第一讲被动语态

语法讲义( ^_^ )Y
第一讲被动语态
猫在学校被同学打了，很委屈地说：
I was beaten by my classmate.
这个句子中猫是被打的一方，所以用到了被动语态，这节课我们就来学习一下被动语态的结构与用法。

从字面上看，“被动语态”也十分好理解，在汉语中，我们要表达被动，只需要加个“被”字就可以了。

英文中的“被”需要用“be+过去分词”来表达。

be动词的形式要根据不同时态而改变。

我们再来看看刚才的句子：
I was beaten by my classmate.
我被同学打来。

结构为：主语+be+过去分词+by+宾语
在被动语态里，我们有三个要素：be动词、动词过去分词、by（此部分可省略）
这个句子也可以不用被动语态，那么主语和宾语的位置就互换了，比较一下下面两个句子：
主动语态：My classmate beat me.
被动语态：I was beaten by my classmate.
是不是发现my classmate和I（me）的位置互换了呢？
此外，被动语态使用非常灵活，适用于各个时态。

给大家列个表格，就能一目了然了。

我们还常常在带有情态动词的句子中，使用被动语态。

例如：
The question must be answered in English.
这个问题必须用英语来回答。

Our homework should be finished by ourselves.
我们的作业应该自己完成。

精讲：
一、注意被动语态的不同时态被动语态由“be+过去分词”，其中的助动词be根据情况可使用各种不同时态。

这句口诀
是“被动语态必有be done，时态在be上体现”也就是说只在“be动词上做文章，过去分词不动！”
一般过去时的被动语态：助动词was/were done
过去进行时的被动语态：助动词was/were being done
现在完成时的被动语态：助动词has/have been done
一般现在时的被动语态：助动词am/is/are done
现在进行时的被动语态：助动词am/is/are being done
一般将来时的被动语态：助动词will be done；助动词am/is/are going to be done
注：在以上的带有时态的句子中，否定句和疑问句都在助动词上做文章！也就是说否定句都在助动词后加not，疑问句把助动词提前就可以了！
情态动词的被动语态：can/may/must/could/should be done
如：She is respected by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重。

(一般现在时)
The book will be printed soon. 这本书很快会重印。

(一般将来时)
The road is being repaired. 路正在修整。

(现在进行时)
The battery hasn’t been charged for a couple of months.
电池好几个月没充电了。

(现在完成时)
二、注意哪些动词不用于被动语态
不及物动词没有被动语态。

因为不及物动词没有宾语，所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。

但是值得注意的是，有些英语中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的，很容易出错，这类动词如：take place(发生)，happen(发生)，break out(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续)，spread等：
Flu usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常发生在冬季。

Knowledge and ideas spread quickly.知识和想法传播得很快。

三、注意主动表被动的若干情形：
1.某些连系动词(如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，seem等）要用主动表被动，因为连系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。

如：That dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起来很危险。

My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证实是错的。

2.当open，shut，lock，move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。

如：The door won’t shut.这门关不上。

The window won’t lock.这窗户锁不住。

注：该用法的不及物动词通常与can’t，won’t等连用，注意它与用被动语态含义不同：The window won’t shut. 这窗户关不上。

(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了)
The window won’t be shut.这窗户将不用关上。

(窗户本身没问题，只是不用关上)
3.当read，wash，clean，cook，cut，wear，carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。

如：The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。

His book doesn’t sell well.他的书不好销。

This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久。

The parcel carries easily. 包裹容易搬运。

注：该用法通常与well，easily，slowly，quickly，well，easily，slowly等副词连用，并且在用于以上意思时通
常不宜直接使用被动语态形式，如下面这道题答案是A，而不是C：
Books _____ well.
A.sell
B.sells
C.are sold
D.is sold
四、感官动词和使役动词在被动语态中的用法
主动语态：make/let/hear/see+ sb./sth. do
被动语态：sb./sth.+is/are+ made/let/heard/seen+to do
[中考真题]
考查主动语态与被动语态的区别：
1.English _____ in many countries,but Chinese ______ their own language.(2007 山东济南)
A.is spoken；speaks
B.speaks；is spoken
C.is spoken；speak
D.is spoken；is spoken
考查常见被动语态的谓语构成：
ually computers ______ to search the Internet.(2007 吉林)
e
B.are using
C.are used
ed
3.Many trees and flowers ______ in our school last year, and they made our school a beautiful garden.(2007 重庆)
A.plant
B.planted
C.have planted
D.were planted
4.A talk on developments in science and technology ______ in the school hall next week. (2007 天津)
A.given
B.will be given
C.has been given
D.gives
5. I don't think sixteen-year-olds should ______ not to go to bars.(2007 辽宁)
A.allow
B.be allowing
C.be allowed
D.not allow
考查被动语态中不定式的to不能省略的情况：
6.The young man was often seen _____ by the lake.(2007 山东济南)
A.to draw
B.to drawing
C.draw
D.drew
【剖析】
1.主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，Chinese作“中国人”解时，单、复数
形式相同，句中的Chinese是复数，故选C。

2.一般现在时的被动语态是由“am/is/are+过去分词”构成的，故选C。

3.一般过去时的被动语态是由“was/were+过去分词”构成的，故选D。

4.一般将来时的被动语态是由“will be+过去分词”构成的，故选B。

5.含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成的，故选C。

6.在主动语态中，make，hear，see，match等动词跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，在变为被动语态时，
动词不定式符号to不能省略，故选A。

各种时态下的被动语态（必背例句）
首先，被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。

下面我们以give为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
一般现在时：am/is/are＋given
The first section of New College English is designed for speaking practice and is based on pictures and topics.
一般过去时：was/were＋given
These computers were made in our own country.
一般将来时：will/shall be＋given
Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?
过去将来时：would be＋given
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
现在进行时：am/is/are being＋given
The machine is being repaired in the workshop. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are being developed and perfected now.
过去进行时：was/were being＋given
The feast was being prepared when the birds arrived in the sky
现在完成时：has/have been＋given
Swift pro gre ss has also been made in culture and education.
过去完成时：had been＋given
The huge bridge had been damaged before the World WarⅡ.
将来完成时：will/shall have been＋given
The book will have been published by the end of next month
作业
1. Since the first space mission, many communication sat ellites ________.
A. was launched
B. are launched
C. have been launched
D. had been launched
2. What kind of advice ________ you?
A. has gave
B. was gave
C. had been given to
D. has given
3. The slave ________ from morning till night.
A. madeto work
B. was made working
C. was made worked
D. was made to work
4. The construction of the laboratory ________ by the end of July.
A. must be completing
B. must complete
C. must have completed
D. must have been completed
5. Your proposal ________ by the committee soon.
A. is discussed
B. has been discussed
C. is going to be discussed
D. will have been discussed
英语中的被动语态使用频率很高，很多句子可以从主动语态变为被动语态。

你知道主动句和被动句之间转换的规则吗？来试试今天的#英语小测验#，挑战你的英语知识:
1. What is the correct passive transformation of this active sentence?
Scientists have discovered a new species of fish at the bottom of the ocean.
a) A new species of fish has been discovered at the bottom of the ocean by scientists.
b) A new species of fish is discovered at the bottom of the ocean by scientists.
c) A new species of fish is to be discovered at the bottom of the ocean by scientists.
d) A new species of fish was been discovered at the bottom of the ocean by scientists.
2. What is the correct active transformation of this passive sentence?
I was well looked after by the medical staff at the hospital.
a) I looked after the medical staff at the hospital very well.
b) I was to be well looked after by the medical staff very well.
c) The medical staff at the hospital looked after me very well.
d) The medical staff at the hospital were looked after very well by me.
3. What words complete the following sentence?
This work __________ yesterday. Why is it late?
a) should be handed in
b) is handed in
c) needs to be handed in
d) should have been handed in
4. I ________I need to study harder if I am to pass my exams.
a) am telling
b) have been told
c) was telling
d) had told
5. What is the correct active transformation of this passive sentence?
I was asked to speak at the conference by the organisers.
a) I asked the organisers to speak at the conference.
b) I have asked the organisers if I can speak at the conference.
c) The organisers will ask me to speak at the conference.
d) The organisers asked me to speak at the conference.
6. What is the correct passive transformation of this active sentence? Someone stole my car from outside my house last night.
a) Someone was stolen from my car outside my house last night.
b) My car was stolen from outside my house last night.
c) Someone has stolen my car last night from outside my house.
d) My car is being stolen from outside my house last night.。