材料科学基础 教学大纲

教学大纲【教学目的】本课程目的是使学生通过学习，在掌握基本概念的基础上，具备分析材料结构与性能的能力，为学生进一步学习其它专业课程，如X光衍射分析、电子显微分析等提供核心概念和知识基础，并为从事材料分析、应用及新材料的设计、开发等研究工作打下坚实的理论基础。

【教学任务】课程任务是从原子结构与键合、晶体学基础、固体材料结构、晶体的塑性变形、晶体缺陷和固体中的扩散等方面系统而深入地介绍材料学的基础理论知识，突出材料微观结构、制备工艺与宏观性能之间的关系。

【教学内容】Lesson 1.Chapter 1 Atomic Structure and Bonding1.1 Atomic Structure1.1.1 The establishment of atomic model1.1.2 Atomic numbers and atomic masses1.1.3 The electronic structure of atoms1.1.4 Electron configurations of multielectron atoms1.1.5 Periodic table of the elements1.1.6 Atomic structure and properties of the elementsLesson 2.1.2 Atomic Bonding1.2.1 Bonding forces and energies1.2.2 Primary interatomic bonds1.2.3 Secondary bonding（Van der Waals bonding)1.2.4 Structure of molecules1.2.5 Mixed bonding in materials1.2.6 Bonding and propertiesLesson 3.Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Crystallography2.1 Space Lattice2.1.1 Crystals versus non-crystals2.1.2 Space lattice2.1.3 Unit cell and lattice constants2.2 Crystal System & Lattice Types2.2.1 Seven crystal systems2.2.2 14 types of Bravais lattices2.2.3 Primitive cell2.2.4 Complex latticeLesson 4.2.3 Crystal Structure and Complex Lattice2.3.1 Crystal structure is the real arrangement of atom in crystals2.3.2 Typical crystal structures of metals2.4 Interstices in Typical Crystals of Metals2.4.1 Two types of interstitials in typical crystals2.4.2 Determination of the sizes of interstitialsLesson 5.2.5 Indices of Crystal Planes and Directions2.5.1 What’s crystal planes and directions?2.5.2 Plane indices2.5.3 Direction indices2.6 Hexagonal Axes for Hexagonal Crystals2.6.1 Why choose four-axis system?2.6.2 Plane indices (hkil)2.6.3 Direction indices [uvtw]2.6.4 Discussion about Direction indices [uvtw]2.6.5 Transformation of indicesLesson 6.2.7 Some Important Crystallographic Formulas2.8 Standard Projection2.8.1 Two ways to describe the orientation of crystals2.8.2 Spherical projection & Stereographic projection2.8.3 Features of stereographic projection2.8.4 Principle of standard projection2.8.5 Figure of standard projection2.9 Stacking Mode of Crystals2.9.1 A crystal can be considered as the result of stacking the atomic layers, say (hkl), one over another in a specific sequence2.9.2 Comparison of stacking mode of HCP and FCC2.9.3 Stacking fault2.9.4 Transformation of hexagonal to rhombohedral indices and vice versaLesson 7.2.10 Some Additional Terminology in Crystallography2.10.1 Crystal structure of some elements2.10.2 Allotropy and polymorphic transformations2.10.3 Single crystal versus polycrystal2.10.4 Micro-crystal, quasi-crystal, and liquid crystalLesson 8.Chapter 3 The Structures of Alloys3.1 Basic concepts of alloys3.1.1 Definition3.1.2 Terminology3.1.3 Classification of alloy phases3.2 Factors Affecting the Structure of Alloy Phase3.3.1 Classification3.3.2 Determination of types of S.S3.3.3 Hume-Rothery Rule for primary substitutional solid solubility 3.3.4 Properties of S.S3.4 Superlattice3.4.1 CuAuⅠ(L12)3.4.2 β'-CuZn (B2)3.4.3 CuAuⅠ(L10)3.4.4 CuPt (L11)3.4.5 Fe3Al (D03)3.4.6 Mg3Cd (D019)3.5 Application of S.S.Lesson 9.3.6 Some Rules Governing the Ionic Compounds3.7 Crystal Structure of Ceramic Materials3.7.1 AB type3.7.2 AB2 type3.7.3 A2B3 type (α-Al2O3)3.7.4 AB O3 type ( BaTiO3, CaTiO3 )3.7.5 AB2O4 type (spinel, MgAl2O4 )Lesson 10.3.8 Intermetallic Compounds (Intermetallic Phases)3.8.1 Formation3.8.2 Feature3.8.3 Factor governing the structure of “compounds”3.9 Normal valence compounds or valence compounds3.9.1 Definition3.9.2 Classification —— according to structure3.10 Electron phases/Electron compounds (Hume-Rothery phases) 3.10.1 Definition3.10.2 Feature3.10.3 Valence electron concentration: (e/a)3.11 Size Factor Compounds3.11.1 Interstitial phases (Interstitial compounds)3.11.2 Close-packed phasesLesson 11.3.12 Silicates3.12.1 Introduction3.12.2 Features3.12.3 Classification of silicate structure3.13 SummaryLesson 12.Chapter 4 Plastic Deformation of Crystal4.1.1 Deformation process of polycrystalline materials4.1.2 Deformation mode of crystals4.1.3 Basicfeature of slip and twinning4.2 Slip Systems4.2.1 Definition4.2.2 Slip systems (S.S.) of typical crystals4.2.3 Schmid’s law (the condition for slip to start)4.2.4 Single, double and multiple slipLesson 13.4.3 Change in Reference Direction & Reference Places during Slip4.3.1 Change of reference direction4.3.2 Change of reference planes4.4 Slip in Uniaxial Tension and Compression ——Rotation of Crystal4.4.1 The cause of rotation4.4.2 The rule of rotation4.4.3 The consequence of rotationLesson 14.4.5 Strain Hardening (Work-hardening)4.5.1 What’s strain hardening ? (working hardening)4.5.2 Hardening Curve4.5.3 Factors affecting the stain-hardening curve4.6 Surface Morphology of Crystal After Slip4.6.1 Slip lines & slip bands4.6.2 Deformation band4.6.3 Kink bands4.6.4 Cross slipLesson 15.4.7 Twinning (I) —— Microscopic Aspect4.7.1 Basic feature of twinnings4.7.2 Twinning system4.7.3 Atom movements in twinning of FCC4.8 Twinning (II) —— Macroscopic Aspect 4.8.1 4.8.2 Rules governing the change in length4.8.3 Application: take HCP for exampleLesson 16.4.9 Comparison Between Slip and Twinning4.9.1 Similarity4.9.2 Differences4.10 Basic Features of The Plastic Deformation of Polycrystals4.10.1 Grain boundary and its role in deformation4.10.2 Deformation features of polycrystal4.10.3 Internal stress (residual stress)()L l l nb γ=+⋅u v v v v v4.10.4 Strain hardening (or work-hardening)4.10.5 Morphology4.10.6 Preferred orientation (crystallographic texture)Lesson 17.Chapter 5 Imperfections in Crystals5.1 Introduction5.2 Point defects5.2.1 Classification5.2.2 Equilibrium concentration of point defects (vacancies).5.2.3 Methods for obtaining extra-equilibrium point defects5.2.4 Experimental determination of ULesson 18.5.3 Origin of Concept for Dislocation5.4 What’s Dislocation5.4.1 By local slip5.4.2 Local cut and displacement5.5 Burgers Circuit and Burgers Vector5.5.1 Burgers Circuit 5.5.2 The meaning of 5.5.3 Description of dislocation by and 5.5.4 Conservation ofLesson 19.5.6 Dislocation in Motion5.6.1 Edge dislocation5.6.2 Screw dislocation5.6.3 Process of dislocation movement5.6.4 Example5.7 Starting Force of Dislocation ——Peierls-Nabarro (P-N) Stress5.8 Summary —— Properties of DislocationLesson 20.5.9 The Stress Field Around a Dislocation5.9.1 Introduction5.9.2 Screw dislocation5.9.3 Edge dislocation5.10 Elastic Energy and Line Tension of Dislocation5.10.1 E tot = E core + E elast = E misfit + E e5.10.2 Line tension5.10.3 Restore forceLesson 21.5.11 Forces on Dislocation5.11.1 Introduction5.11.2 Derivation5.12 Interaction between Dislocationb v b v b v l vLesson 22.5.13 Interaction between Dislocation and Point Defect5.13.1 Cottrell Atmosphere5.13.2 Model Analysis5.13.3 Result5.14 Multiplication of Dislocations5.14.1 What’s multiplication and why is it needed?5.14.2 Key points of the mechanisms of the multiplication5.14.3 Frank-Read mechanism and F-R source5.14.4 Double cross slip mechanism5.14.5 Multiplication based on dislocation climbing & Bardeen-Herring source5.15 Pile up of Dislocation5.15.1 Model5.15.2 Back stress exerted by obstacle on leading dislocation5.15.3 Distribution of the dislocation5.15.4 ConsequenceLesson 23.5.16 Intersection of Dislocations5.16.1 Rule5.16.2 Examples5.16.3 ConsequenceLesson 24.5.17 Dislocations in FCC Crystal5.17.1 Perfect dislocation5.17.2 Shockley partial dislocation5.17.3 Extended dislocation5.17.4 Frank Partial DislocationLesson 25.5.18 Thompson’s Tetrahedron5.19 Reaction between Dislocation5.19.1 Condition5.19.2 Example5.20 Simple Applications of Dislocation Theory5.20.1 Crystal growth and interfacial structure5.20.2 Small angle grain boundary (or G.B. with small misorientation) and grain boundary strengthen5.20.3 Strain hardening (work hardening)5.20.4 Annealing (softening)5.20.5 Alloy hardeningLesson 26.Chapter 6 Diffusion in Solids6.1 Introduction6.1.1 Atom movement in solids6.1.2 Classification of diffusion in solids6.1.3 Significance of diffusion6.1.4 Content6.2 Fick’s Laws6.2.1 Fick’s first law —— for both steady and non-steady diffusion6.2.2 Fick’s second law —— for non-steady diffusion6.3 Steady State DiffusionLesson 27.6.4 Non-Steady-State Diffusion6.4.1 Infinite system6.4.2 Semi-infinite system6.4.3 Thin film6.4.4 Finite systemLesson 28.6.5 Concentration Dependence of D—— Matano Method6.5.1 D-C dependence6.5.2 Matano method6.6 Kirkendall Effect and Partial Diffusion Coefficients6.6.1 K-experimental results6.6.2 K-effect6.6.3 Partial diffusion coefficientsLesson 29.6.7 Reaction Diffusion (Diffusion in Multiple Phase Zone)6.7.1 Course of reaction diffusion6.7.2 Basic features6.7.3 Reaction diffusion dynamics6.7.4 Discussion6.8 Defussion ThermodynamicsLesson 30.6.9 Diffusion Mechanism6.9.1 Random move of one atom6.9.2 Flick's law in microscopic form6.9.3 Diffusion mechanisms6.9.4 Calculation of D6.10 Empirical Rule for Diffusion【教学方法】教学内容注重导入最新知识，结合大量生产生活的实际案例，强调基础，注重应用；对材料结构、性能、应用的最新发展，应用基础知识全面阐述并加以综合。