名词化
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Nominalization 名词化现象
语篇紧凑 语言简洁
• 韩礼德（Halliday，系统功能语言学家） 将名词化过程比喻为“打包”，原先的 简单小句被打包成名词性词组，或者两三 个小句被打包成一个小句，原来由两个或 两个以上的小句表达的概念意义通过一个 小句完整表达出来。语篇的句子数减少， 每句的信息量相对增大，在信息量相同的 情况下，名词化的表达往往比一致式更简 洁。 • 例如：
• If you want to investigate the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes, you would have to detail the number of swimmers tested. • An investigation of the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes would have to detail the number of swimmers tested.
虚化施事 语篇客观
• 在一致关系中，动词体现过程，有自己的 参与者，有时还带有环境。利用名词化可 以不包含人称代词的特点，对施事进行虚 化，使语篇显得更加客观。 • 例如
• If you expose the item for long, it will rapidly deteriorate. • Prolonged exposure will result in rapid deterioration of the item. • 前一句中的动词expose体现过程，其参与者you 带有一定的主观色彩，显得 语化、不客观。而后 一句中的名词化exposure体现过程，省去了主观 性较强的参与者，显得客观、现实。 • 名词化是一个重要的语法手段，通过词组结构的 变化和句子的重新组合，可产生语言简洁、语篇 连贯、表述客观、信息度高等效果，对指导我们 的阅读、写作和翻译都有着重要的意义。
• 传统认为科技英语在词法方面的显著特点 是名词化(nominalization),即指广泛使用 表示动作或状态的抽象名词或起名词功能 的非限定动词(刘宓庆，1998)，因为名词 化结构使表达客观、句型简洁、信息量大 (王治奎，2000；陈新，2001；秦秀白， 2002) 。
• 在英文中，动词常用来表达主语的行为、 动作、状态等。如果不重视实义动词的作 用，主语用这些动词演变的抽象名词来表 达，而谓语部分则用“perform”、 “conduct”、“carry out”、“achieve”、 “occur”等空泛动词 (general purpose verb) 表达，会使动作显得苍白无力，句子变得 繁杂、沉闷、难懂、重点不突出。
例1: • A significant increase in the total antiplasmin level occurred postoperatively. • 术后 ,总的抗纤维蛋白溶酶水平明显提高。 • 动词occurred既未表达本句的动作 ,又无实 在意义。相反 主语‘ increase‟一词表达了 动作,包含着新信息,应该放在述位的位置。 • 改 正: The total antiplasmin level increased significantly after operation.
例2: • Fourteen sensitive isolates were found with no mutation of gyrA gene. • 14 个药物敏感分离株未发现gyrA耐药决定区基因 突变。 • 改正: gyrA gene did not mutate in 14 sensitive isolates. • 该研究的焦点是 gyrA 基因是否突变，将“gyrA gene”改为主动句的主语，“mutate”(突变)一词做 谓语，不仅突出了述位所包含的新信息，而且句 子表达显得简练。
例 3: • Significant improvement in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma has been made in China. • 在中国 ,肝细胞癌的治疗取得了明显提高。 • 改正: Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma has been significantly improved in China.
例 4: • Detection of serum endotoxin level was performed. • 对血清内毒素水平进行检测。 • 改正:The level of serum endotoxin was detected.
例 5: • A retrospective reviewof clinical data of 124 patients with primary mediastinl tumors was made. • 对 124 例原发性纵隔肿瘤的临床资料进行 了回顾性分析。 • 改正: Clinical data of 124 patients with primary mediastinal tumors were reviewed retrospectively.
例 6: • No significant morphologic alterations of the mesothelium in Group 1 were found. • 组 1 腹膜未发现发生明显的形态学改变。 • 改正:The morphology of the mesothelium in Group 1 did not alter significantly. • 或 The mesothelium in Group 1 did not significantly alter in morphology.
例 7: • The results indicate that immunization and irradiation both cause stimulation of lysosomal enzyme activity in macrophages. • 这些结果表明 ,免疫与照射两者都能引起巨 噬细胞溶酶体酶活性的刺激作用。 • 改正: The results indicate that immunization and irradiation both stimulate lysosomal enzyme activity in macrophages.
例8: • Injection of mast cell suspension into animals led to accelerationof tumor growth. • 肥大细胞悬液注射给动物导致肿瘤生长加 速。 • 改正: Injection of mast cell suspension into animals accelerated tumor growth.
• 例9: • Thus, GSH depletion had no significant effect on the radioprotective capacity of WR1065. • 因而 ,GSH耗尽对 WR1065 辐射防护作用 的能力没有明显的影响。 • 改正: Thus, GSH depletion did not significantly affect the radioprotective capacity of WR 1065.
例 10: • During this period ,there was a significant elevationof iNOSexpression ,and reached itspeak level at 3 days after ischemia reperfusion injury, and decreased to basal level. • 在此期间，iNOS 表达明显升高，缺血再灌注损 伤3 天后达到高峰，此后逐步恢复正常。 • 改正:During this period, iNOS expression elevated significantly, reached its peak level at 3 days after ischemia reperfusion injury, and decreased to basal level.
例 11: • There was no significant difference at 10 minutes in the level of insulin between the control group and the experiment group. • 10 分钟时对照组与实验组血胰岛素水平差异无统 计学意义。 • 改正:The level of insulin did not differ significantly at 10 minutes between the control group and the experiment group. • 或 The control group and the experiment group did not differ significantly in the level of insulin at 10 minutes.
例 12: • There was no correlation between the antiplasmin response and the length of operation or the age of the patient. • 抗纤维蛋白溶酶反应与手术时间长短或病 人年龄之间没有关系。 • 改正: The antiplasmin response did not correlate with either the length of operation or the age of the patient.
例13: • These agents exert their action byinhibition of synthesis of cholesterol by the liver. • 这些药剂有抑制肝脏合成胆固醇的作用。 • 改正:These agents act by inhibitingthe synthesis of cholesterol by the liver. • 或 These agents inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol by the liver.
例14: • It is especially important that health science schools have policies and guidelines for the education of undergraduate professional students and nurses so that there is thoughtful consideration and discussion of the ethical , legal and emotional aspectsof abortion. • 医学院校在教育本科医学生和护士时应有政策和 准则 ,以确保堕胎的伦理、法律及情感诸方面的问 题得到充分考虑和讨论。 • 改 正: In educating undergraduate professional students and nurses, health science schools needpolicies and guidelines to ensure that the ethical, legal and emotional aspects of abortion are thoughtfully considered and discussed.
语篇紧凑 语言简洁
• 韩礼德（Halliday，系统功能语言学家） 将名词化过程比喻为“打包”，原先的 简单小句被打包成名词性词组，或者两三 个小句被打包成一个小句，原来由两个或 两个以上的小句表达的概念意义通过一个 小句完整表达出来。语篇的句子数减少， 每句的信息量相对增大，在信息量相同的 情况下，名词化的表达往往比一致式更简 洁。 • 例如：
• If you want to investigate the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes, you would have to detail the number of swimmers tested. • An investigation of the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes would have to detail the number of swimmers tested.
虚化施事 语篇客观
• 在一致关系中，动词体现过程，有自己的 参与者，有时还带有环境。利用名词化可 以不包含人称代词的特点，对施事进行虚 化，使语篇显得更加客观。 • 例如
• If you expose the item for long, it will rapidly deteriorate. • Prolonged exposure will result in rapid deterioration of the item. • 前一句中的动词expose体现过程，其参与者you 带有一定的主观色彩，显得 语化、不客观。而后 一句中的名词化exposure体现过程，省去了主观 性较强的参与者，显得客观、现实。 • 名词化是一个重要的语法手段，通过词组结构的 变化和句子的重新组合，可产生语言简洁、语篇 连贯、表述客观、信息度高等效果，对指导我们 的阅读、写作和翻译都有着重要的意义。
• 传统认为科技英语在词法方面的显著特点 是名词化(nominalization),即指广泛使用 表示动作或状态的抽象名词或起名词功能 的非限定动词(刘宓庆，1998)，因为名词 化结构使表达客观、句型简洁、信息量大 (王治奎，2000；陈新，2001；秦秀白， 2002) 。
• 在英文中，动词常用来表达主语的行为、 动作、状态等。如果不重视实义动词的作 用，主语用这些动词演变的抽象名词来表 达，而谓语部分则用“perform”、 “conduct”、“carry out”、“achieve”、 “occur”等空泛动词 (general purpose verb) 表达，会使动作显得苍白无力，句子变得 繁杂、沉闷、难懂、重点不突出。
例1: • A significant increase in the total antiplasmin level occurred postoperatively. • 术后 ,总的抗纤维蛋白溶酶水平明显提高。 • 动词occurred既未表达本句的动作 ,又无实 在意义。相反 主语‘ increase‟一词表达了 动作,包含着新信息,应该放在述位的位置。 • 改 正: The total antiplasmin level increased significantly after operation.
例2: • Fourteen sensitive isolates were found with no mutation of gyrA gene. • 14 个药物敏感分离株未发现gyrA耐药决定区基因 突变。 • 改正: gyrA gene did not mutate in 14 sensitive isolates. • 该研究的焦点是 gyrA 基因是否突变，将“gyrA gene”改为主动句的主语，“mutate”(突变)一词做 谓语，不仅突出了述位所包含的新信息，而且句 子表达显得简练。
例 3: • Significant improvement in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma has been made in China. • 在中国 ,肝细胞癌的治疗取得了明显提高。 • 改正: Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma has been significantly improved in China.
例 4: • Detection of serum endotoxin level was performed. • 对血清内毒素水平进行检测。 • 改正:The level of serum endotoxin was detected.
例 5: • A retrospective reviewof clinical data of 124 patients with primary mediastinl tumors was made. • 对 124 例原发性纵隔肿瘤的临床资料进行 了回顾性分析。 • 改正: Clinical data of 124 patients with primary mediastinal tumors were reviewed retrospectively.
例 6: • No significant morphologic alterations of the mesothelium in Group 1 were found. • 组 1 腹膜未发现发生明显的形态学改变。 • 改正:The morphology of the mesothelium in Group 1 did not alter significantly. • 或 The mesothelium in Group 1 did not significantly alter in morphology.
例 7: • The results indicate that immunization and irradiation both cause stimulation of lysosomal enzyme activity in macrophages. • 这些结果表明 ,免疫与照射两者都能引起巨 噬细胞溶酶体酶活性的刺激作用。 • 改正: The results indicate that immunization and irradiation both stimulate lysosomal enzyme activity in macrophages.
例8: • Injection of mast cell suspension into animals led to accelerationof tumor growth. • 肥大细胞悬液注射给动物导致肿瘤生长加 速。 • 改正: Injection of mast cell suspension into animals accelerated tumor growth.
• 例9: • Thus, GSH depletion had no significant effect on the radioprotective capacity of WR1065. • 因而 ,GSH耗尽对 WR1065 辐射防护作用 的能力没有明显的影响。 • 改正: Thus, GSH depletion did not significantly affect the radioprotective capacity of WR 1065.
例 10: • During this period ,there was a significant elevationof iNOSexpression ,and reached itspeak level at 3 days after ischemia reperfusion injury, and decreased to basal level. • 在此期间，iNOS 表达明显升高，缺血再灌注损 伤3 天后达到高峰，此后逐步恢复正常。 • 改正:During this period, iNOS expression elevated significantly, reached its peak level at 3 days after ischemia reperfusion injury, and decreased to basal level.
例 11: • There was no significant difference at 10 minutes in the level of insulin between the control group and the experiment group. • 10 分钟时对照组与实验组血胰岛素水平差异无统 计学意义。 • 改正:The level of insulin did not differ significantly at 10 minutes between the control group and the experiment group. • 或 The control group and the experiment group did not differ significantly in the level of insulin at 10 minutes.
例 12: • There was no correlation between the antiplasmin response and the length of operation or the age of the patient. • 抗纤维蛋白溶酶反应与手术时间长短或病 人年龄之间没有关系。 • 改正: The antiplasmin response did not correlate with either the length of operation or the age of the patient.
例13: • These agents exert their action byinhibition of synthesis of cholesterol by the liver. • 这些药剂有抑制肝脏合成胆固醇的作用。 • 改正:These agents act by inhibitingthe synthesis of cholesterol by the liver. • 或 These agents inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol by the liver.
例14: • It is especially important that health science schools have policies and guidelines for the education of undergraduate professional students and nurses so that there is thoughtful consideration and discussion of the ethical , legal and emotional aspectsof abortion. • 医学院校在教育本科医学生和护士时应有政策和 准则 ,以确保堕胎的伦理、法律及情感诸方面的问 题得到充分考虑和讨论。 • 改 正: In educating undergraduate professional students and nurses, health science schools needpolicies and guidelines to ensure that the ethical, legal and emotional aspects of abortion are thoughtfully considered and discussed.