实用科技英语翻译
科技英语翻译
1.To find the area of a square or oblong,you merely multiply its length by its width.将长乘以宽就可以得到这个长方形的面积。
2.This suggests that matter can be converted into energy.这就是说物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。
3.Quantum chemistry is still in its infancy.量子化学仍处于发展初期。
4.Even the protective environment is no insurance against death from lack of oxygen.即使有防护措施，也不能保证不发生因缺氧而死亡的情况。
5.In any amchine, input work equals output work plus work done against friction.任何机器的输入功都等于输出功加上客服摩擦所做的功。
6.Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions.地震通常比火山爆发更具有杀伤力。
7.Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating.应慢慢加热以避免出现局部过热现象。
8.How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air.燃料燃烧的速度取决于它与氧气或空气的混合程度。
9.Gene mutation is of great importance in breeding new varieties.在新品种培育方面，基因突变是非常重要的。
科技英语翻译中译英常
1、直流电是一种总是沿着同一方向流动的电流。
A diret current is a current flowing always in the same direction.2、阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理．Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.3、地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化．The earth rotates on its own axis, which causes the change from day to night.4、极化产生的异常会远远大于地形引起的异常。
Anomalies due to polarization can be so much larger than those resulting from topography.5、娱乐用水标准的发展是一个棘手的问题。
Development of standards for recreational water is therefore a complicated issue.6、结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持弹性。
Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so that they hehave elastically in the environmental conditions.7、柔性转子动平衡一直是现代工业中一项很实用的关键技术。
Flexible rotor balancing is a practical and key technique in modern industry.8、你可以采取手动的方法将此服务添加到本地连接里。
You can manually add the service to the local area connection.9、他们特别强调提高电子设备的质量。
科技英语小翻译
The expansio n of metals on heating must be taken into consider ation before a long metal bridge is built. 建金属大 桥前，必 须考虑金 属受热膨 胀现象。 The melting point of a substanc e is the temperat ure at which the change of state from solid to liquid occurs.
用润滑的 办法来减 小运动部 件之间的 摩擦力已 大大延长 了机器的 寿命。 或是v （用n形 式，动 名） ofn+介
classify 划分 The classifi cation of civiliza tion as the stone age, bronze age, and iron age depends principa lly on the kind of tools used. 把人类文 明划分为 石器时代 、青铜时 代和铁器 时代主要 是依据各 时代所用 的工具。
Accordin g to the director , continue d exposure of the eye to light of great intensit y would cause loss of sight. 按医生的 说法，眼 睛连续暴 露于强光 之下会丧 失视力。
在中文 中其实主 动宾 （状） 类似这样 的结构作 主语很常 见，把那 个v提出 来-n， （可加上 adj）， n of主 介n， 这样构成 n介n介n 形成两介 三名词形 象，然后 后面谓语 怎么回事 再跟上， 这样转换 很好用， 也比较地 道。 The reductio n of friction between moving parts by lubricat ion has greatly prolonge d the life of machine.
3第六章 科技英语翻译
（3）大量使用概念准确的抽象名词 (Abstract Noun) ★
★
insulate-insulation expand-expansion move-movement leak-leakage stable-stability humid-humidity
绝缘 膨胀 运动 漏泄 稳定性 湿度
Back 2
the walls of the boiler [C;U] C: countable noun U: uncountable noun
耐火砖 可数名词 不可数名词 全封闭的 加工硬化 调频
通信卫星 BACK
10
full-enclosed work-harden fm Telesat (frequency modulation)
D.缩略法
4WD (four-wheel drive) 四轮驱动 CE (chief engineer) 总工程师 (Council of Europe) 欧洲理事会 FM (frequency modulation) 调频 TELESAT (telecommunications satellite ) 通信卫星 CCTV （closed circuit television) 闭路电视
7
★
动词派生的抽象名词可表示过程、现象、特征和性质
abort-abortion automate-automation commute-commutation lase-laser liase- liason televise-television soft-land-soft-landing install-installation protect-protection balance (v.& n.) guide- guidage
实用科技英语翻译
I Answer the following quesitions related to EST Translation (3 0’) ( 2 个题)1.What’sthe definit ionof EST (Englishof Science & Technology)?EST (Englishfor Science &Technology or Technical Englishor Scientific English) is a special languagevar iety widely usedinthe fields of science andtechnology. It’sbelievedthatitfirstcame tobeinginthe1950s alongwiththerapiddevelopmentof scienceandtechnology, anditmany researchers andscholarsbegan to conduct investigation of the common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation.2,What are stylistic features of EST?Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content,field and discourse functions,and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level.3, What are the general features of CompoundTechnical Terms?A. accuracy (确切性) : accurately reflect the nature of the conceptB. monosemy (单义性) : one sense for one wordC .systematization (系统性):theindividual technical terms ina givenfieldshouldbeina specific levelso as to constitute a common systemD. linguistically correct (语言的正确性) : inaccordancewiththeword-formationinthesamelanguageE. conciseness (简明性) : concise and easy to rememberF. motivation (理据性) : just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.G. stability (稳定性) : stable and unlikely to changeH. productivity (能产性) : onceestablished, itis easy toproducemoreneologisms basedtheoriginalone by means of word-formation4, What are common rules for Technical Term Translation?As such, we should deal with the relationship of the following aspects:A. monosemy vs. conciseness monosemy is the priorityB. motivation vs. accuracy As science knowledge is rather abstract, motivation in translati on is preferredC. stability vs. productivity Productivity is the priorityD. systematization vs. linguistically correctBefore translation of compound technical terms, we should be aware of the nature and traditi on of Chinese word-formation.E. Chinese language trait vs. concisenessAs for the numbers of characters, we prefer to use pair characters (偶数词语) or even 4-chara cter expressions (四字结构) .II. Underline and mark out the themes and rhymes of the following sentences with the capital letters T and R respectively . (10’) ( 2 个题) . Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subje cted to hot treatment processes.Parallel ：T-R1+R2+R 3… Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strengt h approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and ma gnesium, and subjected to hot treatment processes.Each cylinder therefore is encased in a water jacket, which forms part of a circuit through which water is pumped continuously, and cooled by means of air drawn in from the outside atm osphere by large rotary fans, worked off the main crankshaft, or in the large diesel-electric locom otives, by auxiliary motors.3.We, the authors having handled a variety of metals and alloys for over forty years, can reassure those following (Theme) that there is still much scope for craft and ingenuity in metallurgy,by man still call for intensive scientific of metals which are properties e 2) of of the many used despite the fact that great strides have been made in it as a science during the past seventy year s,(Rheme 1) and also that real fundamental understanding(Theme 1) and valid explanations (Themwork (Rheme). (Rheme 2)III.Improve the following translation.As for the first sentence you should provide your impro ved English translation and as for the second sentence you should provide the improved Chinese one. (10’) ( 2 个题).活塞与气缸的配合问题，对发动机的使用寿命影响极大。
科技英语翻译(1)
ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Historically，“three peaks”in translation movements：东汉至唐宋的Buddhism scripture 的翻译、明末清初的科技翻译、鸦片 战争至‘五四“ 的西学翻译。（ First Opium War (Britain’s invasion of China, 1840-1842） In terms of scope, quality, and contribution to the development of the nation, the current one is unprecedented.
形象生动,句式简单,强烈的审美意识， 文字生动而感人。
专业术语,正式的客观描述词汇,较长的
名词化结构,客观事实,文字严谨而客观。
2. 与英语口语文体的对比 An old lady who was listening exclaimed: It beats all how folks do things nowadays. When I was a gal, they made a hole in each end of an egg and sucked. A young lady back home from school was explaining. “ Take an egg.” She said, “ and make a perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex, then apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath, the shell is entirely discharged of its contents.”
科技英语翻译
科技英语翻译科技英语（English for Science and Technology，简称EST）是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语，是英语的一种变体（科技文体）。
科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究，目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。
本节所讨论的科技英语主要指描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告，科技实用手段（包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等）的结构描述和操作说明等。
一、科技英语的文体特点科技英语由于其内容、使用域和语篇功能的特殊性，也由于科技工作者长期以来的语言使用习惯，形成了自身的一些特点，使其在许多方面有别于日常英语、文学英语等语体。
这些特点主要表现在词汇和句法两个层面上：（一）词汇层面（1）专业术语多。
专业术语指某一学科领域所特有或专用的语汇，其词义常不为专业外读者所明白，如cryogenics （低温学）、norepinephrine （新肾上腺素）等。
这些专业术语的特点是：a. 词形较长，大多含有源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的词根、词缀。
这类词语的语义范围较为狭窄，意义较为明确固定，符合科技英语准确明晰的要求。
如：nucleonics （核子学），semisomnus （半昏迷），autoradiography （自动射线照相术），excoriation （表皮脱落）等。
b. 多复合词。
人们常常通过各种构词方法创造出一些复合词来表示科技发展中出现的新事物，如radiophotography （无线电传真），anti-armored fighting vehicle missile（反装甲车导弹）等。
c. 多缩略词。
为使用便利和节省时间，科技英语同经贸英语一样，也有许多缩略词，如cpd （compound化合物），FM （frequency modulation 调频），telesat（telecommunications satellite通讯卫星）等。
（2）准专业术语和词汇多。
科技英语的特点与翻译
科技英语的特点与翻译一、科技英语的特点科技英语（English for science and technology，EST）指与用于科学和技术交流方面的英语口语和书面语。
作为一种重要的英语语体，其特点主要体现在以下几个方面。
1、词汇方面大量使用专业词汇、复合词、缩略词及利用前后缀构成的派生词。
专业词汇意义专一，用来表示明确的含义。
科技词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语，是因为这两种语言作为英语的重要来源，是世界上成熟最早和最完备的语言中的两种，词汇不再发生词形、词义上的变化，具有稳定性。
2、句子方面多使用长句和被动语态，大量使用名词化结构（nominalization）和非限定动词。
另外，各种成份（如介词短语、形容词及其短语、副词、分词及从句等）作定语并后置，多使用It…that…结构句型、被动结构句型、as结构句型、分词短语结构句型和省略句结构句型等常用句型。
名词化结构有利于行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切，也可使所含信息量增大，尤其是科技英语强调存在的事实，而非个别行为。
不定式短语、-ing分词短语和-ed分词短语这三种非限定动词形式具有齐备的语法功能，可代替各种从句，这样既可缩短句子，行文简练，结构紧凑，又比较醒目。
3、形态方面科技英语在时态运用上有限，多用过去时和现在时。
尤其是多用一般现在时，以表述无时间性的科学定义、定理、公式、现象、过程等。
另外，科技英语多用逻辑性语法词（logical grammatical operators），如表示原因的如because (of)、due (owing) to、as (a result of)、caused by、for等，表示语气转折的如but、however、nevertheless、otherwise、yet 等，表示逻辑顺序的如so、therefore、thus、furthermore、moreover、in addition to等。
4、文体方面科技英语注重行文的连贯（coherence）、清晰（clarity）、流畅（fluency），避免行文晦涩、表露个人感情、过多运用修辞手法等。
科技英语
②并非所有被动语态句子都能起到突出新信息的作用。 基于以上观点，现代科技工作者提倡用主动语态撰写科 技文章。例如《Science》和《Nature》等国际著名刊物在征 稿要求中提出稿件应尽量采用主动语态写作。
翻译例句 本文介绍了热能制冷技术和燃料电池的工作原理及其特 点。针对燃料电池汽车余热浪费大的特点，提出了利用其余热 制冷为燃料电池汽车空调提供冷源的方法，并对其可行性进行 了研究。 译文1：In this paper, the work principles and features of fuel cell as well as refrigeration technique driven by heat energy are introduced. Considering the present fact that a large amount of heat of fuel cell automobile is wasted, the program that cold source is provided for automobile airconditioner with the refrigeration driven by the heat has been proposed and the feasibility of it has been studied. 第一句使用被动语态，该句主语由17个单词构成，而谓语 只有2个单词，造成头重脚轻的结构。第二句为了使用被动语 态，出现了“悬垂分词”，不合英语语法。
It was unsatisfactory for industry to depend on supplies coming from so far away from the industrial areas of Europe. It was always possible that wars or shopping trouble could stop supplies.
科技英语的翻译
动词多倾向于行为动词。时态往往用一般现 在式。
倾向使用被动语态。
大量使用动词的非限定式，即分词、不定式 和动名词。
文体总貌
科技英语的显著特点是重叙事逻辑上的连贯 （coherence)及表达上的明晰（clarity)与畅达 （fluency);避免行文晦涩，坐着避免表露个人感 情，避免论证上的主观随意性。因此，科技论文 总是力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情 作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词。科技英语力求平 易、精确，因此尽力避免使用旨在加强语言感染 力和宣传效果的各种修饰词格，忌用夸张、借喻、 讽刺、反诘、双关等修辞手段，以免使读者产生 行文浮华、内容虚饰之感。
词类转换（n-v)
Despite the long-standing availability of effective antibiotics, particularly penicilin, pnemococcal disease continues to take a heavy death toll, particularly among people suffering from other chronic diseases.
Scientists thought that regular orbits of such faint particles were practically nonexistent. The idea has now been rejected by facts.
科学家原来以为这样微弱的粒子实际上是 不存在有规则的轨道的。这种看法现在已 经被事实否定了。
翻译练习
非限定动词
A canning tomato 一种供做罐头的西红柿
Infected children 受到感染的儿童
15.科技英语翻译
转化法 (conversion)
不通过任何词形上变化，直接转化为另一个词。在转 化过程中，词性有所改变而词义则与转化前的原义仍 保留有若干联系。 radio用无线电通讯(由名词词义“无线电”转化 而来) x-ray用x光检查(由名词词义“X光”转化而来) e-mail发电子邮件(由名词词义“电子邮件”转化 而来) clone使无性繁殖；复制(由名词词义“无性繁殖， 克隆”转化而来) format为„编排格式(由名词词义“格式”转化而 来)
情态动词can和may
这两个情态动词可用来表示客观可能性，而其他则多突出主 观性。
(1)You cannot get AIDS by working or attending school with someone who has the disease ． 与艾滋病患者一起工作或上学不会传染上艾滋病。 (2)Anyone with a personal computer ，a modem and the necessary software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on． 任何人只要有一台个人电脑, 再有一个调制解调器和必要的软件， 就可以把电脑连接到电话线上，然后就能申请上网。 (3)The best way to improve urban air may be to curb the use of cars，even though modem car are far cleaner than earlier ones． 改善城市空气质量最好的办法可能还是控制汽车的使用，尽管现代 汽车比以前的汽车污染要小得多。 (4)There are many methods by which gastric resection may be accomplished． 胃切除可以用许多方法。
实用科技英语翻译 UNIT TWO[10页]
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6. 【原文】That reality has been seized upon by some groups and scientists disputing the overall consensus and opposing changes in energy policies.
——唐·贾公彦 把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来（也指方言与民族共同语、方言与 方言、古代语与现代语之间一种用另一种表达）：把代表语言文字的符号或数码用语 言文字表达出来。
——《现代汉语词典》 把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来的活动。
——《中国大百科全书·语言文字卷》
翻译过程，可以简单地描述为这样的一个循环：
?译文虽然对这些气候问题的争论很激烈但与面对这些问题要做什么不做什么的争论相比这些问题变得相形见绌因为在我们生活的这个世界无论富裕的还是正在兴起的经济体仍然需要矿物燃料作支撑
实用科技英语翻译
UNIT TWO Global Warming
翻译及科技翻译对译者的要求
翻译定义：
Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).
作为译者，即要娴于双语语言运用，还需要具备广博 的文化知识以及良好的专业知识。就科技翻译来说， 通常科技文章具有“语气正式，陈述客观准确，语言 规范，文体质朴，逻辑性强，专业术语性强”等特点。 这就需要译者具备： 1）高强的英汉语言能力； 2）熟悉英汉文化差异； 3）较好的专业知识背景； 4）熟悉英汉科技文化； 5）严肃认真的态度。
科技英语翻译
A Practical Course on EST Translation《实用科技英语翻译》Course DescriptionCourse Title: A Practical Course on EST Translation/ 《实用科技英语翻译》Hours/week: 2 sessions per weekStudents: Second-year students (A–level, Grade 2008)Instructor:Prof. Wei CHEN, Institute for Translation & Intercultural Studies (ITIS), School of Foreign Languages, WHUTReference books:1) Wuqiu FAN. Selections on Practical EST Translation. Foreign Language Publishing House.2001./范武邱。
《实用科技英语翻译讲评》。
外文出版社。
2001年。
2) Zhijie FENG. Essentials for EST Translation. China Translation Publishing House. 2000./冯志杰。
《汉英科技翻译指要》。
中国对外翻译出版公司。
2000年。
3) Xianfa HUA. A New Practical Textbook of English-Chinese Translation. Hubei EducationPress. 2001./华先发。
新适用英译汉教程。
湖北教育出版社。
2001年。
4) Chengzhang LIN. An Introduction to English Lexicology. Wuhan University Press.1996./林承璋。
实用科技英语翻译研究
实用科技英语翻译研究所谓“通顺”，就是在确切理解和掌握原文的基础上，汉语译文必须规范化，用词造句应符合汉语表达习惯，力求通顺易懂。
要摆脱原文形式的束缚，不要逐词死译，生搬硬套，选用符合汉语习惯的表达方式，把愿意清楚明白的再现出来。
科技译文的通顺还要符合专业表达的习惯，采用规范的专业语言，只在形式上忠实于原文，还不算是好的译文。
在EST翻译中，陆殿杨提出一条原则:“Translate literally, if possible, or appear to free translation.”(能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就采取意译。
)译好科技英语需要具备的三个条件：对英语要比较精通（Good command of English）;汉语水平要比较高（Good command of Chinese）;对有关的科技内容要比较熟悉，即知识水平（Familiarity with Knowledge of Science and Technology）一般来说，从事科技翻译工作，最好是通晓外语的本行专家，由熟悉本行业的行家翻译出来的东西，远比精通外语的门外汉要强得多。
严复翻译的三字标准“信、达、雅”。
求其信，已大难矣！故信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。
易曰修辞立诚，子曰词达而已，又曰言之无文，行之不远。
三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模，故信达而外，求其尔雅。
此不仅期以行远已耳，实则经理微言。
用汉以前字法句法，以为达易；用近世利俗文字，以求达雅，往往意义就词，毫厘千里。
审择于斯二者之间，夫固有所不得已也。
（《天演论》译例言，1898）林语堂：忠实、通顺、美傅雷：神似钱钟书：化境对于“美（雅）”，尚有争议。
但“忠实”和“通顺”已成公认标准。
1. Relatively little research has been centered on the feeding behavior of this species because of difficulty in its detection and capture.2. This conclusion, however, was based on limited feeding observation and irregular occurrence of these “sap-site” trees.3. Other studies conducted analysis on faecal samples from north Queensland and Victoria respectively to determine feeding behavior.4. These studies found…….5. Qualitative observations of feeding behavior in gliders have also been carried out.6. This study aims at achieving this by addressing the following question.7. During a ten-year period of time, the number of HIV-infected children rose from 250 in 1985to 6700 in 1995.In other words, the number of HIV-infected children under 12 increased by almost 3000%, or nearly 30 times over a ten-year period of time and during the same period of time 3811 child died of AIDs.8. Registered students from Henan were 49 in 2001, 50 in 2002 and 47 in 2003. So changes are small with regard to this group over the last three years. Turning to students from Shandong, we find the figure 34 in 2001, and in 2002, the number was almost doubled to settle around 67. In 2003, it fell to 42. The last group is students from Shanxi. As you can see, the number was cut down by half in 2003 compared with the number in 2001.9. Although studies have shown that diet has an important influence on a mammal’s overall biology, little is known about the feeding ecology of many Australian species.10. Advanced ceramic materials such as zirconia have great potential as substitutes for traditional material in many engineering applications; however, a number of problems have thus far restricted their use by engineers. Two of the major problems are difficulties in producing products of reliable and consistent quality and high cost of manufacture.11、The motion of ions is the motion of such atoms as have gained, or lost electrons, which in most cases takes place in chemical solutions.离子的运动，也就是已经得到或失去电子的原子的运动，这种运动大多发生在化学溶液中。
单螺杆加工机床
Bearing radial clearance adjustable spindle structure do not apply to the general accuracy of the general machine tools, does not apply to require a higher accuracy of the spindle of machine tools.
主轴后轴承一般采用1个P5级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承。
Double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings with inner ring and shaft are tapered 1:12, bearing lock nut with a round led a bearing in the axial displacement of the inner ring bearings and expansion, to reduce or eliminate Bearing radial clearance purposes.
The level of machine tool spindle box on the main axis and the base of the vertical axis determines the degree of precision was the precision screw machining, at the same time screw compressor at a speed of thousands of high-speed rotary switch, the accuracy of the screw will be less so that the compressor have a fever, vibration,Care should be taken tolow efficiency, such as wear and tear situation quickly.
科技英语翻译练习
• 目前，中国的宽带接入技术主要有四种。一是有 线电话的同轴电缆光纤混合网技术，二是利用传 统电话线不对称数字用户环路技术，三是小区以 太技术，四是直接卫星连接技术。
• 例如： • 例1. The testing of machines by this method
entails some loss of power.
• 译文∶用这种方法测试机器会浪费一定的 能量。
• 例2. Today the electronic computer is widely used in solving mathematical problems having to do with weather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit.
• 译文：对小于米的单位，十进制是这样应用的： 米被分成分米（dm）、厘米（cm）、毫米 （mm)等等，使测量变得非常简单。此外， 1000米合成一公里（km），作为用来测量长 距离的单位。
• 以上篇章中共出现了四个句子，其中前三个句子 采用了被动语态（算上第三句中的which引导的 非限定性定于从句）。在翻译成汉语时需要作必 要的调整，一般情况下要用主动语态结ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ进行翻 译。该译文如下：
The explosion of the device’s three 30-kiloton atomic mechanism went smoothly.
It was the largest nuclear blast so far in the Atomic Energy Commission project to stimulate massive stores of natural gas locked in rock formations.
科技英语翻译--480句--句句经典
科技英语翻译480句---句句经典一，时间1. When a wire is broken by bending it back and forth rapidly, some of the work is transformed into heat and the wire gets hot.当把导线快速地（通过）来回弯曲折断时，部分功就转换成热，所以导线变热．2. When the moon changes it position, so do the orientation of the tide-generating forces and the position of the equilibrium tide.当月亮的位置改变时，引潮力的取向和平衡潮的位置也改变了．3. The water vapor will chang from its invisible state to condense into visible moisture when the dew point temprature is reched.当露点温度达到时，水气将从其看不见的状态凝结成可见的水分．4.When a user requests a set of resources, it must be determined whether the allocation of these resources will leave the system in safe state.当用户要求一组资源时，必须确定这些资源的分配是否会让系统处于安全状态．5.As the number of users sharing the segment increases, so does the difficulty of finding an acceptable segment number.当合同程序段的用户数目增加时，查找可接受的程序段的号码的困难也增加．6. The aire pressure begins falling accordingly as a typhoon comes near.随着台风的临近，气压开始下降．7.While they are waiting in the ready queue, the I/O devices are idle.当它们在就绪队列中等待时，输入／输出装置则空闲着．8. At the same time the waves are fanning out, they are also separating by wavelength, a process known as dispersion.当这些波向外扩散时，它们也在按波长分开，这一过程叫频散．9.Current stars flowing at the very moment when we close the circuit.当我们一接通线路，电流马上就开始出现．10. Meteorlogy entered a period of rapid advance about the time the Bjerknes' cyclone model appeared.大约在Bjerknes的气旋模型问世前后，气象学进入了一个迅速发展的时期．11. While in the form of radiation, the energy may travel a tremendous distance before being absorbed or changed back into heat.当能量以辐射能形式存在时，可以在经过很长距离后，才被吸收或转化为热．12. When moving over land, a typhoon is gradually decreased in severity.当台风在陆地上移动时，其猛烈性逐渐减弱．13. It is only when particles are close enough to exert relatively large forces on one another that they are able to set each other into this type of vibration.只有当粒子紧密到能够相互施加较大的力时，它们才能使彼此产生这样的振动．14.Only when its melting-point temperature is reached does iron start to pass into a liquid.只有当熔点温度达到时，铁才开始变成液体．15. Only if the component vectors are on a straight line will the length of the vector for the sum be equal to the sum of the lengths of these components or to thier difference.只有当几个分矢量在一直线上，那么表示其和的矢量长度才会等于这些分量的长度和或它们的差．16. Whenever occasion arises intensive observations are to be done to get the information on the fine structure of the atmospheric event.每当必要时，应该进行加密观测以便获得这一大气事件的细微结构的资料．17. Whenever a wave moves out from a source in uniform medium, it travels in straight lines.每当（凡是）波从均匀介质中的波源移出时，它都呈现直线传播．18. Each time the current changes directions, a period of no current, known as slack water, intervenes.每当潮流改变方向时，中间都有一段叫做平潮的无潮流阶段．19.As a rule, the temperature in the troposhere decreases steadily with increasing altitude until the tropopause is reached.通常对流层温度直到对流层顶都是随高度增加而不断地减小的．20. The jetstream was not fully recognized as a meteorological entity until 1949.直到１９４９年急流才作为一种气象实体现象为人们充分认识到．21. The seeds did not start germinating until late March becasue of a long spell of drought.由于一段很长时间的干旱直到３月下旬这些种子才开始发芽．22. Not until August 1974 did the expeditionary obervations begin.直到１９７４年８月考察（探险）活动才开始．23. A piece of metal left in the sun rises in temperature until it loses heat at the same rate at while it absorbs heat.一片放在阳光下的金属，其温度要上升到它吸收热量和失去热量的速率相等时才停止．24. In the simplest case, we start the requested I/O and wait until it iscomplete before returning control to the user program.在最简单的情况下，我们启动一个I/O请求，且一直等到它实现再（才）使控制器返回到用户程序．25. The weather remained the same until after June.那种天气一直维持到６月以后．26. By the time witer begins, coastal waters are thoroughly mixed, with virtually no temperture or salinity differences between surface and bottom waters.到冬季快要开始的时候，沿岸的海水已经彻底混合，表层和底层的水几乎没有什么温度差和盐度差了．27. If there is a page fault, all the old values are written back into memory before the trap occurs.如果有页面错误，则在自陷中断产生之前，所有原来的数值都要写回存储器．28.Such observations must be processed before we can utilize them.在我们能应用这些观测资料之前，它们必须进行处理．29. But thirty years were to elapse before suitable instruments were available to allow adetailed and systematic investigation.但是竟然过了３０年才出现了适用的仪器让我们对之进行细微的系统的考察．30. It was a few years before a breakthrough was made in this field.过了几年在这一领域才有了突破．31. Small objects such as dust particles and water droplets fall only small distances before losing most of their acceleration.向尘埃和小水滴这种小物体只下降很短距离就失去它们的大部分加速度。
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实用科技英语翻译I Answer the following quesitions related to EST Translation (30’)（2个题）1.What’s the definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)?EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of the common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation.2,What are stylistic features of EST?Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level.3, What are the general features of Compound Technical Terms?A. accuracy（确切性）: accurately reflect the nature of the conceptB. monosemy（单义性）: one sense for one wordC .systematization（系统性）:the individual technical terms in a given field should be in a specific level so as to constitute a common systemD. linguistically correct（语言的正确性）: in accordance with the word-formation in the same languageE. conciseness（简明性）: concise and easy to rememberF. motivation（理据性）: just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.G. stability（稳定性）: stable and unlikely to changeH. productivity（能产性）: once established, it is easy to produce more neologisms based the original one by means of word-formation4, What are common rules for Technical Term Translation?As such, we should deal with the relationship of the following aspects:A. monosemy vs. conciseness monosemy is the priorityB. motivation vs. accuracy As science knowledge is rather abstract, motivation in translation is preferredC. stability vs. productivity Productivity is the priorityD. systematization vs. linguistically correctBefore translation of compound technical terms, we should be aware of the nature and tradition of Chinese word-formation.E. Chinese language trait vs. concisenessAs for the numbers of characters, we prefer to use pair characters （偶数词语）or even 4-character expressions（四字结构）.II. Underline and mark out the themes and rhymes of the following sentences with the capital letters T and R respectively. (10’)（2个题）1. Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to hot treatment processes.Parallel：T-R1+R2+R3…Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to hot treatment processes.2. Each cylinder therefore is encased in a water jacket, which forms part of a circuit through which water is pumped continuously, and cooled by means of air drawn in from the outside atmosphere by large rotary fans, worked off the main crankshaft, or in the large diesel-electric locomotives, by auxiliary motors.3.We, the authors having handled a variety of metals and alloys for over forty years, can reassure those following (Theme)andIII. Improve the following translation. As for the first sentence you should provide your improved English translation and as for the second s entence you should provide the improved Chinese one. (10’)（2个题）1.活塞与气缸的配合问题，对发动机的使用寿命影响极大。
影响配合间隙的主要因素是活塞在工作状态下的变形，真实反映活塞变形情况，已广泛采用有限元法进行数值分析。
The joint gap between a piston and a cylinder has great influence on the service life of an engine. The primary factor influencing the joint gap is the deformation of piston under working condition. In order to indicate the actual deformation of piston, the finite element method has been widely applied to analyze it numerically.Improved English Version:As the joint gap between a piston and a cylinder has great influence on the service life of an engine, which the primary factor influencing the joint gap is the deformation of piston under working condition, it is important to indicate the actual deformatio n of piston and for the purpose the finite element method has been widely applied to analyze it numerically.2. Correct timing is of the utmost importance, and also extreme accuracy, down to a twenty-thousandth part of an inch, in the grinding of c ertain parts of the fuel injection pump and the valves.校正定时的工作是极其重要的，而且是极其精确的，对喷油泵与气阀某些部件的研磨精密度应达到两万分之一英寸。