【机械类文献翻译】冲压模具

冲压模具的外文翻译
摘要
冲压模具在工业生产中应用广泛。

冲压模具的设计充分利用了机械压力机的功用特点在室温的条件下对坯件进行冲压成形，生产效率提高，经济效益显著。

冲压模具的设计充分利用了机械压力机的功用特点，在室温的条件下对坯件进行冲压成形，生产效率提高，经济效益显著。

本文介绍的模具实例结构简单实用，使用方便可靠，对类似工件的大批量生产具有一定的参考作用。

在传统的工业生产中，工人生产的劳动强度大、劳动量大，严重影响生产效率的提高。

随着当今科技的发展，工业生产中模具的使用已经越来越引起人们的重视，而被大量应用到工业生产中来。

冲压模具的自动送料技术也投入到实际的生产中，冲压模具可以大大的提高劳动生产效率，减轻工人负担，具有重要的技术进步意义和经济价值。

1、国内外模具工业的发展与现状
1953年，长春第一汽车制造厂在中国首次建立了冲模车间，该厂于1958年开始制造汽车覆盖件模具。

我国于20世纪60年开始生产精冲模具。

在走过了温长的发展道路之后，目前我国已形成了300多亿元（未包括港、澳、台的统计数字，下同）各类冲压模具的生产能力。

上海交通大学为瑞士法因托（Finetool）精冲公司开发成功精密冲裁级进模CAC/CAM 系统，西安交通大学开发出多工位弯曲级进模CAD系统等。

展望国内外模具CAD/CAE/CAM 技术的发展，本世纪的科学技术正处于日新月异的变革之中，通过与计算机技术的紧密结合，人工智能技术、并行工程、面向装配、参数化特征建模以及关联设计等一系列与模具工业相关的技术发展之快，学科领域交叉之广前所未见。

目前我国模具年生产总量虽然已位居世界第三，其中，冲压模占模具总量的40%以上，但在整个模具设计制造水平和标准化程度上，与德国、美国、日本等发达国家相比还存在相当大的差距。

在设计制造方法、手段上已基本达到了国际水平，模具结构功能方面也接近国际水平，在轿车模具国产化进程中前进了一大步。

但在制造质量、精度、制造周期和成本方面，以国外相比还存在一定的差距。

国外，特别是欧美和日韩等发达地区的模具工业起步较早，拥有比较先进的生产管理技术及经验，值得我们国内模具行业学习和借鉴。

在欧美，许多模具企业将高新技术应用于模具的设计和制造，主要体现在：（1）充分发挥了信息技术带动和提升模具工业的优越性；（2）高速切削、五轴高速加工技术基本普及，大大缩减制模周期，提高企业的市场竞争力；（3）快速成形技术和快速制模技术得到普遍应用；（4）从事模具行业的人员精简，一专多能，一人多职，精益生产；（5）模具产品专业化，市场定位准确；（6）采用先进的管理信息系统，实现集成化管理；（7）工艺管理先进、标准化程度高。

日本模具加工的未来发展方向主要表现为无人手修模、无放电加工、加工时间缩短、五轴加工等方面。

模具是机械制造业中技术先进、影响深远的重要工艺装备，具有生产效率高、材料利用率高、制件质量优良、工艺适应性好等特点，被广泛应用于汽车、机械、航天、航空、轻工、电子、电器、仪表等行业。

然而，与国际先进水平相比，中国的模具行业的差距不仅表现在精度差距大、交货周期长等方面，模具寿命也只有国际先进水平的50％左右，大型、精密、技术含量高的轿车覆盖件冲压模具和精密冲裁模具，每年都需要花费大量资金进口。

近年来，我国冲压模具水平已有很大提高。

大型冲压模具已能生产单套重量达50多吨
的模具。

为中档轿车配套的覆盖件模具内也能生产了。

精度达到1~2μm，寿命2亿次左右的多工位级进模国内已有多家企业能够生产。

表面粗糙度达到Ra≤1.5μm的精冲模，大尺寸（φ≥300mm）精冲模及中厚板精冲模国内也已达到相当高的水平。

2、国内外冲压模具技术和材料应用及专属设备
冲压主要是按工艺分类，可分为分离工序和成形工序两大类。

分离工序也称冲裁，其目的是使冲压件沿一定轮廓线从板料上分离，同时保证分离断面的质量要求。

成形工序的目的是使板料在不破坯的条件下发生塑性变形，制成所需形状和尺寸的工件。

在实际生产中,常常是多种工序综合应用于一个工件。

冲裁、弯曲、剪切、拉伸、胀形、旋压、矫正是几种主要的冲压工工艺。

这些工艺的形成更大程度的展现的冲压技术的优越性。

冲压用板料的表面和内在性能对冲压成品的质量影响很大。

对于冲压材料的要求是:①厚度精确、均匀。

②表面光洁,无斑、无疤、无擦伤、无表面裂纹等。

③屈服强度均匀,无明显方向性。

④均匀延伸率高。

⑤屈强比低。

⑥加工硬化性低。

高质量的冲压材料要求影响整个冲压技术的成熟。

除厚板用水压机成形外，一般都采用机械压力机。

以现代高速多工位机械压力机为中心，配置开卷、矫平、成品收集、输送等机械以及模具库和快速换模装置，并利用计算机程序控制，可组成高生产率的自动冲压生产线。

机械压力机的形成高质量工业生产线。

2.1 我国模具生产向多工位级进模和多功能模具发展
标志冲模技术先进水平的多工位级进模和多功能模具，是我国重点发展的精密模具品种。

有代表性的是集机电一体化的铁芯精密自动阀片多功能模具，已基本达到国际水平。

但总体上和国外多工位级进模相比，在制造精度、使用寿命、模具结构和功能上，仍存在一定差距。

汽车覆盖件模具制造技术正在不断地提高和完美，高精度、高效益加工设备的使用越来越广泛。

高性能的五轴高速铣床和三轴的高速铣床的应用已越来越多。

NC、DNC技术的应用越来越成熟，可以进行倾角加工超精加工。

这些都提高了模具面加工精度，提高了模具的质量，缩短了模具的制造周期。

2.2模具表面强化技术也得到广泛应用
工艺成熟、无污染、成本适中的离子渗氮技术越来越被认可，碳化物被覆处理（TD处理）及许多镀（涂）层技术在冲压模具上的应用日益增多。

真空处理技术、实型铸造技术、刃口堆焊技术等日趋成熟。

激光切割和激光焊技术也得到了应用。

2.3模具设计与制造能力状况
精密、复杂、大型模具的发展，对检测设备的要求越来越高。

现在精密模具的精度已经达到2-3um。

目前国内厂家使用较多的有意大利、美国、日本等国家的高精度三坐标测量机，
并具有数字化扫描功能。

如东风汽车模具厂不仅拥有意大利三坐标测量机，还拥有数码摄影光学扫描仪，率先在国内采用数码摄影、光学扫描作为空间三维信息的获得手段，从而实现了从测量实物——建立数学模型——输出工程图纸——模具制造的整个过程，使得逆向工程技术的开发和应用有了很大成功。

在国家产业政策的正确引导下，经过几十年努力，现在我国冲压模具的设计与制造能力已达到较高水平，包括信息工程和虚拟技术等许多现代设计制造技术已在很多模具企业得到应用。

虽然如此，我国的冲压模具设计制造能力与市场需要和国际先进水平相比仍有较大差距。

这一些主要表现在高档轿车和大中型汽车覆盖件模具及高精度冲模方面，无论在设计还是加工工艺和能力方面，都有较大差距。

轿车覆盖件模具，具有设计和制造难度大，质量和精度要求高的特点，可代表覆盖件模具的水平。

虽然在设计制造方法和手段方面基本达到了国际水平，模具结构周期等方面，与国外相比还存在一定的差距。

3、结论
冲压门扣的水平不断发展。

近年来，我国冲压模具水平已有很大提高。

大型冲压模具已能生产单套重量达50多吨的模具。

为中档轿车配套的覆盖件模具内也能生产了。

精度达到1~2μm，寿命2亿次左右的多工位级进模国内已有多家企业能够生产。

表面粗糙度达到Ra≤1.5μm的精冲模，大尺寸（φ≥300mm）精冲模及中厚板精冲模国内也已达到相当高的水平。

我国的门扣冲压技术向多工位级进模和多功能模具发展，与时俱进，使冲压技术达到更高水平。

现代冲压技术的选择，推动推动现代工业的发展，使工业技术进入更加优秀的阶段！
主要参考资料等：
1.杨占尧主编《模具设计与制造》人民邮电出版社北京2009,4第一版.
2.贾东永郭光立编著《UG模具设计基础教程》清华大学出版社北京2010,6第1版.
3.彭宝成主编《新编机械工程材料》冶金工业出版社北京2008,9第1次印刷.
4.陈明主编.机械制造工艺学[M]. 清华大学出版社,1992,6(3):42-4
5.
5.田光辉，林红旗《模具设计与制造》.北京大学出版社，2009，09，
6.罗正斌主编《模具制造技术》.湖南大学出版社，2008,10,
7.刘朝福主编《冲压模具典型结构图册与动画演示》化学工业出版社第1版2011.1.22.
8.刘朝福主编《冲压模具设计师速查手册》化学工业出版社; 第1版2011，3，1.
9.冲裁小孔凸模设计(论文).
10.影响冲裁零件质量的原因分析(论文).
11.直线轴承外毂架侧槽精密冲裁模具设计(论文).
12.李建明大间隙薄板冲裁模的设计与应用[期刊论文]-电加工与模具2004(01)
13.余蔚荔;余冠洲金属薄板辊压冲裁的研究与装置设计[期刊论文]-煤矿机械2007(05)
14.王孝培冲压设计手册1990
15.第四机械工业部标准化研究所冷压冲模设计1981
16.幸育忠薄料的金属模冲裁1997(04)
17.李成武;仇奎强橡胶冲模在薄板冲压中的应用和探讨[期刊论文]-煤炭技术2007(12)
18.张正修超薄板料冲裁模设计与制造[期刊论文]-航空制造技术2005(07)
18. 上网查资料。

冲裁模具设计有关文章或论文
19.邓文英.《金属工艺学》下册。

高等教育出版社2008.4
20.刘俊尧.《金属工艺基础》西北工业大学出版社.2009.8
22. 朱派龙，孙永红.《机械制造工艺装配》高等教育出版社2004.7
23. Rajput R K. Elements of Mechanical Engineering.Katson Publ.House,1985
关键词:冲压、模具、制造
Abstract
Pick to
Stamping die is used widely in industrial production. Stamping die design make full use of the function characteristics of mechanical press under the condition of room temperature to stamping parts, improve the production efficiency and economic benefit is remarkable.
Stamping mould design make full use of the function characteristics of mechanical press, under the condition of room temperature to stamping parts production rate increase, the economic benefit is remarkable. In this paper, examples of mold structure is simple, practical, and easy to use and reliable, and for mass production of similar work piece has a certain reference function. In the traditional industrial production, the production workers labor intensity big, large amount of labor, the serious influence production efficiency. Along with the development of today's science and technology, industrial production in the use of mold have aroused people's more and more attention, and is widely applied to industrial production.
Automatic feeding stamping die technology into actual production, stamping die can greatly
improve labor productivity, reduce burden of workers, has the important significance of technological progress and economic value.
1, the domestic and foreign development of mold industry and the status quo
In 1953, changchun first automobile manufactory was established for the first time in China die workshop, the factory was started in 1958 manufacturing automobile covering panel dies.
In the beginning of the 20th century 60 years in China fine blanking die. After passed wen long road to development, at present our country has developed more than 300, one hundred million yuan (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan statistics, hereinafter the same) the production of all kinds of stamping die.
With Swiss law for Shanghai jiaotong university (Finetool) fine blanking company developed fine blanking progressive die CAC/CAM system, xi 'an jiaotong university developed the multi-location bending progressive die CAD system and so on. Outlook on mould CAD/CAE/CAM technology development at home and abroad, the century of science and technology is under rapid change, with the close combination of computer technology, artificial intelligence technology, concurrent engineering, design for assembly, parametric feature modeling and associated, and a series of related to mold industrial technology fast development, wide cross disciplines than ever.
Mould total annual production at present in our country although has the third largest in the world, which accounts for over 40% of the total mould, punch mould but in the standardization of mold design and manufacturing level and degree, compared with Germany, the United States, Japan and other developed countries there is a considerable gap. On the design and manufacturing methods, means, has basically reached the international level, die structure features was close to the international level, a huge step forward in car mold localization process. But in manufacturing quality, accuracy, manufacturing cycle and cost aspects, compared with abroad still has certain gap.
Abroad, especially Europe and the United States and Japan and South Korea and other developed areas of mould industry started earlier, have more advanced production technology and management experience, is worth our study and draw lessons from domestic mould industry. In Europe and the United States, a lot of mold enterprises applying high and new technology to mold design and manufacturing, mainly reflected in: (1) give full play to the information technology to drive and promote the superiority of the die and mould industry; (2) high speed cutting, five-axis high speed processing technology basic popularization, greatly reduce molding cycle, improve the market competitiveness of enterprises; (3) rapid prototyping and rapid molding technology widely applied; (4) is engaged in the mold industry personnel streamlining, mastering many skills while specializing in one, more than one job, and lean production; (5) the mold product specialization, accurate market positioning; (6) the use of advanced management information system, realize the integrated management; (7) process management advanced, high degree of standardization. Japan's future development direction of mould processing mainly for hand repair mode, discharge processing, shortening processing time, five-axis machining, etc.
Mould is a mechanical manufacturing a far-reaching important process equipment, advanced technology, with high efficiency, high material utilization, product quality and process adaptability is good wait for a characteristic, is widely used in automobiles, machinery, aerospace, aviation, light industry, electronics, electrical appliances, instrumentation and other
industries. However, compared with the international advanced level, the gap between China's mold industry not only has large gap in the precision, the delivery cycle is long, etc., die life and only about 50% of the international advanced level, large, precision, high technology content of car covers and fine blanking die stamping mould, need to spend a lot of money to import each year.
Have advanced greatly in recent years, China's level of stamping die. Large stamping mold has been able to produce a single set of weight of more than 50 tons of mold. For mid-range car covering parts of the mould can be produced. Accuracy is 1 ~ 2 microns, 200 million times or so of multistep progressive die service life has more than domestic enterprises can produce.
Surface roughness Ra 1.5 microns or less in the die, large size (phi 300 mm or higher) precision die and thick plate in precision stamping die at home also has reached a quite high level.
2, stamping die technology and material application and exclusive equipment at home and abroad Stamping process for mainly according to classification, can be divided into separation process and forming process two kinds big. Separation process also known as blanking, and its purpose is to make the stamping parts from the sheet metal along the contour line must be separated, and at the same time guarantee the quality of the separation section. Forming process is designed to make sheet metal under the condition of not broken slab occur plastic deformation, made into the required shape and size of the workpiece. In actual production, often a variety of integrated process applied to an artifact. Blanking, bending, shear, stretching and bulging of several stamping, spinning, correction is working process. The formation of these processes show a greater degree of the stamping technology superiority.
Stamping with surface and internal performance of sheet metal stamping has great influence on the quality of the finished product. To the requirement of stamping materials is: (1) accurate, uniform thickness. (2) the surface is bright and clean, no spots, no scar, no scratch, no surface crack, etc. (3) yield strength even and no obvious directivity. (4) high uniform elongation. (5) showed low. 6. Processing low hardenability. High quality stamping material requirements affect the stamping technology of mature.
In addition to the thick plate with hydraulic press forming, generally USES the mechanical press. In modern high-speed transfer mechanical press as the center, the configuration open book, flattening, collection, transmission machinery and tooling libraries and quick die change equipment, and use the computer program control, can be composed of high productivity of the automatic stamping production line. The formation of the mechanical press high quality industrial production line.
2.1 China's progressive die mold production to transfer and multi-function mold development
Mark die advanced technology level of multistep progressive die and multifunctional mould, is China's focus on the development of precision mould varieties. Representative is the collection of electromechanical integration core precision automatic valve multi-function mold, has basically reached the international level.
But on the whole, compared with those of multistep progressive die abroad in manufacturing precision, service life, the mould structure and function, there is still a certain gap.
Automobile cover parts die manufacturing technology is constantly improve and perfect, the use of high precision, high benefit processing equipment is more and more widely.
High-performance high-speed five-axis milling machine and three axis has been more and
more application of high-speed milling machine. NC, the application of the DNC technology is more and more mature, can process superfinishing Angle. These have improved the mold surface machining accuracy, improve the quality of the mould, shorten the mould manufacturing cycle.
2.2 die surface strengthening technology is also widely used
Mature technology, pollution-free, moderate cost of ion nitriding technology is more and more recognized, carbide covering treatment (TD) and many plating (tu) technology in the application of stamping die is increasing. Vacuum processing technology, mold casting technology become more mature, blade surfacing technology, etc. Laser cutting and laser welding technology has been applied.
2.3 mold design and manufacturing capabilities
Precision, complex, large-scale mold development for testing equipment demand is higher and higher. Now precision mold accuracy has reached 2-3 um. At present domestic manufacturers to use more with Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries of the three coordinate measuring machine has high precision, and has the function of digital scan. Such as dongfeng automobile mold factory not only has three coordinate measuring machine, Italy also has a digital photography optical scanners, took the lead in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a space 3 d information acquisition means, so as to realize from the measurement of physical, mathematical model, output of engineering drawings, the whole process of mould manufacturing, makes the development and application of reverse engineering technology had the very big success.
Under the correct guidance of state industrial policy, after decades of efforts, now our stamping die design and manufacturing capability has reached a higher level, including information engineering and virtual technology and many other modern design and manufacturing technology has been applied to many mould companies get.
Nonetheless, stamping die design and manufacturing capabilities in China compared with market needs and the international advanced level there is still a large gap. That some of the main performance in luxury cars and large and medium-sized automotive covering parts mould and precision punching die, no matter in terms of design and processing technology and ability, has a larger gap. Car covering mould, design and manufacturing difficulty is big, the quality and the characteristics of high accuracy requirement can represent covering parts mould level. While in the aspect of design and manufacturing methods and means basically reached the international level, the mould structure cycle and so on, compared with abroad still has certain gap.
3, conclusion
The development level of stamping door buckle. Have advanced greatly in recent years, China's level of stamping die. Large stamping mold has been able to produce a single set of weight of more than 50 tons of mold. For mid-range car covering parts of the mould can be produced. Accuracy is 1 ~ 2 microns, 200 million times or so of multistep progressive die service life has more than domestic enterprises can produce. Surface roughness Ra 1.5 microns or less in the die, large size (phi 300 mm or higher) precision die and thick plate in precision stamping die at home also has reached a quite high level. Catch on the progressive die stamping technology to the transfer and multifunctional mould development, advancing with The Times, make the stamping technology to a higher level.
Modern stamping technology choice, push to promote the development of modern industry, industrial technology into a more excellent stage!
Main resources
1. Yang Zhanyao editor "mold design and manufacture" people's posts and telecommunications publishing house, Beijing 2009, the first edition.
2. Jia Dongyong Guo Guangli by the UG mold design primer, tsinghua university press, Beijing, 2010, 6 (1).
3. Peng Baocheng editor of the new mechanical engineering material "metallurgical industry press, Beijing 2008, 9 1 times printing.
4. Set editor. Machinery manufacturing technology [M]. Tsinghua university press, 1992, 6 (3) : 42 to 4
5.
5. Tian Guanghui Lin Gongqi "mold design and manufacturing. Peking University press, 2009,09,
6. Luo Zhengbin editor in chief of the mold manufacturing technology. Publishing house of hunan university, 2008, 10,
7. LiuChaoFu editor "stamping die structure of typical pictures and animation demonstration" press 1 2011.1.22 chemical industry.
8. LiuChaoFu editor "stamping die designers quick manual" chemical industry publishing house; 2011,3,1 version 1.
9. Blanking hole punch design (paper).
10. Analysis of the causes of affecting the quality of blanking parts (paper).
11. Linear bearing outside the hub side grooves at the fine blanking die design (paper).
12. Li Jianming big clearance sheet blanking die design and application of [journal] - electric processing and mould, 2004 (01)
13. Y u Weili; Yu Guanzhou sheet metal rolling blanking device the research and design [journal] - 2007 coal mining machinery (05)
14. 1990 Wang Xiaopei stamping design manual
15. Institute of machinery industry standard 4 rolls for cold stamping die design 1981
16. Luckily nurtures loyal metal mould cutting thin materials, 1997 (04)
17. Li Chengwu; QiuKuiJiang rubber die in sheet stamping application and discussion [journal] - coal technology, 2007 (12)
18. Zhang Zhengxiu ultrathin sheet metal blanking die design and manufacture [journal] - aviation manufacturing technology, 2005 (7)
18. Use the Internet. Blanking die design related articles or papers
19. Deng Wenying. Metallurgical technology, part ii. Higher education press, 2008.4
20. LiuJunYao. "metal technology foundation" the northwest industrial university press. 2009.8 22. Zhu sent dragon, Sun Yonggong. "mechanical manufacturing technology assembly" higher education press, 2004.7
23. The Rajput R K. Elements of Mechanical Engineering. The Katson Publ. House. 1985
Keywords: stamping, tooling, manufacturing。