英语词汇学7-1
《英语词汇学》
Lectures on English LexicologyMain Sections for the Lectures:Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1What Is a Word?A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.1.2 Sound and MeaningA word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world.This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to a certain thing with a cluster of sounds.In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.1.3 Sound and FormIt is generally agreed that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form.The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans.In spite of the differences, at least eighty percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.1.4 VocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary.The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one million words.1.5 Classification of Words1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Non-basic V ocabularyBasic words have the following characteristics:1.All national character: they denote the most common things and phenomena ofthe world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.2.Stability: as these words denote the commonest things necessary to life, they arelikely to remain unchanged.3.Productivity:as they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, they caneach be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes4.Polysemy:words of this kind often possess more than one meaning becausemost of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.5.Collocability: most of these words enter quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings.“All national character” is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.Non-basic words include the following:1.Terminology（术语）: technical terms used in particular disciplines andacademic areas.2.Jargon（行话）: the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts,sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.3.Slang（俚语）4.Argot（黑话）5.Dialectal words（方言词语）6.Archaisms（古语）7.Neologisms（新词）1.5.2 Content Words and Functional WordsContent words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words（实义词）.They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denoteobjects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity, etc.Functional words do not have notions of their own.They are also called empty words.The chief function of these words is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences.They are known as form words.Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.Content words are numerous and the number is ever growing whereas the functional words which make up a small number of vocabulary, remain stable.However, functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words.1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words: words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language.Native words have two other features:1.Neutral in style: since native words denote the commonest things in humansociety, they are used by all people, in all places, on all occasions, and at alltimes.Stylistically, native words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropriate in formal style.Frequent in use: Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing.The percentage of native words in use runs usually as high as 70 to 90 percent.Borrowed word: words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.The loan words can be classified into four classes:1.Denizens（同化词）are words borrowed early in the past and now are wellassimilated into the English language. eg: pork----porc(F) cup---cuppa(L)2.Aliens（非同化词）are borrowed words which have retained their originalpronunciation and spelling. eg: bazzar (per) intermesso( IT)3.Translation loans（译借词）4.Semantic loans（语义借词）Questions and Tasks on P20: 1—6Chapter 2: The Development of the English VocabularyThe English language is not the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles.A Historical Overview of the English vocabularyThe first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts.Their languages were dialects of still another branch of the Indo-European language family—Celtic（克尔特语）.The second major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions.In 55-54 B.C., the Romans invaded the British Isles and were to occupy the land until about 410.When the Roman empire began to crumble, the Germanic tribes came in.they are Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.2.2.1 Old English (450—1150)The Germanic tribes took permanent control of the land, which was to be called England (the land of Angles).Their language, historically known as Anglo-Saxon, dominated and almost totally blotted out the Celtic.People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words.It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.2.2.2 Middle English (1150--1500)Old English began to undergo a great change when the Normans invaded Englandfrom France in 1066.the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.Between 1250 and 1500 about 9,000 words of French origin poured into English.75 percent of them are still in use today.2.2.3 Modern English (1500—up to now)Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics.This is known in history as the Renaissance.In the mid-seventeenth century, England experienced the Bourgeois Revolution followed by the Industrial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power.Although borrowing remained an important channel of vocabulary expansion, yet more words are created by means of word-formation.Growth of Present-day English VocabularyGenerally, there are three main sources of new words: the rapid development of modern science and technology; social, economic and political changes; the influence of other cultures and languages.Modes of Vocabulary DevelopmentModern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semanticchange, borrowing.1.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots, affixes and other elements.In modern times, creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.2.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet thenew need.3.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularlyin earlier times.Questions and Tasks on P33: 3, 4, 10Chapter 3: Word Formation IThough borrowing has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary, vocabulary is largely enriched on an internal basis.boys boy+schecking check+ingchairman chair+manMorphemes（词素）the smallest meaningful unit of language Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller unitswithout destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, e.g. boys---boy+-s indicates pluralitychecking---check+-ingdisappointment词是由一个或一个以上的词素构成的。
英语词汇学第七章
第七章词汇：modes n. 模式elevation 提高shrinking v. 萎缩amelioration n. 改进humble adj. 谦逊的；简陋的；（级别或地位）低下的；不大的pejoration n. 恶化；堕落；语义的转贬derogatory adj. 贬损的Analogy 比拟要点：一.Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it isunder-going constant changes both in form and content.The content is even more unstable than the forms.Word-meaning changes by modes isextension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and transfer. of these, extensionand narrowing are by far the most common.二.1.Extension (generalization)--is a term referring to the widening of meaning. It is a pro cess by which a word,which originally had a specialized meaning, has now become generalized.(Word old meaning now meaningManuscript handwriting :any author‘s writing whether written by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-processorFabulous resembling:a fable incredible, marvelousBarn :a place for storing only barley storeroomPicture painting include "drawings" and even "photographs".Mill place for grinding into flour place where things are ma deJournal daily paper periodicalButcher one who kills goats one who kills animalsCompanion one who shares bread a company·. A large proportion of polysemic words of modern English have their meanings extended sometimes in the course of development. Some words are generalized to such an extent that they can mean almost anything.Word old meaning now meaningThing a public assembly or a council anythingBusiness, concern, condition, matter, article, circumstance ·.Technical termsWord old meaning now meaningAlibi (a legal term) plea that the accused is not at the place excuseWhen the crime is committedAllergic (a medical term) too sensitive to medicine averse or disinclined toFeedback (computer term) response ·.From proper nounsWord old meaning now meaningLynch the Lynch‘s Law kill without lawful trialSandwish a gambler‘s name to denote a kind of fast place or squeeze betweenFood Vandal a member of an East Germanic tribe malicious destruction of a thingA person of such behaviourV. vandalize Adj. Vandalic/vandalistic n. vandalization/vandalism2. Narrowing (specialization) --is a term referring to the shrinking of meaning. It is a proc ess by which a word ofwide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.Word old meaning now meaningDeer animal Corn grain maize Garage any safe place a place for storing carsLiquor liquid alcoholic drinkDisease discomfort illnessPoison drink poisonous drinkWife woman a married womanAccident event unfortunate eventGirl young person of either sex female young person.Turn into a proper nounsThe City business center of LondonThe Peninsula Iberian PeninsulaThe Prophet Mohammed.For economy, some phrases are shortened and only one element of the original is left t o retain the meaning ofthe whole.e.g. a private = a private solidera general = a general officeran editorial = an editorial article.Material nounsWord old meaning now meaningSilver silver dollarsGlass cup-like container or mirrorIron device for smoothing clothes3.Elevation or amelioration--refers to the process by which words rise from humble beg innings to positions ofimportance.Word old meaning now meaningNice ignorant --- foolish delightful, pleasantMarshal / constable keeper of horses high-ranking army officer / policemenAngle messenger messenger of GodKnight servant rank below baronetEarl men countGovernor pilot head of a stateFond foolish affectionateMinister servant head of ministryShrewd evil, wickedness smartNimble be good at taking things without permission smartChamberlain servant high official of royal courtsSuccess result4. Degradation or pejoration of meaning --It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation ornon-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.Word old meaning now meaningBoor peasant rude, ill-mannered personChurl peasant / free man uncultivated or mean personWench country girl prostituteHussy housewife woman of low moralsVillain person who worked in a villa evil or wicked person or scoundrelSilly happy foolishKnave boy dishonest personLewd ignorant lecherousCriticize appraise find fault withLust pleasure sexual desire5. Transfer- words which were used to designate on thing but later changed to meansomething else.Word old meaning now meaningPaper an African plant papyrus·Associated transferE.g. the lip of a woundThe tongue of a bellThe nose of a planePurse for money, dish for food, glass for cup·Between abstract and concrete meaningWord old meaning now meaningAftermath second crop of grass after mowing consequence, resultHope e.g. Clinton is the hope of the family.·Between subject and objective meaningWord old meaning now meaningPitiful full of pity deserving pityDreadful / hateful subject meaning objective meaningFearful/ doubtful / suspicious subject and objective meaning·Transfer of sensationsE.g. clear-sounding (from sight to hearing)Loud colours (from hearing to sight)Sweet music (from taste to hearing)三.1. Extra-linguistic Factors1). Historical reason·A word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the reference has changed.Word old meaning now meaningPen featherCar two-wheel cart drown by horses and used automobile in warComputer person who computes electronic machine·Increased scientific knowledge and discovery are also important factorsWord old meaning now meaningSun the luminous heavenly body-one of the star around which the earth and other p lanets revolveseven planets revolving around the earthAtom any of the indivisible particles not the smallest and can be divided into evensmaller particles2). Class reaso n. Language is just like a mirror, reflecting everything that exists inhuman society. It records the speech and attitude of different social classes.As a result, different social varieties of language have come into being.Word old meaning now meaningChurl, hussy, wench, villain ill-mannered or bad peopleDemocracy, revolution, liberalism, human rights, communism different meaning in different societies and to different people3). Psychological reason. The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. people change word-meaning owingto various psychological(slang). Religious influence isanother kind psychological need.Word old meaning now meaningCopperhead a venomous snake2. Linguistic factors1). ShorteningGold for gold medalGas for coal gasBulb for light bulbPrivate for private solider2).BorrowingDeer / animal / beastPig / pork, sheep / mutton, cattle / beefBird / fowl, dog / hound, boy / knave, chair / stool3). AnalogyFortuitous happening by chance, accident fortunateFruition a pleasure obtaining from using or possessing something。
英语词汇学课件 Unit 7
7.1 Synonymy & synonym
7.1.1 Definition synonymy: the relation between two lexical units with a shared meaning. synonym: A word that is equivalent in sense to another word (in a particular context or contexts) E.g. select/choose • Will you help me choose a new suit? • I don’t choose to wait.
7.1.2 Classification
perfect/absolute synonyms Partial/relative synonyms
同义关系不仅存在于单个词之间，还可能存在于成语之间
decide to/make up one’s mind to/be determined to
7.1.3 Source of synonyms
7.1.4 Differentiation
denotative/conceptual meaning extend, increase, expand rich, wealthy; want, desire • • • • associative meaning answer / respond cop / policeman He is one of the greatest/biggest lyric poets in the world. Look at that lovely little/small/tiny boy.
E.g. rich/poor, big/small, husband/wife
英语词汇学Chapter 7dictionaries
7.1 Introduction
• • • • 3)内容安排 The organization The types The importance of corpora in dictionary making • Some English dictionaries
7.2 organization of the entry
7.5 types of dictionaries
• • • • • • 三大类： General and specialized dictionaries Monolingual and bilingual dictionaries Electronic and printed dictionaries 3) 其他的分类标准 On the basis of size, users and function
7.2.4 etymology
• 4) the use of abbreviation and signs • MD: middle English • ＜ : derived from
7.2.5 definition
• • • • • 1) importance The heart of a dictionary 2) forms A) Description A sentence with less frequently used words • Limit the vocabulary in the description
• 1) 简介 • Corpus work in English began in the 1960’s with the development of the Survey of English Usage and the Brown University Corpus • By the 1990’s lexicographers could draw on massive resources such as the British National Corpus, the International Corpus of English, and the Bank of English.
英语词汇学_完整版
Step 2 The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics a. with phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds made in spoken, without speech sound, there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning. ( Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels: sounds level and meaning level.)
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 8
Step 3 Method of study The two methods: synchronic and diachronic study. When words are studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place, we call it synchronic study. See: the current meaning of the word wife, it means a married woman, in relation to her husband. But from the diachronic point of view, which concerns the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning, we know that, wife is from the old English wif, meaning woman, but latter, it has become specialized in the course of development to the modern meaning a married woman.
英语专业词汇学第7章
• • •
+Det: a, the, this, his, their, etc. +Animate: boy, girl, cat, tiger, etc. verb be: is, are, etc.
Further Notes on PARADIGMATIC AND SYNTAGMATIC :
They are Contrasting terms in (structural) LINGUISTICS. Every item of language has a paradigmatic relationship with every other item which can be substituted for it (such as cat with dog), and a syntagmatic relationship with items which occur within the same construction (for example, in The cat sat on the mat, cat with the and sat on the mat). The relationships are like axes, as shown in the following diagram.
•The dropping of the feature [+Causative] from • •
C. The Marking Rule
First developed by the Prague School (Trubetzkoy, Jacobson and others) in the 1930s. The marked term vs. the unmarked term V. The past tense vs. the present tense (took - take) N. [+Plural] vs. [-Plural] (dogs – dog) Adj. the comparative form vs. the positive form (better- good)
现代英语词汇学概论7 Sense relations between wordsPPT课件
conflagration
fear
terror
trepidation
goodness virtue
probity
holy
sacred
consecrated
rise
mount
ascend
time
age
epoch
e of synonyms: 1.) The choice and use of synonyms: ◆Avoiding repetition:
1.Definition of antonyms:
Words that are opposite
2.Types of antonyms: 1.) According to semantic contrast（语义
对比）: ◆ Contraries相对性反义词 ◆ Complementaries互补反义词 ◆ Conversives换位反义词
Chapter VII Sense Relations Between Words
Teaching Contents
I. Synonymy 1.Definition 2.Kinds 3.Patterns e II.Antonymy 1.Definition 2.Types 3.Relevant points e III. Hyponymy IV. Semantic Field
family.
3)Fake synonyms: having no similar or identical denotative meaning
doubt & suspect: 怀疑, 疑心
object & oppose反对
Relationship between antonyms (oppositeness of meaning)
英语词汇学自考题1
英语词汇学⾃考题1英语词汇学⾃考题-1(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)⼀、Ⅰ.(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.A tricycle has ______ wheels.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four（分数：1.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：词缀“tr-”是表⽰数字的前缀，它表⽰的意思是“三……”。
例如，a triangle指的是三⾓形。
2.The idiom Jack of all trades results from ______.A. additionB. position-shiftingC. dismemberingD. shortening（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：缩短法(shortening)偶尔出现在部分格⾔或者谚语中，这些格⾔或谚语以⼀部分指代整个句⼦所代表的含义。
习语“jack of all trades”的完整形式是“jack of all trades and master of none”。
3.Degradation of meaning is the opposite of ______.A. semantic transferB. semantic pejorationC. semantic elevationD. semantic narrowing（分数：1.00）D.解析：4.______ is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of individuals.A. Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning（分数：1.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：内涵意义(connotative meaning)指的是词的语法意义所包含的暗⽰意思和相关联想。
英语词汇学7-3
e.g. man: [+Human+Adult+Male] child: cow: lamb: boar: [+Human-Adult] [+Bovine+Adult-Male] [+Ovine-Adult] [+porcine+Adult+Male]
7.4 Meronymy – the part- of relation
Meronymy: describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items. The semantic relation that holds between a part and the whole . It is the relationship which obtains between parts (meronyms) and wholes (holonyms), such as finger and hand or door and handle . "X is a part of y" is the syntactic frame. So: X is a meronym of Y if X is a part of Y. X is a meronym of Y if X is a substance of Y. X is a meronym of Y if X is a member of Y. Blue is a meronym of colour. Doctor is a meronym of professional. St Paul's Cathedral' is a meronym of Church of England. tree root trunk brunch leaf
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
English Lexicology( 英语词汇学 )Lexicology （词汇学） : is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into theorigins and meanings of words.The Nature and Scope of English lexicology ：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying themorphological structures of English words and word equivalents, theirsemantic structures, relations, historical development, formation andusages.：The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extenttoEnglish Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态) 学 ),semantics( 语义学 ), etymology( 词源学 ),stylistics （文体论）and lexicography( 词典学The reason for a student to study English lexicology ：According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely bebeneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules ofword-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify andstore words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relationswill gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable themuse words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge ofdictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raisetheir problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord （词的定义） : A word is a minimal free form of a language that has agiven sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity(3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentencend and meaning （声音与意义） : almost arbitrary, “ no logical relationship betweenthesound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself ”Sound and form （读音和形式） : 不统一的四个原因（ 1 ）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （ 2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years （ 3） some ofthe difference were creates by the early scribes （4） the borrowings is an importantchannel of enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary （词汇） : all the words in a language make up its vocabularyClassification of English Words ：By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock （基本词汇） : is the foundation of the vocabularyaccumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征) : 1)All-National character （全民通用性 mostimportant ） 2)Stabil ity（相对稳定性） 3)Productiv ity （多产性） 4)Polysem y （多义性） 5)Collocabi lity（可搭配性）没有上述特征的(4)Argot （暗语） words: (1)Terminology( 术语 ) (2)Jargon （行话）(3)slang （俚语） （ 5） Dialectal words( 方言 ) (6) Archaisms （古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语） :Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)Content words/notionalwords functional words/empty words实词 ( cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently虚词 ( on, of, and, be, but )) and Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words （本族语词） : known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words （外来语词） : words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words:1) denizens( 同化词 ): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens （非同化词 / 外来词） :are borrowed words which have retained their originalpronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH) 磕头 )3) translation loans( 译借词 ): 按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans （借义词）： they are not borrowed with reference to theform,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family( 印欧语系 )The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages （ 8 大印欧语群）The Eastern set:（1 ） The Balto-slavic Group （波罗的- 斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc.（2 ） The Indo-Iranian Group （印度 -伊朗语族）： Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.(3)The Armenian Group （亚美尼亚语族）： Armenian.(4)The Albanian Group （阿尔巴尼亚语族）： Albanian.The Western set:(5)The HellenicGroup（古希腊语族）：Greek.(6)The ItalianGroup（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc.(7)The Celtic Group （凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.(8)The Germanic Group （日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E wordscome almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endingswere mostly lost with just a few expections.English has evolved from asynthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.Modes of Vocabulary Development( 词汇的发展模式):1)creation 创造新词： the formation of new words by usingthe existingtoots,affixes and other elements.( 最重要方式 )materials,namely2)semantic change 旧词新义 :does not increase the number of word formsbut create many more new useages of the words.3) borrowing 借用外来词 :constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new wordsReviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme( 词素 ) :the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsAllomorph( 词素变体 ) : is a different variant form of amorpheme and spelling form, but at the same in functionand meaning， differ in phonologicalType of Morpheme( 词素的分类)（1 ）Free Morphemes （自由词素） : have complete meaning in themselves and canbe used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that canstand by itself. (independent).（2 ） Bound Morpheme( 粘着语素 ): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root( 粘附词根 ) (2)Affix( 词缀 )Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes ( 屈折词缀 ):affixes attached to the end ofwords to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thusknown as inflectional morphemes.2)Derivational affixes( 派生词缀 ): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words.B)suffix:An adjective suffix （形容词后缀） that is added to the stem,whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective.Free Morpheme =free root （自由词根）Morpheme( 词素 )Bound root prefixbound derivationalaffix suffixinflectionalRoot and stem （词根和词干）The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzedwithout total loss of identity.A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.Chapter 4 Word-Formation II( 构词法 )1.Affixation 词缀法（Derivation 派生法）：the formation of words by addingword-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.（1 ） Prefixation( 前缀法 ) ：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1)Negative prefixes( 否定前缀 ): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(not obey)2)Reversative prefixes （逆反前缀） : un-,de- ，dis- etc. unwrap(open)3)P ejorative prefixes: mis （贬义前缀）： mis- ， mal-, pseudo-etc.misconduct(bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size( 程度前缀 )：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude （倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro-etc.anti-nuclear6)Locative prefixes （方位前缀） :extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order （时间和顺序前缀） :fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc.monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes （数字前缀） :uni- ，mono-, bi- ， di-, tri-,multi- ，poly-， semi- ， etc.bilingual(concerning two languages)9)M iscellaneous prefixes （混杂前缀）： auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman(deputy chairman)(2)Suffixation （后缀法） : It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixespounding 复合法（ also called composition ）Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stemsCompounds are written in three ways: solid 连写 (airmail) ，hyphenated 带连字符(air-conditioning)and open 分开写 (air force, air raid)Formation of compounds （复合词的形式）（1 ） noun compounds ： e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot（2 ） adjectivecompounds： e.g. acid + head = acid-head（3 ） verbcompounds： e.g. house + keep = housekeep3.Conversion 转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of oneclass to another class. （功能转换，又叫零派生 .functional shift/zero-derivation ）4.Blending 拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog =smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN5.Clipping 截短法Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.e.g. plane from airplane, phone fromtelephone.四种形式：1).Front clippings 删节前面(phone from telephone)2).Back clippings 删节后面(dorm from dormitory)3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza)4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)6.Acronymy 首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initialletters of names of social and political organizations or special nounphrases and technical terms.（1 ） Initialism （首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter.e.g.:BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)（2 ） Acronym （首字母拼音法） :Acronyms are words formed from initialletters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as aforeign language)（逆生法，逆构词）7.Back-formationBack-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It?s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)8.Words From Proper Name( 专有名词转成法):Names of people, places, book, and tradenames (e.g.: sir watt siemens( 人名 ) -- watt （瓦特，电功率单位）Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “ Meaning( “意”义”的意义 )Reference ( 所指 ):It is the relationship between language and the word.It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yetwith the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept （概念） :which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition( 认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense （意义） :It denotes the relationship inside the language. ,The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relat ionships with other expressions in the language.?Motivation ( 理据 ) ： It accounts for the connection between thelinguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation （拟声理据） :words whose sounds suggest their meaning, forthese words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowingthe sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. E.g.: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of manyare the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail, miniskirt . 例外：black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation （词义理据）： refers to the mental associationssuggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connectionbetween the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot ofthe mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation （词源理据） :the history of the word explains themeaning of the word. E.g:pen-featherTypes of meaning( 词义的类别 )1.Grammatical Meaning （语法意义） :indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)2.Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meaning has 2 componentsmeaning( 关联意义 ) 内容 : Conceptualmeaning(概念意义) and associative1） Conceptual meaning( 概念意义 ): also known as denotativemeaning( meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core ofword-meaning.外延意义 ) is the2） Associative meaning( 关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to theconceptual meaning. [4types:（1 ）Connotative （内涵意义）：theovertonesorassociationssuggestedby theconceptua l meaning, traditionallyknown as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来 )（2 ） Stylistic （文体意义）： many words have stylistic features, which make themappropriate for different contexts.（3 ）Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker?s attitude towards the personor thingin question. 这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative（4 ）Collocative （搭配意义）： is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the wordsbefore or after the word in discussion.]Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field （语义关系和语义场）Polysemy （多义关系）Two approached to polysemy （多义关系的两种研究方法）:1.diachronic approach( 历时方法 ) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure ofone and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the latermeanings are called derived meanings.2. synchronic approach ( 共时方法 ) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistenceof various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time. centralmeaning , 次要意基本意义是Two processes of development （词义的两种发展类型）:1.radiation （辐射型）： is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at thecentre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every directionlike rayes. (e.g: face, neck)2.concatenation （连锁型） :is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word movegradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not asign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that whichthe term had atthe beginning.(e.g:treacle)3.In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning.In concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to thepreceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced backto the original, there is no direct connection in between.4.They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading topolysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the twoprocesses work together, complementing each other.Homonymy （同形同音异义关系） :words different in meaning but eitheridentical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Types of homonyms( 同音同形异义关系的类别)1）Perfect homonyms （完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound andspelling, but different in meaning.2)Homographs （同形异义词） :words identical only in spelling, but differentin sound and meaning.( 最多最常见 )3）Homophones （同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different inspelling and meaning.Origins of homonyms ( 同形同音异义词的来源 )1） change in sound and spelling ： (eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long)2） borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )3） Shortening( 缩略 ): (ad-advertisement,)The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes （同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.2)One important criterion is to see their etymology( 词源)： Homonymys are from differentsources. Polysemant is from the same source.3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness( 语义关联 ): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning.Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to do with one another. Indictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headwordwhereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.Rhetoric features of homonyms( 同形同音异义词的修辞特色) ： As homonyms are identicalin sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed tocreate puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule.Synonymy ( 同义关系 ): one of two or more words in the English languagewhich have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .Types of Synonymy( 同义词的类别 ) :(1) Absolute synonyms （完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms are words whichare identical in meaning in all aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms arerestricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ](2) relative synonyms （相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly thesame in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.(e.g: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer,idle/lazy/indolent)Sources of synonyms( 同义词的来源 ) :1)Borrowing （借词）：最重要的来源 (room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, leave-depart, wise-sage, buy-purchase)2)Dialects and regional English （方言和地区英语）3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words （单词的修饰和委婉用法） :occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact.4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions （与习惯表达一致）:win-gain the upper hand,decide- make up one?s mind, finish -get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand.Discrimination of Synonyms(1)difference in denotation 外延不同 . Synonyms may differ in the range andintensity of meaning.(rich-wealthy, work-toil, want-wish-desire)(2)difference in connotation 内涵不同 . By connotation we mean the stylisticand emotive colouring of words. Some words share the same denotation butdiffer in their stylistic appropriateness. ( 借词： answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual,unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal. 中性词：policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request. 古语词、诗歌： ire/anger,bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake )(3)difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning butdifference in usage in simple terms. They form different collocationsand fit into difference sentence patterns. (allow sb. to do sth.- letsb. do sth. / answer the letter-reply to the letter)Antonymy (反义关系 ) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms:1)contradictory terms ( 矛盾反义词 ): these antonyms truly representoppositeness ofmeaning. 特点：① The assertion of one is the denial ofthe other. ②Such antonyms arenon-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs ofintensity like “ very ” toqualify(e.g:themsingle/married).2)contrary terms （对立反义词） : antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scalerunning between two poles or extremes.(e.g: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The twoopposites are gradable and one exists in comparison withthe other.3)relative terms （关系反义词）： this type consists of relationalopposites.（ parent/child,husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give ）Some of the characteristics ofantonyms( 反义关系的特点 ):1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semanticopposition( 语义对立 ) 2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion （语义内涵）4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms ， differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool)The use of antonyms （反义词的使用）1） Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words.2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought forthe sake ofcontrast.(e.g :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe 敌友， wealand woe哀乐 )3） To form antithesis( 对比法 ) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together. (proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go./ more haste, less speed.)Hyponymy ( 上下义关系 ): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another moregeneral word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animalSuperordinate and Subordinate ( 上义词和下义词) ： use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader.Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea.Semantic Field( 语义场 )Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory.e.g.(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange,lemon, ,fruits?)etc. make up the semantic field ofThe semantic field of the same concept may not have the same membersin different language.e.g.(aunt in English, may means 父亲的姐姐“，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子”inChinese.(122)Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning 词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.Types of Changes ( 词义变化的种类 )1.Extension /generalization( 词义的扩大 ) : is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.(e.g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)It is 2.Narrowing/ specialization( 词义的缩小 ) ： is the opposite of wideningmeaning. a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower orspecialized sense. Inother words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomesrestricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-dayEnglish.(e.g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife,accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, themeaning is narrowed accordingly. ]3.Elevation /amelioration( 词义的升华 ) :refers to the process by which words rise fromhumble（粗陋的） beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal,constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]4.Degradation / pejoration( 词义的降格 ) :A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory （贬损的）sense.[boor,churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ]5.Transfer( 词义的转移 ) : Words which were used to designate 指明one thing but laterchanged to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Causes of Semantic Change( 词义变化的原因 )1.Extra-linguistic factors( 词义演变的语言外部因素):1)H istorical reason( 历史原因 ) ： Increased scientific knowledge anddiscovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time. E.g:pen, car, computer.2 )Class reason( 阶级原因 ) ： The attitude of classes have also madeinroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation.3) Psychological reason( 心理原因 ) ：the associated transfer of meaning and euphemisticuse of words are often due to psychological factors. Such slow, humbleand despised occupations take more appealing names is all due topsychological reasons.2.Linguistic factors （语言内部原因）：the change of meaning may be caused byinternal factors with in the language system.1)shorting 缩略 :gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier2)borrowing 借用 :deer-animal-beast3)analogy 类推 :Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义和语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.Two types of context （语境的种类）1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation （非语言语境）：In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces thepeople, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out,weekend, landlord )2.Linguistic context/ grammatical context ( 语言语境 ) ： In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book. 分为两类：1)L exical context （词汇语境）： It refers to the word that occurs togetherwith the word in question. (e.g: paper, do)2) Grammatical context （语法语境）： It refers the situation when themeaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. (e.g:become)The role of context( 语境的作用 )1.Elimination of ambiguity( 消除歧义 )1） Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.2） Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity如何消除歧义？——① extend the original sentence ② alter the context a little2.Indication of referents( 限定所指 )如何限定所指？——① with clear context ② with adequate verbal context3.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning ( 提供线索以猜测词义 )1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)antonymy6)hyponymy （上下义关系）7)relevant details8)word structureChapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语Idioms （习语的定义） : are expressions that are not readilyunderstandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语） , Catchphrases （标语） ,slang expressions （俚语） ,proverbs （谚语） ,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms （英语习语的特点）1.Semantic unity （语意的整体性）： words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom.The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each of the idiom.2.Structural stability( 结构的稳定性 ):the structure of an idiom is to a largeextentun changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeable The fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity. 习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms （英语习语的分类）1. idioms nominal in nature名词性习语(white elephant累赘物 )2 .idioms adjectival in nature 形容词性习语 （as poor as a church mouse） 3 .idioms verbal in nature动词性习语 （ look into ）4 .idioms adverbial in nature 副词性习语 （ tooth and nail拼命） 5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（ never do things by halves）Use of idioms （习语的使用） 1.Stylistic features （文体色彩） ：1） colloquialisms （俗语）2） slang （俚语）3） literary expressions （书面表达）The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned （指派） different meanings.2.Rhetorical features( 修辞色彩 )1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）：（1 ） alliteration 头韵法（2 ） rhyme 尾韵法2） lexical manipulation （词法处理）（1 ） reiteration （ duplication of synonyms ）同义词并举[scream and shout] （2 ） repetition 重复 [out and out]（3 ） juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置[here and there]3.figures of speech （修辞格）（1 ） simile 明喻（2 ） metaphor 暗喻（3 ） metonymy 换喻 / 以名词代动作：live by one?s pen（4 ） synecdoche 提喻 / 以部分代整体： earn one?s bread（5 ） Personification 拟人法（6 ） Euphemism 委婉语： kick the bucket(die)（7 ） hyperbole 夸张： a world of troubleVariations of idioms( 习语的变异形式 ) ：1.addition 增加2.deletion 删除。
英语词汇学 英语词汇学习题1及答案
试题一第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket。
(30％）1。
In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.A。
moreB. littleC。
lessD。
gradual2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______。
A。
general dictionariesB. monolingual dictionariesC. both A and BD。
neither A and B3。
The word ”MINISKIRT" is _______。
A。
morphologically motivatedB. etymologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. none of the above4。
The most important way of vocabulary development in present—day English is _______。
A。
borrowingB。
semantic changeC。
creation of new wordsD. all the above5。
Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________.A。
generalizedB。
expandedC. elevatedD。
英语词汇学7-2
• (3) Antonyms are often used to form
antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together. Proverbs and sayings provide us with good examples:
•an one
meaning can have more than one antonym. For instance, when fast is used in the sense of ‘firm’ or firm’ ‘secure’, then the antonym will be secure’ loose. When it means ‘quick’, the quick’ antonym will be slow. And when fast means ‘pleasure-seeking’ or ‘wild’, pleasure-seeking’ wild’ the opposite will be sober.
In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be.
•
agree vs disagree alive vs dead true vs false alive--dead, single--married, alive--dead, single--married,
• In production, knowing the semantic
features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness.
英语词汇学
Wordting
Extended meaning
Drawing, and even photographs A fire in the open made by burning anything One who kills animals A company
• When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed.(当通用词变成了专有名词，词义相应缩小) • e.g. ① City: • The business centre of London ② Peninsula: • Iberian Peninsula(伊比利亚半岛) ③ Prophet • Mohammed(穆罕默德)
Bonfire(篝火） Butcher (屠夫） Companion
Fire on bones One who kills goats One who shares bread
A large proportion of polysemic word of contemporary English have their meaning extended sometime in the course of development.(现代英语中的多义词很大一部分 在发展的过程中有时扩大它们的意义) e.g. Thing: a public assembly or a council (in Anglo-saxon times) refer to any object or event (now)
Chapter 7 Change in Word Meaning
英语本152班 覃小珍
7.1 Types of Change
英语词汇学各个章节的内容
Introduction 部分：Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization第一章：What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1) A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次划分为manage 和 -ment misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次划分为black 和 mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is …no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented bydifferent sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record ofthe oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oralform, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differencesoccur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship orirregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter torepresent each sound in the language so that some letters must dodouble duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidlythan spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by theearly scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel ofenriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音、拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是…sound and form ‟不一致。
英语词汇学各章试题(卷)
英语词汇学试题Introduction and Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure orforms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. root2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history ofthe form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. Stylistics3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis,syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semantic5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user ’s choices oflinguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. place6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form ,meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplinesand academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members ofparticular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category thatseems to stand between the standard general words including informalones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonB. ArgotC. Dialectal wordsD. Slang10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined tothe sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.A. workersB. criminalsC. any personD.policeman11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotB. SlangC. JargonD. Dialectalwords12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use butare now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great9. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words thathave taken on ______meanings.A. newB. oldC. badD. good10. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal11. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, theyare also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. newII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressionsaccording to the course book.12.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and_____of words.13.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.14. English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such asmorphology, ______,etymology, stylistics, ________.15. There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namelysynchronic and _______.16. Language study involves the study of speech sounds, grammarand_______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic wordstock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowedwords 4)characteristics of the basic word stock.A B21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail13. Collocbility( ) B. aught14. Jargon( ) C. por15. Argot ( ) D. upon16.Notional words( ) E. hypo17. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart18. Aliens ( ) G. man19. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip20. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh21. Empty words ( ) J. emirIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2)types of nonbasic vocabulary.22. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )17. can-opener ( ) 34.Roger ( )23. bottom line ( ) 36.penicillin ( )37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )39.brethren ( ) 40. take ( )V. Define the following terms.41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loansVI. Answer the following Questions46.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock? Illustrate your points with examples.48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirtKey to Exercises:1.A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.A8.B9.D10.B11.D12.A13.A14.B15.CI. 16.meanings17.morphological, historical, usages 18. semantics,lexicography19.diachronic20. vocabularyII. 21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. J28.I29.B30.DIII. 31. the basic word stock; productivity32. the basic word stock; collocability33.the basic word stock; argot34.nonbasic word stock; slang35. nonbasic word stock; jargon36. nonbasic word stock ;terminology37.nonbasic word stock; dialectal words38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms40. the basic word stock; polysemyV-----VI. (see the course book)VII. 49. Content words: earth, clould, run, walk, frequently, never, fiveFunctional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.50. Denizens: port, shirt,Aliens: bazaar, kowtowTranslation-loans: lama, masterpieceSemantic-loans:dream, pioneerChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I( 练习2)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bestcomplete the statement.18.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which can begrouped into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D. 200019.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed20.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French21.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism22.In the 9 th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders,many ________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian23.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.A. 500B. 800C. 1000 .D. 90024.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flowof ______ words into English.A. FrenchB. GreekC. RomanD. Latin25.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, andgovernment and regained social status.A. 12 thB. 13 thC. 14 thD.15 th26.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller27.The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech,Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian28.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derivedfrom the dead language.A. SanskritB. LatinC. RomanD. Greek29.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.A. LatinB. HellenicC. Indian D . Germanic30.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belongto the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon31.The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic,Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic32.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power andmany of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10 thB.11 thC.12 thD. 13 thII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.33.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.34.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of ______.35.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present_____ language.36.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be grouped into anEastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic,_______.37.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of thewords 2)history off English development 3) language family.A B38. Celtic ( ) A.politics39. religious ( ) B.moon40.Scandinavian ( ) C. Persian41. French ( ) D.London42. Old English ( ) E. abbot43.Dutch ( ) F. skirt44.Middle English ( ) G. sunu45. Modern English ( ) H. lernen46. Germanic family ( ) I. freight47.Sanskrit ( ) J. NorwegianIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.48. earth ( ) 32.contradict ( )24. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )38. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )40. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )41. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )V. Define the following terms.42. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stem 45.affixesVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.51. Describe the characteristics of Old English .52. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.53. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.VII. Answer the following questions with examples.54. What are the three main sources of new words ?55. How does the modern English vocabulary develop ?Key to exercises:I. 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.BII. 16.Old English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic te(1700-up to the present )III. 21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. CIV. 31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free root25.bound rootV.-VI ( See the course book )VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :(1) The rapid development of modern science and technology ,e.g. astrobiology, green revolution ;(2) Social , economic and political changes; e.g. Watergate, soy milk;(3) The influence of other cultures and language; e.g. felafel, Nehru Jackets.39. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, e.g. consideration,carefulness; (2) semantic change, e.g. Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;e.g. tofu, gongful.Chapter 3 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II （练习3）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bestcomplete the statement.49.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A. reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes50.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo -friend, mal practice,mis trust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes51.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes52.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes53.The prefixes in words bi lingual , uni form and hemis phere are ________.A. number prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes54.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A. Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size55.Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames56.Omega, Xerox and orlon are words from _________.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames57.Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________.A. negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. locative prefixes58.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames59.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A. negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes60.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-.A. prefixes of degree or sizeB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes61.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames62.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes63.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixesII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.64.Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivationalaffixes to stem. This process is also known as_____.pounding , also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems .Words formed in this way are called _________.66. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.67. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part ofanother word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original andusing what remains instead. This is called _______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.A B26. Concrete denominal noun suffixes ( ) A. priceless27. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward28. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.) ( ) C. engineer29. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action, etc) （） D. darken30. De-adjective noun suffixes （）Ｅviolinist31. Noun and adjective suffixes ( ) F.happiness32. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable33. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( ) H.dependent34. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood35. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survivalIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types ofacronymy and write the full terms.36.quake ( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )40. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) 39.copter ( ) 40. perm ( )V. Define the following terms .42. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45. suffixationVI. Answer the following questions with examples.43. What are the characteristics of compounds ?44. What are the main types of blendings ?45. What are the main types of compounds ?VII. Analyze and comment on the following:46. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion(2) loaf —loafer beg------beggar(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter(4) drowse —drowsy laze---lazy47. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.(1) I’m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.Key to exercises :56. B 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. A 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.BII. 16. derivation position, compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau) 20.clippingIII. 21.C 22. I 23. H 24. J 25.F 26.E 27.A 28.G 29.B 30.DIV.31. Front clipping, earthquake68. Back clipping, stereophonic69.Front and back clipping, influenza70.Phrase clipping, public house71. Initialisms, care of72. Acronyms, Victory Day73. Initialisms, tuberculosis74. Back clipping, discotheque75. Front clipping, helicopter76. Phrase clipping, permanent wavesV-VI. (See the course book)VII.49. There are mainly four types of back-formation.(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others(4) From adjectives37. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun (4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verbChapter 5 Word Meaning ( 练习4)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternativeanswers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.77. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting78._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objectiveworld in the human mind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Context79.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.A. outsideB. withC. beyondD. inside80. Most English words can be said to be ________.A. non-motivatedB. motivatedC. connectedD. related81.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. onomatopoeicallyD.etymologically82.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD.etymologically83.In the sentence ‘He is fond of pen ’, pen is a ______ motivatedword.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically84.Walkman is a _______motivated word.A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically85.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content wordshave both meanings, and lexical meaning in particular.A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. arbitrary meaning86.___is unstable, varying considerably according to culture,historical period, and the experience of the individual.A. Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocativemeaning D. Affective meaning87.Affective meaning indicates the speaker ’s _______towards theperson or thing in question.A. feeling .B. likingC. attitudesD. understanding88.___ are affective words as they are expressions of emotionssuch as oh, dear me, alas .A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD.Explanations89.It is noticeable that overlaps with stylistic and affectivemeanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meaningsare revealed by means of collocations.A. conceptual meaningB. grammatical meaningC. lexical meaningD. collocative meaning90.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in______.A. only one wordB. two wordsC. more than threeD. differentwords91.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.A. speakersB. listenersC. worldD. specificcountryII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.92.In modern English one may find some words whose soundssuggest their ______pounds and derived words are ______ words and themeanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.94._______ refers to the mental associations suggested by theconceptual meaning of a word.95.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______.In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of theword.96.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptualmeaning and _________.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.A B97. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear98.Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny99. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender100. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss101. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic102. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)103. Etymological motivation ( ) G.airmail104. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home105. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug106. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and awordIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.107. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )38. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )41. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )108. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )IV. Define the following terms .42. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45.affective meaningV. Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.43. What is reference ? 47. What is concept ? 48. What is sense ?VI. Analyze and comment on the following.48. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.49. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.Key to exercises:57. C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B2.C 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.CI. 16. meanings 17.multi-morphemic 18.Semantic motivation 19.origins 20.associative meaning II. 21. D 22.A 23.G 24.H 25.J 26.I 27.E 28.B 29.F 30.CIII. 31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation7. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation12. Connotative meaning 36.Stylistic meaning41. Affective meaning 38. pejorative51. collocative meaning 40. appreciativeV-VI. See the course book.VII. 49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.50. Associative meaning comprises four types:(1) Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptualmeaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother ,denoting a ‘f emale parent ’, is often associated with ‘l ove ’,‘c are ’, etc..(2) Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features,which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have thesame conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.(3) Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker ’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example,famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotationsimplying disapproval, contempt or criticism.(4) Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In otherwords, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don ’t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there issome overlap between the collocations of the two words.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field ( 练习5)I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bestcomplete the statement.109.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages110.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional111._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection112. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its firstsense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense thatis finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenation113.One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage114.________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.A. PolysemantsB. SynonymsC. AntonymsD. Hyponyms115. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy116._________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/;bow/beu/.A. HomophonesB. HomographsC. Perfect homonymsD. Antonyms117. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms118.The antonyms big and small are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms119.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected termsposition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms121.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms122.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning . The first meaning is called ______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. basic meaning123.Synchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called_______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. secondary meaningII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.。
自考英语词汇学 部分章节 重点归纳English Lexicology
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义)Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world.Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n. 认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)Motivation(词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning.Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises.Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.很多合成词和派生词都是这类，Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)Etymological motivation(词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word.Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意义), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations.Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.(appreciative or pejorative).Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(语义关系和语义场)6.1 Polysemy（多义关系）1．多义关系的形成：Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all nature language that a word has more than one sense.An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.2.Two approaches to polysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):diachronic approach(历时角度)and synchronic approach(共时角度).3.Two process of development(词义发展的两种模式)1）Radiation (辐射型) is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning .2)Concatenation(连锁型), meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的shi fts.6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）6.2.1Types of homonyms1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2.Homographs(同形词) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning .3.Homophones(同音词)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms1. Change in sound and spelling.2. Borrowing.3. Shortening.6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同异义词与多义词的区别)6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)6.3 Synonymy(同义关系)—2类型+4来源+3区分1.Definition of synonyms(同义词的定义):words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.2.同义词的2个分类1)absolute synonyms(完全同义词) also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, embrace different shades of meanings or different degree of a given quality.3.同义词的4个来源1) Borrowing. (外来词)2) Dialects and regional English.（方言和区域性的英语）3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words. (词的引申义和委婉语用法)4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (与习惯表达巧合一致)4.同义词的辨析（3个区分）1)difference in denotation.(外延意义)2)difference in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words)(内涵意义)3)difference in application.应用上（difference in usage. different collocations）6.4 Antonymy反义关系—semantic opposition（语义相反关系）1.反义词的分类：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词1) Contradictory terms (exclusive and non-gradable)--oppositeness2) Contrary terms. (a scale between two poles or extremes, gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.)—semantic relativity3) Relative terms.(interdependent相互依存)—relational opposites2.三类反义词的特点和区别Some of the characteristics of antonyms1)Antonyms are classified on the basic of semantic opposition.(adj. v. n.)there are more synonyms thanantonyms.2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3)Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked termsrespectively.4)Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own correspondingopposite. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite.3.使用：解释词义。
英语词汇学课件chapter-7-Changes-in-Word-Meaning
Each word is likely to have certain associative connotations, the total of which forms its associative field. This field embraces all the concepts that may occur to a mind when stimulated by that word. Peculiar or usual, there will normally be a connection of some sort between the given word and each of the other words in its associative field. The associations are dependent on one of the four types.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
▪ 7.1.6 Euphemism
It is the use of a pleasanter, less direct name for sth. thought to be unpleasant, e.g. toilet; death.
7.2 Mechanism of Meaning Change
▪ 7.1.3 Elevation of meaning Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. e.g. nice.
英语词汇学7
same denotative meaning but differing in affective
meaning, e.g.
Appreciative or Favorable Derogatory or Unfavorable
thrifty/frugal
niggardly/miserly
bravery
1)to chide(lit), to berate (neut.), to scold (neut.), to blame (neut.)
to carpet (colloq. esp. BrE), to tell off (colloq.), to bawl out (AmE,sl.)
.
2)man--neut, chap--colloq, fellow--colloq, bird--colloq, guy--sl. bozo--sl. gent--vulgar
e.g. Tom is easily aroused to anger. Mad with fury, John pounded his fist on the wall and
beat his breast. Mary expressed her indignation at being unfairly
e.g anger: the most general term
rage: implies a loss of self control
fury: The strongest word in the group, suggests a rage so violent that it may approach madness;
7.1 Synonymy
Synonymy refers the exact sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.
“英语词汇学”课件7-10章剖析
Chapter 9 English Idioms
• Expressions that are not readily understandable from the literal meanings of individual elements. (set phrases and sort sentences)
• 2) help define referents • This/that, now/then, etc.
• 3) provide clues for inferring word-meaning
• example:
• Kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird-whistell.
communism.human
rights)
and
psychological
reason(garbage
collectorsanitation engineer)
2) Linguistic factors
(1)Internal factors cause the change gold medal- gold; light bulb bulb (2) Influence of alien words Deerrefers to animal, but “animal”from
2) Specialization/narrowing (缩小）
Originally, they mean: garage-安全的地方 poison- 饮料 hospital- 休息娱乐场所
3) Elevation （升格）
a. 贬义/中性义-- 褒义（或高级别） Marshall--马夫-元帅 Executive一般执行者-行政官员
英语词汇学复习重点——5、7-12单元
1.词的语用意义Pragmatic meaning=lexical meaning+grammatical meaning词汇意义lexical meaning=conceptual meaning=cognitive meaning语法意义grammatical meaninglexical meaning=primary meaning+extended meaning2.语境的分类；语境的4种作用分类：语境=linguistic context+non-linguistic context作用：3.词义发展的具体方式（扩大、缩小、升格、降格、转移）The enlarging/widening/extension/expansion of meaning或the generalization of meaningThe narrowing/restriction of meaning 或the specialization of meaningThe elevation/ascent/amelioration of meaningDegradation/degeneration/deterioration/catachresis 或pejoration of meaning 4.词义转移的概念及3种主要类型：隐喻、借代（转喻）、提喻概念:The semantic shift means the word transfers from the literal meaning to the figurative meaning.类型：metaphor metonymy synecdoche5.词义演变的3种形式：放射、连锁、综合Radiation concatenation proliferation6.英语词汇发展史的3个时期（三个时期的具体特点、标志性事件）The old EnglishThe middle EnglishThe modern English7.英语词汇的3种来源：本族语词、借词、新词Native words. loan/borrow words. Neologism8、新词的概念及4种产生方式（途径）新词（neologism&vogue words ）A neologism is a recently coined word,phrase or usage.It can also be an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning.产生：1.构词法造词Word formation 2.借词borrowing 3.杜撰新词new coinage 4.语义转换semantic shift9、全世界使用英语国家的分类：ENL，ESL，EFLENL：English as a native languageESL:English as a second languageEFL:English as a foreign language10、美国英语词汇各发展阶段的特点（标志性事件）1.17世纪初到北美独立战争结束词美国在语言上的独立汇学家韦伯斯特美国独立战争后到内战占主导地位的仍然是英国英语美国内战后美国成为世界“盟主”对英语的影响不断扩大11、英语搭配的3种类别：固定型组合（成语/习语），自由型组合，习惯型搭配（能举例说明）固定型组合（fixed combination）:see eye to eye(with)自由组合（free combination）: see a film习惯型搭配（natural collocation）: a cigar smoker12、搭配的4种理据语法（grammatical motivation）语用（pragmatic motivation）语义（semantic motivation）认知（cognitive motivation）13、英语成语的4个特点习用性：idiomaticity定型性：syntactic frozenness整体性：semantic nuity不透明性：semantic opacity14、英语成语的分类按句法分类：1.nominal idioms2.adjectival idioms3.verbal idioms 4.advertial idioms 5.sentence idioms最常见的按形式分类：1.比喻成语（figurative idioms）--隐喻成语（metaphorical idioms）明喻成语（similized idioms）2.谚语（proverbs）3.俚语（slang）。
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-- it seems impossible to speak of identity •or •similarity •of lexical meaning of a word as a •whole,•as •it •is •only •the •denotative meaning that may be said to be identical or similar.
aptitude, talent He has a good head for history. mind, imagination to use one's head life It cost him his head. top headline, headgear front headlight, headwind
Synonym: " •a word •having •the •same meaning as another word: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning •and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use: •one •of •two or more words having essentially identical definition.•.•.•“
"The richness of •English •in synonyms is largely due to the happy mingling of Latin, French and Native elements".
Generally speaking, the native words are the simplest and most ordinary and tends to belong to the ordinary colloquial language; The Greek or Latin borrowings are the most learned, most formal and most technical and they tend to be used in the most formal context; French borrowings stands between the native words and the Latin and Greek borrowings.
Words are related to one another in a variety of ways. These relationships have words to describe them that often end in the bound morpheme –nym
It may be more accurate to think of the lexicon as network, rather than a listing of words as in a published dictionaope: is not only a belief but a desire that some
event would happen.
to hope against hope, •to •lose •hope,• to pin one's hopes on sth.•
7
Sense Relations between Words
-nyms Most wonderful of all are words, and how they …[relate] one with another.
O. Henry, as modified by a semantician
7.1.2 Patterns of synonymous sets in Modern English
Why so many synonyms?
English is a language particularly rich in pairs of synonyms. The primary reason for this has to do with the history of language and especially with the wholesome borrowing from other languages.
e.g.-- experiencing something experience
interchangeable under certain conditions undergo
expectation: either good or evil. anticipation: as a rule is a pleasurable expectation
7.1 Synonymy
7.1.1 Definition of synonyms Gk synonymon --- “having the same name” syn--•together+•onuma,•a name . Traditionally: words differing in sound form but identical or
•similar •in meaning. But: -- there are •more •polysemic •words •than •monosemic
words, and it is inconceivable that a polysemic word could •have •the •same synonymous word for all its meanings. • e.g. head: chief, boss, leader