材料科学与工程专业英语第二版 翻译答案 老师整理的
材料科学与工程11-20专业英语翻译.
材料科学与工程专业英语参考翻译（11-20）专业：材料物理姓名：43110103刘伟吉林大学材料科学科学与工程材料物理 154223585711微结构、加工过程和应用之间的联系微结构、加工过程和应用之间的联系材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面—合成与加工，结构与组成，性质和性能之间的相互联系来定义的。
为了理解任意材料的行为（性能表现）与性质，有必要去了解它的结构。
结构可以从几个水平层次来考虑，这些都会影响材料的最终行为（性能表现）。
能够对材料的颜色、电导性和磁性产生影响的电子构型是材料的最精细的水平。
原子中的电子排布方式影响它是如何与其他原子结合的。
这（结合方式）反过来又对晶体结构有着重大影响；结晶陶瓷具有非常规则的原子排列，然而，这种长程有序的排列在非晶体和无定型陶瓷中却不存在，尽管在局部我们可以看到相似的多面体结构。
这种材料相对于它们的晶体经常表现出不同的行为。
我们不仅要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构的情况，也要顾及到材料中不可避免的结构缺陷的存在，甚至是无定型的，这类缺陷例如杂质原子和位错。
多晶陶瓷的结构由许多晶粒组成。
晶粒的尺寸，形状和位向在这些材料的许多微观性质中扮演者重要的角色，例如力学强度。
在大多数陶瓷中，多相共存，每一相都有自己独特的结构、组成和性质。
对材料中的这些相的类型、尺寸、分布和总量的控制为控制性质提供了一种方式。
陶瓷的微观结构通常情况下是它所经历的加工过程的结果。
例如，热压处理的陶瓷一般情况下只有极少数孔隙，烧结材料很少有这种现象。
通过这篇课文，结构、加工过程和性质之间的相互联系将会很明显地显示出来。
但这里用5个例子来说明。
1. 根据霍尔派奇方程，多晶陶瓷的强度取决于晶粒尺寸。
一般来说，晶粒尺寸降低时，强度升高。
晶粒尺寸是由初始粉体颗粒的大小和它们的凝结方式所决定的。
多晶陶瓷中的境界也很重要。
强度自然取决于材料是否纯净、是否包含第二相或孔隙，抑或晶界处的玻璃态。
对于纳米陶瓷来说，这些关系却并非总是非常明显的。
材料科学与工程专业英语1(18单元课后翻译答案)-
材料科学与工程专业英语1（18单元课后翻译答案）-目睹了我们的生活通过发生在医药、电信和交通运输行业的革命得到了重塑。
8 .世界上80%的人口缺乏安全饮用水，近40%的人口没有卫生设施。
9 .材料和社会是相互联系的，我们应该看到微型企业研究议程和影响人类状况的社会问题之间的密切关系，这是合理的。
从化学角度来看，金属是一种容易失去电子形成正离子的元素，正离子与其他金原子形成金属键。
2.金属键的无方向性被认为是金属延展性的主要原因。
3.只有当原子间的键断裂时，带有共价键的晶体才会变形，导致晶体断裂。
4.合金，尤其是那些满足更高应用要求的合金，如喷气发动机，可能含有十多种元素。
5.离域电子电子结构碱土金属化学电池核电荷电导率。
金属有时被描述为被离域电子云包围的正离子晶格。
7 .金属通常具有优异的导电性和导热性、高密度和在应力下变形而不裂开的能力。
8 .合金是两种或多种元素在固溶体中的混合物，其中主要成分是金属。
9 .将不同比例的金属结合在一起作为超级合金的发展严重依赖于化学和加工创新，主要由航空和能源行业推动。
2.抗蠕变性主要取决于晶体结构中位错速度的减缓。
3.高温合金加工技术的发展大大提高了高温合金的工作温度。
4.单晶高温合金是采用改进的定向凝固技术形成的，因此材料中没有晶界。
5.面心立方晶体结构涡轮入口温度金属材料相稳定性核反应堆纳米粒子的合成。
超级合金通常具有悬浮面心立方晶体结构。
7 .在需要高温强度和腐蚀/氧化的地方使用超级合金电阻。
8 .超级合金广泛用于航空潜艇、核反应堆和军用电动机。
9 .在高温下，气态明矾腐蚀过程本质上是一个电化学过程，具有与电池相同的基本特性。
2.从矿物中提取金属所需的能量问题与随后的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关。
3.当电子与中和的正离子(如电解质中的氢离子)反应时，阴极的电子必须平衡。
4.保护膜电路自由电子转移金属阳离子阳极反应5。
一些金属如金和银可以在地球上以天然金属状态存在，它们几乎不容易腐蚀。
材料科学与工程专业英语第二版课文翻译(1,2,3,10)
United 1 材料科学与工程材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。
如交通、房子、衣物，通讯、娱乐和食物的生产，实际上，我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。
历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。
实际上，早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名，如石器时代，铜器时代。
早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料，如石头、木材、粘土等。
渐渐地，他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料，这些新材料包括陶器和金属。
进一步地，人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。
在这点上，材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。
也就是说，在一系列非常有限的材料中，根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。
直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
这个大约是过去的60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。
因此，成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。
很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。
一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。
比如，没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。
在现代，复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件.材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。
严格地说，材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。
相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料，而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系，和/或发展材料加工新技术。
多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。
“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。
简单地说，材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。
原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。
在原子水平上，结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。
材料科学与工程11-20专业英语翻译
材料科学与工程专业英语参考翻译（11-20）专业：材料物理姓名：43110103刘伟吉林大学材料科学科学与工程材料物理154223585711微结构、加工过程和应用之间的联系微结构、加工过程和应用之间的联系材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面—合成与加工，结构与组成，性质和性能之间的相互联系来定义的。
为了理解任意材料的行为（性能表现）与性质，有必要去了解它的结构。
结构可以从几个水平层次来考虑，这些都会影响材料的最终行为（性能表现）。
能够对材料的颜色、电导性和磁性产生影响的电子构型是材料的最精细的水平。
原子中的电子排布方式影响它是如何与其他原子结合的。
这（结合方式）反过来又对晶体结构有着重大影响；结晶陶瓷具有非常规则的原子排列，然而，这种长程有序的排列在非晶体和无定型陶瓷中却不存在，尽管在局部我们可以看到相似的多面体结构。
这种材料相对于它们的晶体经常表现出不同的行为。
我们不仅要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构的情况，也要顾及到材料中不可避免的结构缺陷的存在，甚至是无定型的，这类缺陷例如杂质原子和位错。
多晶陶瓷的结构由许多晶粒组成。
晶粒的尺寸，形状和位向在这些材料的许多微观性质中扮演者重要的角色，例如力学强度。
在大多数陶瓷中，多相共存，每一相都有自己独特的结构、组成和性质。
对材料中的这些相的类型、尺寸、分布和总量的控制为控制性质提供了一种方式。
陶瓷的微观结构通常情况下是它所经历的加工过程的结果。
例如，热压处理的陶瓷一般情况下只有极少数孔隙，烧结材料很少有这种现象。
通过这篇课文，结构、加工过程和性质之间的相互联系将会很明显地显示出来。
但这里用5个例子来说明。
1. 根据霍尔派奇方程，多晶陶瓷的强度取决于晶粒尺寸。
一般来说，晶粒尺寸降低时，强度升高。
晶粒尺寸是由初始粉体颗粒的大小和它们的凝结方式所决定的。
多晶陶瓷中的境界也很重要。
强度自然取决于材料是否纯净、是否包含第二相或孔隙，抑或晶界处的玻璃态。
对于纳米陶瓷来说，这些关系却并非总是非常明显的。
材料科学与工程专业英语1-18单元课后翻译答案
Unit 1 Translation.1."材料科学〞涉与到研究材料的结构与性能的关系.相反,材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉与或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质.2.实际上,所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学、腐蚀性.3.除了结构与性质,材料科学与工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分,即加工与性能.4.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、性能之间的关系以与材料的加工技术,根据以上的原则,他或她就会越自信与熟练地对材料进行更明智的选择.5.只有在少数情况下,材料才具有最优或最理想的综合性质.因此,有时候有必要为某一性质而牺牲另一性能.6.Interdisciplinary dielectric constantSolid material<s> heat capacityMechanical property electromagnetic radiationMaterial processing elastic modulus7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.8. Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.9.10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 21.金属是电和热很好的导体,在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽.2.陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体,并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度和耐恶劣环境性能.3.用于高科技领域的材料有时也被称为先进材料.4.压电陶瓷在电场作用下膨胀和收缩；反之,当它们膨胀和收缩时,他们也能产生一个电场.5.随着能够观察单个原子或者分子的扫描探针显微镜的出现,操控和移动原子和分子以形成新结构成为可能,因此,我们能通过一些简单的原子水平的构建就可以设计出新的材料.6.advanced materials ceramic materialshigh-performance materials clay mineralsalloy implantglass fibre carbon nanotube7.Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directlyattributable to these electrons.8.Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.9.Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors<viz. metalsand metal alloys> and insulators<viz. ceramics and polymers>.10.Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit 31．金属的行为〔性质〕不同于陶瓷的行为〔性质〕,陶瓷的行为〔性质〕不同于聚合物的行为〔性质〕. 2．原子结构主要影响化学性质、物理性质、热学性质、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能.微结构和宏观结构虽也能影响这些性能但是他们主要影响力学性能和化学反应速率.3．金属的强度表明原子是通过强的键结合在一起的.4．元素的原子序数表明该元素的原子核内带正电的质子数.而原子的原子量则表明该原子核中质子数与中子数.5．Microstructure macrostructureChemical reaction atomic weightBalanced electrical charge positively charged proton6. 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to supporttall buildings,7．The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong bonds.8. Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye,but using a microscope.Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye.9. The atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the nucleus.Unit 41．当密度小于水的密度时,物体将漂浮在水面上,当密度大于水的密度时,物体会沉降.相似的,当比重小于1时,物体将漂浮在水面上,当比重大于1时,物体会沉降.2．由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移动,导致磁通量密度比真空中小,这种材料为反磁性材料.3．使磁通量密度提高1倍以上小于或等于10倍的材料叫顺磁性材料,使磁通量密度提高10倍以上的材料叫铁磁性材料.4．某些铁磁性材料,特别是一些粉末状或夹层铁,钢或镍合金的相对导磁率可高达1000000.反磁性材料的相对导磁率小于1,但是到目前还没有哪种材料的相对导磁率远小于1.5．当顺磁性或铁磁性的芯插入线圈时,其磁感应系数等于相对磁导率乘以空芯时的磁感应系数. 6．specific gravity boiling point magnetic inductioncoefficient of thermal conductivity glass transition temperaturenon-ferrous metals linear coefficient of thermal expansionmass per unit of volume7. Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemicalproperties.8. Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.9. At some temperature below the melting point, polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the moleculesremain linked in chains, which tesults in a soft and pliable material.10. In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute.Unit 51. 金属的力学性能决定了材料的使用X围与期望的服役寿命.2. 因此,一般多测几次以得到力学性能,报导的数值一般是平均值或者计算的统计最小值.3．材料的承载方式极大地影响了材料的力学性能,也决定了材料失效形式,以与在失效前是否有预警. 4．然而,受力弯曲时会产生一个应力分布,应力大小与到轴线的垂直距离有关.5．材料受到低于临界压力即屈服强度的力时,材料才会发生弹性形变.6．Test specimen static loading force normal axisEngineering strain critical stress yield strength stress areaStress- strain curve7. Temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys;while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease.8. From the respective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces withina body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.9. Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided bythe initial length of the material.10. A material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strengthand high ductility.Unit 61. 随着影响我们星球上人类生存条件的社会问题的即将出现,材料科学与工程界有责任和机遇通过解决未来世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、饮食、回收和健康方面的需求来改变世界.2. 不发达国家的人口增长率远高于1.4%的世界平均人口增长率.3. 全球能源使用的预算在2025以前将以每年1.7%速度增长,这比世界人口增长率快多了.4. 此外,发达地区的人均能量使用量是不发达地区人均能量使用量的九倍以上.5. gross domestic product materials science and engineering market economySocietal issues economic index sanitationGross national product popilation growth rate6. Some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineer’s ability toaddress societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering.7. We have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine,telecommunications, and transportantion industries.8. Eighteen percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access tosanitation.9. Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSEresearch agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.Unit 71.从化学角度来说,金属是一类容易失电子以形成正离子的元素,它与其他金属原子形成金属键.2.金属键的无方向性被认为是金属具有延展性的主要原因.3.存在着共价键的晶体只有在原子之间的键断裂的情况下变形,从而导致晶体破裂.4.合金特别是为满足更高应用要求的合金比如喷气发动机,可能含有十种以上的元素.5.delocalized electron electronic structurealkaline earth metal chemical cellnuclear charge electric conductivity6.Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.7.Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to bedeformed under stress without cleaving.8.An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.bining different ration of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirablecharacteristics.Unit 81.超耐热合金的发展非常依赖于化学与加工的创新,并主要受到航空和能源工业的推动.2.抗蠕变性能主要取决于晶体结构内位错速度的放缓.3.超耐热合金在加工方面的发展使超耐热合金的操作温度大幅度提高.4.单晶高温合金是运用改进的定向凝固技术而形成单晶的,因此在材料中并无晶界.5.faced-centred cubic crystal structure turbine entry temperaturemetallic materials phase stabilitynuclear reactor synthesis of nanoparticle6.Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced-centered cubic crystal structure.7.Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance.8.Superalloys are widely used in aircraft ,submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors.9.At high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chloride<or fluoride> is transfereed to the surface of part anddiffuseds inside.Unit 91.腐蚀过程从本质上说是一个电化学的过程,有着与电池相同的本质特征.2. 从矿物中提炼金属所需能源的问题与后续的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关.3. 当电子与中和的正离子〔如电解液中的氢离子〕发生反应时,阴极处电子得以平衡.4．Protective film circuitFree electron electron transferMetal cation anode reaction5.Some metals, such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they havelittle tendency to corrode.6.Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is addedto an atom.7.If the surface becomes wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layerbetween the anode and cathode.8.Corrosion is commonly classification based on the appearance of the corroded material.Unit 101. 我们要观察〔研究〕这些性能,看它们与我们所期望的陶瓷的组成有多匹配.2. 在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下,玻璃不再具有脆性行为,而表现为粘稠液体.3. 它们显示出优异的力学性能、抗腐蚀/氧化性能,或电学、光学抑或是磁学性能.4. 一般认为,先进是最近100年才发展起来的,而传统的基于粘土的陶瓷早已在25000多年前就被使用了.5. the glass transition temperature ionic-covalent bondStress distribution coefficient of thermal expansionGlass optical fibre materials science and engineeringSolid-oxide fuel cells electron microscopy6. Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.7. Ceramic are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressivestrength.8. Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improvethis property.9. The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, whichdetermines their properties.Unit 111. 材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面—合成与加工,结构与组成,性质与性能之间的相互联系来定义的.2．我们不仅要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构〔的情况〕,我们也要考虑材料中不可避免的结构缺陷的存在,甚至是无定形的.3. 通过热压可使孔径减小从而得到高密度产品.4. 在运输时,厂方要提供关于产品危害方面的信息.5. crystalline ceramics grain boundaryAlkaline earth oxide oxide additiveTriple point saturation magnetizationTelevision tube the color scale6.To understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure.7.The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they wereconsolidated.8.Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phaseparticles.9.Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and lowdielectric constant.Unit 121. 材料的选择是任何组分设计至关重要的环节,尤其在植入体和其它医疗器械方面是特别重要的.2. 我们能进行承载应用的三种主要材料是金属、聚合物和陶瓷.3. 高密度、高纯度的氧化铝被大量的用于植入物,特别是在需要承载压力的髋关节修复和牙移植中.4. 在陶瓷或陶瓷复合材料中,氧化锆的磨损率远远高于氧化锆铝的磨损率.5. controlled reaction stress shieldingTotal hip prosthese strain-to-failure ratioMechanical stress flexural strengthMartensitic transformation6.Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems.7.These repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased, damaged, or just simply wears out.8.Because of its low density, cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone.9.Eliminating stress shielding, by reducing E, is one of the primary motivations for the development ofbioceramic composites.10.There are questions concerning the long-term effect of radiation emission from zirconia ceramics.Unit 131. 聚合物的俗名叫塑料,这个词指的是一大类具有许多性质和用途的天然材料和合成材料.2. 聚合物合成是一个把叫做单体的小分子通过共价键的结合形成链的过程.3. 支化聚合物分子是由一条带有一个或多个侧基或支链的主链组成.一些特殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳状聚合物和刷状聚合物.4. 某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的胆识结构却相关的单体组成的,例如聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的.5. persistence length cross-linkPolar monomer nucleic acidPolymerization polyelectrolyte6.Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, onappropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.7.Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, suchas polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits.8. A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.9.In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization,essentially the number of monomer Units which comprise the polymer.Unit 141. 大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架,这是因为碳原子具有与其它原子形成更强更稳定的键的优异性能.2. 它们在一定X围内软化,这与完好晶体相具有非常明确的熔点不同.3. 分子量取决于其合成时的条件,因此分子量可能分布很宽或分布很窄.4. Goodyear 很偶然的发现了在橡胶中加入硫磺并加热这个混合物能使橡胶变硬,对氧化和化学进攻能力的敏感性降低.5. thermosetting plastic cross-sectional areaPolymerization reaction double bondChemical composition carboxylic acidMelting point degradation by oxidation6.Polymer with different chemical composition has different physical and chemical property.7. A thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshapedreadily.8.Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.9.Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or againstdegradation by oxidation.Unit 151. 逐渐增强的环境意识促使包装薄膜与其加工既要方便使用又要具有环境友好的特点.2. 显而易见,实现这些性能对控制和改进机械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的.3. 在羧酸、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解过程中,由水和热引发的过氧化反应可以使之降解成低摩尔质量的物质,这就是碳氢聚合物力学性能降低的主要原因.4. 用持久耐用的聚合物做短期使用的包装材料并不合理,另外也是因为包装材料被食物污染后再进行物理回收是不切合实际的.5. natural gas packaging materialsAroma compound bioplastic materialChemical structure the life cycle of biomass6. Bacteria , fungi, enzymes start the bioassimilation giving rise to biomass and CO2 that finally form the humus.7. The bioplastic aim is to imitate the life cycle of biomass, which includes conservation of fossil resources, waterand CO2 production.8. During the oxo-degradation of carboxylic acid, molecules of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones degradable withlow molar mass are produced by peroxidation initiated by heat or light .9. While most of the commercialized biopolymer materials are biodegradable, these are not fully compostable inreal composting conditions, which vary with temperature and relative humidity.Unit 161. 比如,多相金属在微观尺度上是复合材料.但一般意义上的复合材料是指通过键的作用使两种或多种不同的材料结合在一起的材料..2. 最常见的是,复合材料有一个连续的叫基体的本体相,还有一个分散的非连续的叫增强相的相.3. 先进材料采用了树脂与纤维的复合材料,一般为碳/石墨,凯芙拉或玻璃纤维与环氧树脂的复合材料.纤维具有高的硬度,而聚合物树脂基体能保持复合材料的结构.4. 如果复合材料设计和制备合理的话,复合材料就既具有增强相的强度又具有基体的韧性从而得到了性能的理想组合,这是任何一种组分单独存在时所具备的性能.5. composite material reinforcement materialFiberglass matrix materialStrengthening mechanism conventional material6. A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or more distinct materials, each of which retainsits own distinctive properties, to create a new material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.7.Carbon-epoxy composties are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff.Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh enviroments, and are repairable.8.According to the conception of composite , reinforced plastics, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrixcomposites and concrete are composites.9.In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load-bearing component. Fiberglass and carbon fibercomposites are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.Unit 171. 震荡、撞击或者重复的周期性应力能导致两层的界面处发生薄层分离,这种情况叫剥离.2.3. 事实上,工业材料既要质轻又要牢固的要求是推动复合材料发展的主要动力.4. 提到飞机,值得铭记的是复合材料不像金属〔如铝〕那样在压力的作用下会完全解体.5. orthotropic thermosetThermoplastic Young’s ModulusMechanical property constants extreme enviroment6.In contrast, isotropic material < for example, aluminuim or steel>, in standard wrought forms, typicallyhave the same stiffness regardless of the directional orientation of the applied forces and /or moments.7.The greatest advantage of composite materials is strength and stiffness combined with lightness.8.This makes them ideal for use in products thar are exposed to extreme enviroments such as boats,chemical-handling equipments and spacecrafts.posites will never totally replace tranditional materials like steel, but in many cased they are just whatwe need.Unit 181. 具有相分离的聚合物共混材料经常出现纳米尺度的相.2 在过去几十年里研究的基于溶胶-凝胶化学的有机-无机纳米复合材料已基本淡出纳米复合材料的研究.3. 理解粒子的性质随着尺寸降低到纳米级别而发生改变,这对于优化所得到的纳米复合材料很重要.4. 廉价石墨的生产尚未实现,石墨的广泛使用呕待石墨合成技术的突破.5. electro-optical property bactericidal propertyBlock copolymer interfacial phenomenaExfoliated graphene morphology control6.The field of nanotechnology is one of the most popular areas for current research and development inbasically all technical discillines.7.Nanoscale is considered where the dimensions of the particle, platelet or fiber modification are in the rangeof 1～100nm.8.These improvements are key to future aircraft and wind energy turbine applications.9.Nanostructured surfaces have been noted to yield superhydrophobic character and exceptional adhesion.。
材料科学专业英语第二章翻译
ferrous alloys铁合金More than 90% by weight of the metallic materials used by human beings are ferrous alloy. This represents an immense family of engineering materials with a wide range of microstructures and related properties. The majority of engineering designs that require structural load support or power transmission involve ferrous alloys. As a practical matter, those alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition. Steel generally contains between wc=0.05% and wc=4.5%.超过90%的重量的金属材料使用的人类是铁合金。
这是一个巨大的工程材料的家庭与广泛的微观结构和相关的属性。
大部分的工程设计,需要结构性的负载支持或电力传输涉及铁合金。
作为一个实际问题,这些合金分为两大类基于碳在合金成分。
钢一般包含在wc = 0.05%和wc = 4.5%。
Within the steel category,we shall other than carbon is used.A compositon of 5% total noncarbon high alloy steels. Those alloy additions are chosen carefully becouse they invariably bring with them sharply increased material costs. They are justified only by essential improvements in improvements such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance在钢的类别,我们将使用碳。
材料科学与工程专业英语第二版 翻译
Unit1：2.xx材料科学石器时代肉眼青铜器时代光学性质集成电路机械(力学)强度热导率1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。
相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上，开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。
2.实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。
3.除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分：即加工和性能。
4.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
5.只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。
因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。
3.xxInterdispline dielectric constantSolid materials heat capacityMechanical properties electro-magnetic radiationMaterials processing elasticity modulus1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties .2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and materials application.3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。
材料科学与工程专业英语匡少平课后翻译答案精编WORD版
材料科学与工程专业英语匡少平课后翻译答案精编W O R D版IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】Alloy合金applied force作用力amorphous materials不定形材料artificial materials人工材料biomaterials生物材料biological synthesis生物合成biocompatibility生物相容性brittle failure脆性破坏carbon nanotub e碳纳米管carboxylic acid羟酸critical stress临近应力dielectric constant介电常数clay minera l粘土矿物cross-sectional area横截面积critical shear stress临界剪切应力critical length临界长度curing agent固化剂dynamic or cyclic loading动态循环负载linear coefficient of themal expansio n性膨胀系数electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射electrodeposition电极沉积nonlocalizedelectrons游离电子electron beam lithography电子束光刻elasticity 弹性系数electrostation adsorption静电吸附elastic modulus弹性模量elastic deformation弹性形变elastomer弹性体engineering strain工程应变crystallization 结晶fiber-optic光纤维Ethylene oxide环氧乙烷fabrication process制造过程glass fiber玻璃纤维glass transition temperature 玻璃化转变温度heat capacity热熔Hearing aids助听器integrated circuit集成电路Interdisplinary交叉学科intimate contact密切接触inert substance惰性材料implant移植individual application个体应用deformation局部形变mechanical strength机械强度mechanical attrition机械磨损Mechanical properties力学性Materials processing材料加工质mechanical behavior力学行为magnetic permeability磁导率magnetic hybrid technique混合技术induction磁感应mass per unit of volume单位体积质量monomer identity单体种类molecular mass分子量microsphere encapsulation technique微球胶囊技术macroscopical宏观的naked eye 肉眼nonlocalized nanoengineered materials纳米材料nanostructured materials纳米结构材料nonferrous metal有色金属线nucleic acid核酸nanoscale纳米尺度Nanotechnology纳米技术nanobiotechnology纳米生物技术nanocontact printing纳米接触印刷optical property光学性质optoelectronic device光电设备oxidation degradation 氧化降解piezoelectric ceramics压电陶瓷Relative density相对密度stiffnesses刚度sensor传感材料semiconductors半导体specific gravity比重shear 剪切Surface tention表面张力self-organization自组装static loading静载荷stress area应力面积stress-strain curves应力应变曲线sphere radius球半径submicron technique亚微米技术substrate衬底supramolecalar超分子sol-gel method溶胶凝胶法thermal/electrical conductivity 热/点导率thermoplastic materials热塑性材料Thermosetting plastic热固性塑料thermal motion热运动toughness test韧性试验tension张力torsion扭曲Tensile Properties拉伸性能Two-dimentional nanostructure二维纳米结构Tissue engineering组织工程transplantation of organs器官移植the service life使用寿命the longitudinal direction纵向the initial length of the materials初始长度the acceleration gravity重力加速度the normal vertical axis垂直轴the surface to volume ratio 比表面密度the burgers vector伯格丝矢量the mechanics and dynamics of tissues 组织力学和动力学phase transformation temperature相转变温度plastic deformation塑性形变Pottery陶瓷persistence length余晖长度polymer synthesis聚合物合成Polar monomer记性单体polyelectrolyte高分子电解质pinning point钉扎点plasma etching 等离子腐蚀pharmacological acceptability药理接受性pyrolysis高温分解ultrasonic treatment超射波处理yield strength屈服强度vulcanization硫化1-1:直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
材料科学与工程-专业英语-Unit--Classification-of-Materials译文
材料科学与工程-专业英语-Unit--Classification-of-Ma terials译文————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Classification of Materials（材料分类）Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials—composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials.译文：固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。
这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，尽管有许多中间品。
除此之外，有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。
Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials are implanted into the human body. A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next.译文：复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成，然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用；生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。
材料科学与工程专业英语课后习题答案unit1-7
Materials science材料科学Stone age石器时代Naked eye肉眼Bronze age铜器时代Optical property光学性能Integrated circuit集成电路Mechanical strength机械强度Thermal conductivity导热“Materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast ,”materials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties。
，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料V irtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical ,and deteriorative。
固体材料的所有重要的性质可以分成六个不同的种类，机械性能、电性能、热性能、磁性能、光性能和内耗。
In addition to structure and properties , two other important components are involved in the sciences and engineering of materials , namely“processing”and“performance”.除了组织性能之外，另外两个重要的性质也包括在材料科学和工程之中，即“加工”和“特性”The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationship，as well as processing techniques of material，the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria。
材料科学与工程专业英语课文 自己整理的 可以打印 匡少平 王世颖 第二版 化学工业出版社
Unit 1Materials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production— virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).1The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not have been possible without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials.MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGSometimes it is useful to subdivide the discipline of materials science and engineering into materials science and materials engineering sub disciplines. Strictly speaking, “materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, “materials engineering” is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.2 From a functional perspective, the role of a materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials, whereas a materials engineer is called upon to create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or to develop techniques for processing materials. Most graduates in materials programs are trained to be both materials scientists and materials engineers.“Structure” is at this point a nebulous term that des erves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a materialusually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed “microscopic,” meaning that which is subject to direct o bservation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed “macroscopic.”The notion of “property” deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation, or a polished metal surface will reflect light. A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics relate to the chemical reactivity of materials. The chapters that follow discuss properties that fall within each of these six classifications.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials—namely, “processing” a nd “performance. “With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material’s performance will be a function of its properties. Thus, the interrelationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance is as depicted in the schematic illustration shown in Figure 1.1. Throughout this text we draw attention to the relationships among these four components in terms of the design, production, and utilization of materialsWHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be characterized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a materialpossess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mechanical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive environments. Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable. The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape.The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.U n i t2CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALSSolid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup anatomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are the composites, combinations of two or more of the above three basic material classes. Another classification is advanced materials—those used in high-technology applications—viz. semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials, and nanoengineered materials;MetalsMaterials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.3 Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner (as discussed in Chapter 3),and in comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense (Figure 1.3).With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively stiff (Figure 1.4)and strong (Figure 1.5), yet are ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture), and are resistant to fracture (Figure 1.6), which accounts for their widespread use in structural applications. Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms .Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. For example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity (Figure 1.7) and heat, and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. In addition, some of the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic properties.CeramicsCeramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. For example, some of the common ceramic materials include aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O3), silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2), silicon carbide (Sic), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and, in addition, what some refer to as the traditional ceramics—those composed of clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well as cement, and glass. With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramic materials are relatively stiff and strong—stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those of the metals (Figures 1.4 and 1.5). In addition, ceramics are typically very hard. On the other hand, they are extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible to fracture (Figure 1.6). These materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity (i.e., have low electrical conductivities, Figure 1.7), and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With regard to optical characteristics, ceramics may be transparent, translucent, or opaque (Figure1.2), and some of the oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic behavior.PolymersPolymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (vision, N, and Si). Furthermore, they have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in nature that have a backbone of carbon atoms. Some of the common and familiar polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon, poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber. These materials typically have low densities (Figure 1.3), whereas their mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to the metallic and ceramic materials—they are not as stiff nor as strong as these other material types (Figures 1.4 and 1.5). However, on the basis of their low densities, many times their stiffness’s and strengths on a per mass basis are comparable to the metals and ceramics. In addition, many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable (i.e., plastic), which means they are easily formed into complex shapes. In general, they are relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a large number of environments. One major drawback to the polymers is their tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures, which, in some instances, limits their use. Furthermore, they have low electrical conductivities (Figure1.7) and are nonmagnetic.CompositesA composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come from the categories discussed above—viz., metals, ceramics, and polymers. The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the component materials. A large number of composite types exist that are represented by different combinations of metals, ceramics, and polymers. Furthermore, some naturally-occurring materials are also considered to be composites—for example, wood and bone. However, most of those we consider in our discussions are synthetic (or man-made) composites.ADVANCED MATERIALSMaterials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.By high technology we mean a device or product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles; examples include electronic equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.), computers, fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry. These advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced, and, also newly developed, high-performance materials. Furthermore, they may be of all material types (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers), and are normally expensive. Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials, and what we may term “materials of the future” (that is, smart materials and Nan engineered materials) SemiconductorsSemiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators (viz. ceramics and polymers)—Figure 1.7. Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, for which the concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions. Semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and computer industries (not to mention our lives) over the past three decades.BiomaterialsBiomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions). All of the above materials—metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors—may be used as biomaterials. For example, some of the biomaterials that are utilized in artificial hip replacementsMaterials of the FutureSmart MaterialsSmart (or intelligent) materials are a group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies. The adjective “smart” implies that these materials are able to sense changes in their environments and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners—traits that are also found in living organisms. In addition, this “smart” concept is being extended to rather sophisticated systems that consist of both smart and traditional materials. Components of a smart material (or system) include some type of sensor (that detects an input signal), and an actuator (that performs a responsive and adaptive function). Actuators may be called upon to change shape, position, natural frequency, or mechanical characteristics in response to changes in temperature, electric fields, and/or magnetic fields. Four types of materials are commonly used for actuators: shape memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive materials, and electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids. Shape memory alloys are metals that, after having been deformed, revert back to their original shapes when temperature is changed (see the Materials of Importance piece following Section 10.9). Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered (see Section18.25).The behavior of magnetostrictive materials is analogous to that of the piezoelectric, except that they are responsive to magnetic fields. Also, electro rheological and magnetorheological fluids are liquids that experience dramatic changes in viscosity upon the application of electric and magnetic fields, respectively.Materials/devices employed as sensors include optical fibers (Section 21.14), piezoelectric materials (including some polymers), and microelectromechanical devices (MEMS, Section 13.8).For example, one type of smart system is used in helicopters to reduce aerodynamic cockpit noise that is created by the rotating rotor blades. Piezoelectric sensors inserted into the blades monitor blade stresses and deformations; feedback signals from these sensors are fed into a computer-controlled adaptive device, which generates noise-canceling antinomies.Nanoengineered MaterialsUntil very recent times the general procedure utilized by scientists to understand the chemistry and physics of materials has been to begin by studying large and complex structures, and then to investigate the fundamental building blocks of these structures that are smaller and simpler. This approach is sometimes termed “top down “science. However, with the advent of scanning probe microscopes (Section4.10), which permit observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules to form new structures and, thus, design new materials that are built from simple atomic-level constituents(i.e., “materials by design”). This ability to carefully arrange atoms provides opportunities to develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties that are not otherwise possible. We call this the “bottom-up” approach, and the study of the properties of these materials is termed “nanotechnology”; the “nan” prefix denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of a nanometer (10_9 m)—as a rule, less than 100 nanometers (equivalent to approximately 500atom diameters).5 One example of a material of this type is the carbon nanotube, discussed in Section 12.4. In the future we will undoubtedly find that increasingly more of our technological advances will utilize these nanengineered materials.Unit 4Physical properties are those that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. The general properties of matter such as color, density, hardness, are examples of physical properties. Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties. Flammability andcorrosion/oxidation resistance are examples of chemical properties.The difference between a physical and chemical property is straightforward until the phase of the material is considered. When a material changes from a solid to a liquid to a vapor it seems like them become a difference substance. However, when a material melts, solidifies, vaporizes, condenses or sublimes, only the state of the substance changes.Consider ice, liquid water, and water vapor, they are all simply H2O. Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases – solid, liquid, gas and plasma.Some of the more important physical and chemical properties from an engineering material standpoint will be discussed in the following sections.•Phase Transformation Temperatures•Density•Specific Gravity•Thermal Conductivity•Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion•Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity•Magnetic Permeability•Corrosion ResistancePhase Transformation TemperaturesWhen temperature rises and pressure is held constant, a typical substance changes from solid to liquid and then to vapor. Transitions from solid to liquid, from liquid to vapor, from vapor to solid and visa versa are called phase transformations or transitions. Since some substances have several crystal forms, technically there can also be solid to another solid form phase transformation.Phase transitions from solid to liquid, and from liquid to vapor absorb heat. The phase transition temperature where a solid changes to a liquid is called the melting point. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1 atm (101.3 kPa) is called the boiling point. Some materials, such as many polymers, do not go simply from a solid to a liquid with increasing temperature. Instead, at some temperature below the melting point, they start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which results in a soft and pliable material. The temperature at which a solid, glassy material begins to soften and flow is called the glass transition temperature.DensityMass can be thinly distributed as in a pillow, or tightly packed as in a block of lead. The space the mass occupies is its volume, and the mass per unit of volume is its density.Mass (m) is a fundamental measure of the amount of matter. Weight (w) is a measure of the force exerted by a mass and this force is force is produced by the acceleration of gravity. Therefore, on the surface of the earth, the mass of an object is determined by dividing the weight of an object by 9.8 m/s2 (the acceleration of gravity on the surface of the earth). Since we are typically comparing things on the surface of the earth, the weight of an object is commonly used rather than calculating its mass.The density (r) of a material depends on the phase it is in and the temperature. (The density of liquids and gases is very temperature dependent.) Water in the liquid state has a density of 1 g/cm3 = 1000kg/m3 at 4o C. Ice has a density of 0.917 g/cm3 at 0o c, and it should be noted that this decrease in density for the solid phase is unusual. For almost all other substances, the density of the solid phase is greater than that of the liquid phase. Water vapor (vapor saturated air) has a density of 0.051 g/cm3.Some common units used for expressing density are grams/cubic centimeter, kilograms/cubic meter, grams/milliliter, grams/liter, pounds for cubic inch and pounds per cubic foot; but it should be obvious that any unit of mass per any unit of volume can be used.Substance Density(g/cm3)Air 0.0013Gasoline 0.7Wood 0.85Water (ice) 0.92Water (liquid) 1.0Aluminum 2.7Steel 7.8Silver 10.5Lead 11.3Mercury 13.5Gold 19.3Specific GravitySpecific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance compared to the density of fresh water at 4°C (39° F). At this temperature the density of water is at its greatest value and equal 1 g/mL. Since specific gravity is a ratio, so it has no units. An object will float in water if its density is less than the density of water and sink if its density is greater that that ofwater. Similarly, an object with specific gravity less than 1 will float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink. Specific gravity values for a few common substances are: Au, 19.3; mercury, 13.6; alcohol, 0.7893; benzene, 0.8786. Note that since water has a density of 1 g/cm3, the specific gravity is the same as the density of the material measured in g/cm3.Magnetic PermeabilityMagnetic permeability or simply permeability is the ease with which a material can be magnetized. It is a constant of proportionality that exists between magnetic induction and magnetic field intensity. This constant is equal to approximately 1.257 x 10-6 Henry per meter (H/m) in free space (a vacuum). In other materials it can be much different, often substantially greater than the free-space value, which is symbolized µ0.Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart, resulting in a decrease in magnetic flux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic. Materials that concentrate magnetic flux by a factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic; materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic. The permeability factors of some substances change with rising or falling temperature, or with the intensity of the applied magnetic field.In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute, terms. If µ o represents the permeability of free space (that is, 4p X10-7H/m or 1.257 x 10-6 H/m) and µ represents the permeability of the substance in question (also specified in henrys per meter), then the relative permeability, µr, is given by:µr = µ / µ0For non-ferrous metals such as copper, brass, aluminum etc., the permeability is the same as that of "free space", i.e. the relative permeability is one. For ferrous metals however the value of µ r may be several hundred. Certain ferromagnetic materials, especially powdered or laminated iron, steel, or nickel alloys, have µr that can range up to about 1,000,000. Diamagnetic materials have µr less than one, but no known substance has relative permeability much less than one. In addition, permeability can vary greatly within a metal part due to localized stresses, heating effects, etc.When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic core is inserted into a coil, the inductance is multiplied by µr compared with the inductance of the same coil with an air core. This effect is useful in the design of transformers and eddy current probes.Unit 5The mechanical properties of a material are those properties that involve a reaction to an applied load. The mechanical properties of metals determine the range of usefulness of a material and establish the service life that can be expected. Mechanical properties are also used to help classify and identify material. The most common properties considered are strength, ductility, hardness, impact resistance, and fracture toughness.Most structural materials are anisotropic, which means that their material properties vary with orientation. The variation in properties can be due to directionality in the microstructure (texture) from forming or cold working operation, the controlled alignment of fiber reinforcement and a variety of other causes. Mechanical properties are generally specific to product form such as sheet, plate, extrusion, casting, forging, and etc. Additionally, it is common to see mechanical property listed by the directional grain structure of the material. In products such as sheet and plate, the rolling direction is called the longitudinal direction, the width of the product is called the transverse direction, and the thickness is called the short transverse direction. The grain orientations in standard wrought forms of metallic products are shown the image.The mechanical properties of a material are not constants and often change as a function of temperature, rate of loading, and other conditions. For example, temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys; while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease. Temperatures above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys. Ductility may increase or decrease with increasing temperature depending on the same variablesIt should also be noted that there is often significant variability in the values obtained when measuring mechanical properties. Seemingly identical test specimen from the same lot of material will often produce considerable different results. Therefore, multiple tests are commonly conducted to determine mechanical properties and values reported can be an average value or calculated statistical minimum value. Also, a range of values are sometimes reported in order to show variability.LoadingThe application of a force to an object is known as loading. Materials can be subjected to many different loading scenarios and a material’s performance is dependant on the loading conditions. There are five fundamental loadin g conditions; tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion. Tension is the type of loading in which the two sections of material on either side of a plane tend to be pulled apart or elongated. Compression is the reverse of tensile loading and involves pressing the material together. Loading by bending involves applying a load in a manner that causes a material。
材料科学与工程专业英语课后答案
1.“Materials science"involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, "Materials engineering" involves, on the basis of these structur e-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predeter mined set of properties.“材料科学”涉及研究材料的结构和性能之间的关系。
相反，“材料工程”是指在这些结构和性能相关性的基础上，基于预期的性能来设计或生产有预定性能的材料。
2.Virtually all important Properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质都可以分为六类：机械、电气、热、磁、光学和腐蚀性。
3.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the scien ce and engineering of materials- namely“processing”and“performance”.除了结构和性能之外，材料科学和工程还涉及另外两个重要的组成部分，即“加工”和“性能”。
材料科学与工程专业英语1（18单元课后翻译答案）-
材料科学与工程专业英语1（18单元课后翻译答案）-材料科学与工程专业英语1（18单元课后翻译答案）-目睹了我们的生活通过发生在医药、电信和交通运输行业的革命得到了重塑。
8 .世界上80%的人口缺乏安全饮用水，近40%的人口没有卫生设施。
9 .材料和社会是相互联系的，我们应该看到微型企业研究议程和影响人类状况的社会问题之间的密切关系，这是合理的。
从化学角度来看，金属是一种容易失去电子形成正离子的元素，正离子与其他金原子形成金属键。
2.金属键的无方向性被认为是金属延展性的主要原因。
3.只有当原子间的键断裂时，带有共价键的晶体才会变形，导致晶体断裂。
4.合金，尤其是那些满足更高应用要求的合金，如喷气发动机，可能含有十多种元素。
5.离域电子电子结构碱土金属化学电池核电荷电导率。
金属有时被描述为被离域电子云包围的正离子晶格。
7 .金属通常具有优异的导电性和导热性、高密度和在应力下变形而不裂开的能力。
8 .合金是两种或多种元素在固溶体中的混合物，其中主要成分是金属。
9 .将不同比例的金属结合在一起作为超级合金的发展严重依赖于化学和加工创新，主要由航空和能源行业推动。
2.抗蠕变性主要取决于晶体结构中位错速度的减缓。
3.高温合金加工技术的发展大大提高了高温合金的工作温度。
4.单晶高温合金是采用改进的定向凝固技术形成的，因此材料中没有晶界。
5.面心立方晶体结构涡轮入口温度金属材料相稳定性核反应堆纳米粒子的合成。
超级合金通常具有悬浮面心立方晶体结构。
7 .在需要高温强度和腐蚀/氧化的地方使用超级合金电阻。
8 .超级合金广泛用于航空潜艇、核反应堆和军用电动机。
9 .在高温下，气态明矾腐蚀过程本质上是一个电化学过程，具有与电池相同的基本特性。
2.从矿物中提取金属所需的能量问题与随后的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关。
3.当电子与中和的正离子(如电解质中的氢离子)反应时，阴极的电子必须平衡。
4.保护膜电路自由电子转移金属阳离子阳极反应5。
材料科学与工程-专业英语-Unit-2-Classification-of-Materials译文
Classification of Materials（材料分类）Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials—composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials.译文：固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。
这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，尽管有许多中间品。
除此之外，有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。
Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials are implanted into the human body. A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next.译文：复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成，然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用；生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。
材料科学与工程专业英语第二版 翻译答案 老师整理的知识分享
2.英译汉材料科学石器时代肉眼青铜器时代光学性质集成电路机械(力学)强度热导率1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。
相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上，开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。
2. 实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。
3. 除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分：即加工和性能。
4. 工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
5. 只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。
因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。
3. 汉译英Interdispline dielectric constantSolid materials heat capacityMechanical properties electro-magnetic radiationMaterials processing elasticity modulus1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties .2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and materials application.3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。
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2.英译汉材料科学石器时代肉眼青铜器时代光学性质集成电路机械(力学)强度热导率1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。
相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上，开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。
2. 实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。
3. 除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分：即加工和性能。
4. 工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
5. 只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。
因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。
3. 汉译英Interdispline dielectric constantSolid materials heat capacityMechanical properties electro-magnetic radiationMaterials processing elasticity modulus1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties .2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and materials application.3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。
Materials processing process determines not only their structure but also their characteristic and performance.4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。
Material mechanical properties is relative with(relates with) its deformation coming from(resulting from, due to ) outside(applied) force or load.2.英译汉复合材料游离电子先进材料刚度、刚性半导体生物材料智能材料纳米工程材料1.金属导电、导热能力特别强，对可见光不透明；一个抛光的金属表面具有光泽。
2.陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体，在对高温和苛刻环境的抵抗力方面，优于金属和高聚物。
3.应用与高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料。
4.响应外加电场(或电压)，压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩；相反的，当尺寸改变时，压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场。
5.随着扫面探针显微镜的问世，这种显微镜允许观察单个原子或者分子，使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简单原子水平上设计新材料成为可能。
3.汉译英Advangced materials ceramic materialsHigh-performance materials clay mineralsAlloys implantGlass fiber carbon nanotube1、金属元素有许多有利电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。
Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons，many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.2、许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。
Many of polymers are organic compounds,and they have very large molecular structures.3、半导体材料的电性特征介于导体材料（如金属、金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合体材料）之间。
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors ( viz. metals and metal alloys ) and insulators ( viz. ceramics and polymers ).4、生物材料不能产生毒性，并且不许与人体组织互相兼容。
Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.2.英译汉肉眼过渡元素力学性能原子序数基础(元素)化学带正电的质子1.金属行为不同于陶瓷，陶瓷行为不同于高聚物。
2.原子结构主要影响材料的化学性能、物理性能、热性能、电学性能、磁学性能、光学性能，微观结构和宏观结构也影响这些性能但更主要影响材料的力学性能和化学反应速率。
3.金属的强度表明这些原子靠强键结合。
4.元素原子序数表明原子核中带正电的质子数目。
原子量表明原子核中有多少个质子和中子。
3.汉译英Microstructure macrostructureChemical reaction atomic weightBalanced electric charge positively charge nucleus1、从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千上完中物质均是由100多种院子组成的。
These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metals of various properties.2、事实证明金属原子是通过很强的键结合在一起的。
The facts suggests that metal atoms are held together by strong bonds.3、微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构，宏观是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构。
Microstructure indicates features that cannot be seen with the naked eye, but macrostructure indicates features that can be seen with the naked eye.4、原子核中质子和中子的量的综合就是原子量。
The combination(total) of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the atomic weight of an atom.2.英译汉相转变温度比重热导率熔点重力加速度磁导率1.物体密度比水轻时将漂浮在水面，密度比水大时将下沉。
类似第，比重小于1的物体将漂浮，比重大于1的物体将下沉。
2.使磁力线相互分开，导致磁通量比真空小，这种材料被称为反磁性材料。
使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于1小于或等于10的材料被称为顺磁性材料；使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于10的材料被称为铁磁性材料。
3.某些铁电材料，特别是粉末状态或者叠层状态的铁、钢、镍合金，他们的相对磁导率可以大到1000000。
反磁性材料的磁导率小于1但是相对磁导率远远小于1的物质还没有被发现。
4.当顺磁性或铁磁性芯被插入到线圈中时，磁感应强度是空气芯时的μr倍。
3.汉译英Relative density boling poingt magnetic inductionThermal condution glass transition temperature nonferrous metal1. 化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。
Chemical properties are those that discribe how a substance changes into a completely different one.2. 相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相、液相、气相和等离子体。
Phase transition is a physical property and matter can exist in four phases : solid , liquid , gas and plasma.3. 当温度低于熔点时，聚合物的晶体结构破坏，但其分子任然连接在分子链上，从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。
Instead , at some temperature below the melting point , polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains , which results in a soft and pliable material.5.在工程应用中，渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值表示。
In engineering applications , permeability is often expressed in relative , rather than in absolute , terms .2.英译汉服役期限纵向方向动态或循环载荷初始长度塑性形变局部形变1.金属的力学性质决定了材料使用范围，和服役期限。
2.因此，为了确定力学性质，一般需要做大量实验，报道的值一般是平均值或者经过计算的统计学上的最小值。
3.材料受载方式很大程度上决定了其力学性质，同时也在很大程度上决定了零部件怎样失效或者是否失效，以及在失效发生以前，是否会给出预警信号。
4.但是，承受弯曲载荷的棒其应力分布状态与垂直法线轴的距离有关。
5.低于一个被称为屈服极限的临界应力时，材料仅仅发生弹性形变。
3.汉译英test specimen static loading applied force normal axisengineering strain critical stress yield strength stress areastress-strain curve1. 通常，温度高于室温时，金属合金的强度性质降低，而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。