【精品】女性主义的英文材料

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Feminism

Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women.[1][2] In addition, feminism seeks to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment. A feminist is a "person whose beliefs and behavior are based on feminism."[3]

Feminist theory, which emerged from these feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experience; it has developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues such as the social construction of sex and gender.[4][5] Some of the earlier forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle-class, educated perspectives. This led to the creation of ethnically-specific or multiculturalist forms of feminism.[6]

Feminist activists campaign for women's rights–such as in contract law, property, and voting– while also promoting bodily integrity, autonomy and reproductive rights for women. Feminist campaigns have changed societies, particularly in the West, by achieving women's suffrage, gender neutrality in English, equal pay for women, reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property.[7][8] Feminists have worked to protect women and girls from domestic violence, sexual harassment, and sexual assault.[9][10][11] They have also advocated for workplace rights, including maternity leave, and against forms of discrimination against women.[7][8][12] Feminism is mainly focused on women's issues, but because feminism seeks gender equality, some feminists argue that men's liberation is a necessary part of feminism, and that men are also harmed by sexism and gender roles.

Contents

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• 1 History

o 1.1 Nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

o 1.2 Mid-twentieth century

o 1.3 Late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries • 2 Theory

• 3 Movements and ideologies

o 3.1 Political movements

o 3.2 Materialist ideologies

o 3.3 Black and postcolonial ideologies

o 3.4 Social constructionist ideologies

o 3.5 Cultural movements

• 4 Societal impact

o 4.1 Civil rights

o 4.2 Language

o 4.3 Theology

o 4.4 Patriarchy

o 4.5 Men and masculinity

• 5 Culture

o 5.1 Architecture

o 5.2 Literature

o 5.3 Music

o 5.4 Visual arts

• 6 Sexuality

o 6.1 Sex industry

▪ 6.1.1 Pornography

▪ 6.1.2 Prostitution and trafficking •7 Relationship to political movements

o7.1 Socialism

o7.2 Fascism

o7.3 Civil rights movement and anti-racism •8 Science

o8.1 Biology and gender

•9 Reactions

o9.1 Pro-feminism

o9.2 Anti-feminism

•10 See also

•11 References

•12 Further reading

•13 External links

o13.1 Multimedia and documents

o13.2 Articles

o13.3 Listings

o13.4 Tools

History

Feminist Suffrage Parade in New York City, May 6, 1912.

Main article: History of feminism

See also: Protofeminist