summary 总结

如何写一篇英语文章的summarysummary是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。

它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。

摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。

另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。

这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。

因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。

下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。

1）细读原文。

首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。

2）弄清要求。

搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。

3）列出原文要点。

分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。

在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。

4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。

将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。

在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）。

（2）安排好篇幅的比例。

摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。

（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。

要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。

（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。

（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。

摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。

它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。

写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。

第一步：阅读A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。

如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。

阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。

B．给摘要起一个标题。

用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。

也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。

主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。

一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。

C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。

对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。

D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。

第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。

因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。

摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。

B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。

不要引用原文的句子。

C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。

这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。

D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。

E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。

只保留主要观点。

2) 选择一至两个例子。

原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。

3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。

如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。

4) 避免重复。

在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。

但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。

应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

5) 压缩长的句子。

如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。

请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation ser vices.”7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”8）使用最短的连接词。

比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。

通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。

9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul —it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”可以用第三人称概括为：Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s he alth and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.第三步：修改成文草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。

首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。

其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。

第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。

最后，保持语言简单明了。

经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。

How to write a summaryWhat’s a summary?A summary is a compact form of the main points of a longer work. Writing summaries is useful to you in that it helps you to develop the ability to grasp quickly and accurately the central idea of the piece that you read and capability to present it in a clear, concise and effective way.Important points for consideration1) The length of a summary is usually not more than one-third or one-fourth ofthat of the original piece.2) Write the summary in your words. It should not be a mere collection ofphrases and sentences from the original piece.3) The summary should be a good piece in its own right in the sense that itobserves the principle of unity, coherence, clarity, etc.4) Follow the logical order of the original piece and try to convey its messagefully and clearly.The process of writing a summary1) Read the original text thoroughly and carefully to get the whole picture—thesubject, the thesis and the main supporting points( in many cases they are stated in the topic sentences at the beginning or end of a paragraph).Reread it if necessary.2) Underline the thesis of the whole piece and the main point of eachparagraph or section if they are directly stated, and sum them up briefly in your own words. You may use some key words, phrases or short sentences in your own sum-up work.3) Examine the thesis and main supporting points and decide what iscomparatively less important and can be omitted without much harm done to the basic message of the original text.4) Think of a title for your summary according to your comprehension of theoriginal text.5) Express what is not omitted in your own words. Keep in mind that thepoints, facts and even the order of points and facts must correspond with those of the original. Your personal ideas and attitudes must not be thrust into the summary.6) In the process of writing a summary, you may do the following things to theoriginal,⏹Omit some of the details.⏹Reduce the examples.⏹Simplify the descriptions.⏹Use words and phrases to replace wordy sentences.⏹Use general words instead of concrete words.⏹Change the direct speech into indirect speech.7) Proofread what you have written, paying special attention t grammatical and spelling mistakes. Make sure that your language is idiomatic.How to Write a Good SummaryA summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition. It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible. When one writes a summary, one should not interpret or comment. All one has to do is to give the gist of the author’s exact and essential meaning.es of Summary Writing(1)Summary writing is a very good exercise for improving readingcomprehension. Some students read carelessly, and gain only a vague idea of what they have read. Summary writing can force them to try to understand what they read, for no one can write a summary of any passage unless he has grasped its meaning. So summarizing is also training in concentration of attention. It requires one to read with the mind, as well as with the eye, on the page.(2)Summary writing is also helpful to composition writing. It trains one toexpress on e’s thought clearly, concisely and effectively. It is an excellent corrective of vague and disorderly thinking and loose and diffuse writing.When writing a summary, one has to work within strict limits. One must express a certain meaning in a fixed number of words. So it is important to choose words carefully, to make sentences with an eye to accuracy and brevity, and to write the summary in logical order.(3)Summary writing has practical uses. The ability to grasp quickly andaccurately what is read, or heard, and to reproduce it in a clear and concise way is of great value to people of many professions. For scientists, businessmen, lawyers, and government officials this ability is not only important, but necessary.2.Procedure(1)ReadingA.First read the passage through carefully to get the gist of it. If readingit once is not sufficient to give you a clear understanding of it, read itover again. The more you read it, the more familiar to you will be itssubject, and what is said about the subject.B.Give a title to your summary. Think of some word, phrase or shortsentence that will sum up briefly the main idea of the passage.Sometimes what is called a topic sentence may be used. The topicsentence may be found at the beginning or at the end of the passage.To find a suitable title will help you to define what exactly thesubject, or main theme, of the passage is.C.You should now be in a position to decide what parts of the passageare essential and what parts are comparatively unimportant and canbe omitted without much loss.D.Jot down in brief notes the main points—the subject, the title, andthe details which you consider essential or important.(2)WritingA.A summary should usually be about one-third to one-fourth as longas the original passage. So count the number of words in the passageand divide it by three. You may use fewer words than the numberprescribed, but in no case may you exceed the limit.B.The summary should be all in your own words. It must not be apatchwork made up of phrases and sentences quoted from theoriginal passage.C.You should follow the logical order of the original passage, ifpossible (and desirable). Ideas and facts need not be rearranged.D.The summary should be self-contained, that is, it must convey themessage of the original fully and clearly, so that your reader need noreference to the original to understand what its main ideas are.E.Summary writing is an exercise in compression. In writing asummary, you may:1.Omit the details. Only the important points should be includedin the summary; all the details that explain the main points canbe left out.2.Reduce the examples. Out of five or six examples given in theoriginal passage one or two may be chosen for the summary;the rest are to be omitted.3.Simplify the descriptions. If in the passage there are tensentences describing a person or an object, it will be enough tokeep one or two in the summary.4.Eliminate all repetitions. Sometimes a statement is repeated foremphasis. This is not necessary in a summary. Sometimes anidea is repeated in different words. Such a veiled repetitionshould also be avoided.press wordy sentences and change phrases to words. Mayalso make phrases do the work of clauses or sentences.e general words instead of specific words.e the shortest possible transitions. For example, but, then,thus, yet, and for, can be used in place of longer transitions likeat the same time, on the other hand, etc.8.Put the main points of a dialog in indirect speech.(3)RevisionRevise your draft. Compare it carefully with the original to see that you have included all the important points. If it is too long, further compress it byomitting unnecessary words and phrases or by remodeling sentences. Correctall mistakes in spelling, grammar and idiom, and see that it is properlypunctuated. Make the language simple and direct.浅谈英文SCI论文的Abstract和Summary的区别方法/步骤摘要（或文摘），也就是英文的Abstract顾名思义，是一篇文章摘出来的要点。