北京师范大学民俗学博士试题
2014年北京师范大学文学院考博专业介绍,考博试题,试题解析
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050104 中国古典文献 学
①1101 英语 ②2297 汉语言 文字学（古代 汉语）③3072 文字学
①1101 英语或 1103 日语 ②2297 汉语言 文字学（古代 汉语）③3086 训诂学 ①1101 英语 ②2297 汉语言 文字学（古代 汉语）③3842 汉语语法学 ①1101 英语或 1102 俄语或 1103 日语 ②2041 汉语言 文字学（现代 汉语）③3796 现代汉语 ①1101 英语或 1102 俄语或 1103 日语 ②2041 汉语言 文字学（现代 汉语）③3093 汉语词汇
①1101 英语或 1102 俄语或 1103 日语 ②2291 中国古 代文论发展史 ③3791 西方文 学理论发展 史
同上
报考曹卫东老师的考生录取后享受北京师范大学人文 宗教高等研究院奖学金、助学金，具体见 /yjyjiangxuejintl.htm
【全国百所名校定向保录】 【才思教育由命题组领专业化辅导】
考博详解与指导
北京师范大学 2015 年博士生招生专业目录
地址：北京师范大学
单位代码：10027
邮政编码：100875
文学院主楼 B 区 710
联系部门：文学院 电话：58805596 联系人：康莉蓉
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专业代码、名 生 招生 考试科目
称及研究方向 导 人数
①1101 英语 ②2296 理论语 言学与应用语 言学③3793 现 代汉语与古代 汉语
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【全国百所名校定向保录】
李 01
国1 汉字学
英
齐 元1 涛 王 立1 军 周 晓1 文
李 02
运1 训诂学
富
03
刘
北京师范大学文学院考博真题-参考书-分数线-分析资料-复习方法-育明考博
北京师范大学文学院考博指导与分析一、北京师范大学文学院考博资讯北京师范大学的文学院招生人数为44人，每个导师限招一个人，其中报考曹卫东、朱小健老师的考生录取后，享受北京师范大学人文宗教高等研究院奖学金、助学金，具体见/yjyjiangxuejintl.htm。
（一）考试科目及各方向导师：1.030304民俗学研究方向01：理论民俗学。
导师分别是董晓萍。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。
（2）2289社会学原理（100%）。
（3）3801民俗学研究（100%）。
研究方向02：历史民俗学。
导师分别是萧放。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语或1103日语（100%）。
（2）2289社会学原理（100%）。
（3）3801民俗学研究（100%）。
2.040102课程与教学论研究方向01：语文教育。
导师分别是任翔、郑国民。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。
（2）2295语文教育学（100%）。
（3）3789语文教育史（100%）。
3.050101文艺学研究方向01：中西比较诗学。
导师分别是方维规、季广茂、赵勇。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语或1102俄语或1103日语（100%）。
（2）2291中国古代文论发展史（100%）。
（3）3791西方文学理论发展史（100%）。
研究方向02：文艺美学。
导师是陈太胜。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语或1102俄语或1103日语（100%）。
（3）3095现代文论与美学（100%）。
研究方向03：中国文化与诗学。
导师是李春青。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语或1102俄语或1103日语（100%）。
（2）2291中国古代文论发展史（100%）。
（3）3791西方文学理论发展史（100%）。
研究方向04：文化与传播研究。
导师是毛峰。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语或1102俄语或1103日语（100%）。
（2）2291中国古代文论发展史（100%）。
（3）3129文化与传播（100%）。
《民俗学》试卷
北京师范大学继续教育与教师培训学院网络教育期未考试《民俗学®试卷心虽AW业学检央粥7门中心肪］ &业：汉讥人乞学《救育）年级=nog 多凸评学弓：：0： 1335221☆ 金事咚水试恋満分：■分：考试10分忡：考试畛戌：■«.二.ranis（毎小腿io分.共：0分）I、举例说明民俗•冷、政令的区别.S：民俗的。
•约怜不足慕咐縄的参文.丽是桜人们的月慣心理和胖体力■來抵乖的・JI仔一种战力很強的慣性动力・・、名同解ff ＜毎小沟1分.井20分）1、汤创旺'cho&s）«：1846 年.(Thocs) ? r2.«金枝）n：金枝〉足英国艮俗学冰霍馮紳的巨58・俱伯了全世界无的例if・从而@示出脈木崇片城余在现代农民中的“征.M3.聊先空祀»：樽剜«杞是兒冲崇祀的一个主嬰内舂.“冲卩拎列JW 榔先瓣f堆时氏按・京躲« K& 0 行业製团5UH的顶礼脱幷.仏专用眼怖普：汕加⑹屮";、L*1 .庆典等不同的笛种传St民俗農愴・財＞1主«««在人生礼俗的K-tff节上.5.城箱ff：填搐・StttttM-天.女«Kh«ffi礼.父环将嫁女的IMt品一件件樹哥奴・由危锚一ttAffiiq・以示东曲都启冊便网◎带到姿彖力的.2、为”么的澈传慣件？S：人忖对尺俗的传播.以II承的、心盘的和仃为的人身夭st的一些功能作为手段. •、分折西＜H 20分）英国Jft尼（C・ S. Biuoe）立士在论〉（The Handbook Of Folklore）中说=“民俗学是一个♦«舌的名诃.典内形包拆仮盘的伫仰、习惯、故帕耿诱、文化松低的干文明民朕中无学伺阶级里的亲斷・”井爱饲・E里所描的仅是无彤的Z化ttBM.饱说：“ •尺搭’ 包溜尺众心理方血的1»材・与匚艺的技术无关.例如艮俗学的不是型的形狀.而足用«WHI 的仪式.不建滋II的钊迄而足祐夬捞鲍时衔19疔的禁忌・不足桥梁屛宇的Si«u・M足建做时所行的祭・-对这两段话分卅逍行评论・S：<n R俗作为・种超捉休的（«生恣文化J SM团.使它与一毗的丈化盘讲区别开來•展规出独希的闻采：-般的" ：宀円会生IS总是郴M而存花・保捋一段18离・iWK ••；；?•!箔水乳交#t・混同一体.（2）尺俗从一个角贋百.足一种文化的«U儿从另一个ftiftfi・又是朴会生活的一佩分.《3）、民俗在尺众中檢忖•并不是和…切民众育缘.民俗大乡只与一定的民众醉* 怖适稅・-览的民众醉*总是讯仃fl 色的民俗槎习・或行为IKK・这种民众胖体.大一点.ft! 是民族.>1、一些・即启区域民众.尺俗在讯行中带有斜明的尺族性与区域忤的样色.冋i件邢情.・不间Kftffl*的民俗反阀和农现是不冋的.廉至足相反的.即使足冃一尺族・不冋区域人群的尺俗畛式也倉有差H的.叫、H%e《共30分〉f典”潮川夹如几來的灾林.在城抱这场灾栈的过程中・人们为了邀免也染um・riia4形成了一些a好的生糾习愎・rtiUittfr方戌变得迥tn卫生.更抽地W、更加文明.这方而夹出的老现是分舉初・你认为分餐制能得到仔及均？从艮俗学的角度如以分折.答：IWI为分不篦IS生鋼艮俗她摘人们4『1/ $、长期IfttWW为门己朋务形点的见、«{?<«的生产T«s衣触眼怖、伙转◎品、目住交通、集用杂杯民何工艺孙沁它为…电斫冏保・血轮地取«»*人兴冋K期使用啊建伞定型•并在今点的实政中为人们所习愎曲用加鎳少发生敢变.（一〉中俗比牧：1・两种不冋的伙◎观念：曲方启一种理件饮a戏広・不论金紡的色、ft.味、形如何.啊背斧-•定要御到保证・iH 丸一天要扱毗乡少始■、抵生离・条。
民俗学考试题目和答案
民俗学考试题目和答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 民俗学的研究对象是什么？A. 民间信仰B. 民间文学C. 民间艺术D. 民间文化答案：D2. 民俗学中的“民俗”一词最早由谁提出？A. 泰勒B. 弗雷泽C. 赫尔德D. 格林兄弟答案：C3. 民俗学的研究方法中不包括以下哪一项？A. 田野调查B. 文献研究C. 实验分析D. 比较研究答案：C4. 以下哪一项不是民俗学的研究领域？A. 口头传统B. 物质文化C. 社会习俗D. 宗教仪式答案：B5. 民俗学中的“神话”主要指的是？A. 民间故事B. 民间信仰C. 民间艺术D. 民间传说答案：B6. 民俗学与人类学的关系是什么？A. 完全独立B. 相互交叉C. 互不相关D. 完全相同答案：B7. 民俗学研究中，以下哪一项不是民俗事象的特点？A. 传承性B. 变异性C. 地域性D. 随意性答案：D8. 民俗学研究中，以下哪一项不是民俗的分类？A. 物质民俗B. 社会民俗C. 精神民俗D. 经济民俗答案：D9. 民俗学中的“仪式”主要指的是？A. 宗教仪式B. 社会仪式C. 个人仪式D. 所有仪式答案：D10. 民俗学研究中，以下哪一项不是民俗的功能？A. 教育功能B. 娱乐功能C. 经济功能D. 政治功能答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 民俗学的研究方法包括以下哪些？A. 田野调查B. 文献研究C. 比较研究D. 实验分析E. 理论分析答案：ABCE12. 民俗学中的“民俗”包括以下哪些内容？A. 民间信仰B. 民间艺术C. 民间文学D. 民间游戏E. 民间习俗答案：ABCDE13. 民俗学与以下哪些学科有关联？A. 人类学B. 社会学C. 历史学D. 文化学E. 心理学答案：ABCDE14. 民俗学研究中，以下哪些是民俗的特点？A. 传承性B. 变异性C. 地域性D. 随意性E. 集体性答案：ABCE15. 民俗学中的“仪式”包括以下哪些类型？A. 宗教仪式B. 社会仪式C. 个人仪式D. 经济仪式E. 政治仪式答案：ABCE三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）16. 民俗学是一门独立的学科，与其他学科没有交叉。
2015北京师范大学文学院——民俗学专业博课参考书-真题-分数线-资料-育明考博
育明考博全国免费咨询电话400-668-6978 QQ：493371626 QQ：2890064351 2015北京师范大学考博QQ 交流群105619820 英语群335488903 专业课群157460416北京师范大学文学院民俗学专业考博分析一、考博介绍：2015年北京师范大学文学院招生44人，其中民俗学专业分为理论民俗学、历史民俗学两个主要研究方向，其指导老师分别为董晓萍、萧放。
二、联系导师：在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师育明考博2014届学员成绩喜报 英语各类课程学员数873人 专业课各类课程学员239人 专业课教学测评中学员零差评 英语一对一全程32名学员全部过线 第七期考博英语集训营四个班97名学员90人过线对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
(NEW)北京师范大学文学院民俗学历年考研真题汇编
目 录2008年北京师范大学文学院民俗学考研真题（回忆版）2009年北京师范大学文学院民俗学考研真题（回忆版）2010年北京师范大学文学院民俗学考研真题（回忆版）2011年北京师范大学文学院民俗学考研真题（回忆版）2012年北京师范大学文学院民俗学考研真题（回忆版）2013年北京师范大学文学院民俗学考研真题（回忆版）2014年北京师范大学文学院民俗学考研真题（回忆版）2017年北京师范大学文学院民俗学考研真题（回忆版）2008年北京师范大学文学院民俗学考研真题（回忆版）一、名词解释（5分*6题）1．民俗2．宗族3．民族志4．神话5．民间故事讲述家6．田野作业二、简答题（15分*4题）1．巫术可分为哪几类？简述其主要内容。
2．什么叫“通过仪式”？它具有什么意义？3．“主位研究”与“客位研究”有什么不同？它们各有哪些优势？4．简要说明史诗的一般特点。
三、论述题（20分*3题）1．民俗是文化遗留物吗？举例说明你的看法。
2．以生活故事为例，谈谈民间文学与民众生活的关系。
3．试述德国民俗学发展史上的浪漫主义传统。
2009年北京师范大学文学院民俗学考研真题（回忆版）一、名词解释（5分*6题）1．图腾2．岁时节日3．社区组织4．民间传说5．异文6．历史地理学派二、简答题（15分*4题）1．民俗学与民间文艺学的关系怎样？2．民俗信仰具有哪些特征？3．大众传媒对民间文学的传播产生了怎样的影响？4．谈谈欧洲民俗学史上民俗学与民族主义的关系。
三、论述题（30分*2题）1．民俗学与“非物质文化遗产”是相同的吗？你如何看待非物质文化遗产保护工作的意义与局限？2．表演理论的主要理论主张是什么？这些主张对民间文学研究具有什么意义？2010年北京师范大学文学院民俗学考研真题（回忆版）一、名词解释1．民间口头文学2．坐商3．分家4．艺诀5．《中华全国风俗志》6．仪礼歌二、简答题1．以四合院和其他传统民居形式为例，简述其中的民俗意蕴。
2016～2021年北师大民俗学考博参考书及解析、考博真题、相关政策、录取名..
2016～2021年北师大民俗学考博参考书及解析、考博真题、相关政策、录取名单、导师信息育明教育506大印老师整理2020年6月1日目录一、2021年北师大民俗学考博参考书二、2016-2020年北师大民俗学考博真题及解析三、2021年北师大民俗学考博招录比及分数线四、2021年北师大民俗学考博专业课笔记整理五、2021年北师大民俗学考博导师信息【温馨提示】每个院校的考博时间是不一样的，加之每个院校博士招生人数有限，所以育明教育大印老师建议大家一定要多选择几个院校进行备考，一般而言，选择4-5个院校比较合适，这几个院校选择应该注意具有一定的层次性，比如可以选择北大、南开，首师大、中财，矿大、地大等三个档次的院校。
因为只要是211或者双一流的院校的博士，对于你以后进入高校任教或者从事相关的工作是太大影响的。
切记孤注一掷的之报考一个院校。
2020年育明教育学员刘同学同时被北大、社科院、南开、人大等名校金融学考博录取，考博院校考察内容相差不大，所以，一定要多选择几个院校。
此外，很多考生问考博辅导的意义是什么，其实对于考博而言，最重要的是三点：第一，考博信息，即考博院校和考博侧重点的选择问题，这点一般的考生很难完全了解，因为很多院校考博信息并不对外公开，但是咱们经过12年的辅导经验，很多内容是比较了解的；第二，个人陈述和研究计划，这点一般的考生可能很难独立完成，尤其是研究计划，因为研究计划既需要和所报考导师相关，也需要和自己本硕专业相关，这点都在咱们的辅导之内；第三，专业课考试范围和考试侧重点，这点也很重要。
【英语】都说英语拉不开差距，过线就好，但我觉得英语也挺拉分的，我英语60，人家七八十的随随便便就拉了我十几二十分，哭死！英语的学习是一个不间断的过程，不能停，不能停，不能停，重要的事情说三遍！！单词必须天天背，阅读必须天天做，前期两天一篇就好了，前提是精读，精读，精读，每个单词，句子都要懂，选项为什么错也要搞清楚！真题至少刷三遍，这是最低要求(我刷了五遍)！但我为什么还是没考好?做题速度，我考试都没来得及做完??这是教训，学弟学妹们要吸取，所以平时做题一定要控制时间！【政治】政治不用多说，紧跟肖秀荣，肖四肖八不吃饭不睡觉也要背，2017年大题全部压中，肖老师的视频课也要听一听！(同理因为我只用过肖秀荣所以推荐他，其他老师的当然也很好，选一个自己喜欢的老师跟着走就好)一、2020年北师大民俗学考博参考书《民俗学》，戴维.波普诺著，李强等译，中国人民大学出版社，1999（基本无用）《民俗学思想名家》，科瑟著，石人译，中国社会科学出版社，1990（太过简略，要点不全）《外国民俗学史》，贾春增主编，中国人民大学出版社，1989《民俗学理论的结构》（1987版），乔纳森.特纳著，浙江人民出版社，1987（高度概括，部分可用）《当代西方民俗学理论》，杨善华主编，北京大学出版社，1999《清华民俗学评论》（特辑上下），鹭江出版社，2000年《转型与发展》（第一辑），李友梅、孙立平、沈原主编，社会科学文献出版社，2005中等者（主要针对民俗学专业，并对民俗学知识比较熟悉）：《民俗学思想名家》，科瑟著，石人译，中国社会科学出版社，1990《西方民俗学历史与体系》（经典贡献），周晓虹著，上海人民出版社，2000（凑合，较全）《西方民俗学理论》（上、下卷）,杨善华、谢立中主编，北京大学出版社，2005（当代还行，但过多）《西方民俗学理论：经典传统与当代转向》，文军主编，上海人民出版社，2006《清华民俗学评论》（特辑上下），鹭江出版社，2000年《转型与发展》（第一辑），李友梅、孙立平、沈原主编，社会科学文献出版社，2005高等者（主要针对民俗学专业并具备一定研究和写作能力者）《西方民俗学历史与体系》（经典贡献），周晓虹著，上海人民出版社，2000《西方民俗学理论：经典传统与当代转向》，文军主编，上海人民出版社，2006《当代社会理论》（上、下卷），高宣扬著，中国人民大学出版社，2005《清华民俗学评论》（特辑上下），鹭江出版社，2000年《转型与发展》（第一辑），李友梅、孙立平、沈原主编，社会科学文献出版社，2005二、2010-2019年北师大民俗学考博真题及解析一、名词解释九，规范参与观察角色集分层随机抽样初级群体重要他人符号互动论潜在功能十，二、简述十一，1、什么是社会制度？其主要特征和功能有哪些？十二，2、简述越轨行为的类型和理论解释？十三，3、什么是集体行为？请简单介绍其主要类型及相关理论十四，4、简述老年社会学的基本理论取向和主要现实问题十五，2000试题：十六，一、名词解释十七，规范参与观察角色集分层随机抽样初级群体重要他人符号互动论潜在功能十八，二、简述十九，1、什么是社会制度？其主要特征和功能有哪些？二十，2、简述越轨行为的类型和理论解释？二十一，3、什么是集体行为？请简单介绍其主要类型及相关理论二十二，4、简述老年社会学的基本理论取向和主要现实问题二十三，三、论述二十四，1、请说明定性分析和定量分析的各自的特点，并比较其作用2、结合社会分曾理论谈谈你对当前中国社会分层问题的看法二十五，2001试题：二十六，一、名词解释二十七，文化模式人口的社会构成社区归属感城市化集体行为乔治·米德二二十八，1、简述社会交换理论的主要观点二十九，2、社会组织需要具备哪些构成要素？与初级社会群体相比，又具有哪些特征？3、简要评论“合理的社会流动是社会良性运行的重要协调机制”。
北师大历年民俗学考研试题集萃
北师大历年民俗学考研试题集萃]1998年试卷民间文艺学（含民俗学）一、填空1.北京大学于------年创办《歌谣》周刊，1928年广州中山大学创办-------周刊。
2.民间传说可分为------传说，史事传说和--------传说。
3.民间寓言是具有明显-------寓意的故事，民间笑话是具有---------性和幽默意味的故事。
4.《西游记》的蓝本是宋末元初间写成的话本--------，《水浒传》的蓝本是宋元年间的讲史话本--------------。
5.《格萨尔王传》是藏族英雄史诗，《江格尔》是-----族英雄史诗，《玛那斯》是-------族的英雄史诗。
二、判断对错1.唐代段成式的《酉阳杂俎》中的《叶限》属于灰姑娘型故事。
2. 中国汉族民间叙事诗历史上曾经想讲唱的道路上发展。
3. 端阳节吃粽子、划龙舟的风俗与关于屈原的传说相联系。
4. 在民间传说中一般将李耳视为木匠行业的祖师爷。
5. 我国广大的农村节日中演出的戏剧，主要是民间小戏，一般很少有大戏。
三、名词解释1. 口头性2. 谚语3. 儿歌4. 创世史诗5. 人生礼仪四、简答题1. 幻想故事所表现出来的古老观念主要有哪些？2. 民俗学研究的主要对象是什么？五、问答题1. 什么是神话？神话有哪几类内容？试举例说明。
2. 中国文学史上民间文学对作家文学发生过怎么样的影响？[北师大历年民俗学考研试题集萃]1999年试卷民俗学（含民间文艺学）一、名词解释模式性创世史诗民间历法二、判断对错1. 家族村落的结构要素之一是辈谱。
2. 坐商招徕顾客的主要标志是商幌。
3. 刘德培是湖北五家沟一带的著名民间艺人。
4. 春节是我国各民族人民的传统节日。
5. 《一千零一夜》在汉、回、哈萨克等民族的民间文学中都有一定影响。
6. 傩戏表演的主要功能是民间娱乐。
7. 《妙峰山》是我国现代民俗学史上第一部田野考察著作。
8. 歌墟是甘肃、青海一带民间的传统歌节。
9. 我国西南地区各民族的创世史诗最为丰富。
北京师范大学民俗学董晓萍理论民俗学考博参考书考博分数线专业课真题
北京师范大学民俗学董晓萍理论民俗学考博参考书考博分数线专业课真题一、专业的设置北京师范大学文学院每年招收博士生41人，下设民俗学、课程与教学论、文艺学、语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学、中国古典文献学、中国古代文学、中国现当代文学、比较文学与世界文学、中国民间文学，共10个专业。
其中民俗学专业下设董晓萍的理论民俗学、萧放的历史民俗学。
二、考试的科目理论民俗学的考试科目为：①1101英语②2289社会学原理③3801民俗学研究三、导师介绍董晓萍：北京师范大学文学院教授，博士生导师。
现担任美国俄克拉荷马大学孔子学院中方院长、教育部国家重点人文社科基地北师大民俗典籍文字研究中心副主任.四、参考书目专业课信息应当包括一下几方面的内容：第一，关于参考书和资料的使用。
这一点考生可以咨询往届的博士学长，也可以和育明考博联系。
参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
另外，考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询叩叩：肆九叁叁，柒壹六，贰六，专业知识的来源也不能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的paper，读哪一些、怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。
第二，专题信息汇总整理。
每一位考生在复习专业课的最后阶段都应当进行专题总结，专题的来源一方面是度历年真题考点的针对性遴选，另一方面是导师研究课题。
最后一方面是专业前沿问题。
每一个专题都应当建立详尽的知识体系，做到专题知识点全覆盖。
第三，专业真题及解析。
专业课的试题都是论述题，答案的开放性比较强。
一般每门专业课都有有三道大题，考试时间各3小时，一般会有十几页答题纸。
考生在专业课复习中仅仅有真题是不够的，还需要配合对真题最权威最正统的解析，两相印证才能够把握导师出题的重点、范围以及更加偏重哪一类的答案。
北京师范大学文学院2010年民俗学理论与方法(代码914)真题及详解【圣才出品】
北京师范大学文学院2010年民俗学理论与方法（代码914）真题一、名词解释1．民间口头文学2．坐商3．分家4．艺诀5．《中华全国风俗志》6．仪礼歌二、简答1．以四合院和其他传统民居形式为例，简述其中的民俗意蕴。
2．以节日时的祖先祭祀为例，分析民间信仰的基本特征。
三、论述1．民间社会组织与一般社会组织的区别在哪里，用具体实例分析民间社会组织的目标，组织结构和组织传承的情况。
2．根据当代中国的现实需要，谈一谈民俗学应关心的主要问题和具体的研究方法。
北京师范大学文学院2010年民俗学理论与方法（代码914）真题及详解一、名词解释1．民间口头文学答：民间口头文学是流行于民间的群众口头创作的文学形态。
它运用口头语言，充分发挥其丰富的表现功能和概括能力，创造各种艺术形象，展示瑰丽的想象，表现高尚的审美趣味和深刻的理性认识，这是民间口头文学区别于其他民俗事象的艺术特性。
民间口头文学按文体可以分为三大类：散文的口头叙事文学，包括神话、传说和各种民间故事；韵文的民间诗歌、谚语、谜语；综合叙事、抒情、歌舞，具有较多表演成分的民间说唱、民间戏曲。
2．坐商答：坐商是有固定的摊位和店铺，并有规定的营业时间和专营商品的商业行为。
以大城镇的商业街最为集中。
坐商的民俗传承，主要表现在幌子、字号牌匾、店堂标牌、商标、广告以及商品的包装形式诸方面。
无论是市声、敲击物，还是幌子、匾牌、商标、广告，就其本质而言，都是采用各种方式给消费者传递商品信息，以达到推销产品的目的，在这方面，我国商业民俗活动中有许多值得深入挖掘和总结的经验。
3．分家答：分家是一种宗族组织结构的民俗。
在中国家庭中，分家包括分灶、分居、析产、划分养老送终的义务、设立单独的祭祀。
兄弟分家，通常要邀请没有利害关系的族长及舅爷、姑爷来主持，有的还立下书面契约。
分家时，有些东西是不能分割的，如祖墓、坟山等实物，地望、姓氏等名义；有些东西是不允许分割的，如养膳田、祭田。
分家，一方面是不断地瓜分共同的东西，另一方面也逐渐积聚起一些共同的东西，成为血脉相连的凭证。
民俗学考试题及答案
民俗学考试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 民俗学研究的主要对象是（）。
A. 民间文学B. 民间艺术C. 民间信仰D. 民间习俗答案：D2. 民俗学一词最早由谁提出？（）A. 泰勒B. 弗雷泽C. 赫尔德D. 格林兄弟答案：C3. 民俗学研究的方法论基础是（）。
A. 比较研究法B. 历史研究法C. 田野调查法D. 统计分析法答案：C4. 民俗学与人类学的主要区别在于（）。
A. 研究对象不同B. 研究方法不同C. 研究地域不同D. 研究时间不同答案：A5. 中国民俗学研究的奠基人是（）。
A. 费孝通B. 李约瑟C. 陈寅恪D. 梁启超答案：A6. 民俗学研究中，民间故事属于（）。
A. 物质民俗B. 社会民俗C. 精神民俗D. 语言民俗答案：C7. 民俗学中的“三俗”指的是（）。
A. 风、俗、礼B. 风、俗、歌C. 风、俗、舞D. 风、俗、戏答案：A8. 民俗学研究中，民间信仰主要涉及（）。
A. 宗教信仰B. 祖先崇拜C. 自然崇拜D. 所有选项答案：D9. 民俗学研究中，民间艺术不包括（）。
A. 民间音乐B. 民间舞蹈C. 民间戏剧D. 民间建筑答案：D10. 民俗学研究中，民间游戏属于（）。
A. 社会民俗B. 物质民俗C. 精神民俗D. 语言民俗答案：A二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 民俗学研究的领域包括（）。
A. 民间文学B. 民间艺术C. 民间信仰D. 民间习俗E. 民间游戏答案：ABCDE2. 民俗学研究的方法包括（）。
A. 比较研究法B. 历史研究法C. 田野调查法D. 统计分析法E. 文献研究法答案：ABCDE3. 民俗学研究的目的包括（）。
A. 保护文化遗产B. 促进文化交流C. 理解社会变迁D. 提高文化自觉E. 增进民族团结答案：ABCDE4. 民俗学研究中，民间信仰的类型包括（）。
A. 宗教信仰B. 祖先崇拜C. 自然崇拜D. 英雄崇拜E. 鬼神崇拜答案：ABCDE5. 民俗学研究中，民间艺术的类型包括（）。
北京师范大学博士入学考试试卷
北京师范大学博士入学考试试卷Part I Reading ComprehensionSection A (50%)Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c) and d).You should decide on the best choice and circle the letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out. Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering.Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia (黑手党). As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that it came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers of Laundromats (自助洗衣点). As good cash businesses they were a good means of providing the appearance of honest cash flow.Various techniques can be employed and the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money from the scene of the crime A to a remote location B, ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguisingthe trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with a plausible explanation of how ti came legally into their possession.Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchi remarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishes respect for the value like honesty and cooperation upon which succ essful societies are based”. Or as a senior US official said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a polite form of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.”The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation(解除管制) of exchange controls are regarded ad the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up many more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunities to hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy.1. We know from the passage that money-laundering .a) has almost been stamped out by the world’s financial authorities.b) has grea tly promoted the development of the world’s industries.c) only has a ten-year history but has grown rapidly.d) has expanded rapidly over the past decade.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “stamp it out” (para.1) in the first p aragraph?a) To put an end to it completely.b) To mark a sign by pressing on it.c) To announce it illegal.d) To do harm to is.3. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that .a) the Mafia can carry out large numbers of illegal transactions in them.b) the Mafia has many wicked activities like prostitution and gambling in them.c) the Laundromats can give the dirty cash the appearance of legitimate income.d) the Laundromats is such a profit-making industry that it has attracted the Mafia.4. In money-laundering, money would be moved from the scene of the crime to .a) the financial authoritiesb) the circulation fields.c) Laundromats operated by the Mafia.d) anonymous bank account in another country.5. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-laundering has expanded rapidly by .a) deregulating the exchange controls.b) buying and operating more Laundromats.c) having more channels to launder dirty money.d) tightening the bank secrecy rules.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that wore occurring on campus.Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city.Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, thevideo coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. T elevision coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This events was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. 32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved . Mediacoverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as is seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.6. Where is the passage most likely to be from?a) Textbook of Media.b) Thesis.c) Newspaper or Magazine.d) Speech.7. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake was mentioned to show .a) how damaging the earthquake was.b) how people carried out rescue workc) the electronic media extend your consciousness and your contact.d) the viewers’ impression of total disaster.8. The term “ electronic city”( para.2) refers to .a) Los Angelesb) San Franciscoc) Berkeleyd) Earth9. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because .a) the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.b) people can make their own judgments.c) video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.d) video coverage had provided powerful feedback.10. It can be inferred from the passage that .a) media coverage of events as they occur can have either good of bad results.b) most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree withthe verdict of jury.c) the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.d) Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday. Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions(离子) in the air can have an ill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particle, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a large proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorms, earthquakes of when winds such as the mistral(寒冷的西北风) are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity(静电) indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffernausea(恶心) or even mental disturbance. Animals are also found to be affected, particularly before earthquakes. Snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these are near the sea, close to waterfalls of fountains ,or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effort of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all, it is debatable whether depending on seismic(地震的) readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.11. What effect does excessive positive ionization have on some people?a) They think they are insane.b) They feel rather bad-tempered.c) They become violently sick.d) They are too tired to do anything.12. According to the passage, static electricity can be caused by .a) using home-made electrical goods.b) wearing clothes made of natural materials.c) waling on artificial floor coverings.d) copying TV programs on a computer.13. A high negative ion count is likely to be found .a) near a pond with a water pump.b) close to slow flowing riverc) in some barren mountains.d) by a rotating water sprinkler.14. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?a) Ionizers.b) Air-conditioners.c) Exhaust-fansd) Vacuum-pump15. Some scientists believe that .a) watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effectiveb) the unusual behaviors of animals can not be trustedc ) neither watching nor using seismograph is reliabled) earthquakes cannot affect any animalsPassage FourQuestions 16to 20 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer. 34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complexand bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs for the benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps t hose hackers know something that we don’t know about the shape of things to come. “That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry,”says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And two former ha ckers became the founders of the highly successfulApple home computer company.”When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into people’s lives. She points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.“The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances(细微差距)and textured relationships with the computers as they can with people.” Turkle points out.16. The passage tells about .a) the strange behavior of the computer hackersb) the ultimate importance of bringing up computer hackersc) different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenond) the emergence of computer hackers17. According to Prof.Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers’ strange behavior isa) their strong desire to control the computerb) their ignorance of the responsibility of a programmerc) their incompetence in making new computer programsd) their deliberate attempts to make their programs complex and impracticable18. In Prof. Dertouzos’ opinion, we know that .a) computer industry will certainly make multimillionaires of the hackersb) the hackers are likely to be very successful businessmenc) the hackers probably have better insight into the future than other peopled) only a few hackers will be successful in their later life19. The phrase“to develop an identity”(Para.4) means .a) to become distinguishedb) to seek an answerc) to build up a creative abilityd) to form a habit20. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that .a) perhaps the hacker phenomenon is not bad at allb) though the hackers are in fact playing with the computer, there may be somebenefitsc) the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry of tomorrowd) the computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidancePassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The value of a business increasingly lies not in physical and financial assets that are on the balance sheet, but in intangibles: brands, patents, franchises, software, research programs, ideas and expertise. Few firms try to measure returns on these assets, let alone publish information on them. Yet they are often what underlies a firm’s success. “Our primary assets, which are our software and our software-development skills, do not show up on the balance sheet at all,”says Microsoft’s boss, Bill Gates. “This is probably not very enlightening from a purely accounting point of view.”A sign that companies do not measure their assets properly may be the growing gap between their stock-market value and the book value of their assets. Between 1973 and 1993, the median ratio of market values to book values of American public companies doubles; the difference has grown with a boom in high-tech shares. The gap is biggest for companies that have most rapidly boosted spending on research and development(R&D). Even within industries, the divergence(分歧) between stock-market returns and reported earnings has increased.You might think this would present a problem for investors, who no linger have a good way of telling whether the market value of a company is soundly based. Yet investors seem to knowinstinctively that knowledge is valuable. 35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad. Presumably investors understand that companies in knowledge-based businesses can exploit the magic of rising returns to scale. Once a pill or a software program is developed, each extra sale brings in more money at little extra cost: the bigger the market, the greater the profits.In fact, the absence of good measures may bother those who run firms more than those who invest in them. For managers, the big problem is how to judge rates of return. With building a factory, there are time-honored methods for calculating the payback. But what if you are investing in R&D or software, or deciding whether to buy better people or to train more? There aren’t tools for mak ing such decisions.21. The intangibles of a company are reflected in .a) physical and financial assetsb) stock-market valuec) the balance sheetd) the difference between the stock-market value and the book value22. What can we infer about Microsoft?a) It has no book-value assets.b) Its stock-market value equals its book value.c) There’s a great gap between its stock-market value and book value.d) Its stock-market value does not reflect the company’s real value23. Why does the share price of American multinationals rise?a) Because they buy foreign subsidiariesb) Because they invest much in intangible assets.c) Because they have low R&D spendingd) Because the investors know the methods for calculating the payback ofknowledge-based businesses24. An investor who buys stocks of a company in knowledge-based businesses baseshis decision on .a) pure speculation(投机)b) the company’s book valuec) whether the company buys foreign subsidiariesd) the prospect that its research will translate into low cost products25. The phrase “such decisions”(Para.4) refers to .a) running firms in knowledge-based businessesb) investing in firms in knowledge-based businessesc) judging rates of return on firms in knowledge-based businessesd) calculating returns on a newly-built factorySection BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 26~30, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10%)Life is full of dangers and surprise. Your house may burn down. You may fall out of the window and break your neck. Mice and beetles ay eat your floor so that you drop in to the flat below for an uninvited cup of tea.26. .You cannot always prevent disasters, but you can insure against them. Most forms of insurance are voluntar y-it is up to you whether you take out a policy or not. But some forms are compulsory. 27. .The “parties” to an agree ment, or contract, are the individuals or groups concerned. With third-party motor insurance, the three parties are (i) you yourself, (ii) your insurance company, and (iii) anybody else---for example, the man whose Jaguar has just smashed up your Mini. Third –party insurance does not cover fire, theft or anything else. It is intended only to protect road users from each other. 28. .Another form of compulsory insurance is National Insurance. Everybody over 16 earning money on a regular basis must pay a sum each week to the state. These weekly contributions cover part of the cost of the National Health Service and the other social service benefits, e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old-age pensions, industrial injury benefits and so on. You must be able to prove you have paid your contributions, so you must have a card(kept by your employer unless you are self-employed) onto which stamps are stuck every week. Of course, you can take out private health insurance as well if you wish, but you must still pay your state contributions.There are, of course, many insurance companies in Britain, both large andsmall. But there is also a rather special organization called Lloyd’s, which started as a coffee-house in late 17th century. Lloyd’s is a society of around six thousand members-all of them underwriters-and is administered by a committee controlled by Act of Parliament.29. .You have to go to an insurance broker who will then contact a member of Lloyd’s for you. If you want to insure something expensive---like a fleet of Jumbo jets, forexample-your broker will probably have to contact a syndicate of underwriters because the risks would be too high for one man to cover.Lloyd’s will probably insure you against any risk at all---provided you are prepared to pay the premiums.30. .Maybe clowns insure their noses. You never know-anything may happen.A.Professional pianists sometimes insure their hands.B.Insurance on the other hand eliminates risks already in existence and , bycombining them, substitutes a small known loss(premium) contributed by each person insured.C.If you drive a car, for example, you must take out a third-party insurance policy.D.So it is not an insurance company in the normal sense, but an insurance marketand you cannot do business with it directly.E.If you want to insure against all the other terrible things that might happen to youor your car, you can take out a comprehensive policy.F.This spreading of risk protects the individual against losses that may be disastrousif he has to bear them alone.G.Anything may happen, you never know.Part II TranslationSection ADirections: Translate the following five sentences(all of which are underlined sentences in the five reading passages in Section A, Part I.) into Chinese. Remember to write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’sfastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved .33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions.34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users.35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, bu it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad.Section BDirections:Translate the following passage into Chinese Remember to write your translation clear on the Answer SHEET.(10%).The media help democracy when they provide more choices to more people, but they do no favors to democracy when they turn themselves from beacons(信号站) of light into heat-seeking missiles. For example, the president’s 1995 State of the Union address took more than an hour, which apparently was about a half hour more than the patience of most network commentators(commentator: person who comments) could tolerate. In their instant analysis after the speech, they allcriticized its length and “ lack of focus”. Yet judging by polls and talk shows the next day, most Americans appeared to appreciate the content of the president’s speech. T oday the media investigate less and preach mor e.......Part III WritingSection ADirections:For this section, you are asked to read the following short passage first and then to write a composition entitled “Which one Do You Think Is More Imp ortant, Pleasure Or Longevity?”. You should not copy any of the sentences in the following passage. You should write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15%) (Just for your reference)People are almost phobic(恐惧症) about having fun, increasingly viewing themselves as fragile, vulnerable, ready to develop cancer or heart disease at the slightest provocation(刺激). In the name of health, people give up many of their life enjoyments. We have no quarrel with the evidence that some pleasures, like cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, addictive drugs, driving much too fast, are unhealthy and should be knocked off. But worrying too much about anything including calories, salt, cancer, and cholesterol(胆固醇)---can rob your life of vitality. Living optimistically, with pleasure, zest, and commitment enriches if not lengthens life.Do you agree to the above point of view? Which one do you think is more important, pleasure or longevity（长寿）Give your own comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET.Section BDirections: Answer the following question with no less than 50 words. Remember to write your answer clearly on theANSWER SHEET.（5%）Who is Confucius(孔子)？（over）。