lecture1
Lecture1 句子结构
作表语的成分
例句
名词
名词所有格 代词 数词 形容词 副词 不定式 动名词 过去分词 现在分词
7. 状语
状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。 状语有时在基本结构中是必须得，否则基本结构的意义 就不会完整。状语位置非常灵活。 The girl is improving remarkably. The ancient castle is remarkably beautiful. My love is like a red, red rose, that is newly sprung in June. The students are improving remarkably fast. Unfortunately, I didn’t get the scores report.
例句 作定语的 成分 Beethoven is a natural musician. 形容词
名词 代词 His mother gave a sports car to him. He is their friend.
序数词
基数词 不定式
不定式复合结
I will give you a second chance.
5. 补语
补语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子 成分，即主语补语和宾语补语。
主语补语
通常位于主语之前或谓语之后： Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. He came home sick. Her brother died young. He was found dead. She gazed at him speechless for a moment.
lecture 1 翻译标准
g. 我认为他不够格。 I don’t think he is qualified. h. 人们来五台山，目的可不都是一样。 People do not come to Wutai Mountain with one and the same purpose.
3) 译文应体现英语遣词造句的特点，同时 又应因文体而有变化。 a. 名词使用频率高，特别是含有动作性质 的抽象名词等，可以既包含丰富的信息又 十分简洁。 b. 被动形式使用率高，表现能力强。 c. 语法要求严，一般来说句子较长。 d. 介词、非谓语动词、形容词和独立结构 非常活跃。
教心理学的老师觉察到这件事， 就假冒一个男生的名义，给她 写了封匿名的求爱信，这封信 的末尾是：一个希望得到您的 青睐的极其善良的男同胞。就 这么一封信，也就一举改造了 一个人。
Having detected what was happening, her psychology teacher got an idea. In the name of a boy, he wrote an anonymous letter of love which ended with “a kind gentleman awaiting your favor.” The letter brought about transformation.
A Course in Chinese – English Translation
李洋
II. 汉英翻译的原则
汉语译成地道英语的难度， 出现各种各样的缺失：“中 国式”英语（解决办法，阅 读大量原作，观察、揣摩、 总结并模仿英语的特点、规 律和表达方法）。
1．遵循三条原则：
1) 译文必须符合英语的语法：三种轴心 结构： a. 主－系－表结构 (S+V+P) 例： a) 人类在地球上已存在多久了？ How long has man been on earth? b) 牛奶变酸了。 Milk turns sour.
lecture1专业英语的特点
整理ppt
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1.3 Grammar Features
专业英语（English for Special Science and Technology） 隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与事实为主
要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻译方法;特别注重客观事实和真理，表达 准确、精练和正式。
是结合各自专业的科技英语 有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，与专
图1所示喷气发动机横截面举例说明了金属材料在大量严苛条件下的应用。
整理ppt
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1.3 Grammar Features
2) The term “structure”, as it was pointed out above, means the arrangement of a material’s atoms.
4) The start of dislocation is determined by relative orientations of external force axis with respect to slip plane and slip direction. 位错的启动取决于外加应力轴与滑移面和滑移方向的相对取向。
(2)广泛使用非谓语形式 (精炼)
非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓语 形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。
① 动名词
✓用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句
Lecture 1-绪论
loose or minor sentences (松散句), contracted sentences (紧缩句), elliptical sentences, run-on sentences (流水句), and composite sentences (并列句). English sentence building is featured by an “architecture style” (楼房建筑 法) with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures, while Chinese is marked by a “chronicle style” (流水记事法) with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.
2. Compact vs. Diffusive
English is rigid in S-V concord, requiring a complete formal cohesion. Chinese has flexible sentence structures through semantic coherence.
他的讲话并无前后矛盾之处。 There is no inconsistency in what he said. There is nothing inconsistent in what he said 她闪亮的眼睛说明她非常激动。 Her sparkling eyes betrayed her great excitement. The sparkle of her eyes betrayed her great excitement.
【托福听力备考】TPO17 听力文本——Lecture 1
【托福听力备考】TPO17 听力文本——Lecture 1众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 17 Lecture 1 Art History(Prehistoric Art Dating)Narrator ：Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.Professor ：Good morning, ready to continue our review of prehistoric art?Today, we will be covering the Upper Paleolithic Period, which I am roughlydefining as the period from 35,000 to 8,000 BC. A lot of those cave drawings youhave all seen come from this period. But we are also be talking about portableworks of art, things that could be carried around from place to place. Here isone example. This sculpture is called the Lady with the Hood1 , and it wascarved from ivory, probably a mammoth’s tusk. Its age is a bit of a mystery.According to one source, it dates from 22,000 BC. But other sources claimed ithas been dated closer to 30,000 BC. Amy?Amy ：Why don’t we know the exact date when this head was made?Professor ：That’s a fair question. We are talking about prehistory here. Soobviously the artists didn’t put a signature or a date on anything they did. Sohow do we know when this figure was carved?Tom ：Last semester I took an archaeology class and we spent a lot time on,studying ways to date things. One technique I remember was using the location ofan object to date it, like how deep it was buried.Professor ：That would be Stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is used for dating portable art. When archaeologists are digging at a site, they make very careful notes about which stratum(strata), which layer of earth they find things in. And, you know, the general rule is that the oldest layers are at the lowest level. But this only works if the site hasn’t been touched, and the layers are intact. A problem with this dating method is that an object could have been carried around, used for several generations before it was discarded. So it might be much older than the layer or even the site where it was found. The stratification technique gives us the minimum age of an object, which isn’t necessarilly its true age. Tom, in your archaeology class, did you talk about radiocarbon dating?Tom ：Yeah, we did. That had to do with chemical analysis, something to do with measuring the amount of radiocarbon that’s left in organic stuff. Because we know how fast radiocarbon decays, we can figure out the age of the organic material.Professor ：The key word there is organic. Is art made of organicmaterial?Tom ：Well, you said the lady with the hood was carved out of ivory. That ’s organic.Professor ：Absolutely. Any other examples?Amy ：Well, when they did those cave drawings. Didn’t they use, like chacoalor maybe colors, dyes made from plants?Professor ：Fortunately, they did, at least some of the time. So it turns outthat radiocarbon dating works for a lot of prehistoric art. But again there’s aproblem. This technique destroys what it analyzes, so you have to chip off bits of the object for testing. Obviously we are reluctant to do that in some cases.And apart from that, there’s another problems. The date tells you the age of thematerial, say, a bone or a tree, the object is made from, but not the date when the artist actually created it. So, with radiocarbon dating, we get the maximum possible age for the object, but it could be younger.Ok, let’ s say our scientific analysis has produced an age range. Can we narrow it down?Amy ：Could we look for similar styles or motives? You know, try to find things common to one time period.Professor ：We do that all the time. And when we see similarities in pieces of art, we assume some connection in time or place. But is it possible that we could be imposing our own values on that analysis?Tom ：I am sorry. I don’t get your point.Professor ：Well, we have all kinds of pre-conceived ideas about how artistic styles develop. For example, a lot of people think the presence of details demonstrates that the work was done by a more sophisticated artist. While a lack of detail suggests a primitive style. But trends in art in the last century orso certainly challenge that idea. Don’t get me wrong though, analyzing the styles of prehistoric art can help dating them. But we need to be careful with the idea that artistic development occurs in a straight line, from simple to complex representations.Amy ：What you are saying is, I mean, I get the feeling that this is like a legal process, like building a legal case, the more pieces of evidence we have, the closer we get to the truth.Professor ：Great analogy. And now you can see why we don’t have an exact date for our sculpture, the lady with the hood.。
Lecture 1(考研英语简介)
小作文
应用文
100字， 15-20分钟 私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。
书信的写作
大作文
特点：主题贴近社会生活，考生有话可说。
《追星现象》
《团结协作》 《网络的近与远》 160-200词，图表或漫画作文
语言第一，内容第二
常见语言错误： 1. 主谓一致 2. 时态 3. 冠词的用法 4. 名词的单复数 5. 搭配问题 6. 单词的拼写
语言是第一要素； 结构层次要清晰
如何突破阅读理解？
第一，词汇量。
考的是词汇的深度，而不是词汇的广度，换
句话说说考的是同学们能不能真正的掌握和 运用这个词汇，真正在上下文中理解这个词 汇，而不是考同学们是不是单纯的、简单的、 机械的记住了这个词的中文意思。
第二，长难句。
长难句往往由于句子结构比较复杂、句子和句
“得阅读者得天下”
英译汉
400词，平均32词/句，约150词的句子 20-25分钟 准确、完整、通顺 准确选用汉语词汇来准确忠实表达英语原文的 概念。 准确分析英语的复杂结构（长难句）并准确转 换成符合汉语要求的句子结构。 忠于原文
考点和重点
定语从句、名词性从句、长难句。
试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运 用、阅读理解和写作。
考研英语考试各部分测试内容、题型和分值比例
试卷构成
英语运用能力 阅型
多项选择 多项选择 7选5填空、排 序或论点论据 匹配题 英译汉 10% 40% 10%
比例
60%
翻译
10%
写作
小作文
被动、指代、倒装、比较、省略、词义转换。
三、写作
该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能 力。总分30分。 A节：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符 号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信 函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作 答。满分10分。 B节：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160~200词的短 文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主 题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。考生在答 题卡2上作答。满分20分。
Lecture 1-2 词汇对比
do large harm to do great harm to
great population
a large population crowded traffic heavy traffic
keep one’s face save one’s face
留面子
三、 情感意义对比
教师休息室 teachers’ restroom
sea cucumber 海黄瓜
海参
不能望文生义，要勤查 字典，避免貌合神离
4. Mr. Smith is one of the most durable teachers at this university. 持久的 史密斯先生是该大学任教时间最长的教师之一. 5. He used to be very shy; but after entering college he’s started to blossom. 开花、绽放 他过去一直非常害羞，但是现在他开始活泼/开朗起来。
译文一：…… made our blood boil. 愤怒 译文二：Beijing's winning the bid for the 2008 Olympics ek 凉茶 红茶 cold tea red tea
yoghurt herbal tea black tea teachers’ lounge
3. 意见 (1) 我们应该认真倾听群众的意见。
看法
We should listen carefully to people’s opinions. (2) 两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。 见解 (fml) The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.
托福听力TPO1原文 Lecture 1
托福听力TPO1原文Lecture 1下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO1原文中Lecture 1的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO 1 Lecture 1Contemporary artListen to part of a lecture in a contemporary art class.ProfessorOk, I’m going to begin this lecture by giving you your next assignment. Remember I said that at some point during this semester I wanted you to attend an exhibit at the Fairy Street Gallery and then write about it? Well, the exhibit that I want you to attend is coming up. It’s already started in fact, but it’ll be at the gallery for the next month, which should give you plenty of time to complete this assignment.The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen. Frantzen’s work may be unfamiliar to you since she’s a relatively young artist. But she’s got a very unusual style, compared to some of the artists we’ve looked at this term. But anyway, Frantzen’s style is what she herself calls Realistic Impressionism. So you’ve probably studied both of these movements separately, separate movements, Realism and Impressionism, in some of your art history courses. So who can just sum these up?StudentWell, Impressionism started in the late 19th century. Um…the basic impressionist style was very different from earlier styles. It didn’t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. Um… Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the texture of the canvas was rough.ProfessorGood. What else? What were the subjects?StudentWell, a lot of impressionist artists painted everyday scenes, like people on the streets and in cafes, uh, lots of nature scenes, especially landscapes.ProfessorGood. So when you go to the exhibit, I really want you to take a close look at a certain painting. It’s a farm scene. And you will see it right as you enter the gallery. The reason I think this painting is so important is that it stresses the impressionist aspect of Frantzen’s style. It’s an outdoor scene, an everyday scene. It’s kind of bleak, but you can really see those broad brushstrokes and the blurry lines. The colors aren’t quite realistic. The sky is kind of, well an unnatural pinkish yellow. And the fence in the foregroundis blue, but somehow the overall scene gives an impression of a cold, bleak winter day on a farm. So that’s the impressionist side of her work.Oh, and speaking about farms, that reminds me. One interesting thing I read about Franzten is that when she first moved back to Iowa after living abroad, she often visited this place in her town called the Sales Barn. And the Sales Barn, it was basically this place where the local farmers bought and sold their cattle, their farm animals. And the reason Frantzen went there, and she later on would visit other places like dance halls, was to observe people and the ways that they moved. She really found that this helped her work---that it gave her an understanding of body movements and actions, how humans move, and stand still, what their postures were like, too.So, what about Realism? What are the elements of Realism we should be looking for in Frantzen’s work?StudentUm… real honest depictions of subject matter, pretty unidealized stuff, and pretty everyday subject matter, too.ProfessorGood. One other painting I really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded by pumpkins. You will notice that the woman’s face is so realistic looking that it’s almost like a photograph. The woman’s nose is a little less than perfect and her hair is kind of messed up. This is realism. But then, the background of the painting, this woman with the pumpkins is wrapped in a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes, and, it’s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes and lines, kind of chaotic almost when you look at it close. And there are vibrant colors. There’s lots of orange, with little hints of an electric blue peeking out.I find Frantzen to be a very accessible artist. I mean, some artists, to appreciate them, you have to know their life story. But here’s a little bit about Rose Frantzen’s life anyway. She attended art school, but was told by one of her instructors that she was not good at illustration, that she should go into advertising instead. So she took advertising classes and fine arts classes too, until she was convinced by the head of an advertising agency that her work was really good, that she could be an artist. But of course, it’s not as easy as that, and so Frantzen had to paint other people’s portraits at places like art fairs just to make money to buy paint for her more serious art work. No matter what, she never stopped painting. And now, Frantzen is doing extremely well. And her work is being shown all over the country. So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to face challenges and difficulties like that. But what’s important is that you keep at it that you don’t give up. That’s what is really important to remember.《当代艺术》独白：听一段节选自当代艺术课堂的讲座。
Lecture1 介绍及定位
注意：
剑5 P49 The Birth of Scientific English 判定 37. In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in how to express ideas
剑5
T1 T2
passage1
约翰逊词典 人物传记 酚醛塑料 发展史
passage2
先天，还是后天？ 心理类 什么这么可笑？（副标题） 心理类
passage3
环境真相 环境类 科技英语的诞生 语言类
T3
T4
孩子的早起启蒙教育 教育类
野外旅行兴起的影响 发展史
消失的三角洲 环境类
缺陷美：钢化玻璃的问题 发展史
n.+n.
定位词
1. 特定名词n. 2. 特定动词v. 3. 特定形容词adj.及副词adv.
特定v.
P92 C5T4P2
Key words:
1. 主旨：越特殊越好–帮助区分及记忆 2. 一般为主+谓 3. 也可为 特殊状语
Practice
图表类：C6T3P3 P74
简答:C9T1PI P20
特定名词
特性：不可替换性
a、数字NO. & 大写
三大类：
b、限定词+名词n.
adj.+n. n.+n. n.+v.
c、专业术语
a、数字NO. & 大写
剑6 P18 Australia’s Sporting Success 简答题 13.By how much did some cyclists’ performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?
Lecture 1 语用学与翻译 ppt课件
4
Leech 的礼貌原则
得体准则，最小限度地让别人吃亏，最大限度的使别 人受益
宽宏准则：最小限度地使自己受益，最大限度地让自 己吃亏
褒扬原则; 最小限度地贬低别人，最大限度地赞誉别 人
谦虚原则：最小限度地赞誉自己，最大限度地贬低自 己
一致准则：尽量缩小自己与他人的分歧，尽量加大自 己与别人的一致
同情准则：尽量缩小自己对他人的厌恶，尽量加大自
客观 环境因素称为“言外语境”。言外语境又可分为情景 语境和社会文化语境两类。
(1) 翻译表达应充分考虑译语言内语境，表达应 符合译语习惯。
eg：“Shall we meet on the first floor of the
restaurant?
在英国，first floor在楼层的序列中排在ground
己对他人的同情
PPT课件
5
在双语交际中仅运用一种原则是不合适的，因为不同 社会的语用原则是不同的。中国文化特别强调谦逊准则， 而英美人更注重质量准则。
如中国人特别重视甚至过于强调谦逊原则，当受到 表扬时，往往谦虚一番：“哪里，哪里”;“不，做得很不 够”；受到表扬时如果不谦逊一番，很可能被认为“骄傲 自满”。而在以英语为母语的西方国家，人们接受表扬时 会微笑地说声：“Thank you!”倘若不懂得这两种不同的 礼貌方式,翻译就会生硬别扭。
语用学与翻译
PPT课件
1
第一讲 语用学
PPT课件
2
语用学的定义
语用学是语言学各分支中一个以语言意义
为研究对象的新兴学科领域，在众多的语用学 定义中，有两个概念是十分基本的，一个是意 义，另一个是语境，是专门研究语言的理解和 使用的学问，它研究在特定情景中的特定话语， 研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。
TPO_1-23学术听力词汇整理.
Grand Canyon
大峡谷
dating technique
年代测定技术
solidify
固化；结晶
Sandstone
砂岩
Particle
微粒
Zircon
锆石
Granite
花岗岩，花岗石
Lecture3archeology考古学
site
遗址
Inhabitant
居民
Neolithic
新石器时代的
TPO1词汇整理
Lecture1 Contemporary art当代艺术
exhibit
展览
gallery
画廊，美术馆
Realistic impressionism
现实印象派
Realism
现实主义
Impressionism
印象主义
depict
描绘
Landscape
风景
Bleak
凄凉的，荒凉的
Brushstroke
sea horse
海马
underwater film making
水下电影摄制
underwater photography
水下摄影
innovator
创新者，革新者
ahead of
在…之前
adventure
冒险
high-tech
高科技(的)
equipment
设备
open sea
外海
shallow water
Ethical theory
伦理理论
Extrinsic value
外在价值
Intrinsic value
内在价值
Attainment of happiness
托福听力TPO5学习笔记之lecture1-智课教育旗下智课教育
智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福听力TPO5学习笔记之lecture1-智课教育旗下智课教育以下是小编的托福听力TPO5学习笔记中关于lecture1的内容，针对难词注解、长难句分析以及考题对应考点这三大方面展开，仅供参考。
下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下这篇托福听力TPO5学习笔记的相关内容吧，这是小编的一些见解，以便帮助大家更加充分的理解TPO真题，希望能够给正在准备托福听力的考友们带来帮助。
一、难词注解Alligator n. 短吻鳄(产于美国及中国);短吻鳄皮革;鳄口式工具adj.鳄鱼般的;鳄鱼皮革的;鳄鱼皮纹的vi. 皱裂;裂开sewer n. 下水道;阴沟;裁缝师vt.为…铺设污水管道;用下水道排除…的污水vi. 清洗污水管twinkle n. 闪烁vt. 使闪耀;闪耀vi. 闪烁;发亮Meme 模因transmission n. 传动装置，[机] 变速器;传递;传送;播送Replicators n. [遗] 复制基因;重复符Fecundity n. [生物] 繁殖力;多产;肥沃mutation n. [遗] 突变;变化;转变二、长难句分析the whole point of defining this familiar process as transmission of memes is so that we can explore its analogy with the transmission of genes.将这种人们熟悉的过程定义为模因的传递的重点在于我们能够可以将它与基因的传递相类比。
难句类型：介词短语做定语，so that 句式难句拆分：the whole point of+介词短语，so that+句子三、考题对应考点6.A meme is defined as a piece of information copied from person to person. By this definition, most of what you know,ideas, skills, stories, songs are memes. All the words you know, all the scientific theories you’ve learned, the rules your parents taught you to observe, all are memes that have been passed on from person to person. 开头原则中的背景引入式，讲座开头举出两个例子，都是为了今天讲课的主题—meme，而memes that have been passed on from person to person，对应B选项7. "Well we’ve all heard this song. Where am I going with this? Well, both the song and the story are examples of memes"举例原则，当教授介绍完这两个例子之后，说了前面这句话，both the song and the story are examples of memes，所以答案选择C8.在教授介绍完meme的含义之后，说“By this definition, most of what you know, ideas, skills, stories, songs are memes. All the words you know, all the scientific theories you’ve learned, the rules your parents taught you to observe, all are memes”，By this definition看出是强调原则，所以答案是AD9. 教授之前举了一个alligator的例子，之后又提到"If you takethe alligator story, it can exist for a long time in individual memory, let’s say, my memory".说明她记住这个 alligatorstory很多年，所以选择B10. Fecundity is the ability to reproduce in large numbers. For example, the common housefly reproduces by laying several thousand eggs, so each fly gene gets copied thousands of times. Memes, well, they can be reproduced in large numbers as well. How many times have you sung the‘twinkle, twinkle song’ to someone? Each time you replicated that song, and maybe passed it along to someone who did not know it yet, a small child maybe.举例原则，For example，前后两个例子互相对比，所以选择D11.Other memes are replicated with higher fidelity though, like the twinkle, twinkle song. It had the exact same words 20 years ago as it does now. Well, that’s because we see songs as something that has to be performed accurately each time. If you change a word, the others will usually bring you in line. They’llsay, ‘that’s not how you sing it’, right?，结尾原则，当别人说错的是后你会改正，课件人们在传播时不会改变太多。
托福听力tpo43 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo43lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (19)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a botany class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:It's autumn,and as you know,in most parts of the United States the leaves on the trees are changing color from green…to yellow,orange,and lots of other colors.So this'll be a great time to talk about how and why some of these leaves turn one color in particular—and that's bright red.Well,before we discuss why leaves turn red,first let's,um—look,I know this is very old material,but just to play it safe—let's first go over why leaves are usually green.It’s chlorophyll, right?Leaves get their green color from chlorophyll—the chemical that's responsible for photosynthesis.The chlorophyll in the leaves collects energy from the Sun,in the form of sunlight,and it converts this energy into sugar,which is food for the plant. It's chlorophyll that makes leaves green most of the time.Now,the classic explanation for why leaves change color is this.In autumn,the leaves start preparing for the winter and stop synthesizing new chlorophyll.Since chlorophyll is sensitive to sunlight and to cold temperatures—both of which you get in autumn—the existing chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down.And since it's not being replaced by the new chlorophyll,the green color of the leaves gradually fades away.As this happens,the other pigments present in the leaf become visible.According to the classic theory,this is true for the red pigment as well.It was there in the leaf all along but it was hidden by the green chlorophyll.OK, so that's the classic explanation,and it's partially right.Why do I say“partially”?Well,it's probably true for pigments like yellow or orange,but it doesn't seem to hold for the red pigment.Let's back up a bit.Just what produces this red color in leaves?It's a red pigment called anthocyanin.Here's where the classic explanation doesn't seem to apply to red.What's interestingis that during the summer,there was very little if any anthocyanin in the leaves,but in the weeks before a tree is about to drop its leaves,the production of anthocyanins increases significantly.In other words,unlike those other pigments,anthocyanins are not just unmasked by the breakdown of chlorophyll in autumn;they're actually created at this time.So that raises a question.Why would a tree produce more anthocyanin just before dropping its leaves?Why does the tree spend so much of its resources doing this just before the leaves fall off?On the surface,this doesn't make sense.It'd be like spending money to,I don't know,to have your old car repainted when you know the car's not going to last more than a couple of months.All this extra anthocyanin in the autumn seems like a waste.But remember,nature is very economical with its resources,so that means anthocyanin must be serving some function that's important for the tree.Today there are some theories about what that function might be.One of them involves predatory insects;another involves fungi.You know,the more I read about these theories and the related research,it always created more questions for me than answers.So I was really glad to learn about a totally different theory…a new one.It seemed to come with research and data that give a full explanation.So here it is.Remember I said the chlorophyll breaks down?Well,in autumn,a whole lot of other chemical constituents of the leaf break down as well.I don't mean they're totally destroyed,'cause actually they break down into other,different chemicals that the tree can reabsorb from the leaves and reuse later.Now,this reabsorption process is very important for the tree,and—here's the key—it's sensitive to light,meaning that too much exposure to sunlight can interfere with this process.So where does anthocyanin fit in here?Well,anthocyanin's more stable than chlorophyll.It's not harmed as easily by the Sun or the cold.So it's still working long after the chlorophyll breaks down.But what doesit do?The theory is that anthocyanin protects the reabsorption process from the sunlight. For example,if you look closely at a red leaf on a tree,you'll notice that most of the red pigment is on the upper side of the leaf,the side facing the Sun.This new theory suggests that what the anthocyanin is doing there on top is shielding the rest of the leaf from the sunlight…and more importantly,allowing those important chemicals to be reabsorbed by the tree.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain how the red pigment in leaves breaks downB.To show that leaf color varies based on the tree speciesC.To introduce a theory about why leaves turn a particular colorD.To explain how chlorophyll protects trees in autumn2.What does the professor imply when she explains why leaves are green?A.She wants to correct a common misconception about the topic.B.She thinks the students are probably already familiar with the material.C.She believes the process is too complicated to discuss in depth.D.She knows that students are often confused about the functions of chlorophyll3.What does the professor mean when she says that the classic theory is partially right?A.It describes what happens in the summer but not what happens in autumnB.It describes what happens in tree leaves but not what happens in leaves of other plantsC.It explains how pigments are synthesized but not how they break down.D.It explains some cases of color change in tree leaves but not all cases.4.Why does the professor mention painting a car?A.To question why a large amount of anthocyanin is produced just before leaves fallB.To explain why most leaves turn red instead of other colorsC.To remind students how cooler temperatures affect the color of leavesD.To show how anthocyanin absorbs sunlight to produce food for trees5.The professor mentions theories about why leaves turn red that involve predatory insects and fungi.What is her opinion about those theories?A.They are based on careful research.B.They do not completely explain the phenomenon.C.They have not received enough attention.D.They have been proved to be incorrect.6.According to the professor,why does anthocyanin appear on the upper side of some leaves?A.To help chlorophyll absorb the sunlightB.To maximize the leaf's utilization of sunlightC.To accelerate the breakdown of chlorophyllD.To protect an important process from the sunlight答案C BD A B D译文旁白：请听一部分植物学的讲座。
【托福听力备考】TPO12听力文本——Lecture 1
【托福听力备考】TPO12听力文本——Lecture 1众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO12 Lecture 1 BiologyNarrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology Class.ProfessorAs we learn more about the DNA in human cells and how it controls thegrowth and development of cells, then maybe we can explain a very importantobservation, that when we try to grow most human cells in a laboratory, theyseem programmed to divide only a certain number of times before they die.Now this differs with the type of cell. Some cells, like nerve cells, onlydivide seven to nine times in their total life. Others, like skin cells, willdivide many, many more times. But finally the cells stop renewing themselves andthey die. And in the cells of the human body itself, in the cells of everyorgan, of almost every type of tissue in the body, the same thing will happeneventually.OK, you know that all of a person’s genetic information is contained onvery long pieces of DNA called Chromosomes. 46 of them are in the human cells,that’s 23 pairs of these Chromosomes of various lengths and sizes.Now if you’ll look at this rough drawing of one of them, one Chromosomeabout to divide into two. You see that it sort of looks like, well actually it’smuch more complex than this, but it reminds us a couple of springs linkedtogether, two coiled up pieces of DNA. And if you stretch them out you will find they contain certain genes, certain sequences of DNA that help determine how the cells of the body will develop. When researchers look really carefully at the DNA in Chromosomes though, they were amazed, we all were, to find that only afraction of it, maybe 20-30%, converts into meaningful genetic information. It’sincredible; at least it was to me. But if you took away all the DNA that codes for genes, you still have maybe 70% of the DNA left over. That’s the so-called JUNK DNA. Though the word junk is used sort of tongue-in-cheek.The assumption is that even if this DNA doesn’t make up any of the genes, it must serve some other purpose. Anyway, if we examine these ends of these coils of DNA, we will find a sequence of DNA at each end of every humanChromosome, called a telomere.Now a telomere is a highly repetitious and genetically meaningless sequenceof DNA, what we were calling JUNK DNA. But it does have an important purpose; itis sort of like the plastic tip on each end of a shoelace. It may not help you tie your shoe but that little plastic tip keeps the rest of the shoelace, the shoe string from unraveling into weak and useless threads. Well, the telomeres at the ends of Chromosomes seem to do about the same thing--- protect the genes, the genetically functional parts of the Chromosome, from being damaged. Every time the Chromosome divides, every time one cell divides into two. Pieces of theends of the Chromosome, the telomeres, get broken off. So after each division,the telomeres get shorter and one of the things that may happen after a while isthat pieces of the genes themselves get broken off the Chromosomes. So the Chromosome is now losing important genetic information and is no longerfunctional. But as long as the telomeres are a certain length, they keep this from happening. So it seems that, when the, by looking at the length of the telomeres on specific Chromosomes, we can actually predict pretty much how long certain cells can successfully go on dividing.Now, there are some cells that just seem to keep on dividing regardless, which may not always be a good thing if it gets out of control.But when we analyze these cells chemically, we find something veryinteresting, a chemical in them, an enzyme called telomerase. As bits of the telomere break off from the end of the Chromosome, this chemical, thistelomerase can rebuild it, can help reassemble the protective DNA, the telomere that the Chromosome has lost. Someday we may be able to take any cell and keep it alive functioning and reproducing itself essentially forever through the use of telomerase. And in the future we may have virtually immortal nerve cells and immortal skin cells or whatever, because this chemical, telomerase, can keep the telomeres on the ends of Chromosomes from getting any shorter.希望这些对你的托福备考有帮助，预祝大家托福考试能取得理想成绩。
LECTURE 1 单词记忆法教材
图示
Part 2 偏旁部P首a法rt（1音形义法）
1、 morose 郁闷 记忆方法：mo（没有）+rose（玫瑰）=没有玫瑰，
情人节没有玫瑰，当然很郁闷！ 2、prose 散文、单调的 记忆方法： p（扑）+rose（玫瑰）=扑在玫瑰上写情书， 这种感觉下写的文字一般都比较悠扬，即散文的味道。
3、plight 困境 记忆方法： p（扑）+light（光）=把光都给扑灭了，困境来了！
（法国人把他丢进壕沟里，而我把他扭伤了。） 3、s—蛇。Sway蛇一样的走路方式——摇摆
Part 9 字母读Pa音rt联1想法
4、ee—眼睛；L—大高个子；g—哥哥；m—妹妹。 loom高高个子大大眼睛的妹妹（难找啊）——若隐若现的； bloom不若隐若现了——————遍地开花的 gloom哥哥想找高高个子大大眼睛的妹妹找不到————郁闷 groom屋里等候的哥哥—————— 新郎
前面加b，含义不变， 前面加鬼，真恐怖， 前面加t才，修剪整齐。
Part 10 读音拼Pa音rt口1诀法
oil 油 toil/moil 辛苦（两个词含义一样） foil 锡纸、挫败 boil 沸腾，blood boil 热血沸腾 记忆方法：toil音似“淘油”，当然很辛苦了！ foil即：f（非常）+oil，非常油，就要用锡纸擦，擦来擦去真麻烦， 干点活都能弄的满桌子是油，伤心了，挫败了。 所以记住一个口诀: toil and moil，（辛辛苦苦）
e.g. peer at sb. peeping Tom 偷窥狂 多像两个眼睛眯成一条缝
4、gaze（凝视）——gape（吃惊的看）
Part 9 字母读Pa音rt联1想法
1、i—爱—isolate——爱得如此晚（那么大了还没谈恋爱）——孤立。 2、T—他、w—我。French—法国、trench—壕沟 、wrench—扭伤。
lecture1专业英语的特点
构造材料的强度越来越高，目的就是满足不断增长的现代工业需求。
(2) What does a furnace do? It heat-up a material. The function of a furnace is to heat-up a material.
Let A be equal to B.设A等于B。 Consider a high-pressure chambeammar Features
(5) 复杂长句使用频繁〔准确、精炼〕
为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句
It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.
图1所示喷气发动机横截面举例说明了金属材料在大量严苛条件下的应用。
1.3 Grammar Features
2) The term “structure〞, as it was pointed out above, means the arrangement of a material’s atoms.
中心是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证说明的对象
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“For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word (笑柄) through the world …We shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us till we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going.” --John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity”
Puritanism and Early American Literature
The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Captain John Smith
But mighty, Gracious Lord Communicate Thy Grace to breake the Cord, afford Us Glorys Gate
We‟ll Nightingaile sing like When pearcht on high In Glories Cage, thy glory, bright, And thankfully, For joy.
Intolerance--error must be opposed and driven out (persecution and expulsion)
Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692): Group of girls accused fellow villagers of witchcraft Trials resulted in convictions of many and executions of 20 people and 2 dogs.
He portrayed North America as a land of endless bounty. "For in Virginia, a plaine Souldier that can use a Pick-axe and spade, is better than five Knights."
Puritan Literature
Literature and art‟s main purposes were to teach. Diaries, journals, personal narratives, poetry or prose meditations on scripture
Search symbols from God
The poor health of a human's body may be compared to bits of broken glass. A snake found under a person‟s porch may be seen as the presence of evil. This could be a warning from God or a visit from the devil. A woman accidentally burning a shirt may represent the fact that God was preparing her for the future death of her husband. The Puritans begin to see the Indians as “devils.” The Puritans‟ success at defeating Indians on certain occasions was seen as a justification from God for killing Indians.
Puritanism
The word puritan is derived from pure or holy. Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. They are a group of radical protestants They wished to restore simplicity to church services. Bible was the only true authority.
“But hear I cannot but stay and make a pause, and stand half amased at this poore peoples presente condition…Being thus passed ye vast ocean, and a sea of troubles before in their preparation…they had now no friends to wellcome them, nor inns to entertaine or refresh their weatherbeaten bodys, no houses or much less townes to repaire too...What could not sustaine them but ye spirite of God & his grace? May not & ought not the children of these fathers rightly say : „Our faithers were Englishmen which came over this great ocean, and were ready to perish in this willdernes; but they cried unto ye Lord, and he heard their voyce, and looked on their adversitie…‟” --William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation
To be added:
Value of education Their success (or lack of success) would serve as a sign of God‟s approval or disapproval. Work ethic: the belief that hard work was an honor to God which would lead to a prosperous reward.
The Massachusetts Bay Colony
Flagship Arbella arrives:1630 Governor - John Winthrop Settlers are mostly Puritans or Congregational Puritans “The Arbella Covenant” (clearly establishes a religious and theocratic settlement, free of ties to Great Britain)
Captain John Smith is Saved by Pocahontas, 1608
…Two great stones were brought before Powhatan (the Indian “King”): then as many as could layd hands on him (Smith), dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs, to beate out his braines, Pocahontas the Kings dearest daughter, when no intreaty could prevaile, got his head in her armes, and laid her owne (head) upon his to save him from death: whereat (because of that) the Emperour was contented (agreed)he should live…
Two Important New England Settlements
The Plymouth Colony
Flagship Mayflower arrives:1620 Governor - William Bradford Settlers known as Pilgrims and Separatists “The Mayflower Compact” (provides for social, religious, and economic freedom, while still maintaining ties to Great Britain)
Basic Puritan Beliefs - Tulip
Total Depravity - through Adam and Eve's fall, every person is born sinful - concept of Original Sin. Unconditional Election - God "saves" those he wishes - only a few are selected for salvation - concept of predestination. Limited Atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone. Irresistible Grace - God's grace is freely given, it cannot be earned or denied. Grace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God. Perseverance of the "saints" - those elected by God will continue in a state of grace to the end and will finally be saved.