人教版高中英语必修五-教材练习答案及听力原文

教材练习答案及听力原文Unit 1WARMING UPAnswers:1 Archimedes, Ancient Greek (287-212 BC) He was a mathematician. He found that if you put an object into water the water pushes the object up. It rises and partly floats. The force of the water pushing it up is the same as the weight of the object.2 Charles Darwin, British (1808-1882) The Origin of Species was published in 1859. It explained how plants and animals had changed over time to fit in with a changing environment. At the time it was published it was very controversial. Many people believed the Bible when it said that God made the first two people (Adam and Eve) and that all other people came from these two. Darwin’s book showed that people had developed from apes instead. So this caused a lot of argument between religious and scientific people. However Darwin’s idea became very influential and is still accepted today.3 Thomas Newcomen, British (1663-1729) He improved the first steam pump built by Thomas Savery in 1698 and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines in 1712. James Watt improved it still further in the 1770s turning it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways.4 Gregor Mendel, Czech (1822-1884) He grew pea plants and developed ideas on heredity and inherited characteristics. He concentrated on cross-fertilising pea plants and analyzing the results. Between 1856-1863 he grew 28,000 pea plants. He examined seven kinds of seed and plant characteristics and developed some laws of inheritance. The first is that inheritance factors do not combine but are passed to the next generation intact. Second, he found that each partner gives half the inherited factors to the young. Third, some of these factors show up in the offspring (and so are dominant). The other factors are masked by the dominant ones (and so are recessive).5 Marie Curie, Polish and French (1867-1934) She was born in Poland and came to study in France in 1891 and she lived there for the rest of her life. In 1898 she discovered radium. She received two Nobel prizes, one (with Pierre Curie) for physics (1903) and one for chemistry (1911). She is the only person to have been so honoured. On the death of her husband she took over his job at the Sorbonne in Paris. Her work on radioactivity and the discovery of radium meant that she began a new scientific area of research. She was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize and the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne.6 Thomas Edison, American (1847-1931) He was already an inventor of other electrical devices (phonograph, electric light bulb) when in 1882 he designed a system for providing New York with electricity from a central power station. This was a tremendous achievement, which had previously been thought impossible.7 Leonardo da Vinci , Italian (1452-1519) Hewas a famous artist whose skill for showing human skin tones made his paintings seem to come alive. He used to study dead people in order to make his paintings as accurate as possibile. Some of his famous paintings include “The Adoration of the Magi” and the “The Last Supper”. Later in his life he lived in France where he designed a submarine and a flying machine.8 Sir Humphry Davy, British (1778-1829) He did research into different gases and discovered the medicinal value of nitrous oxide (or laughing gas) as an anaesthetic. In 1815 he developed a safety lamp for miners. Previously there had been many accidents when candles on the miners’ helmets had exploded when it came into contact with underground gas from the coal the miners were digging. The safety helmet made working underground very much safer.9 Zhang Heng, Chinese (78-139) He invented the first seismograph to indicate in the direction of an earthquake. It was in the shape of a cylinder with eight dragon heads round the top, each with a ball in its mouth. Around the bottom were eight frogs directly under a dragon’s head. When an earthquake occurred, a ball fell out of the dragon’s mouth, making a noise.10 Stephen Hawking, British (1942-) He has worked in astronomy and studied black holes in space. He has shown that black holes do not only absorb everything around them but, from time to time, throw out matter as well. This may mark the beginning of new galaxies. This is an advance on the old theory which said that black holes “eat” everything they come across. COMPREHENDINGAnswer key for Exercise 1:1 An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854.2 John Snow began to test two theories.3 John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe.4 John Snow marked the deaths on a map.5 He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump.6 He had the handle removed from the water pump.7 He announced that the water carried the disease.8 King Cholera was defeated.Answer key for Exercise 2:1 John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.2 No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.3 Three diseases, which are similar today, are SARS, AIDS and bird flu, because they are serious, have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them. Sample summary for Exercise 3:John Snow wanted to find the cause of cholera. He believed that people became ill after eating infected food. He used the next outbreak of cholera to test his idea. He studied a small area of houses which got their water from the same pump. Many people in the area died. John Snow showed that this was because the water in the pump was infected. He showed that cholera could be defeated if people drank clean water.LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE Discovering useful words and expressions Suggested answers to Exercise 1:1 victim2 physician3 analyse4 defeat5 challenge6 enquiry7 pump 8 blame 9 absorb10 link...toAnswer key for Exercise 2:1 severe2 suspected3 exposed4 experts5 cure6 foresaw7 concluded 8 announced 9 attended Answer key for Exercise 3:make a suggestion make a decision make a plan make a contributionmake a speech make a noise make a change make a descriptionmake an investigationSome possible examples for Exercise 4: 1 The teacher asked us not to make faces in class.2 I tried to make friends with my neighbour but he was too old and did not want to talk to me.3 The best way to make money is to study hard and gain good qualifications.4 I didn’t like them to collect me in their car so I made my way to the restaurant on foot by myself.5 I’m too tired to make dinner, so I decide to eat out.6 Before you pay for that new car make sure it has a guarantee, which will protect you against any problems during the first year.7 Don’t make up your mind about buying that house till you have seen a few more.8 When you leave your flat in the morning, it looks tidier if you make the bed before you go.9 I have tried to make room for her on that course but there are just too many people already attending it.Discovering useful structuresSome possible answers for Exercise 1:1 ...when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.(attribute)2 He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump.(attribute)3 He became interested in two theories.(pre-dicative)4 Neither its cause, nor its cure was under- stood.(predicative)Answer key for Exercise 2:Past Participle as theAttribute (1)Past Participle as theAttribute (2)1 terrified people 1 people terrified of(cholera)2 reserved seats 2 seats reserved by...3 polluted water 3 water polluted by...4 a crowded room 4 a room crowdedwith...5 a pleased winner 5 a winner pleasedwith...6 astonished children 6 children astonishedat/by...7 a broken vase 7 a vase broken by...8 a closed door 8 a door closed by...9 the tired audience 9 the audience tiredof...10 a trapped animal 10 an animal trappedin/by...Answer key for Exercise 3:1 blamed/upset2 tired3 disappointed 4shocked/depressed5 excited6 infectedUSING LANGUAGELISTENING TEXTA GREAT CHINESE SCIENTISTFather of the Chinese space programmeYu Ping (YP) is talking to her friend Steve Smith (SS) about Qian Xuesen and his work as a rocket scientist.Part 1YP: What do you want to be when you grow up, Steve?SS:I want to be an astronomer and visits stars. I wish to visit Mars one day.YP:I think I’d like to work in the space industry too. I’d lik e to be a rocket scientist like Qian Xuesen.SS:What did he have to do to become a rocket scientist?YP:Well, he first studied at university to be an engineer. Later he went to America to study for his doctor’s degree. It was then he began to work on rockets.SS:So it was lucky for our space programme that he came back to China.YP:Very much so. There was no work on space rockets in China before he began his institute to design and build rockets to go into space.Part 2SS:Do you think he wanted to travel into space in one of his rockets?YP:I have no idea but I believe he looked forward to the first space flight by a Chinese astronaut.SS:Yes. Now that China has sent satellites into space. I hope we’ll be the first to land on Mars. That would really be something special and if I were that astronaut I would put Qian Xuesen’s picture on Mars to show how much we admire his work.YP:Indeed. He is rightfully called the father of the Chinese space programme. He is my hero and he is why I want to be a rocket scientist.SS:Well, we’d better get on with our homework. We need good grades to get into university.YP:Right you are. See you, then.SS:See you.Answer key for Exercise 1:Students will give their own answers. Answer key for Exercise 2:Main Idea: It is about the role of Qian Xuesen in the development of space technology in China.Answer key for Exercise 3:1 Qian Xuesen first studied to be an engineer.2 In America he began to work on space rockets so that he was able to develop a space programme when he came back to China.3 When Qian Xuesen returned to China he set up a space institute to begin training people in how to design and build rockets. Answer key for Exercise 4:China’s achievement-sin spaceSteve Smith’s ambi-tions1 Chinese astronauts inspace2 Chinese satellites inspace1 become a rocketscientist2 be the first to land onMars and put QianXuesen’s picture there Answer key for Exercise 3:Students give their own answers.Students can show that they understand what is involved by making a realistic dialogue of their own.Sample conversation:MIKE: What do you want to do when you grow up?LI RU:I want to build robots. I will have to do a physics and mathematics degree in China. After that I hope to go abroad to Reading University in England where you can study all about robots. There is a special cybernetics department there.MIKE:What personality will be needed for that job?LI RU:I think I need to be patient for my ideas which will take a long time to develop.I also need to be creative enough to have good ideas.MIKE:What experience will be most useful to you?LI RU:I think technology and engineering projects. I hope to work in a factory in my holidays.MIKE:What kind of person makes a good inventor?LI RU:I think someone who is happy to persevere at something and learns from his mistakes.MIKE:Thank you. I think designing robots sounds fun.Reading and writingAnswer key for Exercise 1:Before Showing Copernicus’ theory Copernicus’ theoryA diagram showing the solar system with the earth at its centre A diagram showing the solar system with the sun at its centreAnswer key for Exercise 2:Students give their own answers.Sample writing:Dear Nicolaus Copernicus,I am a student studying astronomy and I would very much like to read your new theory about the solar system. I hope you will publish it for several reasons.I understand the problems with the present theory. The way the planets move is not what you would expect if the earth was the centre of the universe. It is also odd that the brightness of some stars seems to change. So I agree with you that we need a new theory.I know your observations have been very carefully carried out over many years. Now you must have the courage to publish them. Science can never advance unless people have the courage of their beliefs. I know you worry about what will happen if you publish your new theory. No matter how people oppose it, time will show whether your ideas are right or wrong.So I hope you will feel you can publish your new theory.Yours sincerely,(your name)Unit 2WARMING UPAnswers: 1 C 2 B (direct flight) 3 B 4 A 5 B Question 1: The United Kingdom consists of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. More about this appears in the first reading passage.Question 2: It takes ten hours to fly from Beijing to London Heathrow Airport if you take a direct flight.Question 3:It may appear to an outsider that the Queen has an important role in ruling the country. However, this is not so. Her position is ceremonial: opening Parliament, welcoming Heads from other countries, going on tours to other countries to encourage trade with Britain, etc. The Prime Minister together with his most important ministers (called the Cabinet) and his Members of Parliament (each from a different part of the country) make the important political decisions and the laws. Question 4: The counties of Britain are much smaller than provinces in China. They have local government powers for their area. Counties have several Members of Parliament depending on the size of their population. Large towns such as Reading have two MPs and the largest city in England outside London, which is Birming- ham, has ten MPs.Question 5: The Rivers Thames and Severn are very similar in length but the River Thames is slightly longer. The River Thames is 338 km and the River Severn is 290 km. The River Avon is much shorter. COMPREHENDINGAnswer key for Exercise 1:1 England, Wales and Scotland2 England and Wales3 England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland4 Republic of Southern Ireland5 England/Great Britain/the UKAnswer key for Exercise 2:1 The country left out is Wales. It is usuallyassumed to be part of England.2 England, Scotland and Wales.3 The Vikings did not influence London.Answer key for Exercise 3:North: Leeds, York, Sheffield, Manchester Midlands: Coventry, BirminghamSouth: Reading, London, Brighton, PlymouthAnswer key for Exercise 4:Para 1, 2&3: what England includes; about Great Britain; the UK.Para 4:the geographical division of England into zones; their similarities and differences. Para 5&6:the cultural importance of London.Possible summary: The writer examines how the UK developed as an administrative unit. It shows how England is also divided into three zones. It explains why London became the cultural capital of England. LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE Discovering useful words and expressions Answer key for Exercise 1:1 unwilling2 countryside3 conveniences4 clarify5 constructing6 Kingdom7 administration 8 accomplish9 enjoyableSuggested answers to Exercise 2:1 currency2 The Union Jack3 United; consist of4 broke away5 institutions6 conflicts7 provincesAnswer key for Exercise 3:1 asked2 whispered3 screamed4 begged5 agreed6 answered7 shouted8 complained9 suggestedDiscovering useful structuresAnswer key for Exercise 1:1 ...to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way.2 You find most of the population settled in the south, ...3 It has the oldest port built by the Romans...Suggested answers to Exercise 2:1 have got the house mended2 Have you had your hair cut?3 have the dictionary delivered4 haven’t had the film developed6 found it closed6 get it repaired7 got all their money stolen8 have it divided9 had some of his points clarified10 had/got some flowers sent; had it announced; had it organizedAnswer key for Exercise 3:Answers will vary.USING LANGUAGEReadingDay 1 Comments Day 2 Day 31 Tower of London2 St Paul’s Cathedral3 Westminster Abbey4 Big Ben 1 delight, fancy2 splendid and interesting3 interesting, full of statues ofpoets and writers4 famous and very loud1 Greenwich withships2 clock (GMT)3 longitude line1 Karl Marx’s statue“strange he lived and diedin London”2 British Museum“thrilled to see Chinesepottery”ListeningLISTENING TEXTCAN A ROYAL PALACE ALSO BE A PRISON? Zhang Pingyu (ZP) is trying to find out more about the history of the Tower of London from a guide (G).Part 1G:The Tower was the home of the King but also a prison. Many important people were kept there.ZP:I beg your pardon? Can you speak more slowly, please?G:Of course. Have you heard of “The Princes in the Tower”?ZP:No, I’m afraid not.G:These two princes were brothers, called Edward and Richard and they lived six hundred years ago. They came to London, for the older boy to become Edward Ⅴ, after his father, King Edward Ⅳ, died. ZP:I see. How old was he?G:He was only thirteen years old. His cruel uncle, also called Richard, was supposed to look after them both, but instead he had them killed while they were asleep.ZP:What do you mean? He killed them himself?G:No. He sent his men to kill them because he wanted to become King Richard Ⅲ. There is a story that on a dark night you can sometimes hear those princes crying.ZP:You can hear them crying? Really? I thought you said they were killed many years ago.G:Yes, but it’s only a story!Part 2ZP:Who else came to the Tower as a prisoner?G:A future queen. In the 1550s Queen Mary sent her sister, Princess Elizabeth, to the Tower as a prisoner.ZP:Strange! Why did she do that?G:She thought Elizabeth was a traitor. So she sent Elizabeth through a special gate called “Traitors’ Gate”. That only happen-ed to very bad people.ZP:I’m sorry I don’t understand. How did Elizabeth become Queen if she was a prisoner?G:Easy. Her brother and sister both died without children so Elizabeth became Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ. She tried not to be unfair to others when she was queen.ZP:I’m glad to hear that.Answer key for Exercise 1:1 Elizabeth later Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ.2 King Henry Ⅷ.3 Richard Ⅲ.4 Edward Ⅴand Richard.Answer key for Exercise 2:Ticks for brothers Edward Ⅴand Richard (sons of King Edward Ⅳ); King Edward Ⅳ; Richard (later King Richard Ⅲ); Queen Mary; Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ); Answer key for Exercise 3:1 Prince Edward (later Edward Ⅴ) was one of the princes murdered in the Tower. We know because:· both were princes· both were young boys· their uncle was Richard who later became King Richard Ⅲ.2 King Richard Ⅲkilled the princes because he wanted to become king.Answer key for Exercise 4:came, future, Mary, Princess, Tower, Strange, thought, through, Traitors’, happened Speaking and writingSample dialogue:S1: Excuse me. Are you a guide?S2:Yes, I am. Can I help you?S1:Can I ask you a question about the Temple of Heaven?S2:Of course. What do you want to know?S1:What’s this Temple for?S2:The Emperor came to pray for good crops and a good harvest for the country. He made offerings to the God and askedhim for help.S1:Please can you speak more slowly? I’m afraid I can’t follow you.S2:I’m sorry. I’ll speak more slowly. This is the Hall where the Emperor made his sacrifices to the Gods. You may not go in but just look through the door.S1:What did you mean by making sacrifices? S2:He killed many animals after making prayers. He was also dressed in special clothes. S1:I beg your pardon? Special clothes! I thought his clothes were always special! What were they?S2:They were clothes kept just for this occasion. He changed in a special yellow room and came out to go to pray to the Gods.S1:I see. When did this stop?S2:When the Emperors stopped ruling China.S1:Thank you. You have been most helpful.Unit 3WARMING UPSuggested answers:Present time In One Thousand Year’s TimeTransport Airplanes; cars;bicyclesNo longer by air because of environmental pollution; bicyclesand horses will make a comeback.Work Office; factory;construction;landscape; serviceAt home using advanced, interactive computers; meetings canbe conducted on the computer and people will see each otherspeak.Finance and currency Banks; offices;insurance; businessOne global currency—maybe the yuan as China will be thelargest global exporterLanguages English; Russian;ChineseOne global language—perhaps Chinese or still EnglishEnvironment Air: could beimproved in citiesVery poor; need to recycle all waste; control on the use ofcars; no airplanes; methods to improve poor air quality.Climate of the earth being very hot is making problems overwater resources.Education Nursery; schools;universityLonger than now possibly until 25 years of age so that studentscan learn all the new technologiesHouses Flats; houses;concrete; woodBuilt into the ground as the surface of the earth is so hot.Communica-t ion Post office; InternetBy thoughtpad, telephone, computer, mobiles, Morse code,etc.COMPREHENDINGAnswer key for Exercise 1:1 Li Qiang went into the future because he had won a prize that gave him a tour.2 He felt rather anxious when he left his own time but soon got it over.3 He went by time capsule.4 The first thing he noticed was the poor quality of the air and it gave him a headache.5 He found several things that were different:· a mask to give him enough oxygen· a hovering carriage· having a “time lag” experience·a strange-looking house that belonged to Wang Ping’s parents·trees that acted as walls and provided oxygen for the room ·tables, chairs and a bed that were stored under the floorAnswer key for Exercise 2:Good changes Bad changesTime travel can travel to different times as you wish After-effects of travel Transport can move swiftly disorganized; difficult to find way Houses save living space short of spaceTowns busy; look like markets easy to get lostAir quality own family oxygen supply poor quality in public placesAnswer key for Exercise 3:Students give their own opinions in the class discussion.Answer key for Exercise 4:Paragraph1 main idea: How I came to take a time travel journey details: my prize; my excitement2 main idea: The journeydetails: how I felt; the spaceship; the journey3 main idea: My impressions of life one thousand years into the futuredetails: little oxygen; masks to provide oxygen; hovering carriage; how to drive them; a “time lag” moment4 main idea: Staying in Wang Ping’s homedetails: appearance of house; trees as walls; where furniture stored; ate meal; prepared for sleepLEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE Answer key for Exercise 1:Suggested answers to Exercise 2:1 search for2 take up3 slide into4 sweep up5 press down1 search for2 swept up3 pressed down4 sweep up5 took up6 slid... into Answer key for Exercise 3: opportunities; constantly; stewardesses; previous; adjustment; tolerate; take up; lose sight of; link; bentDiscovering useful structuresAnswer key for Exercise 1:1 Well-known for their expertise, his parent’scompany...2 Hit by a lack...3 Exhausted, I slid into bed...Answer key for Exercise 2:1 Frightened by the loud noise, I went to see what was happening.2 Hit by the lack of fresh air, he got a bad headache.3 Tired after the long journey, I still enjoyed meeting the aliens on the space station.4 Frightened by the noise outside, Sue dared not sleep in her bedroom.5 Built in 1910, the museum is almost 100 years old.6 Given some advice by the famous scientist, the student was not worried about his scientific experiment any more.7 Exhausted by a day’s work, Geo rge took some tablets to help him feel better.8 Very astonished by the amount of work in the new timetable(given by her boss), Lucy decided to leave her job immediately. Answer key for Exercise 3:1 Soon we lost sight of that famous astronomer called Li Qiang.2 I am going to buy a painting copied from Vincent van Gogh.3 I like that old private house built of wood and mud.4 The room connected to the rest of the house by a long passage is completely empty.5 The queen was sitting in a royal carriage drawn by four horses.6 The vehicle mentioned in the book is unknown to me.7 Tha castle built in 1432 is under repair. USING LANGUAGESuggested answers to Exercise 1:Modern Inventions of the 31st CenturyOnly to be seen on the Space StationCommunication Waste Disposal Manufacturing Invention thoughtpad a waste machine manufacturing robotsadvantages 1 efficient2 environmentallyfriendly 1 disposes of all waste2 turns them into threegrades of useful ma-terial1 no waste2 no pollution3 no environmentaldamagedisadvantages thoughts must be clearor messages may bemixed up None people must live on aspace station to moni-tor the robotsCome and see how they work today!Sample dialogue for Exercise 2:S1: We’d really like to live and work in a space station in the 31st century. Of course there’d be a lot of work, but we’d really enjoy the leisure time we would have.S2: And the large number of robots that we could use to fill our spare time with!S1: Yes indeed! We both enjoy working with robots and find them lots of fun. We would train them to play football so that we could each have our own team and hold competitions. S2: Once we’d got two football teams we’d begin training the robots for a triathlon or three-skill competition. There would be running, swimming and finally a football match. That’d be fun too.S1: Robots are never tired so we’d train them to cook our favourite dishes and do all the housework throughout the spaceship. S2: When we get fed-up with competitions we’d arrange for the robots to design us a beach area where we can sun-bathe and relax. I don’t think life could be better!S1: Nor do I!LISTENING TEXTCAN PEOPLE REALLY LIVE ON MARSLI Qiang(LQ) is interviewing Walker Hiller(WH) on the space station about his idea for building a new town called “Wonderworld” on Mars.LQ: Well, Mr Hiller Why did you think of building a new town on Mars?WH: It sounds astonishing, doesn’t it? I imagine that it’l l be difficult and the atmosphere, gravity, and climate will have to be just like the earth or nobody will travel there.LQ: Can you imagine how that’ll be achieved?WH: Yes, I think so. The atmosphere’s too hot and has no oxygen. So people couldn’t breath e Mars’air and live. We’ll make a covered area for people to live in with a special air supply.LQ: Is it likely you can find and use water to keep the climate similar to that on the earth?WH: Perhaps. We hope there’s water under the planet’s surface. Pe ople will have to collect all the used water so it can be cleaned and recycled as rain. Then it can be used again to water plants and crops and provide clean drinking water.LQ: Yes. I suppose everyone will have to put their dirty water in special tanks. Even animals will have to be trained to go to the toilet in special places.WH: Yes, I suppose so.LQ: So is it likely that bacteria will clean the water?WH: Well, that’s a possibility.LQ: I wonder if the houses can be made strong enough against the gravity on Mars? WH: Yes, they can. The robots will provide special building material.LQ: Still life sounds quite uncomfortable. So what’s the advantage of going to live on Mars?WH: There will be opportunities for scien- tific work and to look for gold or other metals. So people may become rich or famous.LQ: How healthy will the people be, I wonder?Answer key for Exercise 1:Ticks for: living on another planet, atmos- phere and gravity, how to get water on Mars, houses in a town on MarsSuggested answers to Exercise 2:1 “Wonderworld” will provide a covered area for people to live in with a special air supply.2 “Wonderworld” will make sure there is enough water by collecting some from under the planet’s surface. After use, this water will be cleaned and recycled so that it can be used as rain to water drops and provide clean drinking water. Everyone will put their dirty water in special tanks and animals will have to go to the toilet in special places. Bacteria will clean this dirty water so it can be used again.3 People may become rich or famous.4 I think the people will be quite healthy as they have a satisfactory climate, enough water and sufficient accommodation to live comfortably.Speaking and writingSample dialogue:S1: What problems do you think our home- town will have one thousand years in the future?S2: Is it possible life will be better than it is now?S1: Yes, of course. Probably everyone will be more comfortable. They’ll be provided technological improvements and the robots. S2: Oh I see. Is it possible that people will have solved the problems of today—global warming, air and water pollution, etc?S1: Most likely they will. For example, dirty。