【公开课课件】高中英语概要写作：Summary Writing
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高中英语概要写作 Summary Writing公开课精品PPT课件
There is nothing unusual about a single language dying. Communities have come and gone throughout history, and
with them their language.BBuutt what is happening today is
somewhere in the world every two
weeks or so.
Key point 2:
… many languages are not in such a
serious position… there are things that
The solutions can be done to give new life to them.
The problem
Read for the Content
➢What else do we know about the problem?
It is too late to do anything to help many languages, where the speakers are too few or too old, and where the community is too busy just trying to survive to care about
) older. If good descriptions and materials are available, even
extinct languages can be saved. Kaurna, from South Australia, is an example. This language had been extinct for about a century, but had been quite well documented. So when a strong movement grew for its revival (复活), it was possible to bring it back from death.
with them their language.BBuutt what is happening today is
somewhere in the world every two
weeks or so.
Key point 2:
… many languages are not in such a
serious position… there are things that
The solutions can be done to give new life to them.
The problem
Read for the Content
➢What else do we know about the problem?
It is too late to do anything to help many languages, where the speakers are too few or too old, and where the community is too busy just trying to survive to care about
) older. If good descriptions and materials are available, even
extinct languages can be saved. Kaurna, from South Australia, is an example. This language had been extinct for about a century, but had been quite well documented. So when a strong movement grew for its revival (复活), it was possible to bring it back from death.
高中英语概要写作课件Summary writing
Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in
Para 4. doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and
Para 3. The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages
to human beings: in pure science-a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science-a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.
Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper
Para 2. knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understanding of
for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
Para 4. doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and
Para 3. The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages
to human beings: in pure science-a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science-a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.
Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper
Para 2. knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understanding of
for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.
高考英语概要写作 Summary Writing课件 (19张PPT)
Structure (结构)
• In the UK, Physical Education (PE) is compulsory in state schools until the age of 16 – that is, sports are compulsory for as long as education is compulsory. Every year, more and more parents complain to their children’s schools about PE. They believe that their children shouldn’t have to participate in physical activity if they don’t want to. Supporters of PE, however, believe that it is a crucial element of all-round schooling and our society’s well-being. They insist PE in schools remains one of the few places by which the youth can be forced to participate in aerobic (有氧的) exercise.
• Finally, the pursuit for national sporting achievement begins in schools. If schools don’t have compulsory PE, it is much harder to pick out, develop and equip athletes to represent the country on a wider stage. However, it’s much easier to find suitable individuals if there’s a full sports program in every school.
最新高考作文概要写作Summary-Writing(必修三第四单元课文)精品ppt课件
Para 3-water
Topic Sentence: Water made life develop possibly
Tips: 补充说明第二段水的作用，可以作为次要点 放在第三段结合处理。
Para 4
Topic Sentence: None points:plants in water, shellfish, fish, plants on land land animals, forest, reptiles,dinosaurs,mammals.
It is a brief, thorough and objective restatement of the main idea and key points of a longer composition.
读者在正确理解文章的基础上, 在不改变原文中心思想、 体裁和结构的前提下，用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章 的主要内容和观点。
not look after the earth well. the earth may be too hot to liveon , whether ...depend on
Main idea: Fianlly, Humans rule the earth but the time of their existence is uncertain.
高考作文概要写作SummaryWriting(必修三第四单元课文)
01
What is a summary?
A summary is a short statement that gives only the main points of sth, not the details 《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
浙江新高考之概要写作summarywriting省公开课金奖全国赛课一等奖微课获奖PPT课件
To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Robert Baker, …
there is really a sixth sense
Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information.
20/40
• … there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
have, exist, S+V+P
changing
opinions， viewpoints
✓People have changing opinions toward dirt over time.
10/40
2.把短语变为单词 Cleaning away day dirt benefits health.
3.使用广义词(general words)代替详细词 (specific words)
She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks.
描写某事物性质功用。即“对
√ 说明文
象+性质功用+利好”； 针对某个问题提出处理方法或
exposition 方法。即“问题+处理方法”；
介绍某现象及其原因和结果。
√ 议论文
即“现象+原因+结果”
论点+论据(+结论)
argumentation
7/40
there is really a sixth sense
Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information.
20/40
• … there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
have, exist, S+V+P
changing
opinions， viewpoints
✓People have changing opinions toward dirt over time.
10/40
2.把短语变为单词 Cleaning away day dirt benefits health.
3.使用广义词(general words)代替详细词 (specific words)
She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks.
描写某事物性质功用。即“对
√ 说明文
象+性质功用+利好”； 针对某个问题提出处理方法或
exposition 方法。即“问题+处理方法”；
介绍某现象及其原因和结果。
√ 议论文
即“现象+原因+结果”
论点+论据(+结论)
argumentation
7/40
高中英语Summary Writing公开课精品PPT课件
le
➢What is the style of the passage? A. Narration 记叙文 B. Exposition 说明文 C. Aa rtygpuemofewnrtiatitnigotno 议inf论orm文or explain…
Mini-dictionary
specific age groups. They often use red to attract yRouednger people Ptootwheirr products, for example, as OigtroailsdnvgaiebnrdannaCtvoaymn,dwmmhuiocnrhiecoayltodiueortnhcfuuslttohmaenrcsosleoerms ltikoe
Summary Writing
In order to leave a good impression on you, I have been puzzled about what to wear and which color to wear this morning.
Summary Writing
and for various types of treatments when we are ill.
Some people even believe that the blind can benefit
from the ‘vibrations’ that color gives off.
Specific example
➢ Find out the topic sentence of Para.3.
Companies use color to great effect to encourage us to buy their products. Examples Meaning
➢What is the style of the passage? A. Narration 记叙文 B. Exposition 说明文 C. Aa rtygpuemofewnrtiatitnigotno 议inf论orm文or explain…
Mini-dictionary
specific age groups. They often use red to attract yRouednger people Ptootwheirr products, for example, as OigtroailsdnvgaiebnrdannaCtvoaymn,dwmmhuiocnrhiecoayltodiueortnhcfuuslttohmaenrcsosleoerms ltikoe
Summary Writing
In order to leave a good impression on you, I have been puzzled about what to wear and which color to wear this morning.
Summary Writing
and for various types of treatments when we are ill.
Some people even believe that the blind can benefit
from the ‘vibrations’ that color gives off.
Specific example
➢ Find out the topic sentence of Para.3.
Companies use color to great effect to encourage us to buy their products. Examples Meaning
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件(共18张)
议论文 文章论点 （1句）
拓展句
解释/分述 （2-3句）
论据 （2-3句）
概要形式
主题句 +
若干拓展句 +
总结
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
2: 利用关键句/关键词概括主旨 情况一:有主题句---段首，段中，段末 情况二:无主题句---定位、提取和整合分散在原文 中的关键词对主旨进行概括
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
二、简洁性： 能简则简，避免繁复。概要写作是一种对原文 “浓缩”后产生的新语篇，通过删除细节，减少例 证，简化描述以及去除重复来实现语言的简洁 性，但是简洁的同时还要做到意义的完整。
切记 概要写作不分段!!!
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
1: 判断文章体裁
描写类 叙事类
文章体裁 主题句句 体裁
说明类 议论类 指导类
说明文
说明的观点/ 对象/现象 （1句）
并：将几个独立的句子合并为一个并列句或复合句，如 带同位语、定语从句、状语从句、分词短语的复合句。
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
高考英语作文：“概要写作(summary writing)”初探课件（共18张）
1.It can be difficult to figure out what to save and what to toss. It can be ___c_h_a_l_le_n_g_i_n_g___ to figure out what to
高中英语Summary-Writing概要写作公开课精品课件
12
4.As a matter of fact how it affects our family relationships depends on our attitude toward technology. Actually, it is not technology but people’s attitude towards it that influences family relations.
the negative effect the reason
5
Para.3: However, a report from the Pew Internet and American Life Project offers a more helpful and encouraging view, suggesting that far from replacing human contact, technology can actually better family relationships.
3
Read for structure
What is the phenomenon?
What are the effects?
What really matters?
…
negative & positive our attitude to technology
4
Read for topic sentences
Technology had enabled them to increase their contact with distant family members. 47% said it had improved the communication with the people they lived with. Moreover, even the closest members of families need time away from each other at some point to seek their interests.
4.As a matter of fact how it affects our family relationships depends on our attitude toward technology. Actually, it is not technology but people’s attitude towards it that influences family relations.
the negative effect the reason
5
Para.3: However, a report from the Pew Internet and American Life Project offers a more helpful and encouraging view, suggesting that far from replacing human contact, technology can actually better family relationships.
3
Read for structure
What is the phenomenon?
What are the effects?
What really matters?
…
negative & positive our attitude to technology
4
Read for topic sentences
Technology had enabled them to increase their contact with distant family members. 47% said it had improved the communication with the people they lived with. Moreover, even the closest members of families need time away from each other at some point to seek their interests.
高一英语专题复习Summary-概要写作ppt课件.pptx
Pa r a 1
There are times when nothing seems to be working in our favor. We may use complaining as a coping mechanism when we are truly unhappy. However, there are many times when we don’t try our best and just want things to work our way. We may try to cover our faults by complaining about the unfairness of it all. These are expressive complaints where the complainer just wants to let out his/her anger or frustration, with no real intention of solving the problem. The complainer expects pity and recognition from the listeners although the results often disappoint him/her.
Summary —— Passage A
What would you do when you feel unhappy?
Will you complain to others?
Reading and understanding
Read for the structure. What is the style of Passage A?
summarize Para 3
超实用高考英语复习：概括性写作 Summary+writing 课件
students choose to wear may not express their individuality. ③They just copy their classmates. ④Second, students can be as creative as they like after school. ⑤
1.What are the keeyxawmoprledss/eixnpltahniastipoanrsagraph?Which tip can we use?
Uniforms remind the wearers of the purposes and 2.Main idea:d_u_t_ie_s_.S_t_u_d_en_t_s_’ _ta_s_k_i_n_s_c_h_oo_l_i_s_t_o_get an education.
1.What are the attitudes of some people towards school uniforms?
2.kWeyhawt oisrdths:e＿pbee＿onpe＿lefit＿aogf＿asinc＿shto＿osl＿cuhon＿oifl＿ournmifos?rms tear down barriers
good for the students to build up their creativity in every way. 1.What is the opinion of parents on school uniforms? 2.How to build
up students’ creativity?
topic
A
B
C
What is the structure of “School Uniform”?
1.What are the keeyxawmoprledss/eixnpltahniastipoanrsagraph?Which tip can we use?
Uniforms remind the wearers of the purposes and 2.Main idea:d_u_t_ie_s_.S_t_u_d_en_t_s_’ _ta_s_k_i_n_s_c_h_oo_l_i_s_t_o_get an education.
1.What are the attitudes of some people towards school uniforms?
2.kWeyhawt oisrdths:e＿pbee＿onpe＿lefit＿aogf＿asinc＿shto＿osl＿cuhon＿oifl＿ournmifos?rms tear down barriers
good for the students to build up their creativity in every way. 1.What is the opinion of parents on school uniforms? 2.How to build
up students’ creativity?
topic
A
B
C
What is the structure of “School Uniform”?
高中英语概要写作Summary writing公开课PPT课件
03 opinion + supporting details (evidences) +conclusion
1.Humankind has tried to improve its standard of living since the very beginning of civilization. Back then, as well as today, providing food and security was the basic task for a person. However, nowadays the range of required goods has expanded significantly. People feel the need for not only some primary things, such as a piece of bread and a roof over their heads, but also for various facilities and luxuries. Providing humanity with these things is connected to the use of natural resources, which requires energy. In turn, the common sources of energy we use today cause pollution, so economic growth is almost inevitably associated with environmental damage.
02 5w&1h (who+what+when+where+why+how) +moral
summarywriting概要写作 PPT
Steps & Tips
H1、eWreeaigrehtsleovsesraisl
most ways
likely to to make
be successful that happen、
when
people
change
their
habits、
h2、eRlpeygouulalropohkyasnicdafleaecltgivoitoydbaunrdnskeceaplowrieesigahnt dofbf、uildWsamlkuinsgcltehse -f-a-bmoitlyh
phones, you will really benefit a lot、
t4oP、oorbteiosnitys、izeAsnaortehberigkgeeyr
than they used to be, and these extra calories factor in weight gain is that more p新题型之——
SSuummmaarryy Writing
I helped an old man in rags who had lost his way、
main point
details
I helped an old man
A summary iSs uamshmoartrys?tatement that gives
of which dog, cycling
to school, and doing other things that increase your daily level of activity can all
make a difference、
3、One reason people get less exercise these days is because of an increase in “screen time”--- the amount of time spent watching TV, looking at the puter, or
H1、eWreeaigrehtsleovsesraisl
most ways
likely to to make
be successful that happen、
when
people
change
their
habits、
h2、eRlpeygouulalropohkyasnicdafleaecltgivoitoydbaunrdnskeceaplowrieesigahnt dofbf、uildWsamlkuinsgcltehse -f-a-bmoitlyh
phones, you will really benefit a lot、
t4oP、oorbteiosnitys、izeAsnaortehberigkgeeyr
than they used to be, and these extra calories factor in weight gain is that more p新题型之——
SSuummmaarryy Writing
I helped an old man in rags who had lost his way、
main point
details
I helped an old man
A summary iSs uamshmoartrys?tatement that gives
of which dog, cycling
to school, and doing other things that increase your daily level of activity can all
make a difference、
3、One reason people get less exercise these days is because of an increase in “screen time”--- the amount of time spent watching TV, looking at the puter, or
高中英语Summary Writing概要写作公开课精品PPT课件
Para.1: Each member of the family is totally absorbed in his or her own piece of technology.
Para.2: According to some experts, the effect of technology on human relationships is worrying as technology becomes a substitute for face-to-face human relationships.
4.As a matter of fact how it affects our family relationships depends on our attitude toward technology.
Tip3: use the third person Tip4: use various sentence structures Tip5: use general words Tip6: change the part of speech（改变词性） Tip7: replace with synonyms(同义词） Tip8atter of fact how it affects our family relationships depends on our attitude toward technology.
Rewrite the topic sentences
1. Each member of the family is totally absorbed in his or her own piece of technology. 2. According to some experts, the effect of technology on human relationships is worrying as technology becomes a substitute for face-toface human relationships. 3. However, a report suggests that technology can actually better relationships.
Para.2: According to some experts, the effect of technology on human relationships is worrying as technology becomes a substitute for face-to-face human relationships.
4.As a matter of fact how it affects our family relationships depends on our attitude toward technology.
Tip3: use the third person Tip4: use various sentence structures Tip5: use general words Tip6: change the part of speech（改变词性） Tip7: replace with synonyms(同义词） Tip8atter of fact how it affects our family relationships depends on our attitude toward technology.
Rewrite the topic sentences
1. Each member of the family is totally absorbed in his or her own piece of technology. 2. According to some experts, the effect of technology on human relationships is worrying as technology becomes a substitute for face-toface human relationships. 3. However, a report suggests that technology can actually better relationships.
高中英语-概要写作课summary公开课-课件
9
Reverse the expression Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour. Chimp behavior was not fully understood before Jane.
10
Reverse the expression
When she first started her work, she could hardly get any help.
Help could not be got when she first started her work.
Little help was available at first.
3. Use some linking words to make a logical and coherent(连
贯的) summary
14
Advertisingbusiness world. Many industries take advantage of advertising to attract or to win customers away from their business competitors. Now advertising is everywhere and it more or less affects people’s life. The influence of advertising is so huge that it causes many people to buy things that they do not want at the start.
SnmmoJ( MJi才in6
一一 dJoO才iOol wo(s 才o Jas才o才a 才Va on才VoJ/s ipaos
Reverse the expression Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour. Chimp behavior was not fully understood before Jane.
10
Reverse the expression
When she first started her work, she could hardly get any help.
Help could not be got when she first started her work.
Little help was available at first.
3. Use some linking words to make a logical and coherent(连
贯的) summary
14
Advertisingbusiness world. Many industries take advantage of advertising to attract or to win customers away from their business competitors. Now advertising is everywhere and it more or less affects people’s life. The influence of advertising is so huge that it causes many people to buy things that they do not want at the start.
SnmmoJ( MJi才in6
一一 dJoO才iOol wo(s 才o Jas才o才a 才Va on才VoJ/s ipaos
高中英语：Summary writing(概要写作)课件
句型转化：
This is not recommended— Teachers are advised not to...
Teachers are advised not to use FLCAS to measure students' language anxiety instead of observing it in class .
Read and write
What can make students feel anxious?
Language Anxiety
Reading
1. What&
A. Narrative
(记叙文)
B. Exposition (说明文)
C. Argumentation (议论文)
《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明》
概要写作：
提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文 写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。（满分25分）
词数少于40的和多余80的， 从总分中减去2分
3
Steps to help our writing
Step 1: Read Step 2: Underline key words/Make an outline Step 3: Rewrite the sentences in other ways Step 4: Make the summary coherent Step 5: Check to make the summary better
换词：observable—can be observeSd /ingontiaceldw/seoern/dfosund...
______consider — think/believe/hold the belief that… / in one's opinion…
高中英语概要写作Summary writing示范课PPT课件
Doctors face such choices often. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patients’ own sake. Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients---to speed recovery or to cover the coming of death?
• Not only in medicine, but in other professions such as law and government as well, practitioners（从 业 者 ） may find themselves repeatedly in the dilemma(困境) of choosing between telling the true information and covering it up. Therefore, there is an urgent need to debate this issue openly. Otherwise, people in our society will be blindly comfortable in the old saying, “What you don’t know can’t hurt you.”
• Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them of risks destroys their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate（恶化）faster, perhaps even commit suicide.
• Not only in medicine, but in other professions such as law and government as well, practitioners（从 业 者 ） may find themselves repeatedly in the dilemma(困境) of choosing between telling the true information and covering it up. Therefore, there is an urgent need to debate this issue openly. Otherwise, people in our society will be blindly comfortable in the old saying, “What you don’t know can’t hurt you.”
• Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them of risks destroys their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate（恶化）faster, perhaps even commit suicide.
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Summary Writing
By the end of this period, you will be able to:
1. be clear about the steps of writing a summary; 2. know how to get the topic sentence; 3. write a summary by using some techniques.
“things” rather than protective habitats. Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored, lonely, and far from their natural bones.
Zoos claim to educate people and save endangered species, but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals’natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species’ name, diet, and natural range. The animals’ normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos don’t usuallБайду номын сангаас take care of the animals’natural needs.
Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered. Captive breeding of endangered big cats, Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted n their being sent back to the wild. Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a species dying out. In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers. Haven’t we seen enough competitions to name baby animals?
Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals’ natural habitats.
How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments-mostly for entertainment
purposes-is fair and respectful? Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting
The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.
2
Read for Topic Sentence and Key Words
写作步骤
1. Read for topic and structure 2. Combine topic sentence and key words 3. Rewrite /paraphrase
1
Read for Topic and Structure
Read for Topic and Structure
《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明》
概要写作： 提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写
出一篇60词左右的内容概要。（满分25分）
评分标准 第五档（21-25分）
1. 理解准确，涵盖所有要点 2. 准确使用相应的语法结构和词 3. 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，结构紧凑 4. 完全使用自己的语言
By the end of this period, you will be able to:
1. be clear about the steps of writing a summary; 2. know how to get the topic sentence; 3. write a summary by using some techniques.
“things” rather than protective habitats. Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored, lonely, and far from their natural bones.
Zoos claim to educate people and save endangered species, but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals’natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species’ name, diet, and natural range. The animals’ normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos don’t usuallБайду номын сангаас take care of the animals’natural needs.
Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered. Captive breeding of endangered big cats, Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted n their being sent back to the wild. Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a species dying out. In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers. Haven’t we seen enough competitions to name baby animals?
Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals’ natural habitats.
How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments-mostly for entertainment
purposes-is fair and respectful? Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting
The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.
2
Read for Topic Sentence and Key Words
写作步骤
1. Read for topic and structure 2. Combine topic sentence and key words 3. Rewrite /paraphrase
1
Read for Topic and Structure
Read for Topic and Structure
《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明》
概要写作： 提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写
出一篇60词左右的内容概要。（满分25分）
评分标准 第五档（21-25分）
1. 理解准确，涵盖所有要点 2. 准确使用相应的语法结构和词 3. 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，结构紧凑 4. 完全使用自己的语言