英文文献阅读ppt
合集下载
英文文献报告PPT模板
Detailed introduction to the experimental
02
design and implementation process of theme
three
03
Evaluate the experimental results and
conclusions of Topic Three
Research field
Covering multiple disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, etc., mainly focusing on the application and progress of XXX theme in various fields.
STEP 03
This can include the position, unit, or school name of the reporter.
If necessary, you can add your contact information or email address below your name.
英文文献报告ppt模 板
• cover • catalogue • Literature review • research method • Research findings and discussions • conclusion • References • Thanks
目录
Part
01
Theme Four
01
Introduce the research field and current situation of Topic Four
如何查找中英文文献PPT参考课件
文献，检索式为 hepatitis B virus(乙肝病毒) not human(人类)。
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如何搜索英文文献
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Pubmed(public +medicine)
生物医学研究领域应用最广泛也最重要的数据库, 由美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）下属的美国国立医 学图书馆（NLM）的国家生物技术信息中心（ NCBI）开发、维护;
检索：可以是主题，可以 是作者，可以是刊名
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检索作者：作者姓 空格 名字首字母缩写
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google
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向作者索要
可以根据第一作者的Email地址给作者去封信，先 把对方的文章大大的吹捧一番，说它如何如何 exciting，如何如何innovative，对自己的研究 如何如何重要，然后说自己目前无法access to the full text，最后非常肯切地请求他能否通过 email把全文寄来。
面向全世界免费提供最新的生物医学信息,每周5天 更新数据，检索功能完善，使用方便;与PubMed 挂钩的出版商会自动向PubMed提供最新的文献摘 要，而往往在这个时候文献还没有正式出版。
收录全世界80多个国家5200多种生物医学期刊的 文摘及题录数据
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pubmed 绝大部分可回溯至1948年，最早回溯至1865年,
作用是缩小检索范围，提高查准率； 例如，查找“胰岛素治疗糖尿病”的文献，检
索式为 insulin(胰岛素) and diabetes(糖尿病)。
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如何搜索英文文献
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Pubmed(public +medicine)
生物医学研究领域应用最广泛也最重要的数据库, 由美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）下属的美国国立医 学图书馆（NLM）的国家生物技术信息中心（ NCBI）开发、维护;
检索：可以是主题，可以 是作者，可以是刊名
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检索作者：作者姓 空格 名字首字母缩写
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向作者索要
可以根据第一作者的Email地址给作者去封信，先 把对方的文章大大的吹捧一番，说它如何如何 exciting，如何如何innovative，对自己的研究 如何如何重要，然后说自己目前无法access to the full text，最后非常肯切地请求他能否通过 email把全文寄来。
面向全世界免费提供最新的生物医学信息,每周5天 更新数据，检索功能完善，使用方便;与PubMed 挂钩的出版商会自动向PubMed提供最新的文献摘 要，而往往在这个时候文献还没有正式出版。
收录全世界80多个国家5200多种生物医学期刊的 文摘及题录数据
25
pubmed 绝大部分可回溯至1948年，最早回溯至1865年,
作用是缩小检索范围，提高查准率； 例如，查找“胰岛素治疗糖尿病”的文献，检
索式为 insulin(胰岛素) and diabetes(糖尿病)。
拟南芥功能英文文献阅读PPT
2
ABSTRACT
Regulate
RNA Sliencing
mRNA abundance
miRNAs or siRNAs
(microRNAs or Small-interfering RNAs)
dsRNA (double-stranded RNA)
RDRs
ssRNA(single-stranded RNA)
The Functions of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases in Arabidopsis
The Arabidopsis Book July 31, 2011 -2011 American Society of Plant Biologists
1
CONTENT
1 Abstract 2 Introduction 3 RDR Proteins In Arabidopsis Development 4 RDRS In Pathogen Resistance 5 RDRS In Abiotic Stress Response 6 Conclusion
3
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Classification of RDRs
RDR1
RDRα RDR2
RDR6
RDRs RDRβ
Hale Waihona Puke DLDGDRDR3
RDRγ RDR4
RDR5
1.2 RDRs in smRNA biogenesis
DFDGD
4
RNA诱导的DNA甲基化过程
hsiRNAs (heterochromatic siRNAs)
Figure 7. The expression patterns of all six Arabidopsis RDR genes in the stress conditions from tiling microarray experiments.
ABSTRACT
Regulate
RNA Sliencing
mRNA abundance
miRNAs or siRNAs
(microRNAs or Small-interfering RNAs)
dsRNA (double-stranded RNA)
RDRs
ssRNA(single-stranded RNA)
The Functions of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases in Arabidopsis
The Arabidopsis Book July 31, 2011 -2011 American Society of Plant Biologists
1
CONTENT
1 Abstract 2 Introduction 3 RDR Proteins In Arabidopsis Development 4 RDRS In Pathogen Resistance 5 RDRS In Abiotic Stress Response 6 Conclusion
3
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Classification of RDRs
RDR1
RDRα RDR2
RDR6
RDRs RDRβ
Hale Waihona Puke DLDGDRDR3
RDRγ RDR4
RDR5
1.2 RDRs in smRNA biogenesis
DFDGD
4
RNA诱导的DNA甲基化过程
hsiRNAs (heterochromatic siRNAs)
Figure 7. The expression patterns of all six Arabidopsis RDR genes in the stress conditions from tiling microarray experiments.
英文文献阅读ppt课件
9
阅读英文文献的方法—— 通过摘要获取文章大意
The US is well known for its reliance on having many of its students paying for most or sometimes the full costs of enrollment in higher education institutions, both public and private. The complexity of this student contribution scheme is often lost on foreign observers, many who focus on seemingly insurmountably high student debt levels.
Building a student loan scheme in China： Five lessons from the US student loan system
Organizational Culture in Higher Education： Defining the Essentials
验都有什么意义？
论）
C 如果是我得到这样的结果，我会得到
什么结论？
5
6.A 文章的结论是什么？和你想的差 异在哪里？ B结论可靠性如何？对原来的结论有 什么支持或变化？你如何评价？
7.A试验结果是否支持文章的结论？问 题、设计、方法和讨论的逻辑关系 是什么，作者是如何达到目的的？ B还有哪些问题没有得出结论？为什 么不确定？我能否进一步确定？ C文章是如何描述结果、如何解析图 表趋势，论据如何组合，如何表达 自己的观点？
法是否符合论证命题的需要？ B通过这个方法，你觉得大概能得到 怎样的结果？ C是否有能得到更好结果的方法或更
阅读英文文献的方法—— 通过摘要获取文章大意
The US is well known for its reliance on having many of its students paying for most or sometimes the full costs of enrollment in higher education institutions, both public and private. The complexity of this student contribution scheme is often lost on foreign observers, many who focus on seemingly insurmountably high student debt levels.
Building a student loan scheme in China： Five lessons from the US student loan system
Organizational Culture in Higher Education： Defining the Essentials
验都有什么意义？
论）
C 如果是我得到这样的结果，我会得到
什么结论？
5
6.A 文章的结论是什么？和你想的差 异在哪里？ B结论可靠性如何？对原来的结论有 什么支持或变化？你如何评价？
7.A试验结果是否支持文章的结论？问 题、设计、方法和讨论的逻辑关系 是什么，作者是如何达到目的的？ B还有哪些问题没有得出结论？为什 么不确定？我能否进一步确定？ C文章是如何描述结果、如何解析图 表趋势，论据如何组合，如何表达 自己的观点？
法是否符合论证命题的需要？ B通过这个方法，你觉得大概能得到 怎样的结果？ C是否有能得到更好结果的方法或更
文献阅读报告PPT课件
13
CONTENT
论文背景及意义
The background and significance
5
CONTENT
论文背景及意义
The background and significance
论文综述
The Paper reviews
研究方法
The research methods
论题总结
The summary
6
Test principle
Hole-drilling method
图一
论文综述
The Paper reviews
图二
7
论文综述
The Paper reviews
8
Nominal specimen dimensions
论文综述
The Paper reviews
图三
9
图四
论文综述
The Paper reviews
图五
10
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
表一
论文综述
The Paper reviews
11
amount which was determined using elastic method. Namely, the real stress values (σ) equals the measured stress values after the tube is stripped (σ′) plus the correction amount (Δσ)。
2
C O N TE N T
论文背景及意义
The background and significance
论文综述
The Paper reviews
CONTENT
论文背景及意义
The background and significance
5
CONTENT
论文背景及意义
The background and significance
论文综述
The Paper reviews
研究方法
The research methods
论题总结
The summary
6
Test principle
Hole-drilling method
图一
论文综述
The Paper reviews
图二
7
论文综述
The Paper reviews
8
Nominal specimen dimensions
论文综述
The Paper reviews
图三
9
图四
论文综述
The Paper reviews
图五
10
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
表一
论文综述
The Paper reviews
11
amount which was determined using elastic method. Namely, the real stress values (σ) equals the measured stress values after the tube is stripped (σ′) plus the correction amount (Δσ)。
2
C O N TE N T
论文背景及意义
The background and significance
论文综述
The Paper reviews
英文文献阅读PPT课件
.
7
7
3. Results
• Sex disparities (M:F=1.5~3) • except for Uganda (M:F=1.3) • Japan with highest rate •France with greatest sex (M: F=2.7)
.
8
8
(1) In 2003–2007, SC incidence was highest in Eastern Asian and South American countries and lowest in South-Western Asia,Western European and Oceana countries.
.
1
1
1. Purpose and backgroud 2. Material and Methods 3. Results 4. Discussion
.
2
2
1. Purpose and backgroud
• Purpose(目的): The aim of this study was to provide a global geographical picture of SC incidence and temporal trends from1978 to 2007 for 38 countries providing data, with an emphasis on country- and sex-specific differences.
(2) Rates were heterogeneous within 11 regions, ranging from 6.1 in the United States to 26.5 in Costa Rica(哥斯达黎加) for males and from 3.0 in the United States to 15.0 in Costa Rica for females.
英文文献阅读(课堂PPT)
3.A通过图表，你会得到什么结论？ B图表说明什么问题？能否说明该问 题？自己要得到这张图会用什么方 法？作者用的是什么方法？ C你能够重新画出这张图，用自己的 语言表达吗？
Introduction （引言）
Picture （图片）
4
4.A作者采用什么方法来解决这个问题？
假设是什么？理论依据是什么？这些方
验都有什么意义？
论）
C 如果是我得到这样的结果，我会得到
什么结论？
5
6.A 文章的结论是什么？和你想的差 异在哪里？ B结论可靠性如何？对原来的结论有 什么支持或变化？你如何评价？
7.A试验结果是否支持文章的结论？问 题、设计、方法和讨论的逻辑关系 是什么，作者是如何达到目的的？ B还有哪些问题没有得出结论？为什 么不确定？我能否进一步确定？ C文章是如何描述结果、如何解析图 表趋势，论据如何组合，如何表达 自己的观点？
——Building a student loan scheme in China： Five lessons from the US student loan system
10
阅读英文文献的方法—— 通过引言获取文章大意
With China being now the largest source country for internationaly mobile students, transnational higher education is also phenomenal on the Chinese soil. By April 2011, there are 579 licensed(by the Ministry of Education) TNHE programs or institutions at bachelor’s degree level or above in China, operated jointly between Chinese universities and their foreign partners (MOE, 15 April 2011). There could be even more at sub-degree level, which are subject to approval by local education authorities and become hard to trace down. They come inevitably with many concomitant issues and challenges, which, in turn, have stirred an increasing research interest. The research so far, however, focuses on aspects of policies or policy changes of Chinese government and operational issues at the institutional level. There are few attempts to question or challenge why these transnational higher education activities are happening on Chinese soil., whether they bring in what is needed by Chinese society and higher education, and how they may contribute to the progress of Chinese system. Put in another way, the current research seems to have proclaimed the doominant TNHE patterns and practices are fine and thus the focus should be placed on their improvements. This paper attempts to fill out this gap by suggesting a critical culturalist research agenda on transnational higher education in China, and cite such perspectives as neo-liberalism, post-colonialism and the culturalist approach as potential theoretical tools that underpin such aresearch agenda.
Introduction （引言）
Picture （图片）
4
4.A作者采用什么方法来解决这个问题？
假设是什么？理论依据是什么？这些方
验都有什么意义？
论）
C 如果是我得到这样的结果，我会得到
什么结论？
5
6.A 文章的结论是什么？和你想的差 异在哪里？ B结论可靠性如何？对原来的结论有 什么支持或变化？你如何评价？
7.A试验结果是否支持文章的结论？问 题、设计、方法和讨论的逻辑关系 是什么，作者是如何达到目的的？ B还有哪些问题没有得出结论？为什 么不确定？我能否进一步确定？ C文章是如何描述结果、如何解析图 表趋势，论据如何组合，如何表达 自己的观点？
——Building a student loan scheme in China： Five lessons from the US student loan system
10
阅读英文文献的方法—— 通过引言获取文章大意
With China being now the largest source country for internationaly mobile students, transnational higher education is also phenomenal on the Chinese soil. By April 2011, there are 579 licensed(by the Ministry of Education) TNHE programs or institutions at bachelor’s degree level or above in China, operated jointly between Chinese universities and their foreign partners (MOE, 15 April 2011). There could be even more at sub-degree level, which are subject to approval by local education authorities and become hard to trace down. They come inevitably with many concomitant issues and challenges, which, in turn, have stirred an increasing research interest. The research so far, however, focuses on aspects of policies or policy changes of Chinese government and operational issues at the institutional level. There are few attempts to question or challenge why these transnational higher education activities are happening on Chinese soil., whether they bring in what is needed by Chinese society and higher education, and how they may contribute to the progress of Chinese system. Put in another way, the current research seems to have proclaimed the doominant TNHE patterns and practices are fine and thus the focus should be placed on their improvements. This paper attempts to fill out this gap by suggesting a critical culturalist research agenda on transnational higher education in China, and cite such perspectives as neo-liberalism, post-colonialism and the culturalist approach as potential theoretical tools that underpin such aresearch agenda.
英文文献阅读(课堂PPT)
2
阅读英文文献的基本要求
词汇 post-secondary primary education\ elementary education Secondary education (middle school\ junior senior
high school) Post-secondary education\ higher education 语法(S+V+O) 背景知识
7.A试验结果是否支持文章的结论？问 题、设计、方法和讨论的逻辑关系 是什么，作者是如何达到目的的？ B还有哪些问题没有得出结论？为什 么不确定？我能否进一步确定？ C文章是如何描述结果、如何解析图 表趋势，论据如何组合，如何表达 自己的观点？
conclusion
比较结果和结论
6
8.和同类文献，有什么共同点和不 同点？
Organizational Culture in Higher Education： Defining the Essentials
9
阅读英文文献的方法—— 通过摘要获取文章大意
The US is well known for its reliance on having many of its students paying for most or sometimes the full costs of enrollment in higher education institutions, both public and private. The complexity of this student contribution scheme is often lost on foreign observers, many who focus on seemingly insurmountably high student debt levels.
阅读英文文献的基本要求
词汇 post-secondary primary education\ elementary education Secondary education (middle school\ junior senior
high school) Post-secondary education\ higher education 语法(S+V+O) 背景知识
7.A试验结果是否支持文章的结论？问 题、设计、方法和讨论的逻辑关系 是什么，作者是如何达到目的的？ B还有哪些问题没有得出结论？为什 么不确定？我能否进一步确定？ C文章是如何描述结果、如何解析图 表趋势，论据如何组合，如何表达 自己的观点？
conclusion
比较结果和结论
6
8.和同类文献，有什么共同点和不 同点？
Organizational Culture in Higher Education： Defining the Essentials
9
阅读英文文献的方法—— 通过摘要获取文章大意
The US is well known for its reliance on having many of its students paying for most or sometimes the full costs of enrollment in higher education institutions, both public and private. The complexity of this student contribution scheme is often lost on foreign observers, many who focus on seemingly insurmountably high student debt levels.
文献阅读PPT_图文
因此，提高产业集聚程度、构建和完善创新网络平台对于提升集群 企业竞争力尤为重要。
请大家看看这则摘要中缺少了什么？
例3：大学生手机初购与再购行为差异的影响因 素分析（修改前）
中国的手机市场正从初购者为主新兴市场向以初购、再购者并重的
成熟市场转变，大学生手机市场在面对整个环境转变的的形势下所表
现的统一性和独特性都具有重要的研究意义。大学生手机初购与再购
（帮助你得到分析框架）
请大家试着分解下列题目检索词
1 不对称营销渠道环境下的中国家电企业产品创新策略研究 2 电子商务环境下复合渠道冲突与协调机制研究 3 互联网环境下制造商双渠道定价与协调机制研究 4 基于品牌竞争的供应链混合渠道选择与协调研究 5 服务决策与信息决策对渠道绩效的影响研究 6 多渠道零售商在线渠道与传统渠道交互作用研究——品牌视角
设置“文件夹”，归类整理“干货”
文献综述的技巧
技巧三：按照问题来组织文献综述
在做文献综述时，头脑时刻要清醒：我要解 决什么问题，人家是怎么解决问题的，说的有没 有道理。
在文献的丛林中开辟指向问题“捷径”
“大综述”与“小综述”的区别：
“大综述”
较为宏观的，涉及的范围为整个领域、专业或某一大 的研究方向，经常会发在专门发Review的杂志上，或者 是在Handbook里。
本文将借鉴“属性感知→ 价值判断→态度形成→行为意向”的消费决策过 程，探索导致大学生在手机初购与再购行为差异的影响因素。文章将首先采 用专家调查法来确定影响大学生手机消费的影响因素，接着通过T-检验来验 证这些因素对大学生手机初购与再购行为影响的差异。通过对110名大学生 手机初购和再购行为的影响因素的实际调查，文章发现品牌声誉、手机价格 、手机功能、手机质量、外观设计、社会从众心理、情感价值、手机企业的 宣传是影响大学生手机消费的影响因素，且这些因素对初购行为和再购行为 的影响有显著性的差异。
请大家看看这则摘要中缺少了什么？
例3：大学生手机初购与再购行为差异的影响因 素分析（修改前）
中国的手机市场正从初购者为主新兴市场向以初购、再购者并重的
成熟市场转变，大学生手机市场在面对整个环境转变的的形势下所表
现的统一性和独特性都具有重要的研究意义。大学生手机初购与再购
（帮助你得到分析框架）
请大家试着分解下列题目检索词
1 不对称营销渠道环境下的中国家电企业产品创新策略研究 2 电子商务环境下复合渠道冲突与协调机制研究 3 互联网环境下制造商双渠道定价与协调机制研究 4 基于品牌竞争的供应链混合渠道选择与协调研究 5 服务决策与信息决策对渠道绩效的影响研究 6 多渠道零售商在线渠道与传统渠道交互作用研究——品牌视角
设置“文件夹”，归类整理“干货”
文献综述的技巧
技巧三：按照问题来组织文献综述
在做文献综述时，头脑时刻要清醒：我要解 决什么问题，人家是怎么解决问题的，说的有没 有道理。
在文献的丛林中开辟指向问题“捷径”
“大综述”与“小综述”的区别：
“大综述”
较为宏观的，涉及的范围为整个领域、专业或某一大 的研究方向，经常会发在专门发Review的杂志上，或者 是在Handbook里。
本文将借鉴“属性感知→ 价值判断→态度形成→行为意向”的消费决策过 程，探索导致大学生在手机初购与再购行为差异的影响因素。文章将首先采 用专家调查法来确定影响大学生手机消费的影响因素，接着通过T-检验来验 证这些因素对大学生手机初购与再购行为影响的差异。通过对110名大学生 手机初购和再购行为的影响因素的实际调查，文章发现品牌声誉、手机价格 、手机功能、手机质量、外观设计、社会从众心理、情感价值、手机企业的 宣传是影响大学生手机消费的影响因素，且这些因素对初购行为和再购行为 的影响有显著性的差异。
英文文献报告PPT课件
Part 2 -1 Learn professional vocabularies
Professional vocabulary learning
1.多壁碳纳米管：Multiwalled carbon natotubes 2.聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯：Polyethylene terephthalate 3.五氧化二磷（P2O5）：phosphorus pentoxide 4.原位聚合：Situ synthesis 5.界面聚合：interfacial polymerization 6.多功能化：mutifuntionation 7.均匀分散：homogeneous dispersion 8.熔融纺丝： melt-spinning
❖ It is significant to improve the carbon micro-spheres performance and development of new fields of application to research the formation mechanism of the carbon spheres, as well as the structure and performance of the relationship.
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Part 4 Topics and research directions
Hydrothermal carbonization
Cotton fabric or fiber
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Carbon microspheres
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如何阅读与写作英文文献ppt课件
(Take EST as an example)
References
Provide for review copies of any references that are in obscure publications or are unpublished.
Avoid references to works that have not been peer-reviewed. Give complete information, using abbreviations for titles of
Write the Literature
(Take EST as an example)
Title
ES&T will enforce two lines limit for the title. The main style of English title is phrase, especialy noun
graphic (e.g., Figure1, Figure2, or Scheme1 would contain the artwork for the graphic in Figure 1, Figure 2, or Scheme 1, respectively).
Write the Literature
Articles are expected to be clear, concise, and comprehensive (not a fragmented story).
Repetitive statements or excessive verbiage is forbidden(often adjectives).
Read the Literature
References
Provide for review copies of any references that are in obscure publications or are unpublished.
Avoid references to works that have not been peer-reviewed. Give complete information, using abbreviations for titles of
Write the Literature
(Take EST as an example)
Title
ES&T will enforce two lines limit for the title. The main style of English title is phrase, especialy noun
graphic (e.g., Figure1, Figure2, or Scheme1 would contain the artwork for the graphic in Figure 1, Figure 2, or Scheme 1, respectively).
Write the Literature
Articles are expected to be clear, concise, and comprehensive (not a fragmented story).
Repetitive statements or excessive verbiage is forbidden(often adjectives).
Read the Literature
英文文献讲解最终版PPT课件
作为新的候选植物化学物质，可以通过调节FATP2对NAFLD起治疗作用。
学习总结
经常不断地学习,你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量 Study Constantly, And You Will Know Everything. The More
You Know, The More Powerful You Will Be
However, apart from weight loss, there isn't effective treatment for NAFLD. Anti-NAFLD drugs (such as statin and fibrate, etc.) have a high risk and side effects of cardiovascular events and nervous system, and and are unsuited for long supplementation[13].Phytochemicals are attracting increasing attention because of their health benefits and relatively lower toxicity, and are thought to be suitable for long supplementation
Materials and methods
Animals and animal treatments
实验方法
实验结果
新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠体重、摄食量和能量摄入量的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠器官和脂肪组织的相对重量的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠血清生化检测的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠肝脏和粪便脂质的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠肝脏中氧化指标的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠肝脏脂肪、全身脂肪以及棕色脂肪的
学习总结
经常不断地学习,你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量 Study Constantly, And You Will Know Everything. The More
You Know, The More Powerful You Will Be
However, apart from weight loss, there isn't effective treatment for NAFLD. Anti-NAFLD drugs (such as statin and fibrate, etc.) have a high risk and side effects of cardiovascular events and nervous system, and and are unsuited for long supplementation[13].Phytochemicals are attracting increasing attention because of their health benefits and relatively lower toxicity, and are thought to be suitable for long supplementation
Materials and methods
Animals and animal treatments
实验方法
实验结果
新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠体重、摄食量和能量摄入量的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠器官和脂肪组织的相对重量的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠血清生化检测的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠肝脏和粪便脂质的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠肝脏中氧化指标的影响; 新芒果苷对NAFLD大鼠肝脏脂肪、全身脂肪以及棕色脂肪的
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阅读英文文献的方法—— 通过摘要获取文章大意
The US is well known for its reliance on having many of its students paying for most or sometimes the full costs of enrollment in higher education institutions, both public and private. The complexity of this student contribution scheme is often lost on foreign observers, many who focus on seemingly insurmountably high student debt levels.
3.A通过图表，你会得到什么结论？ B图表说明什么问题？能否说明该问 题？自己要得到这张图会用什么方 法？作者用的是什么方法？ C你能够重新画出这张图，用自己的 语言表达吗？
Introduction （引言）
Picture （图片）
4.A作者采用什么方法来解决这个问题？
假设是什么？理论依据是什么？这些方
However, there are potential lessons regarding how the US has approached student financial aid over time. In the US, the student loan market of $460 billion and a student loan history stretching over decades is accompanied by expertise in lending facilities to help students pay for the costs of their degrees. As in any policy, this expertise was often accumulated through “trial and error,” and shaped by an American cultural generally more accepting of personal debt than in other parts of the world. A timely picture of the US student loan scheme is beneficial to China as it is expanding its student loan scheme. The US moved from largely a low tuition and student grant scheme prevalent in the 1960s, to a largely government and private sector loan program by the 1980s. How has this system worked? What policy advents and experiments might help in form policymaking in the area of financial aid?
总结
阅读英文文献的结构
标题 摘要、关键字 引言 分析与讨论 结语（结论） 参考文献
阅读英文文献的方法—— 通过标题把握文章主题及研究方向
Transnational Higher Education in China: towards a critical culturalist research agenda
Building a student loan scheme in China： Five lessons from the US student loan system
Organizational Culture in Higher Education： Defining the Essentials
浅析英文文献阅读方法
英文文献的特点
研究内容具有前瞻性 研究方法具有严谨性 多学科交叉水平高
阅读英文文献的基本要求
词汇 post-secondary primary education\ elementary education Secondary education (middle school\ junior senior
conclusion
比较结果和结论
8.和同类文献，回答
9.和以前的文献，作者思路上有什 么变化，下一步是什么？我能否 有进一步改进或者加入？
比较以前的文献
10.别人还有哪些地方没做？要是我 接着此方向继续做，哪些是在我 所在工作条件下可以做到的，哪 些必须要做，哪些别人肯定比我 做得更好更快？
high school) Post-secondary education\ higher education 语法(S+V+O) 背景知识
阅读英文文献的基本方法（十问）
1.论文主要解决的问题是什么 2.这个问题重要吗？为什么？（我为什么
要读这篇文献？是否有人做过？自己 会怎么设计方法来解决？）
验都有什么意义？
论）
C 如果是我得到这样的结果，我会得到
什么结论？
6.A 文章的结论是什么？和你想的差 异在哪里？ B结论可靠性如何？对原来的结论有 什么支持或变化？你如何评价？
7.A试验结果是否支持文章的结论？问 题、设计、方法和讨论的逻辑关系 是什么，作者是如何达到目的的？ B还有哪些问题没有得出结论？为什 么不确定？我能否进一步确定？ C文章是如何描述结果、如何解析图 表趋势，论据如何组合，如何表达 自己的观点？
法是否符合论证命题的需要？ B通过这个方法，你觉得大概能得到 怎样的结果？ C是否有能得到更好结果的方法或更
Abstract（摘要）
Conclusion（结 论）
简单的方法？
5.A这些设计能否满足需要？这种方法是
否存在缺陷？
Abstract（摘要）
B这些实验是如何组织起来的？每项实 Conclusion（结