英国文学史启蒙运动英文版
康德：什么是启蒙运动［英文版］
康德：什么是启蒙运动［英文版］What Is Enlightenment?By Immanuel KantThe 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant published his influential work The Critique of Pure Reason in 1781. Three years later, he expanded on his study of the modes of thinking with an essay entitled "What is Enlightenment?" In this 1784 essay, Kant challenged readers to "dare to know," arguing that it was not only a civic but also a moral duty to exercise the fundamental freedoms of thought and expression.Enlightenment is man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity. Immaturity is the incapacity to use one's intelligence without the guidance of another. Such immaturity is self-caused if it is not caused by lack of intelligence, but by lack of determination and courage to use one's intelligence without being guided by another. Sapere Aude! [Dare to know!] Have the courage to use your own intelligence! is therefore the motto of the enlightenment.Through laziness and cowardice a large part of mankind, even after nature has freed them from alien guidance, gladly remain immature. It is because of laziness and cowardice that it is so easy for others to usurp the role of guardians. It is so comfortable to be a minor! If I have a book which provides meaning for me, a pastor who has conscience for me, a doctorwho will judge my diet for me and so on, then I do not need to exert myself. I do not have any need to think; if I can pay, others will take over the tedious job for me. The guardians who have kindly undertaken the supervision will see to it that by far the largest part of mankind, including the entire "beautiful sex," should consider the step into maturity, not only as difficult but as very dangerous.After having made their domestic animals dumb and having carefully prevented these quiet creatures from daring to take any step beyond the lead-strings to which they have fastened them, these guardians then show them the danger which threatens them, should they attempt to walk alone. Now this danger is not really so very great; for they would presumably learn to walk after some stumbling. However, an example of this kind intimidates and frightens people out of all further attempts.It is difficult for the isolated individual to work himself out of the immaturity which has become almost natural for him. He has even become fond of it and for the time being is incapable of employing his own intelligence, because he has never been allowed to make the attempt. Statutes and formulas, these mechanical tools of a serviceable use, or rather misuse, of his natural faculties, are the ankle-chains of a continuous immaturity. Whoever threw it off would make an uncertain jump over the smallest trench because he is not accustomed to such free movement. Therefore there are only a few who have pursued a firm path and have succeeded in escaping from immaturity by their own cultivation of themind.But it is more nearly possible for a public to enlighten itself: this is even inescapable if only the public is given its freedom. For there will always be some people who think for themselves, even among the self-appointed guardians of the great mass who, after having thrown off the yoke of immaturity themselves, will spread about them the spirit of a reasonable estimate of their own value and of the need for every man to think for himself. It is strange that the very public, which had previously been put under this yoke by the guardians, forces the guardians thereafter to keep it there if it is stirred up by a few of its guardians who are themselves incapable of all enlightenment. It is thus very harmful to plant prejudices, because they come back to plague those very people who themselves (or whose predecessors) have been the originators of these prejudices. Therefore a public can only arrive at enlightenment slowly. Through revolution, the abandonment of personal despotism may be engendered and the end of profit-seeking and domineering oppression may occur, but never a true reform of the state of mind. Instead, new prejudices, just like the old ones, will serve as the guiding reins of the great, unthinking mass.All that is required for this enlightenment is freedom; and particularly the least harmful of all that may be called freedom, namely, the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters. But I hear people clamor on all sides: Don't argue! The officer says: Don't argue, drill! The tax collector: Don't argue, pay! The pastor: Don't argue, believe!(Only a single lord in the world says: Argue, as much as you want to and about what you please, but obey!) Here we have restrictions on freedom everywhere. Which restriction is hampering enlightenment, and which does not, or even promotes it? I answer: The public use of a man's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment among men: while the private use of a man's reason may often be restricted rather narrowly without thereby unduly hampering the progress of enlightenment.I mean by the public use of one's reason, the use which a scholar makes of it before the entire reading public. Private use I call the use which he may make of this reason in a civic post or office. For some affairs which are in the interest of the commonwealth a certain mechanism is necessary through which some members of the commonwealth must remain purely passive in order that an artificial agreement with the government for the public good be maintained or so that at least the destruction of the good be prevented. In such a situation it is not permitted to argue; one must obey. But in so far as this unit of the machine considers himself as a member of the entire commonwealth, in fact even of world society; in other words, he considers himself in the quality of a scholar who is addressing the true public through his writing, he may indeed argue without the affairs suffering for which he is employed partly as a passive member. Thus it would be very harmful if an officer who, given an order by his superior, should start, while in the service, to argue concerning the utility or appropriateness of that command. He must obey, but he cannot equitably be prevented frommaking observations as a scholar concerning the mistakes in the military service nor from submitting these to the public for its judgment. The citizen cannot refuse to pay the taxes imposed upon him. Indeed, a rash criticism of such taxes, if they are the ones to be paid by him, may be punished as a scandal which might cause general resistance. But the same man does not act contrary to the duty of a citizen if, as a scholar, he utters publicly his thoughts against the undesirability or even the injustice of such taxes. Likewise a clergyman is obliged to teach his pupils and his congregation according to the doctrine of the church which he serves, for he has been accepted on that condition. But as a scholar, he has full freedom, in fact, even the obligation, to communicate to the public all his diligently examined and well-intentioned thoughts concerning erroneous points in that doctrine and concerning proposals regarding the better institution of religious and ecclesiastical matters. There is nothing in this for which the conscience could be blamed. For what he teaches according to his office as one authorized by the church, he presents as something in regard to which he has no latitude to teach according to his own preference.… He will say: Our church teaches this or that, these are the proofs which are employed for it. In this way he derives all possible practical benefit for his congregation from rules which he would not himself subscribe to with full conviction. But he may nevertheless undertake the presentation of these rules because it is not entirely inconceivable that truth may be contained in them. In any case, there is nothing directly contrary to inner religion to be found in such doctrines. For, should he believe that the latter was not the case he could notadminister his office in good conscience; he would have to resign it. Therefore the use which an employed teacher makes of his reason before his congregation is merely a private use since such a gathering is always only domestic, no matter how large. As a priest (a member of an organization) he is not free and ought not to be, since he is executing someone else's mandate. On the other hand, the scholar speaking through his writings to the true public which is the world, like the clergyman making public use of his reason, enjoys an unlimited freedom to employ his own reason and to speak in his own person. For to suggest that the guardians of the people in spiritual matters should always be immature minors is a nonsense which would mean perpetuating forever existing nonsense.But should a society of clergymen, for instance an ecclesiastical assembly, be entitled to commit itself by oath to a certain unalterable doctrine in order to perpetuate an endless guardianship over each of its members and through them over the people? I answer that this is quite inconceivable. Such a contract which would be concluded in order to keep humanity forever from all further enlightenment is absolutely impossible, even should it be confirmed by the highest authority through parliaments and the most solemn peace treaties. An age cannot conclude a pact and take an oath upon it to commit the succeeding age to a situation in which it would be impossible for the latter to enlarge even its most important knowledge, to eliminate error and altogether to progress in enlightenment. Such a thing would be a crime against human nature, the original destiny of which consistsin such progress. Succeeding generations are entirely justified in discarding such decisions as unauthorized and criminal. The touchstone of all this to be agreed upon as a law for people is to be found in the question whether a people could impose such a law upon itself. Now it might be possible to introduce a certain order for a definite short period as if in anticipation of a better order. This would be true if one permitted at the same time each citizen and especially the clergyman to make his criticisms in his quality as a scholar.… In the meantime, the provisional order might continue until the insight into the particular matter in hand has publicly progressed to the point where through a combination of voices (although not, perhaps, of all) a proposal may be brought to the crown. Thus those congregations would be protected which had agreed to (a changed religious institution) according to their own ideas and better understanding, without hindering those who desired to allow the old institutions to continue.…A man may postpone for himself, but only for a short time, enlightening himself regarding what he ought to know. But to resign from such enlightenment altogether either for his own person or even more for his descendants means to violate and to trample underfoot the sacred rights of mankind. Whatever a people may not decide for themselves, a monarch may even less decide for the people, for his legislative reputation rests upon his uniting the entire people's will in his own. If the monarch will only see to it that every true or imagined reform (of religion) fits in with the civil order, he had best let his subjects do what they consider necessary forthe sake of their salvation; that is not his affair. His only concern is to prevent one subject from hindering another by force, to work according to each subject's best ability to determine and to promote his salvation. In fact, it detracts from his majesty if he interferes in such matters and subjects to governmental supervision the writings by which his subjects seek to clarify their ideas (concerning religion). This is true whether he does it from his own highest insight, for in this case he exposes himself to the reproach: Caesar non est supra grammaticos [Caesar is not above the laws of grammar]; it is even more true when he debases his highest power to support the spiritual despotism of some tyrants in his state against the rest of his subjects.The question may now be put: Do we live at present in an enlightened age? The answer is: No, but in an age of enlightenment. Much still prevents men from being placed in a position or even being placed into position to use their own minds securely and well in matters of religion. But we do have very definite indications that this field of endeavor is being opened up for men to work freely and reduce gradually the hindrances preventing a general enlightenment and an escape from self-caused immaturity. In this sense, this age is the age of enlightenment and the age of(the Great)[Frederick II of].A prince should not consider it beneath him to declare that he believes it to be his duty not to prescribe anything to his subjects in matters of religion but to leave to them complete freedom in such things. In other words, a princewho refuses the conceited title of being "tolerant," is himself enlightened. He deserves to be praised by his grateful contemporaries and descendants as the man who first freed humankind of immaturity, at least as far as the government is concerned and who permitted everyone to use his own reason in all matters of conscience. Under his rule, venerable clergymen could, regardless of their official duty, set forth their opinions and views even though they differ from the accepted doctrine here and there; they could do so in the quality of scholars, freely and publicly. The same holds even more true of every other person who is not thus restricted by official duty. This spirit of freedom is spreading even outside (the country ofthe Great) to places where it has to struggle with the external hindrances imposed by a government which misunderstands its own position. For an example is illuminating them which shows that such freedom (public discussion) need not cause the slightest worry regarding public security and the unity of the commonwealth. Men raise themselves by and by out of backwardness if one does not purposely invent artifices to keep them down.I have emphasized the main point of enlightenment, that is of man's release from his self-caused immaturity, primarily in matters of religion. I have done this because our rulers have no interest in playing the guardian of their subjects in matters of arts and sciences. Furthermore immaturity in matters of religion is not only most noxious but also most dishonorable. But the point of view of a head of state who favors freedom in the arts and sciences goes even farther; for he understands that there is no danger in legislation permitting his subjectsto make public use of their own reason and to submit publicly their thoughts regarding a better framing of such laws together with a frank criticism of existing legislation. We have a shining example of this; no prince excels him whom we admire. Only he who is himself enlightened does not fear spectres when he at the same time has a well-disciplined army at his disposal as a guarantee of public peace. Only he can say what (the ruler of a)dare not say: Argue as much as you want and about whatever you want but obey! Thus we see here as elsewhere an unexpected turn in human affairs just as we observe that almost everything therein is paradoxical. A great degree of civic freedom seems to be advantageous for the freedom of the spirit of the people and yet it establishes impassable limits. A lesser degree of such civic freedom provides additional space in which the spirit of a people can develop to its full capacity. Therefore nature has cherished, within its hard shell, the germ of the inclination and need for free thought. This free thought gradually acts upon the mind of the people and they gradually become more capable of acting in freedom. Eventually, the government is also influenced by this free thought and thereby it treats man, who is now more than a machine, according to his dignity.。
启蒙运动(完全版)
• The “Enlightenment” was not a single movement or school of thought, for these philosophies were often mutually contradictory（矛盾的） or divergent（有分歧的）. The Enlightenment was less a set of ideas than it was a set of values. At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals, and a strong belief in rationality and science. Thus, there was still a considerable degree of similarity between competing philosophies.
• The authors of the American Declaration of Independence, the United States Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the Polish–Lithuanian Constitution of May 3, 1791, were motivated by Enlightenment principles.
Immaturity
• Kant answers the question quite succinctly in the first sentence of the essay: “Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity.” He argues that the immaturity is self-inflicted not from a lack of understanding, but from the lack of courage to use one’s reason, intellect, and wisdom without the guidance of another. Our fear of thinking for ourselves.
英国文学史启蒙运动英文版
• His ideas lead to very productive economies
• Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws?
– Laws that govern human nature – Reformers begin studying human nature and
Separation of Powers
• Baron de Montesquieu: Criticized absolute monarchy and admired British government
– British protected themselves from tyranny by dividing powers of government between three branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception)
Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy? a) Montesquieu b) Hobbes c) Rousseau d) Voltaire
英国文学史名词解释
1. Ballad(民谣)A ballad originally is a song intended as an accompaniment to a dance or a popular song. In the relatively recent sense, now most widely used, a ballad is a single, spirited poem in short stanzas, in which some popular story is graphically narrated. The ingredients of ballads usually include a refrain, stock descriptive phrases, and simple, terse dialogue.2. Alliteration(头韵)It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. In old English verse, alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regular recurring structural feature of the verse.3. Sonnet (十四行诗)It is a poem of 14 lines (of 11 syllables in Italian and 10 in English), typically in rhymed iambic pentameter. Sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea.The sonnet was introduced to England by Sir T. Wyatt and developed Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey) and was thereafter widely used notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare, Sidney, and Spenser. 4. Tragedy(悲剧)The word is applied broadly to dramatic works in which events move to a fatal or disastrous conclusion. It is concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. Often the hero falls from power and his eventual death leads to the downfall of others. The tragic action arouses feelings of awe in the audience.5. Lyric(抒情诗)As a genre, it was the tradition of popular song flourishing in all the medieval literatures of Western Europe. In England lyric poems flourished in the Middle English period, and in the 16th century, heyday of humanism. This tradition was enriched by the direct imitation of ancient models. During the next 200 years the links between poetry and music was gradually broken, and the term “lyric” came to be applied to short poems expressive of a poet’s thoughts or feelings.6. Epic(史诗)It is a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition. Among the great epics of the world may be mentioned the Iliad, Odyssey, Aeneid, and Paradise Lost.7. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period of great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern worn world. It came about under the influence of Greek and Roman models. It began in Italy in the late 14th century, reached the highest development in the early 16th century, and spread to the rest of Europe in the 15th century and afterwards. Its emphasis was humanist: that is , on regarding the human figure and reason without a necessary relating of it to the superhuman.8. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment also called the neoclassic movement. It refers to the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the 19th century. The term is generally used to describe the philosophical, scientific, and rational spirit, the freedom from superstition, the skepticism and faith in religious tolerance of much of 18th-century Europe. Te Enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule the illogical errors in government, social custom, and religious belief. This period’s poetry in England was typified by Alexander Pope, John Dryden and others.9. Classicism(古典主义)The term, when applied generally, means clearness, elegance, symmetry, and repose (清新、优雅、对称与和谐) produced by attention to traditional forms. More precisely, the term refers to the admiration and imitation of Greek and Roman literature, art, and architecture. It stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes including dominance of reason, balance and other etc. Classicism is usually contrasted with romanticism.10. Romanticism or Romantic Movement(浪漫主义)The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. The Romantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living. Its stylistic keynote is intensity, and its watchword is imagination. Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic setting and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent” characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included Blake, Wordsworth, Keats, Shelley, and Byron.11. Genre (样式):A type of category of literature marked by certain shared features or customs. The three broadest categories of genre include poetry, drama, and fiction. These general genres are often subdivided into more specific genres and subgenres. For example, the poetry can be sub-classified as epic, elegy, lyric and pastoral etc.12. Critical realism(批判现实主义)Critical realism is one of the literary genres that flourished mainly in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of eash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, they used humor and satire to contrast the greed and hypocrisy classes. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time, bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society. The critical realists, however, did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their works do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here are the strength and weakness of critical reali sm.。
启蒙运动【英文】 The enlightenment
Key Vocabulary
► Enlightenment:
a period during the 1600s and 1700s in which educated Europeans changed their outlook on life by seeing reason as the key to human progress. ► Age of Reason: another name for the Enlightenment ► Salons: in France, a simple meeting of philosophers to discuss ideas during the Enlightenment ► Philosopher: a scholar or thinker ► Reason: Using logical thinking, not superstition
Think/Pair/Share
• In what new areas did Enlightenment philosophers want to use reason? • B’s share with A’s • A’s share with B’s • I will now choose someone to explain to the class. • Ans: They wanted to use reason for problems in government and society.
Think/Pair/Share
• In what ways are the periods of the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution similar to the Enlightenment? • A’s share with B’s • B’s share with A’s • I will now choose someone to explain to the class. • Ans: They are similar because they all challenged accepted beliefs.
the rise of english literary history
the rise of english literary history
（原创实用版）
目录
1.英文文学史的崛起
2.英文文学史的发展
3.英文文学史的重要性
正文
英文文学史的崛起可以追溯到中世纪，这个时期被认为是英国文学的开端。
最早的英国文学作品是古老的英语诗歌，如贝奥武甫。
在这个时期，英国文学主要是口头传统，没有留下很多书面记录。
随着英国文艺复兴的到来，英国文学开始有了更大的发展。
文艺复兴时期，英国文学开始受到古典文学的影响，同时也开始有了更多的书面作品。
这个时期最著名的作家是莎士比亚，他的作品包括哈姆雷特、罗密欧与朱丽叶等，这些作品至今仍然被广泛阅读和研究。
18 世纪是英国文学的另一个重要时期，也被称为启蒙时代。
这个时期，英国文学开始反映社会和政治的变化。
丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》和简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》等作品都是这个时期的代表作。
19 世纪是英国文学的黄金时期，这个时期出现了许多伟大的作家和作品。
狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、艾米莉·勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》、夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简·爱》等都是这个时期的代表作。
20 世纪，英国文学继续发展，出现了很多新的文学流派和作品。
这个时期最著名的作家之一是乔治·奥威尔，他的《1984》和《动物庄园》等作品对后世影响深远。
英文文学史的发展不仅反映了英国的社会和政治变化，也展示了人类思想和情感的复杂性。
The Enlightenment and Classicism
The Enlightenment Movement
The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe known as the Enlightenment. It was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They thought the chief means for improving society was … or …
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The Important Terms
• • • • 1) 2) 3) 4) enlightenment classicism sentimentalism realism 启蒙运动 古典主义 感伤主义 现实主义
The Enlightenment Movement
P45
1) What is the Enlightenment Movement? 2) The Features of English Enlightenment (1)English enlighteners believed in the power of reason. That is why the 18th century has often been called “ “the age of reason” or “the kingdom of reason”. (2) Most of the enlighteners believed that social problems could be solved by human intelligence.
英国文学史大纲
A Brief Outline of British Literature（英国文学概要）I. The early and Medieval literature（早期和中世纪文学）1. Beowulf （贝奥武夫，有记载的最早的一部英国文学作品）2. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales。
（杰弗里乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集）II. The English Renaissance (1485-1603) （英国文艺复兴时期）1. Edmund Spence r’s The Shepherd's Calendar and Faerie Queen（埃德蒙斯宾塞的牧羊人日记和精灵女王）2. Francis Bacon’s Essays（弗朗西斯培根的散文）3. William Shakespeare’s dramas（威廉莎士比亚的戏剧）III. The 17th century (1603-1660)1. The English Revolution （英国革命）2. John Milton’s Paradise Lost（弥尔顿的失乐园）3. John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress（约翰班扬的天路历程）IV. The Restoration and the 18th Century (1660-1798) （复辟与十八世纪）1. enlightenment （启蒙运动）2. neo-classicism:（新古典主义）a. John Dryden’s dramas（约翰德来端的戏剧）b. Ale xander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock （亚历山大蒲柏的夺发记）c. Richard Steele and Joseph Addison's essays（理查德斯蒂尔和约瑟夫艾迪生的散文）d. Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary（赛缪尔约翰逊的词典）3. rise of the novel writing:（小说创作的兴起）a. Daniel DeFoe’s Robinson Crusoe（丹尼尔笛福的鲁滨逊漂流记）b. Janathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels（贾纳森斯威夫特的格列佛游记）V. The Age of Romanticism (1798-1830)（浪漫主义时代）1. Pre-Romanticism : （前浪漫主义）a. William Blake （威廉布雷克英国诗人和画家）b. Robert Burn （罗伯特彭斯）c. William Wordsworth（威廉华兹华斯英国诗人）2. Romanticism （浪漫主义）a. P. B. Shelley （Percy Bysshe Shelley 珀西比西雪莱）b. G. G. Byron（George Gordon Byron 乔治戈登拜伦）c. J. Keats（John Keats 约翰济慈）3. Jane Austen’s novels（简奥斯丁小说）VI. The Victorian Age (1832-1901)（维多利亚时代）1. industrial revolution （工业革命）2. realism （现实主义）a. Charles Dickens （查尔斯狄更斯英国作家）b. Thomas Hardy（托马斯哈代英国小说家）c. Bronte sisters（勃朗特三姐妹）d. George Eliot（乔治艾略特）3. aestheticism: Oscar Wilde （唯美主义，奥斯卡王尔德）VII. The 20th century (1901-)1. two world wars（两次世界大战）2. modernism（现代主义）3. psychological fiction and stream of consciousness (心理小说与意识流)a. D. H. Lawrence （David Herbert Lawrence大卫赫伯特劳伦斯）b. James Joyce（詹姆斯乔伊斯）c. Virginia Woolf（弗吉尼亚伍尔夫）4. Poetry（诗歌）Definition of Literature ：Literature refers to All written or spoken compositions ( discourses) designed to tell stories, dramatize situations and reveal thoughts and emotions, and also more importantly, to interest, entertain, stimulate, broaden and ennoble readers. （文学的定义：文学是所有口头或书面的成分设计讲故事，戏剧化情况，揭示思想和情感，而且更重要的是，兴趣，娱乐，刺激，拓宽和授予爵位的读者。
英美文学1
英美文学史复习标准版1（盎格鲁萨克逊时期到盎格鲁罗曼）时期划分c---century---Early&Medieval literature: The Anglo-Saxon period(5c-11c)和The Anglo-Norman period(11c-15c)---Renaissance(16c) 文艺复兴---Revolution&Restoration (17c)资产阶级革命与王权复辟---Enlightenment (18c)启蒙运动---Romantic Period(1798-1832 19c) 浪漫主义时期一．The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)1.pagan异教徒Christian基督徒2.代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》异教徒诗歌（national epic 民族史诗，英国史上第一部史诗）采用了暗喻（metaphor）和押头韵（alliterate）的手法。
内容：讲述了挪威一个勇士贝奥武甫与怪物格伦德尔搏斗，使其断臂而死。
怪物之母为子复仇，又被他追踪杀死。
后来他做了国王。
一次火龙来犯，他挺身斩龙，伤中而死。
人民为他举行了隆重的丧礼。
三次战斗 a.与格伦德尔Grendelb.与格伦德尔的母亲Grendel’s motherc.与火龙firedrake二．The Anglo-Norman period（1066-1350）1.Romance传奇描写的是骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情，表现骑士为获得荣誉、保护宗教或赢得贵妇人的爱情而到处冒险的骑士精神的文学。
2.代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》押头韵（alliterate）描写的是古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”Knights of the Round 的奇遇。
基本情节是：某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。
Enlightenment 英国文学史启蒙运动
The 18th century1．Enlightenment Intellectual movementan expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.2. Classicismbalance, proportion, decorum and restraint attributed to the major works of ancient Greek and Roman literature3．Difference 17th and 18th Classicism17 please the declining aristocracy18 for the rising bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social order.4．Joseph Addison and Richard Steele essayistsRichard Steele and The Tatler"The Tatler", to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers. contained several essays. in a conversational styleJoseph Addison and “The Spectator“"The Spectator", a daily paper, was a collaborative project by Addison and Steele together.it contained a gallery of vivid portraits of the members of the so-called "Spectator Club". supposed to be edited by a small club headed by Mr. SpectatorThe most striking features of the paper are the character sketches of Mr. Spectator and the members of his club，and these sketches become the forerunner of the modern English novel. They attempted to improve manners and moralcontribution1. new code of social morality for the bourgeoisie.2. picture of the social life3. the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.5.Alexander Popemost important English poet,representative of the Enlightenment,one of the first to introduce rationalism to England,master in satiric and didactic verseAn Essay on Criticismheroic couplet, aesthetic theories. a comprehensive study of theories of literary criticism. .Essay on Manheroic couplet, indicates political and philosophical viewpointThe Rape of the Lockmock-heroic poem, in which he satirized the triviality and silliness of the high society with a delicate wit.The Dunciad the Iliad of DuncesPope was also an editor of Shakespeare's plays.the poet laureate桂冠诗人an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school6、Jonathan Swift master satiristThe Battle of the Books satirical dialogue on the comparative merits of ancient and modernwriters. Thought ancient writers were better than the modern ones.A Tale of a Tub（木桶的故事）a prose satire and a sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects of the Christian religion.Gulliver's Travels (fiction work) Lillipu,Brobdingnag,Flying Island,Houyhnhnmparticular voyage of the hero and his extraordinary adventures on some remote islandfloating island of Laputa . absent-minded philosophers and astronomers.satirizes the scientists who keep themselves aloof from practical life.island of Sorcerers. satire against all kinds of English social institutions.Pamphlets on Ireland:denounced the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the English government.The Drapier’s Letters A Modest Proposal7.Defoe forerunner of the English realistic novel.all take the form of memoirs or pretended historical narratives, everything in them gives the impression of reality.jack-of-all-trades great in journalism and authorshipMoll FlandersRobinson Crusoe based on a real factPlot:It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. Meaning:realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island,representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. best qualities: his marvellous capacity for work, his boundless energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles. He struggles hard against nature and makes her bend before his will. Defoe glorifies human labour and the hero of bourgeoisie and defends the policy of colonialism of British government.8.Samuel Richardson Pamela the first modern novelnoted as a storyteller, letter-writer and moralizer.Pamela a series of letters from the heroine to her parentsgirl of virtue, bear the burden of a profligate放荡的husband and how she does all her best to reform him.意义a.pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b. moral instruction.c. secret thoughts and feelings. the first English psycho-analytical novel.9.Henry Fielding father of the English novel, comic epic in prose,first to give the modern novel its structure and stylenovelist, dramatist, essayist, pamphleteer, indeed a versatile man.began by attacking Richardson’s Pamela .criticized for its excessive sentimentality and its utilitarian moralityher secret pleasure in the temptations and her dexterous熟练的manoeuvring to secure the rewards of virtue（把贞操当作商品待价而沽）ridiculing Pamela’s brother, Joseph Andrews, under the same temptationsthis novel called “a.”散文滑稽史诗Other works:Joseph Andrews.The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great.The History of Tom Jones,a Foundlingfrom the "great" thief Jonathan Wild to the "great" minister Robert Walpole to all the "great" men of the ruling classes.Tom Jones is Fielding's masterpiece, a pano’ramic全景的picture of England10.Tobias Smollett "Roderick Random"Laurence Sterne The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy11. English Drama not reach the same high level as novelRichard Brinsley SheridanThe RivalsThe School for Scandal best English comedy since shakespeare12.Samuel Johnson lexicographer, critic and poetA Dictionary of the English LanguageBoswell's "Life of Johnson" become a classic of English biography.13.Edward Gibbon 吉朋The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empirehis classical and elevated style a model for succeeding historians and prose-writers.14.Sentimentalism prized feeling over thinking, passion over reasonsincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasantscriticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions.15.Oliver Goldsmith poet, novelist, dramatist and essayistPoems: “The Traveller”“The Deserted Village”(best) in the heroic couplet.Novel The Vicar of Wakefield16.Thomas Gray“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”which is a model of sentimentalist poetry.17.Pre-romanticismstrong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature.18.Robert Burns poor Scotch peasant family passion for Scottish folk songsPoems Chiefly in the Scottish DialectPoetry several groups to the subject matterA. love and friendship. "A Red, Red Rose"and "Auld Long Syne".B. hate for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom "A Man's A Man for A'That"C. patriotic poems "My Heart's in the Highlands".D. verse-tales which he based on old Scottish legends.19.William BlakeSongs of Innocence A happy and innocent world from children’s eye.Songs of Experience A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include: The Chimney Sweeper、London、The Tiger Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tiger is a symbol of dread and oiolenceThe Marriage of Heaven and Hell。
英国文学史(启蒙运动时期)
英国文学史（启蒙运动时期）这个部分讲启蒙运动（The Enlightenment Movement）时期的文学，还是照常，先提历史和文学背景，看看英国什么情况。
一、历史背景18世纪的英国，刚刚经历过资产阶级革命，也就是光荣革命（1688），光荣革命制宪，英国政体由君主专制转化为君主立宪，大权从国王手中落到了议会手上，资本主义发展迅速，资产阶级地位很高，而且18世纪英国开始了工业革命，在思想上面强调理性，这也是启蒙的主旨，那么文学上也会发生相应的改变，上个时期主要是德莱顿的古典主义文学时期，启蒙运动一开，文学基本就变为宣扬思想的武器，随着启蒙的深入，作家们也开始逐渐抛弃这种文学风格。
当然，18世纪初期古典主义还是在的，但是受启蒙思想的影响，古典主义变成了新古典主义（Neo-classicism），代表人物就是亚历山大·蒲伯（Alexander Pope），这货受德莱顿影响很大，后面具体说。
同时，这一时期有另一种文学体裁出现了，就是随着17世纪的报刊文学（大多都是写实小说）的发展，到了18世纪，逐渐演变成了小说，可以说是原来散文的一种变体。
这个时期的小说一般是现实主义小说，这些玩意都具有启蒙性质，初期的现实注意小说流浪汉题材（Picaresque Novel）很流行90，诗歌方面就是依旧是英雄双行体（heroic couplet）这种诗歌形式，始于乔叟，中间又经马洛、斯宾塞发展，最后到蒲伯手里有个完善。
戏剧上面那，过去都是以无韵诗为体的戏剧，18世纪改用偶句诗，时间地点格式上得到了统一。
总的来说18世纪的文学可以分为三个阶段：第一阶段主要新古典主义文学+报刊文学（就是写在报纸上的那种散文性质的文章）+现实主义小说，第二阶段：现实主义小说得到巨大发展，第三阶段，由于启蒙运动搞革命没有出现启蒙思想家想象中的理想社会，整个英国陷入一种充满悲观情绪的状态，这个时候感伤主义文学（Sentimentalism）和前浪漫主义时期（Pre-Romanticism）到来。
英美文学史精品笔记
英美文学复习时期划分——Early & Medieval literature早期形容词文学包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period ——Renaissance 文艺复兴——Revolution & Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动——Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life, death, belief, time, youth, beauty, love, feelings of different kinds, reasonwisdom, moral lesson, morality.修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest 抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧novel起源：Christianity 基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士笔记一、 1、The Anglo-Saxon period496-1066这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan异教徒Christian基督徒2、代表作：The song of Beowulf贝奥武甫national epic民族史诗采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵写作手法例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、 The Anglo-Norman period1066-1350Canto 诗章受到法国影响 English literature is also acombination of French and Saxon elements.1、romance传奇文学Arthurian romances亚瑟王传奇2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗 knighthood 骑士精神三、 Geoffrey Chaucer1340-1400杰弗里;乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国文学之父2、the heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unitconsisting of two rhymed押韵lines in limbicpentameter五步抑扬格AA BB CC DD EE3、代表作masterpiece：The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷的故事英国文学史的开端大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various partsof England, representatives of various walks of lifeand social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale ina peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views andcharacter这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格;小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthlyhappiness. He is anxious to see man freed fromsuperstitions迷信and a blind belief in fate盲目地相信命运他希望人们能从对迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来;4、Popular Ballads大众民谣：a story hold in 4-linestanzas with second and fourth line rhymed笔记Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have beenpreserved by oral transmission书上歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式;代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯;帕西主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allina-Dale罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、 The Renaissance16世纪文艺复兴时期Greek and Roman戏剧drama诗章cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classicalGreek and Romanarts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴;The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展;1、key word: humanism 人文主义：admire human beautyand human achievement2、代表人物1、Thomas More 托马斯;莫尔Utopia乌托邦2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯;培根第一个散文家essayistOf Studies 论读书3、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯;怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人Sonnet 十四行诗:form of poetry intricatelyrhymed间隔押韵in 14 lines iambic pentameter4、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙;斯宾塞poet’s poet诗人中的诗人The Fairy Queen仙后epic poem史诗5、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗;马洛Blank verse无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式;6、William Shakespeare 威廉姆;莎士比亚戏剧drama四大悲剧：Hamlet哈姆雷特,Othello奥赛罗,KingLear李尔王,The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白Sonnet十四行诗AB AB CD CD EF EF GG五、 The period of Revolution and Restoration17世纪资产阶级革命与王权复辟Prose 散文In 1649 Charles I was be headed.被送上断头台 Englandbecame a commonwealth under the leadership of OliverCromwell.克伦威尔这时期French Influence是特色1、文学特点the Puritans清教徒believed in simplicityof life、disapproved of the sonnets and the lovepoetry、breaking up of old ideas.清教徒崇尚简朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离;2、代表人物：1、John Donne 约翰;邓恩“metaphysical”poets玄学派诗人的代表人物Sonnet十四行诗他的song: AB AB CC DDDDeath be not proud笔记作品特点：①strike the reader in Donne’sextraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.坦诚的态度和现实描绘②novelty of subject matter and point 新颖的题材和视角③novelty of its form新颖的形式2、John Milton约翰;弥尔顿 a great poet诗人poem诗歌blank verseDefense for the English People为英国人辩护Paradise Lost失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人 horrid crew 堕落天使The poem Paradise Lost, consisting of TWELVE books, is marked for its intricate and contradictory composition. It is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race——Adam and Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot.Paradise Regained复乐园3、John Bunyan 约翰;拜扬a great prose writer“give us the only great allegory寓言”Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程 prose 散文该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned 旧体形式,medieval form of allegory比喻and dream”六、 The Age of Enlightenment18世纪启蒙运动Whigs and Tories 辉格党自由liberal和托利党保守conservativeAddison, Steele, Defoe, Swift,——most of the greatwriters of the age were, on occasion, the willingservants of the Whigs or Tories.prose 散文 sentimentalism 感伤文学 pre-romanticism早期浪漫主义 jack-of-all-trades全能手 radical激进1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, towrite prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范,像艾迪生一样创作散文,和蒲柏一样创作诗歌;The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动世纪上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式;The enlighteners repudiate the false religiousdoctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善,而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致;Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to beinsufficient , and therefore appealed to sentimentas a means of achieving happiness and socialjustice.无论怎样讲究理性,社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在,理性的力量明显不足;因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段;2、18th century 文学的三个方面The reign of Classicism古典主义的盛行、revival ofromantic poetry浪漫主义的复兴、beginning of themodern novel现代主义的兴起3、代表人物：1、Denial Defoe 丹尼尔;笛福realistic novel现实主义小说他爸叫FoeNovel: Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记Jonathan Wild乔纳森;威尔德Moll Flanders摩尔;弗兰德斯2、Henry Fielding亨利;菲尔丁father of modernfiction现代小说之父Joseph Andrews约瑟夫;安德鲁斯受到了理查森的帕美勒的启发作家之间的不同：Richardson---no humor, minces words, moralizes.不幽默,咬文嚼字,说教Fielding---direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarseto the point of vulgarity, full of animal spirits,tells the story of a vagabond life语音直接、生动、欢快、粗糙,甚至有点俗,精神焕发,讲述流浪者的故事; The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃儿汤姆琼斯的故事the best novel of him . joiner接骨师3、Jonathan Swift乔纳森;斯威夫特讽刺作家Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记novel反讽 Lilliput 小人国作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculous gets the better of him.怒不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺辛辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态;A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议4、Samuel Richardson塞缪尔;理查森Pamela帕美勒The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters书信体小说5、Richard B. Sheridan理查德;B;谢尔丹School of Scandal造谣学校,喜剧comedy6、Oliver Goldsmith’s奥利弗;戈尔德史密斯散文作家essayistThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师,小说novelThe Deserted Village荒村, 诗歌poems7、Joseph Addison艾迪生The Spectator and The Tatler are the first importantrecognitions by literature of the special interestsof women readers.4.Sentimentalism感伤主义 no belief没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued tostruggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed atthe same time the contradictions of bourgeois progressthat brought with it enslavement and ruin to thepeople.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾,感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏;代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯;格雷Elegy, Written in aCountry Churchyard墓园挽歌---the best known poem inthe English language七、 the Romantic Period1798-1832浪漫主义the time begins with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads1798, ending with Walter Scott’sdeath1832.散文prose1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake威廉;布莱克诗人poet代表作The TigerRobert Burns罗伯特;彭斯苏格兰诗人poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by theIndustrial revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命;2、教育意义Educational: liberty, equality andfraternity自由,平等,博爱3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication ofWilliam Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads从华兹华斯发表的“抒情歌谣”开始4、lake poet 湖畔诗人：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth威廉;华兹华斯poet-laureate桂冠诗人I Wandered Lonely as a CloudThe Prelude 序曲自传性诗歌AutobiographicalpoetryWith Coleridge, they jointly published the“Lyrical Ballads”,与S. T. Coleridge一起联合发表了“抒情民谣”作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌2、Lord Byron 拜伦革命党人Childe Harold Pilgrimage查尔德;哈罗德游记cantos 诗章成名作：Don Juan唐璜poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作Hours of Idleness闲散时刻 poem诗the first volume of poem首卷诗3、Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米修斯戏剧Ode to the West Wind西风颂poem诗西风颂的韵：ABA BCB CDC DED EETo A Sky-Lark致云雀4、John Keats济慈诗人The Eve of St. Agnes 圣啊格良斯之夜 poemOde to a Nightingale 致夜莺 poemBeauty is truth, truth beauty. 美学原则5、Walter Scott 沃特;斯科特Historical novel王朝小说Ivanhoe艾凡赫He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel.他是创造者和历史小说大师6、Jane Austen 简;奥斯丁女Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感Emma 爱玛写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and Sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which deals with unimportant middleclass people.她是中产阶级小说的发起人;7、Charles Lamb 查尔斯;兰伯essayist 散文家6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periodsAddison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak;they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在这两个时期的开始,艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活, 并使其熟悉和令人愉快; Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期,散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定;八、Critical Realism批判现实主义,The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期Humanism人文主义Chartism宪章运动1、意义：Chartism signified the first great politicalmovement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中,宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动;2、代表人物：1、Charles Dickens狄更斯Hard Times 艰难时刻Pickwick Papers匹克威客外传Oliver Twist雾都孤儿A Tale of Two Cities双城记描述了法国大革命French Revolution Nicholas Nickleby , Master Humphrey’s Clock ,The Old Curiosity Shop,老古玩店Barnaby Rudge, American Notes,美国笔记A ChristmasCarol,圣诞颂歌 David Copperfield,大卫;科波菲尔德Household Words, Bleak House,荒凉山庄,Hard Times,艰难时刻Our Mutual Friend,我们共同的朋友特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people描述苦难和苦难的群众2、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特;勃朗特女Shirley雪利Jane Eye简爱Emily Bronte艾米丽;勃朗特Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄主人公：Mr. Heathcliff特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3、Mr. GaskellMary Barton, North and South玛丽巴顿,北方和南方4、William Makepeace Thackeray :Vanity Fair名利场----this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing moneyworship, cruelty and unscrupulousness.在他的小说中描述了广阔的社会生活,无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物：Rebecca Sharp---a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望：人生就是在名利场中,完美的获取财富和地位的手段;特点：novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society.小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照;5、George Eliot乔治;艾略特女Adam Bede novel, The mill on the floss, Middlemarch. Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场,但是她的心洞察了个性的发展;特点：the significance of G. Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life.艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞;3、桂冠诗人poet-laureate:1、Alfred,Lord Tennyson唐纳森Break, Break, Break破,破,破Crossing the Bar过沙洲2、Robert Browning My L ast Duchess已故的公爵夫人 Jealous 嫉妒Stingy小气;Home-Thoughts, from Abroad异国情思贡献：dramatic monologues戏剧独白dramatic lyrics戏剧抒情诗dramatic romances戏剧传奇九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19世纪到20世纪英国文学的过渡期1、Aestheticism唯美主义“art for art’s sake”为艺术而艺术2、代表人物1、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者Pessimists ,Tess of theD’Urbervilles苔丝Jude the obscure裘德 novel特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry.他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧;2、Oscar Wilde“art for art’s sake”为艺术而艺术The picture of…………的画像3、George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳剧作家playwright Mrs. Warren’s profession华莱夫人的职业4、 Lawrence 劳伦斯Lady Chatterley’s lover查泰来夫人的情人The Rainbow彩虹Sons and Lovers儿子与情人恋母情结3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物1、Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚;沃尔夫 Mrs. Dalloway, A Room of one’s OwnWoolf was much concerned with the position of woman.非常重视妇女的地位2、James Joyce :Ulysses伊利斯His masterpiece Ulysses was banned in both Britain and America on its first appearance in 1922.。
启蒙运动英语作文
启蒙运动英语作文Title：The Enlightenment MovementThe Enlightenment, a period of intellectual and cultural renewal that occurred in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, had a profound impact on the world. This movement was centered on the idea of rationality, individualism, and a rejection of traditional authority. It paved the way for the political and social revolutions that followed, such as the French Revolution and the American Revolution.At the heart of the Enlightenment was the belief that reason could be used to understand the world and guide human behavior. This rejection of blind faith and superstition led thinkers to question established beliefs and institutions. They sought to understand the world through empirical observation and scientific method.Individualism was another key principle of the Enlightenment. Thinkers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasized the importance of individual rights and freedoms. They argued that people were born with certain inalienable rights, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This led to a rejection of traditional authority, particularly the divine right of kings.The Enlightenment also had a significant impact on politics. Thinkers like Montesquieu and V oltaire advocated for the separation of powers and the rule of law. They believed that government should be limited andaccountable to the people. This laid the foundation for the development of modern democratic systems.The influence of the Enlightenment can be seen in many aspects of modern society. It has shaped our understanding of science, politics, and social issues. It has taught us to question authority, to think critically, and to value individual rights and freedoms.In conclusion, the Enlightenment was a transformative period in history. It set the stage for the political and social revolutions that followed and has had a lasting impact on the world. Its principles of rationality, individualism, and rejection of traditional authority continue to shape our thinking and society today.。
英国文学史
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1.The Making of Englanda. The Roman Conquestb. The English Conquestc. The Norman Conquest2. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people.3. Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the sameconsonant sound.4. The Class Nature of the RomanceThe theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance, as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse. The romances were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble (由贵族供养的).5.Two department of English literature: the romance and the ballad.6.Geoffrey Chaucer (乔叟)a.He was the founder of English poetry. He died in 1400 and was buried in WestminsterAbbey(西敏寺)，thus founding the“Poets’ Corner.” (诗人角)b.《The Canterbury Tales》●The whole poem is a collection of 24 independent stories.●The host of the inn is the judge of the story-telling contest.●24 stories are divided into groups: marriage, religious belief, scholarship, status ofwomen●Prologue/introduction is the summary.●Story-tellers are from different ranks and professions. It provide an overall pictureof British life.c.His contribution●Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a masterof word-pictures.●He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially therhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (英雄双行体)to English poetryinstead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.●Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modernEnglish speech.Part Two: The English Renaissance1.The Authorized V ersion was sometimes called the King James Bible.2.Renaissance:The Renaissance or the rebirth of art and literature is an intellectual movement. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.4.Edmund Spenser斯宾塞《The Faerie Queene》仙后5. Francis Bacon is an essayist6. Drama: the miracle play, the morality play, the interlude, the classical drama.7.Christopher Marlowe was the most gifted of the "university wits".8.Marlowe's three plays: 《Tamburlaine》greed for power《The Jew of Malta》for wealth《Doctor Faustus》for knowledge9.William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564 and died on April 23, 1616.10.Shakespeare's plays:The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记Love's Labour's Lost 爱的徒劳A Midsummer Night's Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of V enice 威尼斯商人Hamlet 哈姆雷特Othello 奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门The winter's Tale 冬天的故事The Tempest 暴风雨11.The principal idea of historical plays is the necessity for national unity under one king.12. The melancholy of Hamlet:●The keynote of Hamlet's character is melancholy, but his melancholy is not thenegative, hair-splitting and fruitless kind. It is rather the result of his penetrating habitof mind.●What Hamlet seeks is not only his personal revenge but also the great responsibility inreforming the world as a whole. But to realize his ideal in his own time is beyond him.This and this only, is the cause of Hamlet's profound melancholy and his delay inrevenge.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolutionton 《Paradise Lost》2.The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally speaking, bymysticism in content and fantasticality in form. (P116)Part Four: The Eighteenth Century1.Enlightenment (启蒙运动)The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.2.Classicism(古典主义)The classicists upheld reason, law and order.3.Steele’s and Addison’s contribution to the English literature:●Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.●They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century●In the hands of Steele and Addison, the English essay had completely established itself asa literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they usheredin the dawn of modern English novel4.Swift:《Gulliver’s Travels（格利弗游记）》《A Modest Proposal（一个温柔的建议）》5.Defoe:《Robinson Crusoe（鲁宾逊漂流记）》6.Richardson:《Pamela（帕美拉）》(the first English psycho-analytical novel)He was noted as a storyteller, letter writer and moralizer.7.《Pamela（帕美拉）》was a new thing in three ways:●It discarded the “improbable and marvelous”accomplishments of the former heroicromances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people●Its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction●It described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secretthoughts and feelings.8.Samuel Johnson:《Johnson’s Dictionary(1755)》●It marked an epoch in the study of the English language●It marked the end of English writer s’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support9.Sentimentalism (感伤主义)By the middle of 18th century, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance. It came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality.Dissatisfied with reason, which classicists appealed to, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, “to the human heart”.10. Compare: 《Songs of Innocence (1789)（天真之歌）》and 《Songs of Experience (1794)（经验之歌）》P197●视角：SI was written from the eyes of children, while SE was a much more mature workwhich was written from the eyes of adults●内容：SI mainly describes the nature, such as the sun, the hills, the streams the insectsand the flowers as well as the innocence of the child and the lamb. SE draws pictures ofneediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the miserable●主题：SI shows a picture of light, harmony, peace and love. SE brought a fuller sense ofthe power of evil, and of the great misery and pain of the people’s life.Part 5: Romanticism in England1.Romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. Generally speaking, theromanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of Capitalism. But owning to difference in social and political attitudes, they spilt into two schools: escapist romanticists (Wordsworth 华兹华斯, Coleridge柯勒律支and Southey骚赛) and active romanticists (Byron拜伦, Shelley雪莱and Keats济慈). (P211)2.William Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published the 《Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣集)》. Hebased his own potential principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”所有好的诗歌都是强烈情感的自然流露(P213)3.Coleridge’s best poem: 《The rime of the ancient Mariner》4.Keats四大颂歌《Ode to Autumn(秋月颂)》《Ode on Melancholy(忧郁颂)》《Ode on a Grecian(希腊古翁颂)》《Ode to a Nightingale(夜莺颂)》5.Charles Lamb:《Tales from Shakespeare》《The essay of Elia》mb was a romanticist, seeking a free expression of his own personality and weavingromance into the daily life. But his romanticism is different from that of Wordsworth.Wordsworth was the romanticist of nature, and Lamb the romanticist of city. While Wordsworth drew inspirations from the mountains and lakes, Lamb’s imagination was fired with the busy life of London.(P258)Part Six: English Critical Realism1.English Critical Realisma.English Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties.The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point.b.With striking force and truthfulness, English critical realist creates pictures of bourgeoiscivilization, describing the misery and sufferings of the common people. They hold a critical attitude to the society.c.The critical realists laid bare the cruelty hypocrisy of the capitalists.d.They also paid sympathy for the working class by showing their misery sufferings etc.2.Dickens’s Novelsa. the first period:The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿b. the second period:American Notes 访美札记Dombey and Son 董贝父子David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔c. the third period:Bleak House 荒凉山庄Hard Times 艰难时事A Tale of Two CitiesGreat Expectations 远大前程3.Thackeray 萨克雷——V anity Fair 名利场p303Jane Austen——《Sense and Sensibility》《Emma》《Pride and Prejudice》The Bronte Sisters: Charlotte——《Jane Eyre》Emily——《Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄》（哥特式小说horror）AnneMrs. Gaskell 盖斯凯尔夫人——《Mary Barton（玛丽巴顿）》（Mary Barton is still a realisticnovel giving a picture of the class struggle in the period of Chartism）George Eliot 爱略特——《Adam Bede（亚当比德）》《The Mill on the Floss（弗洛斯河上的磨坊）》Part Seven: Prose-writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19thCentury1.Naturalism 自然主义Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half oh the 19th century. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “trueto life” and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details of life without any selection.Naturalist writers usually write about the lives of the poor and oppressed, or the “slum life”.Naturalism, in reality, was a development of realism.2.Aestheticism 唯美主义Aestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The aestheticists declared the theory of “art for art’s sake” that art should serve no religious, moral or social end, nor any end except itself, trying to separate art from real life, paid little attention to its social and moral obligations.(Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde 卡明斯王尔德)（艺术的自足论自足体autonomy）Part Eight: 20th Century English Literature1. Joseph Conrad (康拉德)：one of the most original novelists of early 20th century, was a Pole bybirth.——《Heart of Darkness（黑暗的心脏）》《Lord Jim (吉姆老爷)》Henry James: “stream of consciousness”意识流的创始人——《Daisy Miller（黛西米勒）》《The Ambassadors（使者）》Thomas Hardy——《Tess of the D’Urbervilles （德伯家的苔丝）》2. ModernismModernism in English literature prevailed during the 20s and 30s of the 20th century. It was a movement of experiments in new technique in writing. Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the characters’ psychological activities, and so has sometimes been called modern psychological fiction.wrence 劳伦斯——《Sons and Lovers》《Women in Love》《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》James Joyce乔伊斯——《Dubliners》《Ulysses》《Finnegans》Virginia Woolf沃尔芙——《To the Lighthouse（去灯塔）》《The Waves（海浪）》《ARoom of One’s Own（一个自己的房间）》（女性主义）W.B.Y eats (诗人)T.S.Eliot 艾略特(诗人理论家) ——《The Waste Land（荒原）》《Four Quartets（四个四重奏）》Tradition and the Individual Talent 传统和个人才能。
英国文学史总结
Beowulf the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsThe Ballad:Aballed is a story told in ually in 4-line stanzas,with the second and fourth lines rhymed.They mainly the literature of peasants,and in themone is able to understand the outlook of the English common people infeudal society.Heroic couplet: a verse unit consisting of two rhymed lines in iambic pentameter Romance:the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.the theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasizedin romance.Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.(1): the matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the great and Roland, Chanson de Roland(2):the matter of Rome: Alexander the great and the Great and the siege of troy.(3):the matter of British: the Arthurian legend: Sir Gawain ,Launcelot, Merlin , the death of King Arthur.Geoffrey Chaucer the founder of English poetryHis career can be divided into several periods1. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry2. Italian 1372-13863. English The Canterbury talesThe Canterbury Tales Chivalrous values:Honor,loyalty,chastity⏹Structural device: a pilgrimage to Canterbury, which enables him to show people from allwalks of life, a cross-section of the society⏹Uniqueness: a fascinating accord between the narrators and the tales, the charactersgrow and are revealed by the stores (in the works of the writers before him, the relationship between the story tellers and the tales they tell is haphazard) Elizabethan ageRenaissanceHumanism:admire human beauty and human achievementSonnetBlank verseSpenserian stanzaThe Renaissance, which means “rebirth” or “revival’, is actually an intellectual movement with a thirsting curiosity for classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity.It aims to get rid of conservation in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.During the Renaissance, Thomas Wyatt was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English poetry.Wiliam Shakespeare⏹Hamlet⏹The merchant of venice⏹Sonnet 18⏹The sonnet form: A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem, traditionally written in iambicpentameter .A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.⏹Type:a.The Italian sonnet, or Petrarch sonnet, consist of a octave(8-line stanza) andsestet(6-line stanza), rhymed abba abba cde cde. 意大利式或彼特拉克式 由前8行 octave 和后6行 sestet 两部分组成 尾韵形式分为abba,abba或abab,abab和cde,cde或cd,cd,cd.b.Spenserian sonnet consists of three quatrains and a couplet, rhymed abab bcbccdcd ee. 斯宾塞式 由3个四行诗节和一个两行诗节组成 尾韵形式为ababbcbc cdcd ee。
英国文学史-名词解释
名词解释1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. 4．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 8．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 11．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英国文学史个时期作者作品及地位对应表
1572-1631
John Donne
The metaphysical玄学派
约翰·邓恩
The Flea
Death Be Not Proud
The Songs and Sonnets
A Valediction: ForbiddingMourning
跳蚤
死神你别骄傲
歌谣与十四行诗
离别辞：节哀
the founder of Metaphysical poetry
(writing on love, death and religion)形而上学的诗歌的创始人(写爱情、死亡和宗教)，The Metaphysical Conceit玄学奇喻cynicism犬儒主义
1672-1719
1672-1729
Joseph Addison
Richard Steele
约瑟夫·艾迪生
理查德·斯第尔
The Tatler
The Spectator
闲谈者
旁观者
provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.
［poetry (sonnet and blank verse), drama, essay］
The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) and Tudor dynasty which was established by Henry VII in 1485.
Reformation: Protestantism became the official national religion.
启蒙运动(英文版)
The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment is mankind‘s final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance and error.-Immanuel KantThe Enlightenment usually refers to a period between the early 18th century and the French Revolution in1789, in which new thougts were emerging . The Age of Enlightenment (or Age of Reason) was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to use the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in Church and state.EvolutionThe enlightenment originated in England in 17th century，it was sparked by philosophers such as John Locke (1632-1704), mathematician Newton (1643-1727) and others. The Enlightenment flourished in late 18th century. The enlightenment met its climax in France. After that, it extended to Germany, the Netherland and North America.1. Feudalism suppressed the bourgeois political rights, so they carry out anti-feudal and antichurch propaganda ideologically, to prepare for the struggle for power.2.With the Capitalist economic development, the bourgeoisie‘s economic strength surges ，so they required their own interests ideologically.3. ①The Renaissance and religious reform promoted the people's ideological emancipation;②With the development of modern science, rationalism, as an asset Anti-feudal class provides the ideological and theoretical weapon.Representative figuresDenis DiderotHe was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent person during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of the Encyclopedie.EncyclopedieThe first Encyclopedia is considered to be the pinnacle of the Enlightenment period. It was compiled by Denis Diderot in 1751-1772.VoltaireHe was famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties , including freedom of religion, free trade, and separation of church and state. Voltaire was a prolific writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poetry, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets.He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, despite strict censorship laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical polemicist , he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma and the French institutions of his day. His most famous work is Candide.RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy heavily influenced the Fench Revolution,as well as the overall development of modern political,sociological,and educational thought.The Industrial Revolution in Great BritainThe ground was prepared by the voyages of discovery from Western Eur ope in the 15th and 16th cent., which led to a vast influx of precious metals from the New World, raising prices, stimulating industry, and fostering a mon ey economy. Expansion of trade and the money economy stimulated the dev elopment of new institutions of finance and credit (see commercial revolutio n). In the 17th cent. the Dutch were in the forefront financially, but with the establishment (1694) of the Bank of England, their supremacy was effectively challenged. Capitalism appeared on a large scale, and a new type of commer cial entrepreneur developed from the old class of merchant adventurers. Man y machines were already known, and there were sizable factories using them, but these were the exceptions rather than the rule. Wood was the only fuel, water and wind the power of these early factories. As the 18th cent. began, an expanding and wealthier population demanded more and better goods. In the productive process, coal came to replace wood. Early-model steam engin es were introduced to drain water and raise coal from the mines. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, an d the greatly improved engine (1769) of James Watt marked the high point i n this development. Cotton textiles was the key industry early in the Industria l Revolution. John Kay's fly shuttle (1733), James Hargreaves's spinning jenny(patented 1770), Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769), Samuel Crompton's mule (1779), which combined the features of the jenny and the frame, and E dmund Cartwright's power loom (patented 1783) facilitated a tremendous incr ease in output. The presence of large quantities of coal and iron in close pro ximity in Britain was a decisive factor in its rapid industrial growth. The use o f coke in iron production had far-reaching effects. The coal mines from the e arly 1700s had become paramount in importance, and the Black Country app eared in England at the same time that Lancashire and Yorkshire were being transformed into the greatest textile centers of the world. Factories and indus trial towns sprang up. Canals and roads were built, and the advent of the rail road and the steamship widened the market for manufactured goods. The Be ssemer process made a gigantic contribution, for it was largely responsible fo r the extension of the use of steam and steel that were the two chief feature s of industry in the middle of the 19th cent. Chemical innovations and, most important of all, perhaps, machines for making machines played an important part in the vast changes. The Industrial Revolution did not in fact end in Brit ain in the mid-1800s. New periods came in with electricity and the gasoline e ngine. By 1850, however, the transformation wrought by the revolution was a ccomplished, in that industry had become a dominant factor in the nation's li fe.。
Chapter 2(Page79 to Page156)
Chapter II The Neoclassical Period新古典主义1) The Enlightenment Movement启蒙运动The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules and advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope and so on.2) Neoclassicism新古典主义In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, and so on)and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.3) The heroic couplet 英雄双行体It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, which rhyme and are written with five beats each..4) the Realistic Novel英国现代小说The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, and Oliver Goldsmith.I．John Bunyan约翰班扬His major worksJohn Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) 天路历程is the outstanding 17th-century English religious literature. 17世纪宗教文学的代表For more than 200 years this book was second in popularity only to the Bible. 圣经Selected Reading"The Vanity Fair", 名利场an excerpt from Part I of The Pilgrim's Progress.天路历程(1) Theme: The Pilgrim's Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to comply with Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also beats much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor-lifeas a journey-is simple and familiar.(2) "Vanity Fair" is the most famous part of The Pilgrim's Progress. It tells how Christian and his friend Faithful come to Vanity Fair on their way to heaven," a fair where in should be sold all sorts of vanity and that it should last all the year long: therefore at this fair all such merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honors, preferments, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures and delights of all sorts as harlots, wives, husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, gold, pearls, precious stones and what not." As they refuse to buy anything but truth, they are beaten and put in a cage and then taken out and led in chains up and down the fair. They are sentenced to death-to be put to the most cruel death that can be invented." Vanity Fair" is a satirical picture of English society, law and religion in Bunyan's day.II. Alexander pope亚历山大蒲柏1. 一般识记His life and careerPope's mock-heroic poem 英雄双行体诗The Rape of the Lock 夺发记a delightful burlesque of epic poetry 一部奇妙的讽刺史诗.3. 识记His major works1). The Rape of the Lock夺发记A delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem is based on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on Criticism论批评His first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense and the adherence to classical rules in writing and criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence andtherefore makes easy reading.3）The Dunciad群愚史诗Generally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning and works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, and in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack.Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education and even religion, is expertly exposed and satirized.4. 领会His language style语言风格Pope's works are still enjoyed for their sparkling wit, good sense and charm of expression. After Shakespeare, he is the most widely quoted poet in English literature. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful andwell-balanced style.III. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福His major worksPerhaps his most popular novel is Robinson Crusoe (1719)鲁滨逊漂流记, an adventure story based partly on the actual experience of a man who had been trapped on a deserted island. A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), sometimes considered his best work, has such a colorful and detailed account of the London plague of 1664 and 1665 that it seems to have been written by an observer on the scene. Defoe's third masterpiece, Moll Flanders (1722), is a lively novel tracing the adventures of a female rogue. Told in the form of "confessions", thenarrative includes vivid descriptions of the courts, prisons, and other social institutions of Defoe's era.4. 领会Characteristics of his worksDefoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credibleand fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader on impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.5. 应用Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from chapter IV of Robinson Crouse. 鲁滨逊漂流记Robinson Crouse, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece. In the novel, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a na?ve and simple youth into a mature and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic presentation of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature proves the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor andthe puritan fortitude, which save Robinson from despair and are a source of pride andhappiness .He toils for the sake of subsistence, and get his reward.VI. Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特Swift is a master satirist 一位伟大的讽刺大师A master Droposal is generally takes as a prefect model 一个温和的建议被誉为一篇完美的讽刺小说领会His style写作风格Swift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an out word gravity andan apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful.Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places."恰当的地方用恰当的词Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays, poems and novels.应用Selected readingAn Excerpt from Chapter III, Part I of Gulliver's Travels.格列夫游记Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift's best fictional work, contains four parts, each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune. As a whole the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and satiresof all aspects in the then English and European life - socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.Gulliver's Travels is also an artistic masterpiece. Here we find its author at his best as a master of prose. In structure, the four parts make an organic whole, with each contrived upon anindependent structure, and yet complementing the others and contributing to the central concern of study of human nature and life. The first two parts are generally considered smallness in Part I words just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. The similarities between human beings and the Lilliputians and the contrast between the Brobdingnagians and human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3 furthers the criticism of the western civilization and deals with different malpractices and false illusions about science, philosophy, history and false illusions about science, philosophy, history and even immortality. The lost part, where comparison is made through both similarities anddifferences, leads the reader to a basic question: What on earth is a human being?V. Henry Fielding 亨利菲尔丁１. 一般识记：His life and careerOf all his plays, the best known are The coffee-House Politician ((1730)咖啡馆的政治家, The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730),悲剧中的悲剧Pasquin (1736) 巴斯昆and The Historical Register for the Year 1736 ，1736历史鉴定(1737).In 1742 appeared his first novel, 第一部小说The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes, which was first intended as a burlesque of the dubious morality and false sentimentality of Richardson's Pamela. The next year came 第二部小说The History of Jonathan Wild the Great, a satiric biography that harks back to Fielding's early plays. The novel was followed by The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749) and The History of Amelia (1751). The former is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature and the latter the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin picture of the social life at the time.2. 识记: His major works2) The History of Jonathan Wild the GreatIt's a satiric biography that harks back to Fielding's early plays. It takes the life of a notorious real-life thief as a theme for demonstrating the petty division between a great rogue and a great politician such as Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister. The ironical praises for the very qualities of the unscrupulous self-aggrandizement of wild point out the way the Prime Minister had achieved his "greatness." The Great Man, properly considered, is no letter than a great gangster.3. 领会：His achievement in English novelFielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Novel,"英国小说之父for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose," 散文体喜剧史诗the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. B4. 领会：Characteristics of his language 语言特色His language is easy, unlabored and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues and other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence and unexpectedness.5.应用：Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from chapter VIII, Book Four of Tom Jones. 汤姆琼斯Tom Jones, generally considered Fielding's masterpiece, brings its author the name of the"Pose Homer." The panoramic view it provides of the 18th century English country and city life with different places and about 40 characters is unsurpassed. The language is one of clarity and suppleness. And last of all, the plot construction is excellent. Its 18 books of epic form are divided into 3 sections, 6 books each, clearly marked out by the change of scenes: in the country, on the high way and in London. By this, Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a "comic epic in prose."VI. Samuel Johnson塞穆尔约翰逊一般识记：His life and literary careerSamuel Johnson, English writer, critic, and lexicographer, born in Richfield, England, Sept.18.1709, and died in London. England, Dec, 13,1784.Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of18th-century English literature. He was an energetic and versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer and publicist.识记：His major worksHis major works include poems: "London"(1738),伦敦and "The vanity of Human Wishes"(1749);人类欲望的幻想a romance: The History of Rasselas拉塞拉斯的历史, Prince of Abyssinia (阿比西尼的王子1759); a tragedy: Irene (1749);艾琳As a lexicographer,辞典编纂家Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary 英国第一部英国辞典by an Englishman-A Dictionary of the English Language (1755),英文大字典Samuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. 是18世纪新古典主义启蒙主义最后一位伟大的作家领会：His contribution to English language-A Dictionary of the English Language In 1746, a group of booksellers commissioned Johnson to prepare a dictionary. Published in 1755, A dictionary of the English Language was the first real attempt at a systematic and interestingly written survey of English usage and the first dictionary to quote from poets and other writers to illustrate definitions. On the whole, the work showed great scholarship, although it contained humor and reflected a number of Johnson's prejudices.VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德B谢拉丹18世纪唯一一位重要的戏剧家The theme of his plays 剧作主题Morality is the constant theme of Richard B. Sheridan's plays. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.His major worksHis plays, especially The Rivals 情敌and The School for scandal,造谣学校as true classics in English comedy.真正的古典喜剧应用：Select readingAn Excerpt from Act 4, Scene III of The School for Scandal造谣学校1) Brief IntroductionsThe School for Scandal is mainly a story about 2 brothers, the hypocritical Joseph Surface and the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface.2) ThemeThe School for Scandal is one of the great classics in English drama. It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th-century England, on the vicious scandal mongering among the idle rich, on the reckless life of extravagance and love intrigues in the high society and above all, on the immorality and hypocrisy behind the mask of honorable living and high-sounding moral principles. And in terms of theatrical art, it shows the playwright at his best. No wonder, the play has been regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.VIII. Thomas Gray托马斯格雷识记: His major worksIn contrast to those professional writers, Gray's literary output was small. His masterpiece, "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" 写在教堂墓地的挽歌was published in 1751. The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially "the Graveyard School."墓地诗人作品In addition to his elegiac masterpiece, Gray is known for his odes, including "Ode on the Spring"(1742), "Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College"(1747), "Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat" (1748), "Hymn to Adversity"(1742), and two translations from old Norse: The Descent of Odin(1761) and The Fatal Sisters(1761).应用：Selected Reading"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" 写在教堂墓地的挽歌1) Theme: It is a meditation on human mortality, the tragic dignity it gives to all mankind, and the stability and serenity of rustic life. The Elegy lies in Gray's perfect expression of what all men feel about life and death. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the ordinary people with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.。
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• Laissez-Faire: allowing business to operate with little or no government interference
– Real wealth comes from productive land not gold and silver – Supported free trade and opposed tariffs
Enlightenment Thinkers
Voltaire John Locke
Baron de Montesquieu
Social Contract
Thomas Hobbes
•Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. •To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract. •Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society. •Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly.
John Locke
•Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good •Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property •People form governments to protect natural rights •Best government was one with limited power •If a government violates people‟s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government
– Smith supported laissez faire, but also believed that a government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works.
• His ideas lead to very productive economies during the Industrial Revolution (1800‟s and 1900‟s)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy? a) Montesquieu b) Hobbes c) Rousseau d) Voltaire Which of the following is true of the physiocrats? a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism. b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire. c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire. d) They focused on social reform.
Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment
• 1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature
– Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc.
Separation of Powers
• Baron de Montesquieu: Criticized absolute monarchy and admired British government
– British protected themselves from tyranny by dividing powers of government between three branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception) – Each branch of government should be able to „check‟ the other two • What government does this sound like?
Enlightenment Changes Society
• Women: Women were not equal and were criticized for attempting to gain equality • Salons: Men and women gather in living rooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas (chat rooms) • Music: Ballets and operas become popular (Bach, Handel, Mozart) • Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art (simple, elegant and charming) • Literature: Novels become popular (Robinson Cruesoe)
• Some peasants become eager for change, some resist change completely
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy? a) Montesquieu b) Hobbes c) Rousseau d) Voltaire Which of the following is true of the physiocrats? a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism. b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire. c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire. d) They focused on social reform.
The Enlightenment
Summary
Objectives
• How did scientific progress promote trust in human reason? • How did the social contract and separation of powers affect views on government? • How did new ideas affect society and the economy? • Identify the philosophies of major Enlightenment thinkers such as: John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Adam Smith.
Major Enlightenment political and economic problem could be solved through the use of reason • Governments are created to secure an orderly society • Separation of powers is the best way to protect human liberties • All men are created “free and equal” • A free market should be allowed to regulate trade
Enlightenment and the Economy
• Adam Smith: Free market should be allowed to regulate business activity
– Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and economic growth are all linked to the market forces of supply and demand – Where there is demand, suppliers will seek to meet it because there are profits and economic rewards to be had
Enlightenment Thinkers
In republican governments, men are all equal; equal they are also in despotic governments: in the former, because they are everything; in the latter, because they are nothing.
Enlightenment and the Economy
• Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy called laissez faire.
– Physiocrats were Enlightenment thinkers who focused on economic reforms
• Early 1700‟s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws?