实用英语词汇学(3)PPT课件

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初中英语词汇学精美课件ppt (3)

Belligerency = 交战，好战状态
2. Biblio = book Bibliofilm = biLeabharlann lio- + film（交卷）
微缩胶卷 Bibliography = biblio- + -graphy（书，画）
参考书目，文献
Bibliology = biblio- + -logy(学科）目录学，圣经学
生物合成
Bioclean 无菌的 Bioclimatic 生物气候的
4. Brev = Short
Brevity = brev- + -ity(n) = 简洁，简明
Brevirostrate= brev- +i + rostrate(有喙的短喙的
Abbreviate = ab-(加强）+ brev- +i + -ate(v.使成为）缩短
5. Brig = Fight
Brigand = brig- + -and(n. 对象）土匪 Brigandish= brigand+ -ish(adj, …似的）
土匪般的
Brigandage=brigand+ -age(n.行为，动作）土匪行为，抢劫
Brigade 旅，帮，伙 Brigadier 准将 Brigantine 双桅帆船
1. Bell
= War
Bellcose = bell- + cose(交谈）
好斗的，好争辩的
Bellicism= bell- +-ic(adj.属于的）+ -ism
好战性，好战倾向
Belligerent = bell- + i + -ger(携带）+ -ent （adj.性质，状态）好斗的，交战的 Belligerent country 交战国

词汇学之3种构词法PPT课件

counter
act
argument example revolution
5. Prefixes of attitude (3)
anti
social
national clockwise slavery
5. Prefixes of attitude
prefixes
meaning
examples
co-
prefixes meaning
examples
arch-
supreme
archbishop
superout-
more than surpassing
supermarket outlive
sur-
over
surcharge
sub-
below
subnormal
overunder-
excessive too little
meaning
not, the converse
of
examples unwise
nonessential dishonest informal immature illegal irregular
2. Reversative prefixes (1)
un
pack
wrap
do
dress
2. Reversative prefixes (2)
8.Number prefixes
prefixes
quinqu-, pentahexa-, sex-
meaning five
six
sept-, heptaoctaennea-
seven eight nine
examples
quinquagenarian, pentagon

英语词汇学

构词双音化规律的支配，古代的单音词，许多都转化为现代汉语的语素。（黄伯荣，现代汉语，甘肃人民出版社，1983）
What is a Chinese phrase(词组)
❖ 词组又叫短语，是大于词的语言单位，是由两个或两个以上的实词构成而不成为句子的语言单位。
❖ 词和词组的区别： ❖ 1、意义上，词表示简单的概念，词组复合的概念。 ❖ 2、语法功能上，词是句法结构中最小的独立运用的单位，词组也是句
morphemes. ❖ The word occurs typically in the structure of
phrases. ❖ The word should belong to a specific word
class or part of speech.
Simple and plex words
English Lexicology Chapter 1
Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
本文档后面有精心整理的常用PPT编辑图标，以提高工作效率
Abstract
❖ This chapter gives a scientific definition of a word, discusses the relationship between sound and meaning, between sound and form, between words and vocabulary, puts forward the three main principles of lexical classification and elaborates on the features of basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary, content words and functional words, native words and borrowed words.

英语词汇学授课课件 PPT

❖ 2. synonyms and idioms
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)

英语词汇学教程课件第3章English Lexicology 3

English Lexicology
Lecture Three
The Development of English
The 5000 or so languages of the world can be grouped into about 300 language families, on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammars.
The early English settlers do not seem to have made much of an effort to understand the language of the Britons. They did not learn many words from the Celts. The English added only a handful of Celtic words to their language, like clout, cradle, crock, dun, slough, cumb (valley), torr (hill). Place names formed a large group. Thames, Wye and Avon are Celtic river names, and so are some city names like York, London, Kent. These words came into English as the result of daily contact between Celt and Anglo-Saxon.
Because of these and other influences, the English vocabulary changed enormously and became the largest and most complex in the world, and the grammar changed its emphasis from inflections to word order.

词汇学第三单元ppt课件

名人的姓名也经常以缩略词的形式出现，首字母缩略词加不加圆点，用法各异，英国人经常不加圆点，美国人经常加圆点,但总是倾向不加圆点。
例：萧伯纳 George Bernard Shaw (G.B.S.)
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Ⅲ.首字母拼音词
• 把首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词，就是首字母拼音词。
• 涉及面：科技用语；组织名称；产品名称；国际机构等
截短词有鲜明的文体色彩，只适用于口语或非正式场合。例如，exam（考试）、prof（教授）拼写稍作改动，以便发音。例如dub double（为电影配音）
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II. 首字母缩略词
• 首字母缩略法是将社团名称、特殊名词短语或专业术语的第一个字母组合在一起的构词方法。利用第一个词的首字母代表一个词组的缩略词，就叫做首字母缩略词。
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• 个别截短词演变出新的词义
例如，fan（体育运动、电影等爱好者）来自fanatic （狂热者，入迷者）。
• 截短词和原词同时存在，但截短词是通用的词，而原词却不常用，甚至带有书卷气。
例如：lunch luncheon（午餐）、movie movie picture（电影）词义有分工，例如，cute（小巧可爱的） acute （敏锐的）、mend（修理） amend（修订、改良）、spy（间谍） espy（窥见）
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IV.拼缀词
拼缀法：将两个词的某一部分合并，或者在一个词上加上另一个词的一部分而构成新词的一种方法，拼缀法只能裁剪两个词中的一个，把一个不完整的词和一个完整的词拼成另一个词，
这样的构词方法叫做“拼缀词”，“合成词”“混成词（teleseope word）”或者“行囊词（portmanteau word）”

词汇学及相关学科.ppt

Grammatical knowledge allows us to generate sentences.
If we want to express meanings, we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express these meanings under the control of grammatical rules.
What is linguistics then? Linguistics is the scientific study of
languages.
Lecture 1
Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
语言学的主要内容
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
2. With grammar
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another.
In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary.
语义学（semantics），分析语言单位和所指内容之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之间的关系，如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。
The nature and domain of lexicology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins, meaning and uses of words.

英语词汇学课件1-6章

1) Old English
族
古英语
vocabulary(450—1150 AD公元)
日耳曼语
After Romans罗马, 3 Germanic tribes called Angles , Saxons and Jutes controlled England. Their language—Anglo-Saxon also dominated 支配 the land. Common practice : combine 2 native words to create new words. It was a highly inflected language with about 50000-60000 words.
3) Modern English 近代英语(1500---now) 2 sub-periods 子周期can be divided: a. Early Modern English (15001700) Because of the Renaissance , many Latin and Greek words entered English and English began to have a Latinate flavor拉丁味.
• C. Productivity衍生(can form new words) • D. Polysemy 一词多义 (various meanings, “book”; “man”: to man a dove) • E. Collocability搭配( form idioms方言, proverbs谚语)
It has something to do with与有关 the following subjects:

词汇学Chapter-3-Morphological-structure-of-English-words

Allomorph 词素变体
• An allomorph refers to a number of a set of morphs, which present one morpheme. 词素变体指一套形素中的一个成员，表征一个词素。
When the plural marker {s} is added to cat, dog, and horse, it is pronounced differently as /-s, -z,
but they cannot be further divided, otherwise they will not make any sense.
Morphemes may have some variants, e.g. - ation. May also be -tion, -sion,-ion, but they
9. Stupig 笨猪
decontextualization
decontextualization
• de-; 否定、非、相反：destruction, dematerialize… 除去、取消、毁：desalt, de-oil, de-water…
• con-; 共同,一起;加强意义：conclude, condense… • text; 编制: context, pretext, textbook, textile • -al; 表示属于…的、具有…性质的：
personal, global, natural… 构成抽象名词，表示行为、状况、事情：
refusal, removal, arrival… • -iz(e); 表示“…化”、按照…样子去做、按…方式去处理：
modernize, realize, organize, popularize… • -ation; 表示行为、情况、状态：starvation, invitation…

英语词汇学 ppt课件

eg. (1) hām(home)的变格： Singular
Subjective hām
Possessive hāmes
Patient
hāme
Objective hām
Plural hāmas hāma hāmum hāmas
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6）Loan Words 外来语
（1） Introduction of Christianity(基督教) Fr. Latin: bargain, cheap, inch, pound, cup, dish, wall, wine, etc.; abbot, alter, candle, disciple, hymn, martyr, num, priest, pope, shrine, temple, etc. （2） Scandinavian invasion — Vikings Fr. Old Norse: are, they, their, them, till, call, die give, take skin, sky, window, ill, weak, etc.
3000 BC, Iberians --- Neolithic
500 BC, Celts
55BC – 410 AD, the Roman occupation
55BC: Julius Caesar
43AD: Emperor Claudius
--- The Roman Conquest罗马人的征服
inflectional and derivational affix?
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6. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?

词汇学第3课

Morphemes can be divided into free morphemes and bound morphemes.
Free morphemes : Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. These morphemes have complete meanings and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root.
the man's role,a waitress's voice
Types of Morphemes Comparative or superlative suffixes : -er, -est
happy-happier-happiest ,hard-harder-hardest past tense suffix: -ed
• eg: antecedent • ante-, -ced, -ent.
• -ced • ante-
a root --- ‘approach, go to’ a prefix --- ‘before’
• –ent
a noun suffix --- ‘a person, a thing’
Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix.
Types of Morphemes plural suffix: -s (-es)

现代英语词汇学概论3精品PPT课件

词干stem是只能添加屈折词汇的词素，即一个词被除去屈折词缀所剩下的部分；
词基base是既能添加派生词缀，又可添加屈折词缀的词素。例如：
i.e：Nationalities
词根 nation 主要意义
词干：nationality 去掉了屈折词缀-ies
词基：nation 是 national的词基 national 是 nationlity的词基
The relative criteria of a compound
1. Orthographic criterion: 书写标准
Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid, hyphenated and open.
E.g. flowerpot
Chenghu 9.5 Chapter 3 Word-formation (I)
(三种基本构词法)
3.1 General Remark 概述 3.2 Compounding 复合构词法 3.3 Derivation 派生构词法
3.3.1 Prefixation 加前缀 3.3.2 Suffixation 加后缀 3.4 Conversion 词类转换法
Base/ 词基: any form to which affixes of any kind (derivational or inflectional) can be added.
词根、词干和词基
是语言学上一个词删去所有的词缀后剩下的那部分。
词根root是一个词主要意义的承载部分，是不可以再分的；
Solid: flowerpot ； moonlight； mooncake
Hyphenated: flower-pot； Mid-A ；

现代英语词汇学概论3-word-formationPPT课件

flatfoot
(a policeman)
blue blood
(the quality of being a nobleman by birth)
blue ribbon
(an honor given to the winner of the first prize)
Note: we cannot infer the meaning from the meaning of
compound? 3. The classification of compounding?
.
6
What is compounding?
Compounding / composition: a wordformation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit. e.g. flowerpot= flower + pot machine-independent = machine + independent back
.
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The relative criteria of a compound
1. Orthographic criterion:
Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid, hyphenated and open.
E.g. flowerpot
E.g. black list blackboard blue bottle
.
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3. Semantic criterion:
Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts.

英语词汇学第3讲

In the early stages of this period, the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. In this period, the study of classics was stressed and the result was the wholesale borrowing from Latin.
The History of English: Middle English
ME resembles Modern English more closely than OE.
The disintegration of the complicated inflectional system.
ME vocabulary differs from that of OE. Although there were borrowings from Latin, the
The History of English: Middle English
The language that emerged at that time showed vast and significant changes in the English vocabulary - the loss of a large part of the Old English word stock and the adoption of thousands of French words.
influence on English was mainly Germanic.
The History of English: Middle English

英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档

02 03
பைடு நூலகம்
Cultural studies
English vocabulary and cultural studies are also closely related, and the origin and development of many vocabulary are closely related to cultural backgrounds.
Functional classification
Dividing words based on their function in the presence, such as nouns, verbs, objections, or advertisements
Context classification
Etymological classification: Organizing words according to their physiological origin, such as Latinate or German words
Classification methods for English vocabulary
The Development of English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology research mainly focused on word origins and meanings, with less attention paid to the composition and changes of vocabulary.
Classifying words based on the context in which they are used, such as formal or informational language

英语词汇学 3

Mice squeak.
Lions roar. Magpies chatter.
Owls hoot鸣叫.
Pigeons coo.
Wolves howls.
Snakes hiss.
Pigs squeal /grunt.
1. 通过模仿人类的声音构成的词。如ha ha(哈哈)，hi, ouch, oh
1.1 基本拟声(primary onomatopoeia)
基本拟声指音与义的相似，引起音与音的联想，如buzz, crack, growl咆哮声, rumble隆隆声, bang等。鸟兽之类动物的叫声都属于这一类。例如：
Apes gibber.
Asses bray.
Bears growl.
Her reply was smooth.
They heard a piercing刺穿的 cry. He spoke with a bitter irony (讽刺).
现代英语中不少新词是通过隐喻形成的，旧词新义就是一种体现，如用rabbit ears(兔子耳朵)来比喻V 字形电视天线，用horsetail(马尾巴) 来比喻一种发型等。
2.4.5 近似类比
类比词之间有一个近似点，根据这个近似点，推此及彼。试以gap为例，这个词最早与missile搭配，形成missile gap导弹差距，产生于美国1960年大选期间，指美国与苏联在导弹发展上的差距。这一词语一经产生，引起连锁反应：production gap （生产上的差距），development gap（经济发展方面的差距），credibility gap（信用差距），generation gap（两代人之间的差距）等一连串的新词。
功能相同：如hand 的本意为“手”，它的引申为“a helper (帮手)”，tongue的本意为“舌头”，引申为“language(语言)”。

实用英语词汇学(3)PPT课件

.
4
The second round of the boxing was exciting.
Any round plate will do. Some drivers round corners too rapidly. The sound goes round and round. He lives round the corner.
5. She flatted her last note.
6. Come to the fore and have a warm.
7. He turned his head and smooth back the hair over one temple.
8. The song quickly became the hit of the country.
9. We must train ourselves to distinguish right from wrong.
10. They braved a 40-below-zero snowstorm to rescue
the farm’s cattle.
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"The spokesman tailored his remarks to cushion the effect of a
5. Instrument of V: e.g. The cloth is a good cover for the table. (cure, wrap, polish, wrench)
6. Place of V: e.g. This is the divide between the two rivers. (pass, turn, rise, retreat, dump)

初中英语词汇学精美课件ppt (3)

• 1,exclaim（ex出+claim）叫喊；大声说
• 2,acclaim[ə'kleim] （ac一再，加强
意义＋claim→一再喊）欢呼；喝采
• 3,acclamation[͵æ klə'meiʃən]
（ac+clam+ation)喝采，称赞
• 4,proclaim • （pro在前＋claim→在前面喊→公布）
36, circ=ring,circle,表示 “圆，环”
1,encircle（en-使、、、成＋circ圆+ 名词后缀-le）v，环绕，包围
• 2,semicircle（semi半+circle圆）半圆
• 3, circuit
• （circ：环；-u-起连接作用；it：go 行）环行；电路
• 4,circuity（+-y名词后缀） n,迂回，绕行
塞
• 3,preclude
• （pre预先+clude→预先关好→预防） v 预防；杜绝
40,cord=heart心
• 1,accord [ac-表示to，cord心； “心心相印”] 一致，协调，符合，使一致
• 2,accordant [见上，-ant形容词后缀，…的] 一致的，协调的
• 3,core [cor=cord心] 核心
• 1,cordial
• [cord心，-ial形容词后缀， …的] • 衷心的，诚心的
• 2, concord • [con-共同，相同，cord心，意；“同
心合意”] n,和谐，同意，一致，协调
• 3,concordant • [-ant形容词后缀， …的] 和谐的，一
致的，协调的