大学英语4 教案

Unit 2 Deer and the Energy Cycle
Preview:
1. Learn the vocabuary and read through the text
2. Scanning
Directions: Scan the text and discuss in pairs, list the facts about the life of deer in four seasons.
Summer:
adult males:
adult females:
fawns:
Fall: Winter: Spring:
Period 1-2 Background Information and Global Reading I. Warm-up and Background Information
2. 卡尔达舍夫等级
1964年，俄罗斯天体物理学家尼古拉-卡尔达舍夫提出了这样一个理论：他认为人类文明的技术进步与将其国民可控制的能
源总量息息相关。

根据这条思路，他从低到高确定了银河系中文明发展的三种类型：
类型I ：该文明是行星能源的主人，这意味着他们可以主宰整个世界能源的总和。

类型II ：该文明能够收集整个恒星系统的能源。

类型III ：该文明可以利用银河系系统的能源而为其所用。

II. Global Reading
2. Questions and Answers part 2-3 18-20
Period 3-4 Detailed Reading
Part One (1) It is energy, not love or money, that makes the world go round.
Some persons say that love makes the world go round. Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isn't love; it's money. But the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go round. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. On this cycle all life depends.
1.
2. turn n. a natural tendency; inclination
3. currency n.
4. ecological a. ecology n.
5. convert vt. change (from one form, use, etc. into another); cause (a person) to change his beliefs, etc. convert into; convert from; convert to 改信
6. 1) in due course or succession 2) one after another
He that shuts Love out, in turn shall be shut out from Love. (Tennyson)
by turns
at the turn (of the century
7.
paragraph 2-6
It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year to year by eating as much as they can during times of plenty, the summer and fall, storing the excess, usually in the form of fat, and then using these reserve s of fat to survive during the
hard times in winter when food is scarce. But it is probably less well known that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter than in summer.
1. times of plenty:
2. What is the grammatical function of “eating ..., storing ..., and then using...” ?
3. excess: n.过量，过度exceed v. 超过in excess of 超过
4. reserve v. n. 储备（物）
reserve, preserve & conserve 保持，保存
reserve 正式用词
preserve
conserve
5. scarce: adj. 缺乏的
scarce, rare & uncommon 稀罕的，很少发生
scarce
rare
uncommon
A good case in point is the whiter-tailed deer. Like most wildlife, deer reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceive d in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body's needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. The best milk production occurs at the same time that new plant growth is available. This is good timing, because milk production is an energy consuming process — it requires a lot of food. The cost can not be met unless the region has ample food resources.
1. a good case in point: a good example of what is being talked about
in point
in case
in case of
in any case
in no case
2. A physically mature female deer in good condition
mature a. full grown and developed
female a. of the sex that gives birth to young
a female person, animal or plant male n.
3. conceive vt. become pregnant with (young); form (an idea, plan, etc.) in the mind
4. give birth to
5.
6. Paraphrase the second underlined sentence.
7. meet vt. satisfy; make (both) ends meet; meet the need of
8. consume: eat or drink, use, use up
As the summer progress es and the fawns grow, they become less dependent on their mother's milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sources. The adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat. Both males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall in order to deposit body fat for the winter. In the case of does and fawns, a great deal of energy is expend ed either in milk production or in growing, and fat is not accumulate d as quickly
as it is in full grown males. Fat reserves are like bank account s to be draw n on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow.
1. progress: 进展，进步
2. “High quality food”
3. deposit: vt. put or store for safe keeping; keep (money) in a bank
She had just deposited a large sum of money in her account.
4. In case of:
5. expend: vt.
expend, spend & cost
expend
spend
cost
6. accumulate: v. make or become greater in number or quantity; collect or gather little by little
He quickly accumulated a large fortune.
7. draw on 利用，动用
As fall turns into winter, other changes take place. Fawns lose their spotted coat. Hair on all the deer becomes darker and thicker. The change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when the weather becomes cold.
But in addition, nature provides a further safeguard to help deer survive the winter—an internal physiological response which lowers their metabolism, or rate of bodily function ing, and hence slows down their expenditure of energy. The deer become somewhat slow and drowsy. The heart rate drops. Animals that hibernate practice energy conservation to a greater extreme than deer do. Although deer don't hibernate, they do the same thing with their seasonal rhythm s in metabolism. Deer spend more energy and store fat in the summer and fall when food is abundant, and spend less energy and use stored fat in the winter when food is less available.
1.
2. in addition
3. a further ssafeguard:
Deer have another natural means of protection against the threat of the cold winter.
safeguard n. a means of protection against sth. unwanted 预防措施
3.
4. expenditure n.
5. What are the sight of “an internal physiological response”?
6.somewhat: adv. more than a little but not very
She’s somewhat more confident than she used to be.
7. Rate: speed, rate& pace 速度、速率
speed
rate
pace
8. abundant: adj. more than enough
China has abundant natural resources.
We have abundant proof of his guilt.
When the "energy crisis" first came in 1973-1974, I was living with my family in a cabin on the edge of an area where deer spend the winter in northern Minnesota, observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winter progressed, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted. It was interesting and rather amusing to listen to the advice given on the radio: "Drive only when necessary," we were told. "Put on more clothes to stay warm, and turn the thermostat on your furnace down." Meanwhile we watched the deer reduce their activity, grow a winter coat of hair, and reduce their metabolism as they have for thousands of years. It is biologically reasonable for deer to reduce their cost of living to increase their chance of surviving in winter.
Not every winter is critical for deer of course. If the winter has light snow, survival and productivity next spring will be high. But if deep snows come and the weather remains cold for several weeks, then the deer must spend more energy to move about, food will be harder to find, and they must then depend more on their fat reserves to pull them through. If such conditions go on for too long some will die, and only the
largest and strongest are likely to survive. That is a fundamental rule of life for wild, free wandering animal such as deer.
1. Why should people drive only when necessary?
2.
3. amusing a. funny amuse vt. cause to laugh or smile
4. not every: not each or all members of a group
Not every student in the class passed the examination. \
请看下面例子：
1. All is not lost.
2. All that glitters is not gold.
3. Not all criminals can be reformed.
4. Not every President is a leader.
5. Everything is not perfect.
6. Both the universities are not ideal.
5. move about: travel around; go from one place to another
6. pull … through: survive or help (sb.) survive a period of
danger or crisis
7. fundamental: adj. basic; very important
Part Three (10-11) Life depends on energy, thus the cycle continues.
Yes, life—and death, too -- is a cycle that goes round and round, and when animals die their bodies become food for other life forms to use by converting them into energy.
And the cycle continues.
Period 5-6 Practice
P40
英语部分否定归纳Partial Negation
英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法： 一、all 的否定式：not all…（或：all…not）表示"并非都……"、"不是所有的都……"例如：
Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.)
Not all bamboo grows tall.
二、both 的否定式：not…both (或：both… not) "并非两个……都……" 例如：
I don't want both the books.
Both (the) windows are not open.
三、every…的否定式："不是每……都……" 例如：
Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.)
Not everyone likes this book.
This flower is not seen everywhere.
四、always的否定式："并非总是（并非一直）……" 例如：
He is not always so sad.
五、entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式："不完全……"，"并非完全……" 例如：
The businessman is never to be entirely trusted.
He felt not altogether satisfied.
I don't agree completely.
What he did was not quite proper.
六、all the time 的否定式："并非一直……"、"未必老是……" 例如：
A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time.
He did not speak clearly and correctly.
This film is not interesting andinstructive.
She cannot sing and dance.
如果将and 换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。

He did not speak clearly or correctly.
如要对上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词, 例如：
All of them can do it.---
Both are good.---
Everybody likes it. ---
He is always late. ---
We don't trust them entirely. ---
He was here all the time. ---
英语和汉语在否定的表达形式上存在着许多差异，我国学生往往会以中国人的思维方式
和习惯用法去套英语，这样在汉译英时难免会出现一些错误。

部分常见的错误举例如下：
1、未经允许，任何人不得入内。

误：anybody can not come in without permission. 正：Nobody can come in without permission. "任何……不"是汉语中常用的否定句式，而在
英语中与any构成的合成词或被any修饰的词语作主语时，谓语动词不能用否定式，因此any ... not的表达形式不符合英语的习惯。

翻译这类句子时须用"否定形式的主语+肯定形式
的谓语"。

但当any的合成词或any所修饰的词带有后置定语时，谓语可以用否定式，如：干那种事的人都是不诚实的。

Anyone who does that isn't honest.
2、听到这个消息后，没有一个人不感到兴奋。

误：Having heard the news, nobody did not feel excited. 正：Having heard the news, everybody felt excited. 汉语中常用"没有
+主语+不+谓语"这一双重否定的结构，而英语中否定形式的主语习惯上不能与否定形式的
谓语连用。

因此nobody... not的结构不符合英语的表达习惯。

翻译这类句子时，（1）可把
主语和谓语都改成肯定形式；(2)也可用另一结构的双重否定式：there be +否定的主语+
否定形式的定语从句，如：There was nobody who did not feel excited. 或：There was nobody but felt excited.
3、这两本书都不是英国出版的。

误：Both of the books are not published in England. 正：Neither of the books is published in England. 我不同意所有这些方案。

误：I don't agree to all these projects. 正：I agree to none of these projects. 或：I don't agree
to any of these projects. 英语中的概括词all, every, both, 以及与every 构成的合成词，用于否定句式时，只表示部分否定，常译成"并非……都"，因此两个错误译句的含义分别为：并非两本书都是英国出版的，并非所有这些方案我都同意。

要表达全部否定意义时，英语须用全否定词语，如none neither, no, nobody, nothing, not…any, not…either等。

4、这台车床不能再用了，那台也一样。

误：This lathe can not be used any longer, and that one can't, too. 正：This lathe can not be used any longer, and that one cna't either. 或：This lathe can not be used any longer, neither (nor) can that one. 否定句中的"也"不能译成too,而须用either，或用neither(nor)的倒装句型。

5、你不必为你的军衔和薪金担心。

误：You won't have to worry about rank and pay.正：You won't have to worry about rank or pay. 在肯定句中用and来连接两个并列成分，表示"和"，但在否定句中and应改为or, 这时否定词对or的前后部分同时加以否定。

6、这些规章制度多不完善！误：How not perfect the rules and regulations are! 正：How imperfect the rules and regulations are! 汉语中的感叹句可用否定式，如：多不光彩呀！多不容易呀！而英语中的感叹句不能用否定式，我们可用反义词或带有否定词缀的词来表示。

7、我认为这不值得一试。

误：I think this is not worth trying. 正：I don't think this is worth trying. 英语中表臆想、猜测的动词think, believe, fancy, expect, guess, imagine, suppose等，如果带有否定的宾语从句，宾语从句中的否定词通常提前，用来否定主句的谓语动词。

尤其是think, 按习惯用法，否定词只能置于think前。

8、他来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助。

误：He came here not to ask us for help. 正：He did not come here to ask us for help. 否定状语时，英语中的否定词一般不直接置于被否定词语前，通常置于谓语动词前。

只有当两个部分加以对比时，即"不是……而是"时，否定词才可直接置于状语前。

如：他来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助，而是来给我们提供一些信息。

He came here not to ask us for help, but to give us some information.即使在这一结构中，英语还是常把否定词置于谓语动词前。

9、他的设计肯定还没完成。

误：He mustn't have completed his design. 正：He can't have completed his design. 对比较有把握的推测，肯定句中用must，而否定句中用can't，对过去的推测，在must和can't后接完成形式
Unit 3 自学
要求：1、有笔记
2、提问包括单词，语法，课文理解及句子翻译（计入平时成绩）
Period 1-2 Background Information and Global Reading
I. Background Information
1. George Orwell
2. George Bernard Shaw
3. The Flat Earth Theory and the Round Earth Theory
4. Eclipses
II. Global Reading
1. Part division
Period 3-4 Detailed Reading
Somewhere or other — I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan — Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages, and as an example of modern credulity he cites the widespread belief that the earth is round. The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round. He merely swallow s this theory because there is something about it that appeal s to the twentieth-century mentality.
Now, Shaw is exaggerating, but there is something in what he says, and the question is worth following up, for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge. Just why do we believe that the earth is round? I am not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth who could give ocular proof, or have a theoretical knowledge of the proof, but of the ordinary newspaper-reading citizen, such as you or me.
As for the Flat Earth theory, I believe I could refute it. If you stand by the seashore on a clear day, you can see the masts and funnels of invisible ships passing along the horizon. This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the earth’s surface is curve d. But it does not follow that the earth is spherical. Imagine another theory called the Oval Earth theory, which claims that the earth is shaped like an egg. What can I say against it?
Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. The Oval Earth man promptly answers that I don’t know, by my own observation, that those bodies are spherical. I only know that they are round, and they may perfectly well be flat discs. I have no answer to that one. Besides, he goes on, what reason have I for thinking that the earth must be the same shape as the sun and moon? I can’t answer that one either.
My second card is the earth’s shadow: when cast on the moon during eclipses, it appears to be the shadow of a round object. But how do I know, demands the Oval Earth man, that eclipses of the moon are caused by the shadow of the earth? The answer is that I don’t know, but have taken this piece of information blindly from newspaper articles and science booklets.
Defeated in the minor exchanges, I now play my queen of trumps: the opinion of the experts. The Astronomer Royal, who ought to know, tells me that the earth is round. The Oval Earth man covers the queen with his king. Have I tested the Astronomer Royal’s statement, and would I even know a way of testing it? Here I bring out my ace. Yes, I do know one test. The astronomers can foretell eclipse s, and this suggests that their opinions about the solar system are pretty sound. I am, to my delight, justified in accepting their say-so about the shape of the earth.
If the Oval Earth man answers —what I believe is true — that the ancient Egyptians, who thought the sun goes round the earth, could also predict eclipses, then bang goes my ace. I have only one card left: navigation. People can sail ships round the world, and reach the places they aim at, by calculation s which assume that the earth is spherical. I believe that finishes the Oval Earth man, though even then he may possibly have some kind of counter.
It will be seen that my reasons for thinking that the earth is round are rather precarious ones. Yet this is an exceptionally elementary piece of information. On most other questions I should have to fall back on the expert much earlier, and would be less able to test his pronouncements. And much the greater part of our knowledge is at this level. It does not rest on reasoning or on experiment, but on authority. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast that the expert himself is an
ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty? Most people, if asked to prove that the earth is round, would not even bother to produce the rather weak arguments I have outlined above. They would start off by saying that “everyone knows” the earth to be round, and if pressed further, would become angry. In a way Shaw is right. This is a credulous age, and the burden of knowledge which we now have to carry is partly responsible.
Unit 3 Why Do We Believe That the Earth
Is Round
Period 1-2 Background Information and Global Reading
I. Background Information
1. George Orwell
2. George Bernard Shaw
3. The Flat Earth Theory and the Round Earth Theory
4. Eclipses
II. Global Reading
1. Part division
Period 3-4 Detailed Reading
Somewhere or other — I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan — Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more
gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages, and as an example of modern credulity he cites the widespread belief that the earth is round. The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round. He merely swallow s this theory because there is something about it that appeal s to the twentieth-century mentality.
Now, Shaw is exaggerating, but there is something in what he says, and the question is worth following up, for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge. Just why do we believe that the earth is round? I am not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth who could give ocular proof, or have a theoretical knowledge of the proof, but of the ordinary newspaper-reading citizen, such as you or me.
1. gullible a. 易受骗的，轻信的=credulity n. superstitious a. 迷信的
2. Why people in the Middle Ages were very gullible and superstitious?
3. What does Bernard Shaw suggest in the first underlined sentence?
4. credulity n. cite: vt. mention as an example; quote (a passage, book, etc.)
cite & quote
cite 为了以此证明自己的论点
To support his argument he cited Article 68, Charter 10, of the Constitution of the United Nations.
quote 指忠实或尽量忠实地引用
例如：Routers quotes a Chinese diplomat as saying, “Only the people can decide the fate of their country, not superpowers.”
5. advance: vt. put or bring forward
6. swallow vt.
7. appeal: vi. 1) please, attract or interest
Does the idea of working abroad appeal to you?
2) make a serious public request for help, money, information, etc.呼吁，恳求
The Prime Minister appealed for economic aid from the neighboring countries.
He appealed against the judge’s decision. appeal to sb. to do sth.
appeal to sb.
8. What does “swallow this theory” mean?
9. How do you understand the reason for people to accept the theory?
10. exaggerate: vt. represent (sth.) as larger, worse, more important, etc. than it really is; overstate
11. follow up: pursue or investigate closely; take further action after (sth.)
12. for the sake of: for the good or advantage of; for the purpose of
13. throw light on: make clear; explain
These new discoveries may throw light on the origins of the universe.
14. Paraphrase this part.
As for the Flat Earth theory, I believe I could refute it. If you stand by the seashore on a clear day, you can see the masts and funnels of invisible ships passing along the horizon. This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the earth’s surface is curve d. But it does not follow that the earth is spherical. Imagine another theory called the Oval Earth theory, which claims that the earth is shaped like an egg. What can I say against it?
Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. The Oval Earth man promptly answers that I don’t know, by my own observation, that those bodies are spherical. I only know that they are round, and they may perfectly well be flat discs. I have no answer to that one. Besides, he goes on, what reason have I for thinking that the earth must be the same shape as the sun and moon? I can’t answer that one either.
1. the Flat Earth theory 地平说the Oval Earth theory 地球卵形说
2. refute: vt. prove (a statement) to be untrue; prove (a person) to be mistaken
3. invisible a. vison n. visual a. visible a.
4. horizon: n. 1) the line where the earth or sea seems to meet the sky
2) the limit of one's ideas, knowledge, experience
broaden / expand one’s horizons
在地平线上
5. phenomenon: n. a fact, event, type of behavior该词的复数形式为
Unmarried mothers should be regarded as a social phenomenon.
6. it follows (from sth.) + that clause
it doesn’t follow (from sth.) that + clause …
7. What does the underlined sentence mean?
8. When is the figure of speech “the first card I can play” often used?
My second card is the earth’s shadow: when cast on the moon during eclipses, it appears to be the shadow of a round object. But how do I know, demands the Oval Earth man, that eclipses of the moon are caused by the shadow of the earth? The answer is that I don’t know, but have taken this piece of information blindly from newspaper articles and science booklets.
Defeated in the minor exchanges,I now play my queen of trumps: the opinion of the experts. The Astronomer Royal, who ought to know, tells me that the earth is round. The Oval Earth man covers the queen with his king. Have I tested the Astronomer Royal’s statement, and would I even know a way of testing it? Here I bring
out my ace. Yes, I do know one test. The astronomers can foretell eclipse s, and this suggests that their opinions about the solar system are pretty sound. I am, to my delight, justified in accepting their say-so about the shape of the earth.
1. cast: vt. throw or drop; cause (light or shadow) to appear (on)
cast sth. away
cast a light on sth.
throw, cast & toss
throw
cast
toss
2. What does “the minor exchanges” refer to?
3. What is the grammatical function of this part?
4. statement: n. expression in words; a written or spoken declaration, esp. of a formal kind
confirm a statement
issue an official / a joint statement
驳斥一种说法
account, statement & report
account 常指由目击者提供的对事件状况的事实陈述。

statement 口头的或书面的。

report 在调查之后由下级写给上级的报告
5. eclipse n. （天文学）食
6. justify: vt. give a good reason for; show to be right，reasonable
The fine quality of this cloth justifies its high price.
justify (doing) sth.
be justified in doing sth.
justify & warrant
justify 做某事的必要性与道义上的正确性之间有冲突
warrant 强调有权威的支持
If the Oval Earth man answers —what I believe is true —that the ancient Egyptians, who thought the sun goes round the earth, could also predict eclipses,then bang goes my ace. I have only one card left: navigation. People can sail ships round the world, and reach the places they aim at, by calculation s which assume that the earth is spherical.I believe that finishes the Oval Earth man, though even then he may possibly have some kind of counter.
It will be seen that my reasons for thinking that the earth is round are rather precarious ones. Yet this is an exceptionally elementary piece of information. On most other questions I should have to fall back on the expert much earlier, and would be less able to test his pronouncements. And much the greater part of our knowledge is at this level. It does not rest on reasoning or on experiment, but on authority. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast that the expert himself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays
away from his own specialty? Most people, if asked to prove that the earth is round, would not even bother to produce the rather weak arguments I have outlined above. They would start off by saying that “everyone knows” the earth to be round, and if pressed further, would become angry. In a way Shaw is right. This is a credulous age, and the burden of knowledge which we now have to carry is partly responsible.
1. predict: vt. announce or tell beforehand; forecast Economists predicted a fall in the interest rate in the coming fall.
predict, foretell & forecast
predict 准确性较大。

主语只能是人。

例如：Some observers predicted that a new coup would take place in that country.
foretell 指凭借自己的经验事先感知将要发生何事
例如：Who can foretell what will happen?
forecast 现多用于预报天气。

例如：With weather satellites it is easy to forecast weather now.
2. How do you understand “then bang goes my ace”? When you say “bang goes”, what do you mean?
3. What does “that” in the second underlined sentnece refer to?
4. What does “finishes the Oval Earth man” mean?
5. precarious: not well-grounded
6. What does the author admit in the third underlined sentnece?
7. exceptionally: adv. unusually
8. fall back on: turn to for support
9. What is the function of the word “much” in the forth underlined sentnece?
10. rest on: rely on; be based on
11. authority: n. power to influence; power to give orders and make others obey
引经据典
12. ignoramous n. 无知的人；stray away from 偏离；specialty
n. 专业
13. outline v. start off: begin, depart
14. credulous: adj. tending to believe sth. on little evidence, arising from credulity
burden: n. sth. difficult to bear; heavy load sb. has to carry Too much praise is a burden.
15. How do you understand this sentence?
Period 5-6 Practice。