二手车评估方法探讨英文翻译
“二手车评估”的教学方法探讨
“二手车评估”的教学方法探讨我国快速发展的二手车市场，对二手车评估人才有着巨大的需求，本文根据教学实践，针对职业院校二手车评估人才培养中出现的问题，从学科梯队建设与师资知识储备、教学方法和教学手段等方面对适合我国需求的二手车评估人才的培养方法进行了探讨。
标签：二手车评估教学方法教学手段近几年，我国二手车市场以每年20％～30％的速度递增，下图是2000年～2006年二手车销量的增长曲线图，其中2006年二手车销量为190.59万量，同比增长31.50％，高出新车增长率6个百分点。
截止2004年6月底，全国共有二手车评估师8000多人，其中高级评估师500多人。
据专家统计，仅深圳市在3到5年内就需要二手车评估师3000人，从中可以看出二二手车市场对专业人才存在着巨大的需求。
但我们发现，职业院校中极少有学生毕业后从事二手车评估工作。
通过对该专业毕业生的信息反馈得知，由于对二手车评估能力方面的培养不够系统，教学力度不够，所以导致了同学们没能掌握好二手车评估技能，无法胜任二手车市场的工作。
随着各大专院校毕业生的逐年增多，就业形势日趋紧张，各学校都在想方设法为学生的就业寻找出路。
据统计，目前在全国职业院校中专门开设二手车师评估专业的学校数量不多，在二手车人才培养方面还处于积累经验阶段，在二手车人才的培养中，出现了对专业方向把握不准，培养方法不得当的问题。
因此有必要对二手车评估人才的培养模式进行探讨，加大对二手车评估人才的培养，使学生掌握更多更实用的技能，扩大学生的就业率。
另外，培养大批高素质的二手车评估人才对规范我国二手车市场起着积极的作用。
我国二手车市场存在着严重的信息不对称，是造成二手车销售不畅的一个重要原因。
在二手车交易中，消费者是信息的弱势群体，卖方为了获取利益，常常隐瞒二手车的缺陷。
汽车的专业复杂性，使消费者对于车的了解十分欠缺，而二手车商家又无法出具车辆的维修历史及车况检测报告，消费者在购买二手车时，往往面临质量欺诈、价格欺诈、购买非法车辆等风险，结果造成了整个二手车市场都难以取得消费者的信赖。
二手车鉴定评估规范
技术状况等级 一级 二级 三级 四级 五级
分值区间 鉴定总分≥ 90 60≤鉴定总分＜ 90 20≤鉴定总分＜ 60 鉴定总分＜ 20
事故车
5. 8 评估车辆价值
5.8.1 根据按照车辆有关情况，确立估值方法，并对车辆价值进行估算。 5.8.2 估值方法选用原则：一般情况下，推荐选用现行市价法；在无参照物、 无法使用现行市价法的情况下，选用重置成本法。 5.8.3 现行市价法的运用方法：评估价值为相同车型、配置和相同技术状况鉴 定检测分值的车辆近期的交易价格； 如无参照， 可从本区域本月内的交易记录中 调取相同车型、 相近分值， 或从相邻区域的成交记录中调取相同车型、 相近分值 的成交价格，并结合车辆技术状况鉴定分值加以修正。 5.8.4 当 无任何参照体时，使用重置成本法计算车辆价值。
前言 为规范二手车鉴定评估行为， 营造公平、 公正的二手车消费环境， 保护消费 者合法权益，促进汽车市场健康发展，制定本标准。 本标准在制定过程中， 参考了国外二手车鉴定评估有关法规与行业标准的主 要思路与方法。
术语和定义
本规范采用下列定义： 3.1 二手车 used automobile 本规范所述二手车是指从办理完注册登记手续到达到国家强制报废标准之 前进行交易并转移所有权的汽车。 3.2 二手车鉴定评估 appraisal and inspection 是指对二手车进行技术状况检测、鉴定，确定某一时点价值的过程。 3.2.1 二手车技术状况鉴定 technical inspection 对车辆技术状况进行缺陷描述、等级评定。 3.2.2 二手车价值评估 evaluation 根据二手车技术状况鉴定结果和鉴定评估目的， 对目标车辆价值评估。 价值 评估方法主要包括现行市价法、重置成本法。 3.2.2.1 现行市价法 Current market price method 根据车辆技术状况按照市场现行价格计算出被评估车辆价值的方法。 3.2.2.2 重置成本法 Replacement cost method 按照相同车型市场现行价格重新购置一个全新状态的评估对象， 用所需的全 部成本减去评估对象的实体性、 功能性和经济性陈旧贬值后的差额， 以其作为评 估对象现时价值的方法。 3.3 二手车鉴定评估机构 appraisal and inspection enterprises 从事二手车鉴定评估经营活动的第三方服务机构。 3.4 二手车鉴定评估师 appraiser 与高级二手车鉴定评估师 advanced appraiser
二手汽车-外文文献翻译
二手汽车-外文文献翻译学校代码：10128英文参考文献及译文题目：T h e U s e d C a r I n d u s t r y姓名：马威学院：能源与动力工程系别：交通运输系专业：交通运输班级：交通运输09-2指导教师：高志鹰副教授二〇一三年六月The Used Car IndustryWith annual sales of nearly $370 billion, the used vehicle industry represents almost half of the U.S. auto retail market and is the largest retail segment of the economy.In 2005, about 44 million used cars were sold in the U.S., which is more than double that of the nearly 17 million new cars sold. In 1898, the Empire State Motor Wagon Company is one of the very first used car companies. The used vehicle market is substantially larger than other large retail sectors, such as the school and office products market ($206 billion in estimated annual sales) and the home improvement market ($291 billion in Estimated annual sales).The Federal Trade Commission recommends that consumers consider a car retailer’s reputation when deciding where to purchase a used car.In the United States, an estimated 34% of consumers (in 2006) are buying a Vehicle history report for used cars. Vehicle history reports are one way to check the track record of any used vehicle. The report may indicate minor/moderate collision damage or improper vehicle maintenance.These reports will indicate items of public record, such as vehicle title branding, lemon law buybacks, odometer fraud, and product recall vehicle history reports provide customers with a record based on the vehicle's serial number.An attempt to identify vehicles which have been previously owned by hire car rental agencies, police and emergency services or taxi fleets is also made. Consumers should research vehicles carefully, as these reporting services only report the information to which they have access. In some places the government is a provider of vehicle history, but this is usually a limited service providing information on just one aspect of the history. Two vehicle history reporting services used to offer the service for free namely Install VIN and Vin Check. But currently customers need to pay to view vehicle reports through Instating. Vin Check became part of Auto Check and provides very little information for free, and customers need to buy a detailed report.distributor or repairer each operate at different levels of the production or distribution chain.Whether a vertical agreement actually restricts competition and whether in that case the benefits outweigh the anti-competitive effects will often depend on the market structure. The new Regulation 1400/2002, which entered into force on 1 October 2002, introduces a number of substantial changes as regards the exemption of distribution agreements for new motor vehicles and spare parts. It also introduces major changes] as regards the exemption of agreements for the provision of repair and maintenance services by authorized and independent repairers and other independent operators, such as onroad assistance operators, distributors of spare parts and providers of training for repairers.Auto Transport is used to move the vehicle from the factory to the dealerships. This includes country to country shipping as well as state to state shipping. Auto shipping and transport was largely a commercial activity conducted by dealers, manufacturers and brokers until the last ten to fifteen years. The explosion of Internet use has allowed this niche service to grow and reach the general consumer marketplace. This car shipping industry has grown explosively since the advent of the Internet. People are now able to purchase cars from anywhere in the world and have them shipped to their doorstep.Used Car Roadshow is a car programme that was originally aired on the Men & Motors channel, but now it is also shown on ITV4. The show is presented by Penny Mallory and Jason Dawe. The show airs for one hour. Each programme is filmed at car shows throughout the UK, where enthusiasts display their cars and collections, as well as some who want to sell and buy cars. Penny and Jason always attempt to pick the most eye catching and unusual cars at these shows, as well as demonstrating bargains that can be had from the used car market. Every programme has a different scenario, where a viewing member of the public is looking to buy a used car. Scenarios can vary from the budget-conscious student wanting to spend no more than £1500, to the mid 20 year old wanting a sports car for no more than £20,000. There are also in betweens who want something economical, or good for long distance touring, orfor the family. They give Jason the specifications they want, and the things they would like and not like.Throughout the show Jason comes up with different cars to suit the buyer's needs, summarizing the positives and negatives. He often picks three cars, with one mystery car thrown in to interest the buyer. Normally the buyer is given three cars to examine and decide from with the guidance of Penny and Jason throughout, from which one has to be dropped before the other two can be tested. The test drive is normally taken with Penny on board, who gives her opinions on the car to give the buyer a better insight as to what they may want. If the buyer decides that he/she does not like one of the cars, then Jason will throw in his mystery car to liven things up.In the end the buyer usually makes a decision on the car they want, and attempts to negotiate with Jason, who consequently rings the seller on air from a mobile and tries to achieve the best deal possible for the buying member of the public. As of 2009, no new series/episodes had aired.二手车行业随着每年接近3700亿的成交量，二手车行业占据了美国接近半数的汽车零售市场，它也成为了最大的零售业务的经济体。
二手车定损与评估方法研究
二手车定损与评估方法研究随着汽车消费的普及和发展，二手车市场也逐渐兴起。
在购买二手车的过程中，定损与评估是非常重要的环节。
本文将探讨二手车定损与评估的方法研究，旨在为消费者提供更准确、科学的二手车交易参考。
一、定损方法研究定损是指对车辆损坏程度的评估和估价。
在二手车交易中，定损是买卖双方确定价格的重要依据。
目前，常见的定损方法主要有以下几种：1. 外观检查法：这是最常用的定损方法之一。
通过对车辆外观的检查，包括车身划痕、凹陷、漆面状况等，来评估车辆的损坏程度。
这种方法简单易行，但只能对外观损坏进行粗略估计，无法评估车辆内部结构和机械部件的损坏情况。
2. 技术检测法：这种方法依靠专业的设备和技术人员对车辆进行全面检测，包括车辆结构、机械部件、电子系统等方面。
通过检测数据的分析和比对，可以准确评估车辆的损坏程度和价值。
然而，这种方法费用较高，需要专业人员操作，不适用于普通消费者。
3. 经验估算法：这是一种基于经验和市场行情的估算方法。
通过对同类型车辆的市场价格和历史交易数据的分析，结合对车辆实际情况的观察和判断，来估算车辆的损坏程度和价值。
这种方法简便易行，适用于一般消费者。
然而，由于市场行情的波动和个体差异的存在，估算结果可能存在一定的误差。
二、评估方法研究评估是指对车辆的整体价值进行评估和估价。
在二手车交易中，评估是买卖双方确定价格的重要依据。
目前，常见的评估方法主要有以下几种：1. 市场比较法：这是最常用的评估方法之一。
通过对同类型车辆的市场价格和历史交易数据的分析，来评估车辆的整体价值。
这种方法简便易行，适用于一般消费者。
然而，由于市场行情的波动和个体差异的存在，评估结果可能存在一定的误差。
2. 技术评估法：这种方法依靠专业的设备和技术人员对车辆进行全面评估，包括车辆结构、机械部件、电子系统等方面。
通过评估数据的分析和比对，可以准确评估车辆的整体价值。
然而，这种方法费用较高，需要专业人员操作，不适用于普通消费者。
「评估」英文怎么说？表示「评估」的2种英文说法！
「评估」英文怎么说？表示「评估」的2种英文说法！评估英文应该怎么说呢？常见的评估英文说法有evaluate跟assess，都是动词。
而它们的名词型态分别为evaluation跟asses *** ent。
虽然上面这两个英文字汇都有「评估」的意思，不过意思上还是有些差异的！下面整理了「评估」的相关英文说法与英文例句，赶快学起来吧！1.evaluate 评估，评价；估值「评估」最常见的英文说法是evaluate，evaluate的中文意思是指「评估，评价；估值」的意思，它是指去计算某件东西的价值的意思。
「evaluate 评估」的相关英文例句：例：I can’t evaluate his ability without seeing his work. 我不能不看他的工作就评估他的能力。
例：We need to evaluate Jenny’s ability. 我们需要重新评估珍妮的能力。
2.assess 评价；评定；对…估价「评估」的另一个英文说法是assess，assess的中文意思是指「评价；评定；对…估价」的意思。
至于assess跟evaluate 的细微差别主要在于，assess主要针对过程的评估，比较类似透过「诊断」来评估一件事或一个人的好坏高低差别。
assess 所评估出来的好坏比较偏向绝对的，而evaluate 则是比较相对的。
例：We need to assess the impact on climate change. 我们需要评估对气候变化的影响。
例：It’s difficult to assess the eff ects of these changes. 评估这些变化的影响非常困难。
英文评估, 评估, 评估英文, 评估英文例句, 评估英文怎么说, 评估英文说法, 评估的英文, 评估的英文说法。
二手车技术鉴定与评估毕业论文
二手车技术鉴定与评估摘要现如今异常兴盛的二手车市场越来越缺少二手车评估人才，面对以后中国汽车的良好发展前景和日益增长的国民收入，二手车市场有着不可限量的前景，这就让二手车行业不得不整理出一套二手车鉴定评估的技术，二手车评估技术可以有效制定出二手车价格，促进二手车市场发展，正确的价格必会带来销量上的突破。
鉴定技术会稳固二手车行业的发展，在二手车市场上有很多掺假、黑车等违法车辆会对二手车行业造成损失，这就需要高端的二手车鉴定技术，总而言之二手车鉴定技术是二手车发展不可缺少的元素。
关键词：二手车评估二手车鉴定Identification and assessment of second-hand car technologyAbstractNow very flourishing used-car market increasingly lack of assessment of second-hand car talent, face after China cars with good development prospects and increasing national income, second-hand car market has a limitless prospect, this lets a second-hand car industry to organize a set of second-hand car appraisal technology, assessment of second-hand car technology can effectively develop second-hand car prices, promote the development of second-hand car market, the correct price will bring on the sales breakthrough. Identification technology of strong second-hand car industry development, in the second-hand car market has a lot of adulteration, black and other illegal vehicles on a second-hand car industry losses, which requires the high-end second-hand vehicle identification technology to make a long story short, second-hand car identification technology is an indispensable element of second-hand car development.Key words：assessment of second-hand car second-hand car appraisal毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。
二手车评估英语
二手车评估英语Used Car EvaluationWhen evaluating a used car, it is important to consider several factors to determine its value and overall condition. Here are some key aspects to assess:1. Exterior: Inspect the car's body for any signs of damage or rust. Look for dents, scratches, and paint chips, as these can affect its resale value.2. Interior: Check the condition of the seats, dashboard, and carpet. Look for any tears, stains, or signs of wear and tear. The overall cleanliness and upkeep of the interior can also give you an idea of how well the car has been maintained.3. Mileage: The mileage of a used car is an important factor that reflects its potential lifespan and wear and tear. Generally, lower mileage is desirable, but it should be considered in relation to the vehicle's age and service history.4. Service History: A well-maintained car will come with a complete service history, including records of regular maintenance and repairs. This information will give you insights into how the car has been cared for and any potential issues it may have had in the past.5. Mechanical Condition: It is recommended to have a qualified mechanic inspect the vehicle to check for any underlying mechanical problems. This assessment will include checking theengine, transmission, brakes, suspension, and electrical systems.6. Test Drive: Take the car for a test drive to evaluate its performance and handling. Pay attention to any abnormal noises, vibrations, or difficulties in acceleration and braking.7. Market Value: Research the market value of the specific make, model, and year of the used car you are evaluating. This will help you determine if the asking price is fair and reasonable.By considering these factors and measures, you can make a more informed decision when evaluating a used car and ensure that you are getting the best value for your money.。
二手汽车外文文献翻译
二手汽车-外文文献翻译————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：学校代码：10128英文参考文献及译文题目：T h e U s e d C a r I n d u s t r y姓名：马威学院：能源与动力工程系别：交通运输系专业：交通运输班级：交通运输09-2指导教师：高志鹰副教授二〇一三年六月The Used Car IndustryWith annual sales of nearly $370 billion, the used vehicle industry represents almost half of the U.S. auto retail market and is the largest retail segment of the economy.In 2005, about 44 million used cars were sold in the U.S., which is more than double that of the nearly 17 million new cars sold. In 1898, the Empire State Motor Wagon Company is one of the very first used car companies. The used vehicle market is substantially larger than other large retail sectors, such as the school and office products market ($206 billion in estimated annual sales) and the home improvement market ($291 billion in Estimated annual sales).The Federal Trade Commission recommends that consumers consider a car retailer’s reputation when deciding where to purchase a used car.In the United States, an estimated 34% of consumers (in 2006) are buying a Vehicle history report for used cars. Vehicle history reports are one way to check the track record of any used vehicle. The report may indicate minor/moderate collision damage or improper vehicle maintenance.These reports will indicate items of public record, such as vehicle title branding, lemon law buybacks, odometer fraud, and product recall vehicle history reports provide customers with a record based on the vehicle's serial number.An attempt to identify vehicles which have been previously owned by hire car rental agencies, police and emergency services or taxi fleets is also made. Consumers should research vehicles carefully, as these reporting services only report the information to which they have access. In some places the government is a provider of vehicle history, but this is usually a limited service providing information on just one aspect of the history. Two vehicle history reporting services used to offer the service for free namely Install VIN and Vin Check. But currently customers need to pay to view vehicle reports through Instating. Vin Check became part of Auto Check and provides very little information for free, and customers need to buy a detailed report.Several of the services, most notably those in the United Kingdom and theUnited States, sell reports to dealers and then encourage the dealers to display the reports on their Internet sites. These reports are paid for by the dealer and then offered for free to potential buyers of the vehicle. Car check service is available online for the public and motor trade.Companies may add to the reports additional information gathered from police, finance and insurance companies.In the UK, the DVLA provides information (Car check) on the registration of vehicles to certain companies for consumer protection and anti-fraud purposes. Used car pricing reports typically produce three forms of pricing information. Dealer or Retail Price is the price you should expect to pay if buying from a licensed new-car or used-car dealer — retail price. Dealer Trade-in Price or wholesale price is the price you should expect to receive from a dealer if you trade in a car. This is also the price that a dealer will typically pay for a car at a dealer wholesale auction. Private-Party Price is the price you should expect to pay if you were buying from an individual. A private-party seller is hoping to get more money than they would with a trade-in to a dealer. A private-party buyer is hoping to pay less than the dealer retail price.The growth of the Internet has fueled the availability of information on the prices of used cars. This information was once only available in trade publications that dealers had access to. There are now numerous sources for used car pricing. Multiple sources of used car pricing means that listed values from different sources may differ. Each pricing guide receiving data from different sources and makes different judgments about that data. Pricing of used cars can be affected by geography. For example, convertibles have a higher demand in warmer climates than in cooler areas. Similarly, pickup trucks may be more in demand in rural than urban settings. The overall condition of the vehicle has a major impact on pricing. Condition is based on appearances, vehicle history, mechanical condition and mileage. There is much subjectivity in how the condition of a car is evaluated.There are various theories as to how the market determines the prices of used cars sold by private parties, especially relative to new cars. One theory suggests that new car dealers are able to put more effort into selling a car, and can therefore stimulate stronger demand. Another theory suggests that owners of problematic cars("lemons") are more likely to want to sell their cars than owners of perfectly functioning vehicles. Therefore, someone buying a used car bears a higher risk of buying a lemon. A car dealership or vehicle local distribution is a business that sells new and/or used cars at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary. It employs automobile salespeople to do the selling. It may also provide maintenance services for cars, thus employing automobile mechanics, stock and sell spare automobile parts, and process warranty claims.In China, an authorized car dealership is called 4S car shops. The 4S represents Sale, Spare part, Service and Survey .In most cases, brand-name new cars can be purchased only from 4S shops. For new cars in high demand, a premium is sometimes added for instant delivery or just placing an order. Likewise, cars with high supply are often discounted. The profit of car dealers in China is quite high compared to the rest of the world, in most cases 10%. This is due to the non-transparent invoice price as announced by manufacturers and to the premiums they charge for quick delivery. Due to the lack of knowledge for most customers, dealers can sell add-ons at much higher prices than the aftermarket. This field is ruled by Commission Regulation (EC) NO 1400/2002 of 31 July 2002, on the application of article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector.In the Member States of the European Union, motor vehicle and spare part manufacturers distribute their products through networks of distributors. As far as motor vehicles are concerned, these distributors are commonly known as dealers. Motor vehicle manufacturers and other undertakings also operate networks of authorized repairers. Such a distribution or repair network consists of a bundle of similar agreements between the manufacturer and the individual distributors or body shops. For the purposes of EU competition law, these agreements are referred to as vertical agreements, as the manufacturer and distributor or repairer each operate at different levels of the production or distribution chain.Whether a vertical agreement actually restricts competition and whether in that case the benefits outweigh the anti-competitive effects will often depend on the market structure. The new Regulation 1400/2002, which entered into force on 1 October 2002, introduces a number of substantial changes as regards the exemption ofdistribution agreements for new motor vehicles and spare parts. It also introduces major changes] as regards the exemption of agreements for the provision of repair and maintenance services by authorized and independent repairers and other independent operators, such as onroad assistance operators, distributors of spare parts and providers of training for repairers.Auto Transport is used to move the vehicle from the factory to the dealerships. This includes country to country shipping as well as state to state shipping. Auto shipping and transport was largely a commercial activity conducted by dealers, manufacturers and brokers until the last ten to fifteen years. The explosion of Internet use has allowed this niche service to grow and reach the general consumer marketplace. This car shipping industry has grown explosively since the advent of the Internet. People are now able to purchase cars from anywhere in the world and have them shipped to their doorstep.Used Car Roadshow is a car programme that was originally aired on the Men & Motors channel, but now it is also shown on ITV4. The show is presented by Penny Mallory and Jason Dawe. The show airs for one hour. Each programme is filmed at car shows throughout the UK, where enthusiasts display their cars and collections, as well as some who want to sell and buy cars. Penny and Jason always attempt to pick the most eye catching and unusual cars at these shows, as well as demonstrating bargains that can be had from the used car market. Every programme has a different scenario, where a viewing member of the public is looking to buy a used car. Scenarios can vary from the budget-conscious student wanting to spend no more than £1500, to the mid 20 year old wanting a sports car for no more than £20,000. There are also in betweens who want something economical, or good for long distance touring, or for the family. They give Jason the specifications they want, and the things they would like and not like.Throughout the show Jason comes up with different cars to suit the buyer's needs, summarizing the positives and negatives. He often picks three cars, with one mystery car thrown in to interest the buyer. Normally the buyer is given three cars to examine and decide from with the guidance of Penny and Jason throughout, from which one has to be dropped before the other two can be tested. The test drive isnormally taken with Penny on board, who gives her opinions on the car to give the buyer a better insight as to what they may want. If the buyer decides that he/she does not like one of the cars, then Jason will throw in his mystery car to liven things up.In the end the buyer usually makes a decision on the car they want, and attempts to negotiate with Jason, who consequently rings the seller on air from a mobile and tries to achieve the best deal possible for the buying member of the public. As of 2009, no new series/episodes had aired.二手车行业随着每年接近3700亿的成交量，二手车行业占据了美国接近半数的汽车零售市场，它也成为了最大的零售业务的经济体。
二手车估价方法范文
二手车估价方法范文二手车估价是指根据车辆的品牌、型号、车龄、行驶里程等信息，结合市场供求关系和各种因素，为车主或买车者提供的车辆市场交易价格参考。
对于一台要出售或购买的二手车辆来说，准确估价是十分关键的。
下面将介绍一些常用的二手车估价方法。
1.品牌与车型估价法首先，品牌与车型是决定车辆价格的重要因素。
在同一品牌和车型的情况下，不同的年份和配置也会导致价格的变动。
可以通过参考汽车市场上类似车型的价格来大致估算。
2.车辆行驶里程估价法车辆的行驶里程是判断车辆磨损程度的一个关键指标。
一般来说，行驶里程越低，车辆的价值越高，因为它的使用寿命相对较长。
可以通过与相同品牌和型号的车辆比较来确定车辆行驶里程对价格的影响程度。
3.车龄估价法车龄也是决定车辆价格的一个重要因素。
一般来说，车龄越高，车辆的使用价值越低。
可以通过比较同一年份的同一车型在市场上的价格来确定车辆车龄对价格的影响。
4.车辆配置估价法车辆的配置也会影响其价格。
例如，同一品牌和车型的车辆，如果配置更高、功能更丰富，价格也会相应提高。
可以通过查阅车辆配置手册或与市场上的同款车辆比较来确定车辆配置对价格的影响。
5.车辆外观与内饰估价法车辆的外观和内饰状况也会对价格有所影响。
外观的划痕、凹陷、漆面褪色等都会降低车辆的价值；内饰方面，座椅、仪表盘、音响等的磨损也会对车辆价格产生影响。
可以通过与市场上同款车辆的对比来确定车辆外观与内饰对价格的影响程度。
6.车辆保养与维修估价法车辆的保养和维修情况也是决定车辆价值的重要因素。
一个以前有过事故或需要频繁维修的车辆，其价值会受到影响。
可以通过查看车辆保养记录和维修记录，以及与同款车辆的对比来确定车辆保养与维修对价格的影响。
二手车评估之关键要素与技术路径
二手车评估之关键要素与技术路径李亮亮【期刊名称】《新疆职业教育研究》【年(卷),期】2014(000)003【摘要】The transaction of second-hand cars have increased in China in recent years with the improvement of people’s living standard and the second-hand car market has become an important element of car markets which needs many pro-fessional assessing personnel. The higher vocational education will have to follow the steps of market changes and voca-tional colleges should set second-hand car assessing curriculum and build training rooms to teach students some basic car assessing skills. The paper takes the second-hand car assessing practice as a basis to describe the skillful route of assess-ing second-hand cars and keyfactors:investigating, looking, checking, driving and appraising.%随着人民生活水平的提高和消费观念的转变，二手车交易逐渐增多，二手车市场已成为汽车市场的重要元素，急需大量二手车评估的专业人才。
高职院校应该紧跟人才市场的需求，在汽车类专业中开设二手车评估的课程和实习实训，培养学生掌握二手车评估的基本技能。
房地产评估方法英文翻译
Method of ValuationThe Comparative MethodThere are conventional five methods of valuation: the comparative method, the contractor’s method, the residual method, the profits method, and the investment method.The comparative method is probably the most widely used method and even if one of the other four methods is used by a valuer he will still almost inevitably have recourse to comparisons as well. The method entails making a valuation directly comparing the property under consideration with similar properties which have been sold, finding its value from these past transactions. Although this sounds simple and straightforward, there may be many pitfalls to trap the unwary. In using the method it is desirable that the comparison should be made with similar properties situated in the same are. and with transactions, witch have taken place in the recent past. The less the comparable property complies with these requirements, the less valid will be the comparison. Often a valuer is able to get evidence of sales witch do accord with these requirements, particularly when a valuation is of a property such as a semi-detached suburban house. However, the more uncommon a property is, and the more specialized the type of property, the less likely is it that the valuer will be able to finding good ‘comparables’, and it is not unusual for there to be a complete lack of evidence of sales of comparable properties.Even when properties appear to be similar, close inspection often reveals that they are in fact different. A row of apparently identical houses may on internal inspection prove to have many differences, and thee skill of the valuer will be required to make an allowance in money terms for such difference in value caused by a different geographical situation.It is essential in using this method to have as much evidence as possible readily available and good office records are invaluable. Any valuer should ensure that he has an efficient filing system which is regularly kept up to date, and which contains as much information as can be obtained of each market transaction which is recorded. Modern computer filing systems greatly facilitate good record keeping and the almost instantaneous recall of information. However, for helpful records to be kept, there must be evidence of suitable comparables available, and unfortunately, in the real world, this is often locking.The word recent is a relative term. At some points in time a sale which took place a year earlier may be recent enough to be a valid comparison if the market has remained relatively stable in the intervening period. If the market has been volatile or has changed in any way during this time, then market evidence might need to be much more recent past, a valuer may be able to get some guidance from considering market evidence over period of earlier years or months, as it possible that a clearly defined trend of values might be detected. The valuer may decide that this trend would have continued through to be date on which he is making his valuation.In using the comparative method a most through inspection of all the underlyingfactors in the market must be made in order to decide whether they have been changes in conditions since other transactions take place.The method involves few dangers if the market is stable. When it is not stable, valuer may encounter problems in its use, and this may also be the case if there are few comparables, or if there are no true comparables, that is if the range of properties sold does not contain anything truly identical to the property under consideration.Some differences may be relatively unimportant, and differences in architectural design, for example may often make little difference to value. However, if a particular design renders a building inefficient in use, the difference may be very important, and in using the method the valuer should always consider such possibilities. The age of a building can be important in that it may be such as to render it either more or less fashionable and in many instances the structural condition and state of repair will be directly related to the age of the building.V aluers should also pay considerable attention to the accommodation offered by different properties, and try to make allowances for variations in the amo unt of floor space and differences in the lay-out and the number of rooms provided. Allowance should also be made for differences in the quality of fixtures and fittings, and for differences in the size of plots on which properties stand. Location is always very important, and valuers should be wary of assuming that values should be similar because the size and accommodation of properties is identical. A slightly different location can make a vast different to market value.In using this method the valuer should always bear in mind the fact that property is heterogeneous, and should always ask himself whether any special factors affected the market value of the comparables that he is using, or whether any special factors are likely to affect the value of the property which he is considering.The Contracto r’s MethodThe contractor’s method(summation)is used to value the type of properties which seldom change hands and for which there are therefore few comparables．It must at this point be stressed that cost and value are rarely tell same, but this method of valuation is based loosely on the assumption that they are related. It should therefore be appreciated that it is a method used only infrequently，and which is something of a last resort．The basic theory of the cont ractor’s method is that the cost of t he site plus the cost of the buildings will give the value of the land and buildings one unit.With the majority of properties there is ample evidence to show，that this proposition is not correct，but the Contracto r’s method is used to value properties for which there is little general market demand and which are consequently rarely sold．The types of property for which it could be appropriate are hospitals，town halls，schools，libraries．police stations，and other such building．It will be noted that this list comprises principally public buildings，although the use of the method is not necessarily restricted to public building alone. Cost is normally only one factor of many which may affect supply and demand and which therefore affect value, but it is probably true that with true that with this type of building it is a predominant factor. It would always be possible for the would-be users of such buildings to acquirealternative sites and to construct new buildings rather than purchase an existing property at greater overall cost．Competition between rival potential users would be unlikely and it is therefore reasonable to assume that cost and value are not unrelated with such special buildings．However if an alternative building were constructed it would be a new propertv，whereas with an existing property it is obvious that there would be some wear and tear resulting from is previous use and there might also be a degree of obsolescence which had arisen since it was new. In using the contractor's method the valuer must therefore make a deduction to allow for both depreciation of the buildings and obsolescence of design. The basic valuation approach then becomes as below：Cost of sitePlus Cost of buildingLess Depreciation Allowance andObsolescence AllowanceV alue of Existing PropertyThis method is most frequently used for rating purpose where rates are levied on the value of buildings and sites together and it is also sometimes used in valuations for compensation when property of a special nature has been compulsorily acquired．The Residual MethodThe residual method (hypothetical development method) is used when a property has development or redevelopment potential. It is needed when there is an element of latent value which can be released by the expenditure of money on a property. Residual valuations are quite regularly made by people who purchase residential; properties which they consider could be made more valuable id money were spent on improvement and modernization. This would-be purchaser may look at a house and decide that it is worth ￡20000, after which it will have a market value of ￡90000.A quick inspection of the figures shows that latent value of ￡20000 has been in use, but even when much more complicated calculations are involved, the basic approach to the method is still exactly the same.V alue of the completed developmentLess Total expenditure on improvements or development(including developer’s profit)V alue of site or property in its present condition(Residual value)The value of the completed development is sometimes referred to as the Gross Development V alue, or as the Gross Realization.The use of the residual method involves considerable skill and it is first necessary to decide what is the best form of development suitable foe or property, and then to task, as apart from the skill involved in choosing the best use for a site, the vaguer also has to estimate the value of a building which does not as yet exist. He has to cast his mind forward to estimate the Gross Development V alue.Even when this has been done with great skill accuracy, all the costs of improvement and development must then be estimated. These may include such itemsas the cost of site clearance, architect’s fees, site engineer’s quantity’s fees, and all other professional fees incurred in creating the development, the costs of building must be estimated, and these could well increase during the time-lag between the acquisition of the property and the completion of the development. Once a property has been developed it has to be let or sold, and the valuer must make an allowance for all costs which would be incurred in letting or disposing of the property he envisages as one day standing on the site. These costs will include estate agent’s fees, advertising fees, and the solicitor’s fees and legal expenses, to purchase the site and subsequently develop or redevelop it will usually require a considerable amount of finance, and the cists of obtaining this must be deducted as a development cost. No one will wish to take all the risks involved in a project without any reward, and a developer’s profit must be allowed.The may be other items of expense to consider, and the more variables there are the more difficult it will be to maintain an acceptable degree of accuracy in the calculations. However, a skilled valuer with a special knowledge of the type of development for which he is valuing, who is in touch with the market and who id familiar with the costs of development, can use this method with a considerable degree of accuracy.There will doubtless be instances in which, in retrospect, a purchaser will be seen to have paid too much for a property because the figures on which the residual valuation was based have changed in the period since the property was purchased. The method is nevertheless acceptable for finding market value, as it must always be remembered that this value is the figure which would be paid in the market at a definite point in time, taking into account future expectations.The method is often is often criticized as being clumsy and containing too many variables, but there is little doubt that it is the only real method of valuation applicable when there is latent value in a property.The Profits MethodThe profits method (accounts method, treasury method) is based on the assumption that the value of some properties will be related to the profits which can be made from their use. The method is not used where it is possible to value by means of comparison, and is generally only used where there is some degree of monopoly attached to a property. Such a monopoly may be either legal or factual, a legal monopoly existing where some legal restraint exists to prevent competition to the property user from the users of other property. Such a situation may occur when a licence is required for the pursuit of a particular trade. A factual monopoly may arise when there is some factors, other than a legal restraint, which restricts competition. An instance of a factual monopoly is the restaurant at the top of Mount Snowdon in Wales where there is no other property to offer competition and where none is likely to be built. Whenever there is an element of monopoly it is obviously not possible to use the comparative method lf valuation, as there could be no true comparison to a property which enjoys a monopoly, and it is also reasonable assumption that any rent which would be paid for the use of such a property would relate to the earning powerin that use. It should be noted that with this method the valuer attempts to estimate the rental value of a property and not the capital value. Profits are made on an annual basis, and any figure obtained from them will also be on an annual basis. The basic equation on which the profits method is based is as follows:Gross EarningsLess PurchasesGross profitLess Working Expenses (Except Rent)Net ProfitPart of the profit which the business earns must be allocated to pay the tenant for his work in the business, a further allocation must be made to cover his risk and enterprise, and a final allocation to allow interest on the capital he has put into the business. Care should be taken that a deduction for the tenant’s wages has not previously been made in calculating the net profit, as double counting must be avoided. After allowance has been made for these various items, a sum of money will remain which would be available to pay for the use of the premises. This figure will vary, depending upon the size of the deductions for other items, and skill is required, and a knowledge of trading returns, for a valuer to be able to make a reasonable assessment of the division of net profit between these various items.Much care is also needed in the calculation of the net profit and in the use of the various figures involved．If a business is already in existence there will be accounts which can be inspected. The obvious approach is to base a valuation on those accounts．However，care is necessary，as a business may have been badly run and the use of the accounts figures in such circumstances would give too low a net profit．Alternatively，a business may have been run by an exceptional，astute and hard working businessman，and no other trader might be able to achieve the same level of profits．In such circumstances no other trader might be prepared to pay the same level of rent，whilst in any case the super-efficient trader would require a large share of the profits for himself as a reward for his skill and management．If such a situation does exist，the valuer should not take too high a proportion of the net profits as rent，as he is only endeavoring to assess what normal market value is，not what a property may be worth to a super-efficient business man．It also sometimes happens that accounts do not give a true reflection of grade，either beaus they have been badly kept through ignorance or inefficiency, or because the businessman has chosen not to put all items through his books.In practice tile method is normally used in the valuation of hotels，and public houses and sometimes for cinemas sand theaters．It is regularly used in rating valuation, the annual value which is obtained being directly related to the value required for rating purposes．In other instances a valuer may have to convert the annual figure into a capital figure．This will be done by means of the investment method，which is the fifth conventional method of valuation.The Investment MethodThe investment method(capitalization) is based on the principle that annual valuesand capital values are related to each other and that，given the income a property produces, or its annual value，the capital value can be found．Tile method is widely used by valuers when properties which produce an income-flow are sold to purchasers who are buying them for investment purposes．Many properties are let to tenants and the income they produce is known．In other cases, although a property may not be let，it is possible to predict what its rental value is by comparing it with similar properties which have been let．If this is the case，or if a rent actually passes on a property，the only problem the valuer faces is determining the relationship of annual value to capital value．The way in which the conversion is made is by the use of a multiplier which is commonly known as‘Y ears，Purchase’，or，in abbreviatedform。
actual value翻译
actual value翻译"Actual value"可以翻译为"实际价值"，它是一个经济术语，常用于描述某个资产或产品的真实价值，与市场价值或估值相对。
以下是一些用法和中英文对照例句：1. The actual value of the property is higher than its market price.这个房产的实际价值高于市场价格。
2. Investors should consider the actual value of a stock before making a decision.投资者在决策前应该考虑股票的实际价值。
3. The company's assets were sold below their actual value.公司的资产以低于其实际价值的价格出售。
4. It's important to assess the actual value of a used car before purchasing it.在购买二手车之前评估其实际价值非常重要。
5. The appraiser will determine the actual value of the antique painting.评估师将确定这幅古董画的实际价值。
6. The actual value of a brand is not solely based on itsfinancial performance.一个品牌的实际价值不仅仅取决于其财务表现。
7. The actual value of a product can be influenced by factors such as demand and supply.产品的实际价值可以受到需求和供应等因素的影响。
8. The actual value of a currency can fluctuate due to economic conditions.由于经济状况的波动，货币的实际价值可能会发生变化。
二手车评估方法探讨英文翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译学院：厦门理工学院机械与汽车工程学院年级专业：****汽车服务工程姓名：***学号：**********附件：Hedonic resale price valuation in automotive leasing industry指导老师评语：指导教师签名：年月日经济学通报第29卷，第3期欧洲的二手车市场一目了然：汽车租赁业转售价格评估的特征价格法沙利文普拉多先生法国科学研究中心的经济学家，法国巴黎西部大学教授，英国伦敦通用电气金融服务公司专家【摘要】：在汽车租赁行业里，合同期满时的销售损失风险和定价是通过预测转售价格的资产（剩余价值）来严重影响的。
我们应用特征价格的方法对欧洲汽车租赁建立档案，以估计汽车的转售价格分布。
特征价格法是通过对其属性进行估价的一种很好的估计价格方法。
在特征价格法的讨论中，我们提出了一个关于二手车市场的操作模式。
该操作模式被应用于四个欧洲国家（法国，德国，西班牙和英国），而且允许比较市场折旧模式和剩余价值风险的奥迪A4和福特福克斯这两个车型也期待着被分派。
引用：“欧洲二手车市场一目了然：汽车租赁业转售价格评估的特征价格法”，经济学通报，第29卷第3页2086-2099。
沙利文普拉多先生，（2009）提交日期：2009年12月。
出版日期：2009年8月24日。
1 前言在汽车租赁行业中，合同有效期间内，由客户支付的很大一部分租金是市场价和剩余价值之间的差值。
租赁公司的盈亏取决于它是否准确地预测合同期满时的资产价值（公平市场价值）。
如果剩余价值预测高于租赁后期的资产实际价值，那么将会亏本。
相反的，如果剩余价值被预测地较低，那么会有一个获利的转售。
该车的预计转售价格在合同期满时表现为定价、损失风险和储量计算的一个关键组成部分。
我们提出一个业务应用方法去估计转售价格的分配。
为此，我们在一个主要的租赁公司的历史信息中应用特征价格模型（一个通过对其属性进行资产评估的方法）。
二手汽车价值评估体系及评价方法的研究
目录摘要 (1)关键词 (1)1前言 (2)2二手车评估概念 (2)3国外二手车交易市场现状 (3)4国内二手车市场现状 (6)5二手车现有评估方法 (7)5.1收益现值法 (7)5.2现行市价法 (8)5。
3清算价格法 (9)5。
4重置成本法 (9)6影响二手车评估的因素分析 (10)6。
1二手车市场税费 (10)6。
2二手车市场诚信 (10)6。
3二手车后手服务 (11)6.4二手车金融保险 (11)7二手汽车价值评估指标体系的建立 (11)7．1评价指标体系基本原则 (11)7．2指标体系的构建 (12)7.3基于层次分析法分析指标权重 (15)8二手车价值评估模型建立 (17)9评估模型的验证 (19)10结束语 (20)10.1结论 (20)10.2讨论 (20)参考文献 (21)致谢 (21)附录 (22)二手汽车价值评估体系及评价方法的研究摘要：阐述目前国内外包括美国、日本等发达国家二手车市场状况，了解现在二手车评估方法及其存在的缺陷并作统一阐述，进行分析影响二手车评估的诸多因素.根据参阅的大量文献及非文献资料，建立二手汽车价值评估指标体系，并通过层次分析法分配指标权重.依据成型的体系建立二手车价值评估模型,并且验证评估模型。
关键词：二手汽车；价值；评估体系；Used car value evaluation system and evaluation methodAbstract：Elaborated at home and abroad，including the United States，Japan and other developed countries，the used car market understand the situation of the used car evaluation method and its defects and unified elaborated analysis of the many factors that affect the used car evaluation. See a lot of literature and non-literature，to establish the value of used cars evaluation index system and the allocation of the index weight by analytic hierarchy process. Used car value evaluation model based on the molding system, and verification evaluation model.。
二手车外文翻译文献编辑
文献信息：文献标题：Why Is It So Difficult To Buy a High-Quality Used Car?（为什么买一辆高质量的二手车这么难？）国外作者：Scott A. Wolla文献出处：《Page One Economics Newsletter》 , 2016字数统计：英文1522单词，7636字符；中文2705汉字外文文献：Why Is It So Difficult To Buy a High-Quality Used Car?“I discovered that the informational problems that exist in the used car market were potentially present to some degree in all markets.”—George A. Akerlof, Nobel Prize winner, 2001Are you in the market for a vehicle? During the 2007-09 recession, new vehicle sales plunged to their lowest levels in nearly 30 years. They have since fully recovered as people replace their aging vehicles with shiny new cars, trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles. Prices of new vehicles, however, are at all-time highs, leading many buyers to look for used vehicles. It can be a challenge, though, for buyers to figure out whether they are getting a good deal. The seller generally knows far more about the vehicle. Even with careful examination, the buyer still likely won’t know everything the seller knows. When one party knows more about the product than the other party, there is “asymmetric information.” In the case of a used car, the seller has more information and the advantage. The opposite can also be true in a transaction—the buyer can have more information and the advantage.The Market for LemonsThe used-car market is often used to discuss the implications of asymmetricinformation. In this market, sellers have greater knowledge about the condition and quality of their cars than buyers. For example, a seller is likely to know about engine or transmission problems, the maintenance history, and any defective equipment. In other words, the seller is likely to know whether the car is a “lemon” (a car with defects). The buyer, however, is at a disadvantage. Even with a careful visual inspection or a test drive, defects can be missed or hidden. The seller is in the driver’s seat (so to speak) in this market.To better understand asymmetric information, consider a buyer looking for a particular car make and model. Let’s call it the Economy car Utility Maximizer. The buyer is willing to pay up to $14,000 for a high-quality used car (a “cherry”) but only $10,000 for a low-quality used car (a lemon). Imagine she visits two sellers advertising 2012 Utility Maximizers. One seller is selling a cherry; the other is selling a lemon. Each seller knows the history of the car for sale—they have good information and know whether it is a cherry or a lemon. The buyer, however, doesn’t see much difference between the two cars. She can’t tell whether either car is a cherry or a lemon. In other words, there is asymmetric information. As such, because she can’t know for sure, the buyer assumes that neither car is of high quality. So, she is willing to only offer a price below that of a highquality car: $12,000.Now consider the larger used-car market. Other buyers behave in similar ways. Because they cannot distinguish between lemons and cherries, they offer prices somewhere in the middle. Some sellers who really do have high-quality used cars aren’t willing to sell them below their true value, so they keep the cars instead. Sellers of low-quality cars, however, gladly sell their lemons. Low prices, then, reduce the overall quality of used cars on the market, leading to a market dominated by lemons. With fewer cherries on the market, buyers offer even less, further reducing the quantity of high-quality cars on the market. This cycle leads to market inefficiency because transactions that would have benefited both buyers and sellers fail to take place. That is, although sellers are willing to sell high-quality used cars to buyers at a fair price, the transactions do not occur because the buyers are unsure about the condition of the cars.Closing the Asymmetric Information GapRegulation has helped buyers receive better information. The 1975 Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (also known as the Lemon Law) regulates warranties on vehicles (and other consumer goods), and a variety of state laws (also referred to as lemon laws) protect consumers from defective products, including vehicles.To reassure used-car buyers—and to get them to pay a higher price—some sellers provide warranties or “certify” their highest-quality used cars. Generally, a car labeled certified has been inspected and repaired (if necessary) to meet high quality standards and may include a warranty. Buyers can also take several steps to help reduce the asymmetric Information gap. First, research can help steer them to a generally more-reliable car. Third-party sources, such as Consumer Reports and J.D. Power, collect and analyze data to estimate the average reliability and quality of certain car models.Once a buyer finds a car, various sources can provide additional information about that car. For example, auto mechanics can look for defects hidden or overlooked. For a fee, they will look “under the hood” and run diagnostic tests. Additional information (such as maintenance, odometer, and accident history) is available by researching the car’s VIN (vehicle identification number). Various companies will provide a VIN report for a fee.In the future, buyers may be able to easily obtain even more information about a car’s history from the car’s event data recorder (EDR), which is similar to the “black box” on an airplane. Today, nearly all new cars have an EDR. These microcomputers collect data related to safety and accidents, including speed, braking, seatbelt use, and airbag deployment. EDRs are likely to become more powerful and collect more data over time.Consider the CostIn the rush to close the asymmetric information gap, it is important to realize that obtaining information can be costly. Some information may have explicit costs (feesor subscriptions), while others have implicit, or opportunity, costs. Any time you spend researching a product is time you could have spent doing something else. Therefore, the more expensive a transaction is, the more beneficial your research may be. So it’s wise to seek out information before buying a house or car or choosing a college but less important for choosing a frying pan or a stapler.Other Markets with Asymmetric InformationOther markets also have the challenge of asymmetric information. In the insurance market, for example, buyers usually have more information than sellers (insurance companies). The person wanting health insurance has more information about his or her current health than the insurance company. This imbalance can lead to two potential problems in the health insurance market. The first is adverse selection: People with health problems are more likely to buy health insurance than healthy people, who might decide they don’t need health insurance. This imbalance can create a pool of insured people with more health problems than the general population. If this is the case, health insurance companies will likely pay more claims and charge higher premiums. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has attempted to reduce adverse selection by creating financial incentives to encourage all people (even the young and healthy) to buy insurance.The second potential pitfall is moral hazard: People with insurance tend to take on more risk (knowing insurance will pay some of the cost if anything bad happens) than they would otherwise. This increase in risky behavior could increase the number of claims insurance companies must pay and result in higher premiums. Insurance companies attempt to learn about a potential customer’s health and other habits before granting medical or life insurance to reduce the risk to the company and ensure an appropriate monthly premium is charged.Credit markets also notably feature asymmetric information problems. A potential borrower has better information about his or her own ability and willingness to repay a loan than the lender. Lenders attempt to learn about potential borrowers’ credit and financial history from credit reports. This information improves the abilityof lenders to choose whom they should lend to and what interest rate they should charge.Finally, asymmetric information problems also plague labor markets. Job seekers know more about their own job skills and work ethic than potential employers. Employers generally conduct interviews and check references but may also give assessments and seek additional information online, including on social media. In addition, some employers review credit reports, require drug testing, and/or perform a criminal background check.ConclusionWhen one party to a transaction has more information than the other, the party with more information has the advantage. This circumstance is a problem not only for the party with less information, but also for the market itself as transactions that would have benefited both buyers and sellers fail to occur. For example, even though some people are willing to sell high-quality cars for a suitable price, buyers won’t pay top dollar because they are unable to assess a car’s true condition. So, the car owners won’t sell, and the beneficial transactions never occur. However, the growing availability of information— if you seek it out—may help close the asymmetric information gap.中文译文：为什么买一辆高质量的二手车这么难？我发现二手车市场存在的信息问题在所有的市场都有可能出现。
关于汽车评估的作文英语
关于汽车评估的作文英语Title: A Comprehensive Guide to Car Evaluation。
Introduction:Car evaluation is an essential process for both buyers and sellers alike. Whether you're considering purchasing a new vehicle or selling your current one, understanding the factors involved in car evaluation can help you make informed decisions. In this essay, we will delve into the key aspects of car evaluation, including assessing the vehicle's condition, determining its market value, and considering other relevant factors.Assessing the Vehicle's Condition:The first step in car evaluation is assessing the vehicle's condition. This involves examining both the exterior and interior components of the car. On the exterior, check for any signs of damage such as dents,scratches, or rust. Inspect the paint job to ensure it is uniform and free of any major imperfections. Additionally, examine the tires for tread wear and any signs of damage.Moving to the interior, inspect the upholstery, dashboard, and other surfaces for any tears, stains, or wear and tear. Test the functionality of features such as the air conditioning, heating, stereo system, and power windows. Pay close attention to any warning lights on the dashboard, as they could indicate underlying mechanical issues.Mechanical Evaluation:Beyond the visual inspection, conducting a thorough mechanical evaluation is crucial. If possible, take the car for a test drive to assess its performance on the road. Pay attention to how the car accelerates, brakes, and handles different road conditions. Listen for any unusual noises coming from the engine, transmission, or suspension.For a more comprehensive assessment, consider hiring aqualified mechanic to perform a pre-purchase inspection. They can identify any potential mechanical issues that may not be apparent to the untrained eye. This step is especially important when buying a used car, as it can save you from unexpected repair costs down the line.Determining Market Value:Once you've assessed the vehicle's condition, the next step is determining its market value. Several factors influence a car's value, including its age, mileage, condition, and demand in the market. Websites such as Kelley Blue Book, Edmunds, and Autotrader offer onlinetools to estimate a car's value based on these factors.When using these tools, be sure to provide accurate information about the car's make, model, year, mileage, and condition. Keep in mind that market value can vary depending on location and current market trends. It's also worth considering any additional features or upgrades that may affect the car's value.Other Considerations:In addition to the vehicle's condition and market value, there are other factors to consider during the evaluation process. For example, consider the car's ownership history, including the number of previous owners and any reported accidents or maintenance records.Think about your own needs and preferences when evaluating a car. Does it meet your requirements in termsof size, fuel efficiency, safety features, and technology? Consider the cost of ownership, including fuel, insurance, maintenance, and depreciation, over the long term.Conclusion:Car evaluation is a critical step in the car buying or selling process. By thoroughly assessing the vehicle's condition, determining its market value, and considering other relevant factors, you can make a more informed decision. Whether you're in the market for a new car orselling your current one, understanding the ins and outs of car evaluation will help you get the best deal possible.。
二手车鉴定评估方法探研
二手车鉴定评估方法探研摘要：随着二手车市场的日渐成熟，消费者对评估价格的准确性提出了更高的要求，本文通过对二手车评估中常见的几种方法进行分析比较，综合分析其各个评估方法的适用条件，根据不同的评估目的，选择不同的评估标准及评估方法，使评估结果更能真实的反应二手车的真实价值。
关键词：二手车，评估方法，鉴定一、二手车评估的假设理论二手车评估中所采用的理论和方法，都是建立在一定的假设条件上。
假设前提不同，所适用的评估标准也不同，评估结果也会大相径庭。
二手车评估的假设有以下三种：（1）继续使用假设继续使用假设指汽车应该能够按现行用途继续使用，或将转换用途继续使用。
这一假设的核心是强调汽车对未来的有效性。
（2）公开市场假设公开市场假设指被评估的车辆可以在完全竞争的交易市场上，按市场原则进行交易，其价格的高低取决于该汽车在公开市场上的行情。
（3）清偿假设清偿假设指车辆所有者由于种种原因，以拍卖的方式出售车辆。
这种情况下的汽车交易，与公开市场下的交易具有两点显著区别：一是交易双方的地位不平等，卖方是非自愿地被迫出售；二是交易被限制在较短的时间内完成。
二、二手车评估方法的理论研究二手车评估方法和资产评估的方法一样，根据不同评估目的、价值标准和业务条件，分为现行市价法、收益现值法、清算价格法和重置成本法等四种方法。
1.现行市价法市价法指通过比较被评估车辆与最近市场出售的类似车辆的异同，并将类似车辆的市场价格进行调整，从而确定被评估车辆价值的一种评估方法。
使用这种方法的前提条件是：（1）需要有一个充分发育、活跃的旧机动车交易市场，即二手车交易公开市场。
（2）评估中参照的二手车与被评估的二手车有可比较指标、技术参数等资料。
只有符合以上条件，才能使用市价法。
2.收益现值法收益现值法指将被评估的车辆在剩余寿命期内预期收益用适用的折现率折现为评估基准日的现值，并以此确定评估价格的一种方法。
只有用于生产的营业性汽车才存在收益，才有可能采用此法。
关于买二手车好坏的英文作文
关于买二手车好坏的英文作文advantage1. Low price, buy high configuration at low priceFor second-hand cars, cheap prices are their biggest advantage. Cars are consumables. For example, if you buy a 150000 new car, and if you buy a second-hand car, 150000 can buy a Mercedes Benz and BMW. The gap between the two can be imagined. And at the same price, the configuration of a new car and a used car is very different. Buying a used car can experience the high configuration that a new car does not have.2. Don't feel distressed when bumping, and the value preservation rate is highIf you are a novice and buy a new car, are you very careful when driving on the road? Beware of scratches, because once scratches occur, the owner of a new car will definitely choose to go to the 4S shop for maintenance. The price is not as good as a few hundred yuan in a repair shop. As for second-hand cars, even novices can drive in a big way without worrying about bumps. In addition, the value preservation rate of second-hand cars is very high. When selling second-hand cars, the price depends entirely on the performance of second-hand cars. The performance will not change over time, so the value of used cars is relatively stable.shortcoming1. The appearance and interior are not comparable to the new modelsHaving said the advantages of second-hand cars, the advantages must have disadvantages. The appearance and interior of a used car cannot be compared with that of a new car. Many people buy a used car just to make it cheaper. There must be a big gap between a cheap used car model and a new model. This is also why people who buy a used car are generally old drivers, not young people. Because old drivers have no great requirements on the appearance and interior of the car.2. The safety is lower than that of a new carThe safety of second-hand cars is much worse than that of new cars. After all, they are cheap, so it is difficult to buy good goods if they are cheap. It's OK to have acquaintances. Due to poor safety, the rate of traffic accidents is also high for second-hand cars.。
考核的英文单词
考核的英文单词单词：assess1.1词性：动词1.2中文释义：评估；评定；对（财产、收入等）进行估价（作为征税根据）1.3英文释义：To evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, quality, etc. of someone or something.1.4同义词：evaluate, estimate, appraise2. 起源与背景2.1词源：“assess”起源于中世纪拉丁语“assessare”，其本身又来自于“ad -”（表示“to”）和“sessus”（表示“sit”，有判定、确定之意）。
2.2趣闻：在古代，当需要确定税收额度或者对某块土地的价值进行判定时，就会有专门的人员来进行“assess”的工作。
例如在封建领主的土地上，管家会对农民的产出进行评估从而确定应缴纳的赋税量。
3. 常用搭配与短语3.1短语：- assess the situation：评估形势例句：Before we make a decision, we need to assess the situation carefully.翻译：在做决定之前，我们需要仔细评估形势。
- assess the damage：评定损失例句：The insurance company will send someone to assess the damage to your car.翻译：保险公司会派人来评定你的汽车的损失。
4. 实用片段(1) "The teacher will assess our performance in this project." Tom said to his classmates. "I hope I can get a high score."翻译：“老师将评估我们在这个项目中的表现。
”汤姆对他的同学们说，“我希望我能得高分。