翻译Lecture 1
lecture 1 汉英语言类型对比与翻译(综合语与分析语)
III. 汉语和英语的形态学分类
• 相反，作为屈折语的英语则表现为：
Hale Waihona Puke 1. 语法关系主要以词本身的形态变化予以表达，词的曲折形 态变化相对丰富，用以标示语法范畴，表达语法意义（名词 有单复数形式，形容词和副词有比较级和最高级形式，代词 有主格、宾格和所有格等形态），并集中体现在动词的时态、 体态和语态等形态变化上，形成了以动词形态变化为主轴的 句法结构模式，表意与句法形态紧密结合。 词缀变化（affixation）突出，词缀种类齐全且灵活多变，构 词法上以派生构词（derivation）为主。 词类分明，结构形式严谨，语法和逻辑意义的表达呈显性 （overt） ，结构上主要遵循形式一致性原则，表现为形式和 意义的基本对应。
IV. 形态学分类视角下的汉英互译
以上对比分析表明，汉语和英语在表意手段上，前者以词汇 手段为主，后者以形态手段为主，汉英互译时就要充分发挥 译语优势，选用符合译语（target language）语言习惯的表 意手段，灵活变通，兼容互补，恰当再现源语（source language）的语法和逻辑意义。例如： 1. I was a modest, good-humored boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable. 【原译】我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津 大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。 【试译】我原本谦逊尔雅、人见人爱，是牛津大学教得我人 见人嫌。
II. Important Concepts
• For example, the generation of the English plural dogs from dog is an inflectional rule, while compound phrases and words like dog catcher or dishwasher are examples of word formation. • Informally, word formation rules form "new" words, while inflection rules yield variant forms of the "same" word, which may be different in grammatical sense. • Accordingly, morphology is generally divided into two fields: inflectional morphology and derivational morphology. And There is a further distinction between two types of word formation: derivation and compounding.
lecture 1 翻译标准
g. 我认为他不够格。 I don’t think he is qualified. h. 人们来五台山，目的可不都是一样。 People do not come to Wutai Mountain with one and the same purpose.
3) 译文应体现英语遣词造句的特点，同时 又应因文体而有变化。 a. 名词使用频率高，特别是含有动作性质 的抽象名词等，可以既包含丰富的信息又 十分简洁。 b. 被动形式使用率高，表现能力强。 c. 语法要求严，一般来说句子较长。 d. 介词、非谓语动词、形容词和独立结构 非常活跃。
教心理学的老师觉察到这件事， 就假冒一个男生的名义，给她 写了封匿名的求爱信，这封信 的末尾是：一个希望得到您的 青睐的极其善良的男同胞。就 这么一封信，也就一举改造了 一个人。
Having detected what was happening, her psychology teacher got an idea. In the name of a boy, he wrote an anonymous letter of love which ended with “a kind gentleman awaiting your favor.” The letter brought about transformation.
A Course in Chinese – English Translation
李洋
II. 汉英翻译的原则
汉语译成地道英语的难度， 出现各种各样的缺失：“中 国式”英语（解决办法，阅 读大量原作，观察、揣摩、 总结并模仿英语的特点、规 律和表达方法）。
1．遵循三条原则：
1) 译文必须符合英语的语法：三种轴心 结构： a. 主－系－表结构 (S+V+P) 例： a) 人类在地球上已存在多久了？ How long has man been on earth? b) 牛奶变酸了。 Milk turns sour.
lecture_1__翻译概论
3) In terms of the media by which translation is done: oral, written and machine 从翻译的手段来分类，翻译可分为口译（oral interlingual translation）、笔译(written interlingual translation) 和机器翻译 (machine translation)； 4) In terms of the subject matter: 从翻译的题材来分类，翻译可分为专业文献翻译(translation of English for science and technology)、文学翻译(literary translation)和一般性翻译(practical writing translation)； 5）In terms of the manner: 从翻译的处理方式来分类，翻译可分为全译（full translation）、 摘译（partial translation）和编译（translation plus editing）。
E-C and C-E Translation Basics
英汉-汉英翻译基础
Lecture 1
Introduction to Translation
I. What is Translation?
1. A story of translation in Bible Long long ago, all the people speak the same language . When they transferred to the east, they found a plain and then lived there. They decided to build a tall tower, so that it can stretch to the heaven and they can live in the heaven. When Jesus saw this, he was afraid that if all the people speak the same language, they can do everything they want. So Jusus went down from the heaven and confused their languages so they couldn’t communicate with each other and they didn’t finish the Bable Tower. Since then, people lived in different places and spoke different languages. Hence comes the translation.
实用翻译lecture 1 Introduction
3. From the communicative point of view: translation aims at the pass of information from one language to another
• • • • • • •
• • • • •
(1) Nice day, isn’t it? 您吃饭了吗？ (2)Misquito, Bye, Bye, Bye. 蚊虫，杀杀杀！ (3)I am looking forward to your response at your earliest convenience. 急盼早复！ (4)At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment. 应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。 (5)保护绿草，留住绿意。 Keep off the grass. (6) 闲人免进\油漆末干\小心地滑 Staff Only\Wet Painting\Caution: Wet Floor
What is translation ?
• Discussion: What is translation? • Directions: discuss with whoever you like around you in five minutes, and then come back with an idea of yourself . • Examples to be illustrated: • 1）你吃了吗？ • 2）叔叔，欢迎你来北京。 • 3）My dear Mr. Bennet…
Lecture 1 汉英语言对比与翻译(工硕)
1.1 分析语vs.综合-分析语
汉语 英语
Analytic 分析语
通过虚 词、词 序等手 段来表 达语法 关系
通过词
Synthetic- 本身的
analytic 形态变
综合-分析贝拉· 比顿曾在其著作的一个早期版本 里说过：“受用一顿美餐，能使 整个上午工作精力充沛。”这番 高见，现在很少有人领教了。
Potential Unit 12 The City
参考答案及译文下载：
/d115238389.htm
考试: 1. 课程考试 每学期一次
题型: 词汇30% 完型15% 阅读20% 英汉互译 (10+10)% 写作15%
所学内容占85%
2. 学位考试 每年5月和10月举行一次
她们妯娌吵嘴， 不巧被我撞见了。
I chanced to be present when the sistersin-law were having a quarrel.
1.3具体vs.抽象
以实的形
Concrete 式表达虚
汉 具体
的概念，
语
以具体的
形象表达
抽象的内
容
Abstract 英 抽象 语
“就来！”她转 身脚不沾地地越 过草坪， 跑上 小道，踏上台阶， 穿过阳台，走进 门厅。
“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
1.2 意合vs.形合
词语或语
Parataxis 句间的连
汉 意合
接主要凭
语
借语义或
大学英语四级段落翻译-lecture1
例文
Many people enjoy Chinese food. Cooking is looked upon as an art as well as a skill in China. A carefully prepared Chinese dish is not only delicious to eat but also beautiful to look at. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the country. But good cooking does have something in common. It always takes into account color, flavor, taste and nutrition. As food is vital to health, good cooks always strive to strike a balance between grains, meats and vegetables, so Chinese dishes are both delicious and healthy.
热词积累
发展/增长最快 迅速增长/发展 流行 出于…原因 不同于
develop/increase at the fastest speed grow/develop quickly/rapidly， the rapid increase of popular/popularity for the purpose of …/ for…reason different from…
8分（7-9分）：译文勉强表达了原文的意思。用词 欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言 错误。（5个句子正确或基本正确，9分；4个句子 正确或基本正确，8分；3个句子正确或基本正确， 7分）。 （8分参考译文） Many people love Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only regarded as a kind of skill, but also art. Wellprepared Chinese dishes taste good besides look good. There is a big different in cooking skills and ingredients between different parts of China. But one thing which is common in good dishes is that they all consider about the color, the tasting and the nutrition. As food is so important to health, good cookers always try to make a balance between corn, meat and vegetables. As a result, Chinese dishes are delicious and healthy.
lecture 1翻译概述
Christiane Nord
• ―Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text.‖
Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
― It is sometimes said that there is no
task more complex than translation --- a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account. Translators not only need to know their source language well; they must also have a thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text, and of any
Peter Newmark
• Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. • (Translating) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text.
翻译第一讲(1)
LECTURE ONE: BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF TRANSLATION
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关注变异点
The Isles || of Greece ||, the Isles || of Greece ||! Where burn || ing Sap || pho loved || and sung ||, Where grew || the arts || of war || and peace ||, Where De || los rose ||, and Phoe || bus sprung ||! Eter || nal sum || mer gilds || them yet ||, But all ||, except || their sun ||, is set ||. 希腊的群岛，希腊的群岛！ 那里热情的莎妩爱着歌着， 那里扬起战争与和平的艺术，—— 那里涌现了迪罗，生长着飞勃！ 永恒的盛夏仍旧照耀群岛， 但是，除了太阳外，万般都已销歇。（柳无忌）
LECTURE ONE: BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF TRANSLATION
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什么是翻译
A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (Tytler, 1790) 好的翻译应该能够把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言 中，使译入语国家的人能够清楚地领悟、强烈地感受，就 像原语国家的人所领悟和感受的一样。——泰特勒， 1790
Lecture 1-2 词汇对比
do large harm to do great harm to
great population
a large population crowded traffic heavy traffic
keep one’s face save one’s face
留面子
三、 情感意义对比
教师休息室 teachers’ restroom
sea cucumber 海黄瓜
海参
不能望文生义，要勤查 字典，避免貌合神离
4. Mr. Smith is one of the most durable teachers at this university. 持久的 史密斯先生是该大学任教时间最长的教师之一. 5. He used to be very shy; but after entering college he’s started to blossom. 开花、绽放 他过去一直非常害羞，但是现在他开始活泼/开朗起来。
译文一：…… made our blood boil. 愤怒 译文二：Beijing's winning the bid for the 2008 Olympics ek 凉茶 红茶 cold tea red tea
yoghurt herbal tea black tea teachers’ lounge
3. 意见 (1) 我们应该认真倾听群众的意见。
看法
We should listen carefully to people’s opinions. (2) 两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。 见解 (fml) The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.
lecture 翻译
lecture 翻译Lecture：演讲Lecture 指公开场合、集中时间，有一个或几个演讲者，向听众（多为教学机构的学生或大众）介绍某个主题等内容的演讲。
例句：1. 今晚，我们有幸有一位优秀的演讲人来做一场精彩的演讲。
We are privileged to have an outstanding speaker giving a wonderful lecture tonight.2. 明天的演讲内容将围绕未来技术发展趋势展开。
The lecture tomorrow will revolve around the trends of future technological development.3. 我们今天听的演讲非常有趣和有启发性的。
We havelistened to a very interesting and inspiring lecture today.4. 今天演讲者和观众之间的互动十分活跃。
The interaction between the speaker and the audience was very active today.5. 这次演讲给我们带来了很多新的思考。
This lecture has brought us a lot of new thinking.6. 我们能够听到授课老师讲课时非常开心。
We were delighted to hear the teacher's lecture.7. 演讲带给大家很多新的想法。
The lecture brought a lot of new ideas to everyone.8. 我们应该积极主动参与演讲，发表意见和看法。
We should take an active part in lectures and express our opinions and views.9. 演讲者的精神赞扬和比喻使听众印象深刻。
Lecture 1 语用学与翻译 ppt课件
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Leech 的礼貌原则
得体准则，最小限度地让别人吃亏，最大限度的使别 人受益
宽宏准则：最小限度地使自己受益，最大限度地让自 己吃亏
褒扬原则; 最小限度地贬低别人，最大限度地赞誉别 人
谦虚原则：最小限度地赞誉自己，最大限度地贬低自 己
一致准则：尽量缩小自己与他人的分歧，尽量加大自 己与别人的一致
同情准则：尽量缩小自己对他人的厌恶，尽量加大自
客观 环境因素称为“言外语境”。言外语境又可分为情景 语境和社会文化语境两类。
(1) 翻译表达应充分考虑译语言内语境，表达应 符合译语习惯。
eg：“Shall we meet on the first floor of the
restaurant?
在英国，first floor在楼层的序列中排在ground
己对他人的同情
PPT课件
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在双语交际中仅运用一种原则是不合适的，因为不同 社会的语用原则是不同的。中国文化特别强调谦逊准则， 而英美人更注重质量准则。
如中国人特别重视甚至过于强调谦逊原则，当受到 表扬时，往往谦虚一番：“哪里，哪里”;“不，做得很不 够”；受到表扬时如果不谦逊一番，很可能被认为“骄傲 自满”。而在以英语为母语的西方国家，人们接受表扬时 会微笑地说声：“Thank you!”倘若不懂得这两种不同的 礼貌方式,翻译就会生硬别扭。
语用学与翻译
PPT课件
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第一讲 语用学
PPT课件
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语用学的定义
语用学是语言学各分支中一个以语言意义
为研究对象的新兴学科领域，在众多的语用学 定义中，有两个概念是十分基本的，一个是意 义，另一个是语境，是专门研究语言的理解和 使用的学问，它研究在特定情景中的特定话语， 研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。
Lecture 1 Interpreting__ Overview
Preparation: Warm-up Exercise
E-C Interpreting
Please do not hesitate to ask if you shall encounter any inconvenience in life or work. 您在生活或工作中若有不便之处，请直接与我联系。 As an old Chinese proverb says, “all good things must come to an end.” 中国有句俗话，“天下没有不散的宴席”。
Video
Bridge between two cultures
Presentation: What is interpreting
A service activity with a communication function and it is done on request and for a financial reward.
Test Levels
Level 1:一级口译证书持有人能够胜任各种场合的口译工作（包括同声传 译），口译质量高。能够承担国际会议的专业交替传译或同声传译工作， 能够承担高级别正式场合讲话的口译工作。 Level 2: 二级口译证书持有人能够胜任多种场合的口译工作，口译质量 较高，达到专业翻译水平。能够承担一般性正式会议、技术或商务会谈， 以及类似活动的专业交替传译工作。 Level 3: 三级口译证书持有人能够胜任一般性会谈的口译工作。能够承 担一般性一般性内容讲话的交替传译和陪同口译工作。 Level 4: 英语专业大专或高职高专毕业生、英语专业本科二年级学生、 社会上具有同等学历水平的各类英语学习者和翻译爱好者。
托福TPO听力文本翻译Lecture1(下)
经过上文的阅读，是否意犹未尽呢？环球托福为备考托福听力的考友们带来托福TPO听力文本翻译Lecture1Astronomy（下），帮助大家复习托福听力以及分析听力文章的重点通常出现在哪些关键词后。
下面，请看环球托福分享的托福TPO听力文本：Geocentric&Heliocentric theoryFor example, Greek astronomers made excellent, very accurate observations of the movements of the planets, but the observations revealed a bit of a problem. The geocentric theory said that the planets would move around the Earth in one direction. However, astronomers noticed that at times, several planets seem to stop moving in one direction and start moving backward in their orbits around the Earth, and they came up with a theory that these planets themselves moved in smaller circles called epicycles as they travelled around the Earth. Here’s a picture of what they imagined. You see how this epicycle theory could account for the seemingly backward motion of the planet. Of course, today we know that this appearance of backward motion is caused by the fact that Earth, as well as other planets, all move in their own orbits around the Sun, and the relative movements of the planets with respect to each other can get quite complex.托福TPO听力文本翻译例如，希腊天文学家曾经对行星的运动进行过出色而准确的观测，但结果却颇为尴尬。
大学英语Lecture Notes_U1(课文翻译)
Electronic Teaching PortfolioBook FourUnit One: Man and NaturePart I Get StartedSection A Discussion▇Sit in groups of threes or fours and discuss the following questions.1.Do you think man lives in harmony with nature now?2.Do you think that man has been destroying nature? Could you give some examples?3.What do you think we should do to preserve nature?▇Answers for reference:1. A possible answer:No. The present relationship between man and nature is not as harmonious as before. With the population explosion and the development of the economy, serious damage has been done to nature. All this has resulted in such problems as global warming, soil erosion, shortage of fresh water, droughts and sandstorms. Human beings no longer live in harmony with nature.2. A possible answer:Yes. For example, man has cut down half of the trees that existed 10,000 years ago. The loss of trees has upset the ecosystem and resulted in the extinction of many species. Consequently, nature has lost its balance. Another example is that man has been burning too much fossil fuel for daily use and industrial production, which has caused heavy pollution to our environment.3. A possible answer:Firstly, we shouldn’t develop our economy at the expense of nature. Secondly, we should take as little as possible from nature and put back into it as much as we can. Thirdly, we should form the habit of saving natural resources. We should be aware that natural resources are not inexhaustible. When we reach the point of no return, there will be nothing left for future generations.Section B Quotes▇Study the following quotes about man and nature and discuss in pairs what you can learn from them.▇Frank Lloyd Wrigh t⊙Study nature, love nature, stay close to nature. It will never fail you.— Frank Lloyd Wrigh tInterpretation:As an architect, Wright emphasizes the importance of loving and studying nature. We should observe nature, take care of it and live in harmony with it. And then we will never feel disappointed with it.About Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959): an American architect and writer. He was the most creative genius of American architecture.Albert Einstein⊙Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better.— Albert EinsteinInterpretation:As a scientist, Einstein believes that a close study of nature will help us better understand things.About Albert Einstein (1879-1955): US physicist and mathematician, born in Germany, who developed the Theory of Relativity, which completely changed the way that scientists understand space and time.William Hazlitt⊙Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better.— William HazlittInterpretation:As a writer, Hazlitt urges us to love and appreciate nature heart and soul.About William Hazlitt(1778-1830):a British writer and critic, known for his essays on many subjects, especially literature. His best-known collection of essays is entitled Table Talk (《席间闲谈》).John Cage⊙The highest purpose is to have no purpose at all. This puts one in accord with nature, in her manner of operation.— John CageInterpretation:Man’s ideal life is to be integrated into nature, so we should respect nature and follow its laws.About John Cage(1912-1992): a US composer and pianist. In 1951, he organized a group of musicians and engineers to make the first music on magnetic tape.Section C Watching and DiscussionWatch the following video clip “If the world warms by 6 degrees” and do the tasks that follow:插入视频片段：“If the world warms by 6 degrees.wmv”1. Fill in the missing words according to what you hear from the video clip.If the world warms by 6 degrees, from a distance the oceans may appear bright blue, but they are marine wastelands. Deserts march across continents like conquering armies. Natural disasters become common events. Some of the world’s great cities are flooded and abandoned. If temperatures soar by 6 degrees within less than a century, we’re going to face nothing less than a global wipe out.2. What do you think are other possible consequences of a warmer climate? (Open.)Script：If the world warms by 6 degrees, from a distance the oceans may appear bright blue, but they are marine wastelands. Deserts march across continents like conquering armies. Natural disasters become common events. Some of the world’s great cities are flooded and abandoned.This could be our world plus 6 degrees.“Warmings of 6 degrees over longer time periods have been associated with some of the most devastating mass extinctions which have ever taken place, so it’s certainly fair to assume that if temperatures soar by 6 degrees within less than a century, then we’re going to face nothing less than a global wipe out.”6 degrees of warming has been called the Doomsday scenario.Our lives would never be the same again.Part II Listen and RespondSection A Word BankSection B Task One: Focusing on the Main Ideas▇Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences according to the information contained in the listening passage.1. What is the main idea of the passage?A) The importance of seafood supplies.B) The fish harvest in the North Atlantic.C) The decline in fish supplies in the sea.D) The importance of protecting sea resources.2. What did people in Europe and America in the 19th century think about marine resources?A) They thought that marine resources were almost exhausted.B) They thought that marine resources were seriously destroyed.C) They thought that marine resources were unlimited.D) They thought that marine resources were endangered.3. Why are the threats to fish more alarming than the threats to animals and birds?A) Because fish is a much needed food resource.B) Because plenty of fish is killed every year.C) Because fish is the only diet for many people.D) Because the sea fisheries are going to be exhausted.4. How much fish is harvested in the North Atlantic every year?A) 12 billion pounds.B) 12 million pounds.C) 20 billion pounds.D) 20 million pounds.5. What warning do scientists give in the passage?A) Natural resources will be exhausted within the next few years.B) Fish reserves will be destroyed within the next few years because of excessive fishing.C) People in some parts of the world will face starvation because of the drought.D) People’s demand on fish will decline in some parts of the world.▇Key:1 D2 C3 A4 C5 BSection C Task Two: Zooming In on the DetailsListen to the recording again and fill in each of the blanks according to what you have heard.Today though, there is evidence showing that marine resources are as seriously ________ as those of the land and the air. In fact, in some ways the ________ to fish are more alarming than the threats to animals and birds. This is because fish is a much needed food ________, as people throughout the world depend on fish as an important part of their ________. It is reported that to ________ food demands, 20 billion pounds of fish are ________ every year in the North Atlantic alone. Sea resources are also rapidly ________ in many other parts of the world.Scientists now believe that food ________ from the sea won’t last forever. They warn that ________ fishing will destroy fish reserves within the next few years. They also warn that the decline in fish supply will cause ________ in some parts of the world.▇Answers for reference:Today though, there is evidence showing that marine resources are as seriously endangered as those of the land and the air. In fact, in some ways the threats to fish are more alarming than the threats to animals and birds. This is because fish is a much needed food resource, as people throughout the world depend on fish as an important part of their diet. It is reported that to satisfy food demands, 20 billion pounds of fish are harvested every year in the North Atlantic alone. Sea resources are also rapidly declining in many other parts of the world.Scientists now believe that food supplies from the sea won’t last forever. They warn that excessive fishing will destroy fish reserves within the next few years. They also warn that the decline in fish supply will cause starvation in some parts of the world.Script:The Importance of Protecting Sea ResourcesDuring the 19th century, people in Europe and America claimed that marine resources were unlimited. For example, a noted biologist at the time commented that none of the world’s great sea fisheries were ever going to be exhausted.Today though, there is evidence showing that marine resources are as seriously endangered as those of the land and the air. In fact, in some ways the threats to fish are more alarming than the threats to animals and birds. This is because fish is a much needed food resource, as people throughout the world depend on fish as an important part of their diet. It is reported that to satisfy food demands, 20 billion pounds of fish are harvested every year in the North Atlantic alone. Sea resources are also rapidly declining in many other parts of the world.Scientists now believe that food supplies from the sea won’t last forever. They warn that excessive fishing will destroy fish reserves within the next few years. They also warn that the decline in fish supply will cause starvation in some parts of the world.Part III Read and ExploreText ASection A Discovering the Main IdeasExercise 1: Answer the following questions with the information contained in Text A.1)Does man tend to become less dependent on nature with the rapid development of society?Why or why not?2)What does the author think about the present relationship between man and nature?3)What’s the distinct feature of modern technology according to the passage?4)What’s the solution to the ecological crisis according to the author?5)What’s the author’s attitude towards the human transformation of nature?▇Answers for reference:1)No. As society develops, man tends to become less dependent on nature directly, whileindirectly his dependence grows. For instance, in this industrial society, it appears that man is relying less on nature for its natural gifts since he can produce what he needs with the help of modern technology. However, man still has to take raw materials from nature for production and, in fact, depends on nature more than ever for such irreplaceable resources as coal, oil, and so on.2)According to the author, the present relationship between man and nature is not as harmoniousas before, as the previous dynamic balance between man and nature and between nature and society as a whole has shown ominous signs of breaking down. It is increasingly difficult to obtain irreplaceable natural resources for the needs of production and to eliminate industrial waste.3)The distinct feature of modern technology is the increasing abundance of produced and usedsynthetic goods. With modern technology, man has produced and consumed more synthetic goods than he needs, which has severely polluted nature.4)According to the author, the solution lies in rational and wise organization of both productionitself and care for Mother Nature by all humanity. One of the ways to deal with the crisis is to use natural resources such as solar energy and the power of winds.5)The author takes a negative attitude towards human transformation of nature. According to thepassage, man’s transformation has brought about fatal destruction to nature. Nature is being exhausted in resources, contaminated by synthetic products, and troubled by ecological imbalance.Exercise 2: Text A can be divided into four parts with the paragraph number(s) of each part provided as follows. Write down the main idea of each part.Part Paragraph(s) Main IdeaI1-2 Man lives in the realm of nature. He is connected with natureby “blood” ties and he cannot live outside nature.II3-4 As society develops, man tends to become less dependent on nature directly, while indirectly his dependence grows because it is increasingly difficult to obtain irreplaceable natural resources for the needs of production.III5-7 At present Mother Nature is being exhausted in resources, contaminated by synthetic products, and troubled by ecological imbalance. The previous dynamic balance between man and nature and between nature and society as a whole has shown ominous signs of breaking down.IV 8-9 The solution to man-nature relation lies in rational and wise organization of both production itself and care for Mother Nature by all humanity.Section B In-depth StudyNature nurtures mankind unselfishly with its rich resources. Yet, man is so carried away in his transformation of nature that he is unaware that it also has limitations and needs constant care. Now worn by the excessive demands of mankind, nature is unable to maintain the ecological balance needed. Humanity is faced with the problem of how to stop, or at least to moderate, the destruction of Mother Nature.Man in the Realm of NatureAlexander Spirkin1 Human beings live in the realm of nature. They are constantly surrounded by it and interact with it. Man is constantly aware of the influence of nature in the form of the air he breathes, the water he drinks, and the food he eats. We are connected with nature by “blood” ties and we cannot live outside nature.2 Man is not only a dweller in nature, he also transforms it. Humanity converts nature’s wealth into the means of the cultural, historical life of society. Man has subdued and disciplined electricity and compelled it to serve the interests of society. Not only has man transferred various species of plants and animals to different climatic conditions, he has also changed the shape and climate of his environment and transformed plants and animals.3 As society develops, man tends to become less dependent on nature directly, while indirectly his dependence grows. Our distant ancestors lived in fear of nature’s destructive forces. Very often they were unable to obtain the merest daily necessities. However, despite their imperfect tools, they worked together stubbornly, collectively, and were able to attain results. Nature was also changed through interaction with man. Forests were destroyed and the area of farmland increased. Nature with its elemental forces was regarded as something hostile to man. The forest, for example, was something wild and frightening and people tried to force it to retreat. This wasall done in the name of civilisation, which meant the places where man had made his home, where the earth was cultivated, where the forest had been cut down.4 But as time goes on mankind becomes increasingly concerned with the question of where and how to obtain irreplaceable natural resources for the needs of production. Science and man’s practical transforming activities have made humanity aware of the enormous geological role played by the industrial transformation of the earth.5 At present the previous dynamic balance between man and nature and between nature and society as a whole has shown ominous signs of breaking down. The problem of the so-called replaceable resources of the biosphere has become particularly acute. It is getting more and more difficult to satisfy the needs of human beings and society even for such a substance, for example, as fresh water. The problem of eliminating industrial waste is also becoming increasingly complex.6 Modern technology is distinguished by an ever increasing abundance of produced and used synthetic goods. Hundreds of thousands of synthetic materials are being made. People increasingly cover their bodies from head to foot in nylon and other synthetic, glittering fabrics that are obviously not good for them. Young people may hardly feel this, and they pay more attention to appearance than to health. But they become more aware of this harmful influence as they grow older.7 As time goes on the synthetic output of production turns into waste, and then substances that in their original form were not very toxic are transformed in the cycle of natural processes into aggressive agents. Today both natural scientists and philosophers are asking themselves the question: Is man’s destruction of the biosphere inevitable?8 The man-nature relation — the crisis of the ecological situation — is a global problem. Its solution lies in rational and wise organization of both production itself and care for Mother Nature, not just by individuals, enterprises or countries, but by all humanity. One of the ways to deal with the crisis situation in the “man-nature” system is to use such resources as solar energy, the power of winds, the riches of the seas and oceans and other as yet unknown natural forces of the universe.9 But to return to our theme, the bitter truth is that those human actions which violate the laws of nature, the harmony of the biosphere, threaten to bring disaster and this disaster may turn out to be universal. How apt then are the words of ancient Oriental wisdom: live closer to nature, my friends, and its eternal laws will protect you!▇课文参考译文人在自然界亚历山大·斯伯金1 人类生活在大自然的王国里。
英汉互译Lecture 1 (2)
General principle
• Translate literally, if possible, or appeal to free translation.
• 1）For Kino and Juana, this was the meaning of morning of their lives, comparable only to the day when the baby had been born. Literal translation: 在Kino和Juana看来,这 是他们一生中最了不起的早晨,只有宝宝 出生的那一天,才可以与之媲美. Free translation: Kino和Juana认为,这一天 非常重要.
More
• 1) It was an old and ragged moon. 是一个又老 又破的月亮. • 2) Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Word-for-word translation: 他的许多思想 对当代青年特别有趣. • 3)Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begin to breathe. Word-for-word translation: 老师一直在创 造中，当泥土开始呼吸。
Difference between word-for-word translation and literal translation
• Word-for-word translation: translate word by word without making any adjustment, starchy, stiff, unintelligible (死板、生硬、 难理解) • unacceptable, unqualified translation • Literal translation: make some necessary adjustment; smooth, clear & natural. Can have almost the same feeling as the SLR. • Acceptable, good translation
英语专业翻译【课件】
英汉对比与翻译: 1.包惠南、包昂《中国文化与汉英翻译》，外文2004. 2.陈定安《英汉比较与翻译》，中国对外翻译2006. 3.陈文伯《英汉成语对比与翻译》，世界知识2005. 4.何善芬《英汉语言对比研究》，上海外教社2002. 5.金惠康《跨文化交际翻译》，中国对外翻译2005. 6.李定坤《汉英辞格对比与翻译》，华中师大1994. 7.连淑能《英汉对比研究》，高等教育1993. 8.刘宓庆《新编汉英对比与翻译》，中国对外翻译2006. 9.潘文国《汉英语对比纲要》，北京语言大学2004. 10.彭宣维《英汉语篇综合对比》，上海外教社2000. 11.王德春《汉英谚语与文化》，上海外教社2001. 12.王菊泉、郑立信主编《英汉语言文化对比研究(1995-2003)》，上海外教社2004. 13.汪福祥《英美文化与英汉翻译》，外文2006. 14.王逢鑫《英汉比较语义学》，外文2001. 15.魏志成《英汉语比较导论》，上海外教社2003. 16.萧立明《英汉比较研究与翻译》，上海外教社2002. 17.熊文华，《汉英应用对比概论》，北京语言大学，1997. 18.杨丰宁《英汉语言比较与翻译》，天津大学2006. 19.张良军、王庆华、王蕾《实用英汉语言对比教程》，黑龙江人民2006. 20.赵世开主编《汉英对比语法论集》，上海外教社1999. 21.周志培《汉英对比与翻译中的转换》，华东理工2003. 22.朱永生、郑立信、苗兴伟《英汉语篇衔接手段对比研究》，上海外教社2001.
Hale Waihona Puke Lecture 1 Introduction
1.What is translation? 2.What is the function of translation? 3.Translation standards? 4.Translation methods? 5.The purposes of translation?
新视野大学英语读写教程第三版1课文翻译
Unit1 奔向更加光明的未来1 下午好！作为校长，我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。
你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果，也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。
在这所大学里，我们承诺将使你们学有所成。
2 在欢迎你们到来的这一刻，我想起自己高中毕业时的情景，还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。
妈妈吩咐我们：“姿势自然点。
”“等一等,”爸爸说，“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。
”在大学期间，那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。
至今它还放在我办公室的桌子上。
3 让我来告诉你们,一些你们未必预料得到的事情。
你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯，怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。
你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣，你们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣！但是要记住：未来是建立在过去扎实的基础上的。
4 对你们而言，接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。
在这里，你们拥有丰富的资源：有来自全国各地的有趣的学生，有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师，有综合性图书馆，有完备的运动设施，还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。
你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。
你们要学着习惯点灯熬油，学着结交充满魅力的人，学着去追求新的爱好。
我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历，并用你们的干劲和热情去收获这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。
5 有这么多课程可供选择，你可能会不知所措。
你不可能选修所有的课程，但是要尽可能体验更多的课程！大学里有很多事情可做可学，每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世界。
如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话，那就是：挑战自己！不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。
选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。
这样，你不仅会变得更加博学，而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。
一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇，她最初学的是艺术史。
随着时间的推移，王薇薇把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来，并将其转化为对设计的热情，从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。
Lecture 1-8(中英)
Lecture One 定语从句Other government activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitution and laws.各州都有自己的宪法和法律，承担政府的其他职能。
Within each state are counties, townships, cities and villages, each of which has its own elective government.各州下属辖县，镇，市，村，皆有其民选政府。
一．省略法1.One of the features of London is the number of big stores, most of which are to be found inor near the West End.伦敦一大特色是大商店多，大多数位于西区及其周边地区。
2.Another feature of London’s shopping life is the chain store, in which prices are low and awide variety of goods are offered.伦敦购物生活另一特色是连锁店，里面价格低廉，提供各种商品。
3.Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the sensational,which feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events.美国报纸和其他国家一样，既有耸人听闻的小报，报道犯罪，色情和小道消息，也有严肃报刊，聚焦实事新闻，分析国际时事。
新视野大学英语读写教程第三版1课文翻译
Unit1 奔向更加光明的未来1 下午好！作为校长，我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。
你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果，也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。
在这所大学里，我们承诺将使你们学有所成。
2 在欢迎你们到来的这一刻，我想起自己高中毕业时的情景，还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。
妈妈吩咐我们：“姿势自然点。
”“等一等,”爸爸说，“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。
”在大学期间，那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。
至今它还放在我办公室的桌子上。
3 让我来告诉你们,一些你们未必预料得到的事情。
你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯，怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。
你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣，你们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣！但是要记住：未来是建立在过去扎实的基础上的。
4 对你们而言，接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。
在这里，你们拥有丰富的资源：有来自全国各地的有趣的学生，有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师，有综合性图书馆，有完备的运动设施，还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。
你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。
你们要学着习惯点灯熬油，学着结交充满魅力的人，学着去追求新的爱好。
我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历，并用你们的干劲和热情去收获这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。
5 有这么多课程可供选择，你可能会不知所措。
你不可能选修所有的课程，但是要尽可能体验更多的课程！大学里有很多事情可做可学，每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世界。
如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话，那就是：挑战自己！不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。
选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。
这样，你不仅会变得更加博学，而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。
一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇，她最初学的是艺术史。
随着时间的推移，王薇薇把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来，并将其转化为对设计的热情，从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。
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跳伞处 "Site of jumping umbrella" (paragliding site) 小心台阶 “pay attention to the steps” （mind the steps） 紧急出口 “No entry on peacetime” (Emergency exits) 请勿打扰 “Don’t bother.” (Don’t disturb.) 请爱护花草 "Cherishing Flowers and Trees" • (keep off the grass.) • • • • • • • • •
Alexander F. Tytler (泰特勒， 英 国)
• 1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. (译文 应该完全传达原文的意思。) • 2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.（译文 的风格和笔调应与原文的一致。） • 3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (译文应像原文一样流畅。)
Translation criteria
• 严复：信，达，雅（faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance) • 鲁迅：易解、保持原作的风姿 • 林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 • 傅雷：神似说（spiritual conformity） • 钱钟书：化境说 (sublimed adaptation) • 许渊冲：三美说（意美、音美、形美） • 泰特勒：翻译三原则 • 费道罗夫等：等值论 (translation equivalence) • 奈达：读者反应论 (dynamic equivalence) • General criteria：忠实、通顺
许渊冲
有史以来将中国历代诗词译成英、法 韵文的惟一专家。 译著主要有《唐宋词选一百首》 （1987），《中国古诗词三百首》 (1999)。英文译著主要有《西厢记》 （1992）、《诗经》（1993）、《宋 词三百首》（1993）、《楚辞》 （1994）、《中国古诗词六百首》 （1994）、《汉魏六朝诗一百五十首》 （1995）、《元明清诗一百五十首》 （1997）、《唐诗三百首》（2000） 和《新编千家诗》（2000）等。 For more information, click : /html/200 8-10/27569p2.html
杨宪益、戴乃迭
朱生豪（1912—1944）
• 朱生豪的翻译态度严肃认真， 以“求于最大可能之范围内， 保持原作之神韵”为其宗旨。 译笔流畅，文词华丽。பைடு நூலகம்所 译的《莎士比亚戏剧全集》 是迄今我国莎士比亚作品的 最完整的、质量较好的译本。
季羡林（1911--2009）
• • • • • • 主要译著： 《罗摩衍那》 《沙恭达罗》 《五卷书》 《优哩婆湿》 《安娜·西格斯短篇 小说集》
Xuan Zang
• The Buddhist scriptures
Yan Fu
• Yan Fu was the first Chinese who made a penetrating（敏锐 的） and relatively systematic study of translation standard in modern times. • Evolution and Ethics（《天演 论》） • The Wealth of Nations 《国富论》
许渊冲译作欣赏
• • • • 天净沙 秋思 枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家。 古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下 断肠人在天涯。
• Autumn thoughts • Over old trees wreathed with rotten vines fly evening crows; • Under a small bridge near a cottage a stream flows; • On ancient road in the west wind a lean horse goes. • Westward declines the sun; • Far, far from home is the heartbroken one.
Version B
• • • • • • Autumn thoughts Withered vines, old trees, evening crows; Tiny bridge, flowing brook, hamlet homes; Ancient road, wind from west, bony horse; The sun is setting, Broken man, far from home, roams and roams. ------by Zhao Zhentao
Elevator instructions
• E.g. The market for the (tea) company’s products consisted of young people, women between the ages of 18 and 49, and older people who wanted a warm drink that was caffeine-free. • Version 1: 这家公司产品的市场有年轻人、 18至49岁之间的妇女和想喝不含咖啡因的 热饮的老人组成。 • Version 2: 这家（茶叶）公司的销售对象是 ，爱喝不含咖啡因热茶的18至49岁的年轻 妇女已经49岁以上的顾客。
Version A
• Sky-----clear Sand Autumn Thoughts • Withered vines, old trees, crows at dusk; • A small bridge, a lean horse in the west wind. • The evening sun sinking in the west ----- A heart-broken traveller still at world’s end. • ------------- by Sherwin S.S Fu
翻译第一讲
The nature of translation
• I. Translation is not a word for word activity • 她现在非常红. She is very red now. • (She is very popular now.) • 你给我站住！You Give Me Stop!! • (Stand!) • 蠢蠢欲動。 Stupid stupid want to move . • (Be ready to do sth.(bad)) • 寒暄 coldly talk for a while • (to exchange greetings and make small talk )
Multi-criteria
• 绝对标准——原作 • 最高标准——最佳近似度（the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style） • 具体标准——根据原作的性质、译作读者 群、译者水平等来定