词汇学资料

练习：

I. Watergate, Iran gate, Zipp ergate 拉链门丑闻

2.ecology 生态学，生态,ecocide, ecocrisis, eco-friendly

3. -ump: chump 大块肉片，rump 臀部，尾部，hump 驼峰，stump 残肢；残端，dump 倾倒, 倾销，mump 咕哝；（哭诉着）行乞，讨钱,lump 一大堆,许多，bump 碰，撞冲撞，tump 小岗, 小丘；丛，plump adj.1.肥胖的,（女人等）丰满的；（钱包等）鼓起的2.直率的,莽撞的; 唐突的（话等）；完全的（假话等）v.l.（使）肥胖,（使）膨胀，使（水果等）长饱满（out up ）

2.噗通地掉落（down into upon ）

3.突然跳进

4.（把自己全部选票）投选一人；绝对赞 成（for ）

5.噗通地放落

4. Picture

painting 油画，水彩画，drawing 图,图形;素描图画（including sketch 草图，粗样，略图；素描, 速写;草稿，diagram 图周形，图解；【数】作图，graph 曲线图；坐标图周表）,illustration 图 解，插画,chart 海图，航（线）图,航海图

5. 量词： A flock of shee p, goats, birds

A herb of cows, ele phan ts, zebras, an tel opes

A school of fish, whales, dolphins

A p ride of lio ns

6. Essential 根本的，必需的；主要的，本质的；实质上的

The esse ntial point is we must do what the con tract says.

In dis pen sable 必不可少的，不可或缺的 Warm cloth ing is in dis pen sable in cold wealth. necessary 必要的，不可缺的；强迫的；必然的，必定的It ' s necessary for us to study hard.

7. Nati onal psychology

to go Dutch = Dutch treat 和某人一同承担某物的费用 _

Dutch courage 酒后之勇 Dutch comfort 退一步着想所得的安慰，比下有余的安慰

Dutch bargain 酒席上达成的交易

double Dutch 莫名其妙的话，无法理解的话 I ' m a Dutchman if 如果…我就不是人

（2） Cogn ate adjectives

historic 历史性的，historical 历史的，历史上的；过去的；历史学的；有关历史的；__ economic 经济学的；经济（上）的;实用的，economical 俭约的；经济的，合算的；济学上的 con siderate, con siderable:

comprehensible 能理解的，comprehensive 有理解力的，悟性好的； con fide nt, con fide ntial 秘密的，机密的

Cha pter 2 Basic Conce pts of Words and Vocabulary

练习：词的分解

Book books bookish bookcase book+s book+ish book+case

Tolerate tolera nee tolera nt tolerati on tolerable in tolerable

Toler+ate toler+a nee toler+a nt

toler+ati on toler+able in+toler+able Tele phone

telegram telesc ope telecom mun icati on

Tele+phone

Morp heme Nati on — a lexical item, also a word

Nati on al, n ati on alize, n ati on alism, the Chin ese n ati on, the Un ited hati ons — ⑴to talk Dutch 胡言乱语

words and word equivale nts

All the words and word equivale nts con stitute the vocabulary of a Ian guage.

2.3Sou nd and Mea ning

对sound and meaning之间的联系的两种观点：

1.The naturalists : a natural connection between sound and meaning.(自然的)

2.The Conventionalists : the relations are conventional and arbitrary(约定俗成的，随意的) 证据：The meaning of a word is a kind of lin guistic social con tract.

Words that con vey the same meaning have differe nt phono logical forms in differe nt Ian guages. the same phono logical forms may con vey differe nt meanin gs; e.g.: sight, site, cite.

2.4Meaning and Concept

1. Relatio n

Meaning is closely related to a concept.

A concept is the base of the meaning of a word.

A word is used to label a con cept.

概念从对对象中提炼，词汇通过概念表现对象。

This approach to meaning can be diagrammed as : word

2.meaning 禾R concept 的不同点：

(1) A concept is an abstraction from things of the same kind ，it refers to something in general, but not in p articular, while mea ning can refers to both someth ing in gen eral and in p articular.

E: ①…some have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing.

② The automobile was stalled in a sno wstorm.

(2)Meaning in the Ian guage con text may have emoti onal and stylistic colors, exp ress one’ s emotion, attitude and position. Therefore, it adds supplementary value to the concept the word exp resses.

E: ① dog might in clude the conno tati ons of friend, help er, loyalty, etc.

② motherla nd, home, can dle, locust, pan da, etc.

2.5 Classificatio n of Words

1.By origi n

Native words

Words of An glo-Sax on origi n are n ative words. They form the great majority of the basic

word stock of the English Ianguage. The basic word stock is the foun datio n of the vocabulary

accumulated over a nu mber of ep ochs. Most n ative words in moder n En glish are mono

syllabic. Though small in nu mber, these words are the ones used most frequently in everyday

speech and writing; they p lay no small part in lin guistic p erforma nee and com muni cati

on.

In the native stock we find the most frequently used words denoting the commonest things

necessary for life, such as

names of natural phenomena (sun, moon, rain, frost, snow …),

names of animals and plants (horse, dog, tree, flower …)，

n ames of parts of body (head, hand, foot …)，

adjectives denoting size and color ( big, small, red, white …)， verbs expressing

concrete actions (live, eat, work, go, come …) auxiliary and modal verbs, pronouns,

most numerals, prepositions and conj unctions.

The fundamental features of the basic word stock

National character: Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and

phenomena of the word. These words cannot be avoided by any speaker of a given