交通运输与物流专业英语中英文

Text A The role of transportation

Transportation is foundational to the development and operation of a modern society. It permits the specialization of work effort necessary to achieve efficiency and productivity. Geographically distant resources become accessible with transportation. The economic growth of any society is directly related to the availability of transportation.

交通运输作为现代社会发展和运行的基础实现了分工的专业化，从而提高了工作效率和生产率。通过交通运输，在地理位置上显得遥不可及的地理资源也变得唾手可得。在任何社会，其经济的增长与交通便利性密不可分。

There are many different definitions of transportation in various books and dictionaries. However, the common element among these definitions is movement-the change of the physical location of goods or passengers. Therefore, transportation can be defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another in this context. Products must be moved from the location where they were produced to the location where they are consumed. People must move from the location where they live to the location where they want to take part in a certain activity. We need transportation in order to survive and improve our standard of living. Transportation affects our economic, social, and political development.

在不同的书籍和字典中对于交通运输有不同的定义。然而，在各种定义中，它们都有一个共同点，即移动——货物或乘客在物理位置上的改变。因此，在本文中交通运输被定义为乘客或货物从一个地方到另一个地方的移动。货物必须从生产地运输到消费地，人类要从居住地到另一地点参加某项活动。我们不断地移动以维持生存、提高生活条件。交通运输影响着我们的经济，社会以及政策发展。

Survival

To survive, a person consumes products. Products need to be obtained from the nature or need to be processed. Given the person must perform some of these activities to survive, he/she needs transportation to accomplish his/her activities. In reality, nature imposes two conditions that force the use of some kind of transportation. First, a person needs more than one product to survive. Second, nature does not supply all of the needs at the same location. Thus, to perform all of the activities required for consumptions, transportation becomes necessary.

人类必须消耗资源以维持生存。这些资源或者从自然中获得，或者由人类生产得来。如果人类必须从事类似这样的活动以维持生存，那么他/她就必须通过移动来完成。事实上，在自然环境中存在两个强加条件迫使人类采取某种方式的移动运输，第一：人类维持生存需要不止一种资源；第二：在自然环境下所有必需的资源不可能在同一个地方。因此，为了完成各种消费活动，移动运输必不可少。

The earliest form of transportation was the movement of people. People move to search food and a favorable climate. The American Indians migrated from Asia into North America through the Bering Straits and Alaska is an example. Gradually, the emphasis shifted from the movement of people to the movement of goods. Today, most of the population in the world expects that the goods will be transported to them through some transportation modes.

最早的移动形式是人类的移动。人类不断地移动以寻找食物和更宜居的天气条件，美国印第安人通过白令海峡(Bering Straits)从亚洲移民到北美洲就是一个很好的例子。渐渐地，移动的主体由人类转向了货物。在今天，全世界大部分的人们都希望货物能够通过某种方式运到他们的手中。

It is necessary to point out that as transportation efficiency increase, it has a direct and positive effect on the individual's ability of survival, even under very primitive conditions. It is also worthwhile to point out that people in our modern society seek much more than mere survival. They strive for a better standard of living and life-style width less time and efforts. Specialization is one means to achieve the goal.

值得指出的是，随着运输效率的提升，它对人类个体的生存能力有着直接积极的影响，即使是在非常原始的环境中也同样如此。同时需要指出的是，在现代社会中，人类需要的不再仅仅是怎样保证生存，更多的是在寻求怎样以更少的时间和精力创造出更好的生活条件和生活方式。其中专业化就是实现这个目标的一种方式。

Specialization

Specialization is defined as allowing human or physical resources to perform the tasks for which they are best suited. For example, if a person is particularly adept at farming, then the society should allow him to farm. If a certain geographic region is suitable for growing wheat, then the society should grow id in that area. Specification can bring many benefits. The overall efficiency of society is improved because fewer resources are employed to reproduce the desired output. The result is that less effort is expended to produce a particular product. Thus, specialization is a desired goal for society because it increases efficiency and directly improves our standard of living.

专业化的定义是，使人或物资用于最适合它们的地方。例如，如果一个人善于从事农业生产，那么他更适合务农；如果一个地方更适合种植小麦，那么这个地方就应该用于种植小麦。专业化可以带来许多的益处，由于更少的资源用于生产某些特定的商品，整个社会的效率提高了，结果是花费更少的精力去生产某些特定产品。因此，专业化是一个社会追求的目标，既提高了效率，又直接改善了我们的生活条件。

The benefits of specialization can be gained through either economies of scale or geographic specialization. Economies of scale are realized when a large volume of the same type of commodity is produced in one location at one time. Geographic specialization involves using particular region to produce specific products.

通过规模经济效益或者地理位置上的专业化能够实现专业化带来的益处。当在同一时间同一