some problems with American TV? In your opinion, what’s good about it?Most viewers watch too much, and the quality (especially in the free station) is often poor. Tv of the future will be more interactive and better technical quality will encourage viewers to watch even more, less physically fit and more overweight. Many shows are silly, trite, in poor taste or extremely violent. Insulting nickname”blood tube” and “idiot box”.自己的意见6. What evidence is there that Americans still read a lot?The us has about 1800daily newspapers with a total circulation of about 60 millition.The country has also produces thousands of magazines and journals-weeklies, monthlies and quarterlies.Bookstores are thriving too, is much more than just a place to buy books, but coffee, workshop and lecturesLibraries are also very busy because they offer a great deal to keep users from coming back. Americans visits libraries about three times as often as they go to movies.Vocabularyamateur:业余爱好者athletics:体育运动compete:比赛；竞争equipment:装备fan:粉丝hobby:爱好individual:个人的；单独的leisure:空闲；闲暇network:网络；广播网netsworks：广播公司spectator:观众stadium:体育场station:站strenuous:紧张的；费力的subscription:订阅team:团队的Chapter 13The Constitution and the Federal Systemwhat is constitutionit is the basic law from which the us government gets all its power. It is the law that protects those who live in the usa from unreasonable actions by the national government or any state government.2. What is the job of each branch of government? What is the President's cabinet?The Constitution defines three branches of government.They are the legislative branch, which enacts laws;(congress-the senate and the hose of representatives-to pass laws, bill must by approved by a majority of each house of congress and by the president-if vetoes a bill, it can still be a law if a at least2/3 override the veto by voting for it.)The executive branch, which enforces those laws; (president is the chief executive, see all national laws are carried out and make decisions with foreign policy, also appoints ambassadors and other consular heads, judges of the federal courts)The judicial branch, which interprets them(decides what they mean-declare legislation unconstitutional).The most important group of advisers is called the cabinet. The cabinet consists of the heads of the 14 departments of the executive branch, such as the Secretaries of Education, Defense, and Agriculture. Cabinet members are chosen by the president with the approval of the senate. some of the most important rights granted in the Bill of Rights.Why is the fourteenth Amendment so important?Freedom of religion, speech, and the press and the right to complain to and about the government. Speech is protected no matter how unpopular or repulsive so long as it does not create an immediate or danger to life or property. Free speech means that the government vcannot prevent people from saying or writing whatever they want, nor can it punish people for expressing ideas that criticize the government.( heart of democracy). Freedom of religion means people can belong to any religions group , can follow religions teaching as long as it do not seriously interfere with the rights of others. Government cannot encourage or prevent the practice of religion.(separation between church and state).Protection of all US residents. Protect people suspected or accused of crimes(4568).The right to keep and bear arms(2).It grew out of the civil war to protect former slaves from state laws that discriminated against them. But its effect has been much broader than that. It gives full federal and state citizenship to all people born in the US or naturalized there. It prohibits states from violating the rights of American citizens. The most important thing is that all persons have equal legal rights and that their rights or possessions cannot be taken without a proper trial.Chapter 14Choosing the Nation's President1.What are the three major jobs of a national political convention?(1).Delegates select the people who will be candidates for president and vice president.(2).The creation and acceptance of the party's platform.(3).The nomination of prospective presidential candidates.2.What are the two major political parties in the U.S.? What are some differences between them?The two major parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party .Most democrats are moderates or liberals. Most republicans are moderates or conservatives. Democrats tend to favor more spending for social programs to help poorer people and less spending for military programs. Republicans' goals tend to be the opposite. Traditionally, Democrats have also favored a stronger federal government while Republicans have emphasized states' rights. The Democratic Party is generally considered more supportive of the poor and the middle-class worker. Republican policies generally support big business and the rich.Democrats’ symbol is a donkey(stubbornness), republican symbol is an elephant(have a long memory).3: What's the difference between the popular votes and electoral votes? Which type of votes elect a president?Popular vote is voted by all people while electoral vote is voted by the electoral college. The number of electors for each state is equal to the total number of representatives and senators who represent that state in congress. States with larger population have more electoral votes.The president is chosen by electoral vote.单词：amendment n. 修正案；改善；改正federal adj. 联邦的；同盟的representative adj. 典型的，有代表性的；代议制的n. 代表；典型；众议员cabinet n. 内阁；橱柜；展览艺术品的小陈列室adj. 内阁的；私下的，秘密的impeachment n. 弹劾；控告；怀疑；指摘senator n. 参议员congress n. 国会；代表大会；会议；社交interpret vt. 说明；口译vi. 解释；翻译unconstitutional adj. 违反宪法的constitution n.宪法judicial adj.司法的；法庭的；公正的veto n.否决权executive n.总经理；行政部门legislative adj. 立法的void adj. 空的；空虚的campaign n. 运动；竞选运动；战役demonstration n. 证明；论证；示范；表示nominate v. 提名为候选人；任命；挑选candidate n. 候选人inauguration n.就职；就职典礼；开始opponent n.对手；反对者conservative n.保守的incumbent adj. 在职的；义不容辞的convention n.会议；惯例；规矩issue n. 问题platform n.平台；纲领delegate n.代表，代表团成员liberal n.自由主义者；开明的primary adj首要的；主要的；最早的Chapter 15Q1: Name five requirements a permanent resident must fulfill in order to become an American citizen?The person must wait five continuous years after becoming a permanent resident. No trips outside the U.S for more than six continuous months are permitted. He must have lived at least three months in the state in which the application is made. The applicant have to show an understanding of the English language and of the history principles, and form ofgovernment of the U.S, and demonstrate good moral character and a belief in the principles of the U.S Constitution, such as representative government and free speech.Q2: What are four ways that citizens can communicate their ideas to their representatives in government?V oters can communicate with representatives by mail, phone, or e-mail or by attending town hall meetings.Q3: What are four different taxes that most U.S. residents pay?The employees’ tax, the federal income tax, Social Security and Medicare taxes and state income taxes.(federal income tax--money used for operating the government itself, defense, education, foreign aid, aid to the poor, and countless other services)Q4:responsibilities of citizens?Participate in government:(1).vote (2)communicating with their representatives Protest government action, petition the government, to express opinions freely about the government’s policies. Peaceful protests outside government buildings are common. Groups march with signs, singing and chanting. People must respect rights of others to express opposing views.Military servicesServe on a jury-listen to evidence presented in court. The jury is basic to the American system of justice.Q5: national bird- bald eagleOne of the largest and most powerful of birds. This high-flying bird has long been a symbol of freedom and courage. Americans hope and believe they will always have the courage and strength to protect the freedoms that their government provides.Vocabulary:Advantage 优点Alien 不一样的Bill 账单Compulsory 强制的Controversy 争议Eligible 合格的，适任的Entitle 赋予Jury 陪审团Naturalize 自然化Neutral 中性的Obligation 义务Oppose 反对Pending 悬而未决的，即将到来的Refund 退款Resistance 阻力To stay in office: to be reelected to a political jobUncle Sam: a symbol of the American governmentGross domestic product: the value of all goods and services produced in the U.S. in a particular year.And the like: and similar servicesSocial security: a pension provided by the governmentChapter 16Q1: What are three characteristics of capitalism?(1).Businesses are privately owned and operated, the government’s role is limited and to protect each part of the economy.(2).Prices vary with changes in supply and demand, and the cost of producing them.(3).A free economy is good for everyone, people can choose their career.(4)Competition is an essential element, people can receive high-quality merchandise at the lowest possible prices.Q2: Who benefits from tariffs?The American workers. Since tariffs prevent them from losing jobs caused by competition.Multinational companiesQ3: What is the difference between stocks and bonds?Stockholders purchase shares of a business. The share in the profits of the company by receiving dividends. People who purchase bonds lend their money to a business in exchange for a fixed rate of return, known as interest.Q4: Where are stocks and bonds traded?Stocks and bonds are traded on national exchanges, like the New York Stock Exchange.Q5: Why is the U.S. called a cashless society?American people often do not pay for their purchases with cash. They use checks and credit cards and debit cards.(obtaining loans)Q6: What is one advantage and one disadvantage of buying on credit?The easy availability of credit has given American consumers tremendous purchasing power. But it has also led to a huge amount of debt.Q7: Name three recent developments in small-business ownership.Computer are used by more and more companies. Mass-produced programs have been developed that can keep track of inventory and sales.Increasing numbers of Americans go into small business for themselves. (some purchases franchise, to operate similar business under the same name. they have the right to use the franchise name and ideas and franchisor assists its franchises. It’s the least risky way to go into business for oneself. Its national reputation, advertising,, training program andbusiness experience give the franchisee a big advantage over independent businesses.) There is a growing trend toward business ownership by women and minorities. (the influence of civil war and women’s movement)Home-based business (by the expanded use of personal computers and their ability to connect with other computers to obtain information and relay data to a central business.)VocabularyAsset 资产Bankruptcy 破产Bond 债券Capitalism 资本主义Credit 信用Debt 债务Economy 经济Goods 货物Interest 利息Investor 投资者Monopoly 垄断Profit 利润Service 服务Share 份额Stock 股票Change hands: transfer from one owner to anotherCut off: prevent access to somethingEarn a living: make enough money to pay one’s expensesFace value: original price of a bond when issuedLaid off: terminated, sometimes temporarilyOut of business: a company has been permanently closedSettle for: accept less than you wanted or expectedShut down: closed, usually temporarilySupply and demand: how much of a product is available compared to the amount consumers want to buyWall Street: where stocks and bonds are soldChapter 17词汇：abuse 滥用、虐待eligible 有资格参加/被选择retire 退休automation negotiate 谈判security 安全性benefit 使……受益，对……有益optional 可选择的strike 罢工deduct 减少，扣除picket 警戒哨、纠察队union 联盟dues promotion 职位升迁volunteer 志愿者List at least five ways in which unions have helped workers.Help employees getting greater job security, higher wages, a shorter workweek, extra payfor overtime work, paid vacations, sick leave, health insurance, pension plans, and safe, sanitary working conditions. Many laws have been passed that protect and help workers, prohibit employees from discriminating against workers because of race, religion, sex, age or physical disability. Most workers must be paid at least the federal minimum hourly wage. Federal law also requires most employers to pay employees at least time-and-a-half when they word overtime. Unions have also fought to protect children in the workforce.What different groups are eligible to receive money for social security?Employees and self-employed persons, workers’ families. A worker contributes to the fund for a specified length of time in order to be eligible for social security benefits.What are two ways that workers can protect their paycheck?If workers are laid off through no fault of their own, they may be eligible for unemployment compensation—temporary payments from the government—until they find another job or their benefit period expires.Another way is by purchasing insurance that guarantees the family a regular income if the breadwinners cannot continue working because of injury, illness, or death.Women’s disadvantages in workplace?(have struggled)(1).men are on the average paid more than women to do the same job.(2). Women have more difficulty than men getting promotions to positions of more power and higher income.Why Americans spend more time working?(1).to increase profit, many companies have “downsized”(decrease their number of employees) and they expect to get more work out of those remaining.(2). To increase their income, many Americans “moonlight”—take on a part-time job in addition to a full-time job.Chapter 211, compare the Plymouth Thanksgiving of 1621 with today’s typical American Thanksgiving.Today, when Americans celebrate Thanksgiving, they like to think they are imitating that 1621 harvest festival in Plymouth. It is a time for big family reunions and big dinners, a time to eat turkey, stuffing, com, cranberry sauce, and pumpkin pie, take time to feel grateful for whatever is good in their lives. In the past, they were thankful for receiving what they valued most—a good harvest and the freedom to live and worship as they pleased. And in some ways they are similar. The foods that are eaten are those that were part of Plymouth diet--such as turkey, squash, corn and pumpkin. But in many ways the modern Thanksgiving dinner is quite different from the meal that the Plymouth colonist shared with their Indian neighbors. To start with, the wild turkey that the Pilgrims hunted was somewhat different from today’s domesticated turkey (wild turkey, for example, can fly, but today’s commercially produced turkey cannot.) Next, the Plymouth colonistsdon’t have enough sugar to make the sweetened cranberry sauce that is considered an essential part of today’s Thanksgiving meal. If they had cranberries at all, they were probably in the turkey stuffing. If they had pumpkin, it was probably cut into pieces, not mashed and served in a pie. Also, for today’s Thanksgiving dinner, most Americans set a beautiful table with a fancy tablecloth and the finest dishes, glassware, and silverware they have. The Pilgrims (like most early-seventeenth-century people) did not have forks. They picked up most of their food with their fingers, and then wiped their hands on very large napkins. And, of course, few American eat their Thanksgiving dinner outside, as the Pilgrims did.2, Was John Alden a loyal friend, or did he betray Miles Standish ?Captain Miles Standish and John Alden both loved Priscilla Mullens. But John wanted to be a loyal. Hiding his own feelings, he went to Priscilla and asked her to marry Miles Standish. He told her how kind the captain was. He talked about Standish’s bravery in the battle and about his fine family. When John finished talking, Priscilla asked him a question,“why don’t you speak for yourself,John?” John didn’t take Priscilla’s advice. Instead, he returned to his friend and told him what Priscilla had said. Miles thought John had betrayed him, he was very angry. A short time after, Standish left for a battle. While the captain was gone, John and Priscilla grew to love each other more and more. However, John did not ask her to marry him because he did not want to be an unfaithful friend. Then a message arrived saying that Standish had been killed in battle. After that, John proposed marriage to Priscilla. As the wedding ceremony ended, the captain returned. In fact, Standish had not been killed after all. He know that he had come to apologize for his anger. At the end of the story, John, Priscilla and Miles were reunited as friends.So, I think John was a loyal friend.3. how native American cultures have contributed to modern American life?(1). Food—indian food and method of planting, hunting, and fishing.(corn and white potato)/ drugs extracted from plants are used in modern medications.(2). Utensils, clothing, trails, and methods of transportation.(3). Words.(mountains, countries)4. why were native Americans doomed to defear?(1).the settlers have guns, while the Indians fought with bows and arrows.(2). The settlers were able to unite while the Indians were divided into hundreds of different tribes that were hostile to another.Betray 背叛Indigenous 土著Settler 定居者Cope 应付Persecute 迫害Survive 生存Crop 作物Propose 建议Tribe 部落Enemy 敌人Reservation 预约Utensil 器具Feast 盛宴Reunion 团圆Wilderness 荒野Chapter 22.The winter holiday seasontriumph:胜利，凯旋miracle:奇迹evergreen:常绿树repentance：后悔；悔改self-appraisal:自我评估nostalgia:乡愁；怀乡之情winter solstice:冬至1.What event does Christmas celebrate? How does gift-giving relate to the birth of Christ and the spirit of the holiday? Name five other American Christmas customs. Christmas celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ and the arrival of the new year.Christians believe in Jesus's ideas of equality, caring for the weak and needy, generosity, forgiveness and love and kindness to all. And the first Christmas gifts were birthday gifts that the three wise men brought to the infant Jesus. And it's customary to exchange gifts with family members and close friends.Customs:exchanging gifts.receiving toys from Santa Claus(in a sleigh/sled pulled by eight reindeer)hanging stockings(hope santa fill them with candy and toys, hung near the fireplace.) decorating the home with holiday plants (with evergreens to protect plants from death, branches of fir or spruce bring good luck and guarantee the return of spring ; American trees are covered with colored glass balls and strings of colored lights)going caroling( walking with friends from houses to houses singing the traditional holiday songs)sending Christmas cards ( dozens of season’s greetings cards to relatives, friends, and business associates)attending traditional Christmas theatrical productions. (messiah- performed by a chorus, orchestra and solo singers. The nutcracker-a favorite with children, it tells the delightful story of a little girl’s Christmas dream about her toys coming to life. A Christmas carl—tell the tale of a mean old man with the help of ghosts from his past, present, and future life, he gains the ability to care about others and enjoy helping them)2.What does Hanukkah celebrate? Why are lights important?This holiday celebrate the triumph of religious freedom.When the Jews recaptured Jerusalem and rededicated their holy temple, they relit the eternal lamp. They had only one day's supply of the special oil for that lamp. But the light burned for eight days, until fresh oil was available.3.Where did Kwanza originate?This holiday was developed in the U.S.A. in 1966 but is based in part upon a traditional African harvest festival.（The name Kwanza means "first fruits of the harvest" in Swahili, an east African language. ）4.What is the major theme of the New Year's holiday? How do Americans celebrate? The major theme of New Year's holiday is saying good-bye to the past and looking forward to a better future.The country's most crowded New Year's Eve celebration takes place in New York City's Times Square. Many sleep late because they stayed up all night long. Many watch TV, which offers spectacular parades and football games. Some people make New Year's resolutions, promises to themselves to improve their behavior. People talk about '' turning over a new leaf,'' referring to a clean, blank page or a fresh start.(a time for noise and fun, most Americans drink and dine with friends, eggnog and champagne, it’s also customary to exchange kisses.)Chapter 23.Two Presidents and two warsunanimously:全体一致地secession:分离；脱离surrender:（使）投降；放弃1.What caused the American Revolution? What two important jobs did George Washington have?(1).In 1763, the British government began to tax its American colonies more heavily and also tried to increase its control over the colonies.(2) passing laws without colony’s consent. England tried to restrict he colonists' trade with other countries and also prohibited westward expansion into American territories reserved for the Indians. Eventually, the colonists refused to pay the new taxes on stamps, tea, and other imports.(3) the colony were already self-governing, felt that they were a different country.As a result, relations between the mother ocuntry and its colonies went from bad to worse. In 1774, the First Congress met and told Great Britain what kind of treatment the colonies demanded concerning taxation, trade, and the right to make their own laws. But British colonial policies did not change. In 1775, the second continental congress declared war on great Britain.George Washington was named as commander in chief of the Revolutionary Army in 1775. And he was unanimously chosen as its first president and took office in 1789. (“first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen”—symbolizes dignity, statesmanship and above all, honesty.)。
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Geography1.location and sizefor a long time there were forty-eight states, then in 1959 Alaska and Hawaii became the forty-ninth and fiftieth states.Of all the states Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.2.Topography-----The Face of the LandmountainsCalifornia on the Pacific coast, you have to cross two mountain ranges----the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. Rivers and lakesThe Mississippi proper rises in the lake region in North Minesota and flows south to the Gulf of Mexico.南北向从五大湖区流到墨西哥湾The Mississippi has been called “ father of waters or “old man river老人河On the Pacific side there are two great rivers：the Colorado in the south，and the Columbia，which rises in Canada。
It flows through mountains，plateaus and deep canyons5大湖The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes。
Lake Superior Lake Michigan（the only one entirely inthe U.S.）lake Huron，Lake Erie Lake Ontario。
They are all locatedThe Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of the Midwest。
五大湖经济生命线Geographical RegionsNew England is sometimes called the birthplace of America. Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale，Harvard，the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）are located here。
马瑟柱塞州New Englanders were originally known as Yankees，which came to stand for all Americans。
扬基人代表美国佬美国新英格兰人The nation’s capital city Washington D.C. and New York are located here。
These factors make the Midwest America’s most important agriculture area。
It is also a major manufacturing region and the nation’s leading centre of heavy industry。
Chicago，the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes，is the largest industrial and commercial centre of the area。
Chicago is also the cultural capital of the Midwest American West美国西部Mining is the chief industry in the Rocky Mountains。
矿业是诺金山脉主要行业Ghost mining towns鬼镇淘金热Because of its scenery the tourist industry is well developed here. The Grand Canyon in north-western Arizona is one of nature’s most impressive sights。
旅游业发达The Canyon carved by the Colorado River is科罗拉多河大峡谷California加州Important cities in this region include Los Angeles，the Pacific Coast’s largest and busiest commercial city，San FranciscoChapter 14 Population，Race and Ethnic Groups1. IntroductionImmigration accounts for a major source of population growth。
移民带来最多人口Baby boom婴儿潮2 immigration日后文化核心五月花号最早美国移民The first immigrants in American history came from England and the Netherlands，some running away from religious and political persecution，3 Population Movement 人口移动性Mobility is considered to be one of the characteristics of theAmerican people。
4 Racial and Ethnic MinoritiesThe slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. but even after the abolition of slavery，林肯总统废除奴隶制This started the slow process towards desegregation，反种族隔离制This led to a strong civil rights movement in the 1960s。
民权运动Hispanics The Spanish-speaking population of the United States is a largen-Americans 亚裔美国人Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-Americans：education，hard work，and family。
4IndiansAfter the civil war，government reservations，land specially set aside for the Indians政府保留地大峡谷位置5White ethnicsTraditionally，the mainstream Americans were called WASPs，that is，White Anglo-Saxon Protestants。
Chapter 15American History 1The Colonial PeriodThe Pilgrims were an example。
清教徒The Puritans，英国逃到美国清教徒请教革命The Puritans did not allow religious dissent（holding different religious belief）清教文化价值观3.The War of IndependenceBoston Tea Party波士顿清茶Thomas Jefferson of Virginia drafted the Declaration of Independence。
On July 4,1776，独立日4.A New Form of GovernmentThe Bill of Rights权利法案宪法前十修正案7.The Civil War内战Black slavery 美国内战废除奴隶制With the territorial expansion towards the west，the problem of whether slavery should be allowed to spread into these areas arose again。
These people were called abolitionists。
Abraham Lincoln 最受热爱的总统Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言8.Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War Monopoly垄断Chapter 16American History 2Progressivism进步运动The Muckrakers, a group of reform-minded journalists,4.The United States in the 1920sRed Scare Communist 共产党5.The Great Depression and the New Deal大萧条1930年罗斯福新政In the summer of 1932 a few hundred W.W. I veterans （ex-soldiers）came to Washington D.C. to demand full payment of bonuses promised by Congress in 1924.Franklin D. Roosevelt 小罗斯福his fireside chats 火炉边谈话6.World War 2 and the United StatesThe bombing of Pearl Harbour changed the whole situation。