4外文翻译
4翻译
毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考资 料 及 译 文译文题目： CIC MegaCore Function 学生姓名： 高佳 学 号： 1021129024 专 业： 通信工程 所在学院： 龙蟠学院 指导教师： 姜志鹏 职 称： 讲师2013年11月06日CIC MegaCore Function----From DescriptionThis document describes the Altera CIC MegaCore function. The Altera CIC MegaCore function implements a cascaded integrator-comb filter with data ports that are compatible with the Avalon Streaming interface. CIC filters (also known as Hogenauer filters) are computationally efficient for extracting baseband signals from narrow-band sources using decimation, and for constructing narrow-band signals from processed baseband signals using interpolation.CIC filters use only adders and registers, and require no multipliers to handle large rate changes. Therefore, CIC is a suitable and economical filter architecture for hardware implementation, and is widely used in sample rate conversion designs such as digital down converters (DDC) and digital up converters (DUC).The Altera CIC MegaCore function supports the following features:■Support for interpolation and decimation filters with variable rate change factors (2 to 32,000), a configurable number of stages (1 to 12), and two differential delay options (1 or 2).■Single clock domain with selectable number of interfaces and a maximum of 1,024 channels.■Selectable data storage options with an option to use pipelined integrators.■Configurable input data width (1 to 32 bits) and output data width (1 to full resolution data width).■Selectable output rounding modes (truncation, convergent rounding, rounding up, or saturation) and Hogenauer pruning support.■Optimization for speed by specifying the number of pipeline stages used by each integrator.■Compensation filter coefficients generation.■Easy-to-use MegaWizard interface for parameterization and hardware generation.■IP functional simulation models for use in Altera-supported VHDL and Verilog HDL simulators.■DSP Builder ready.Cascaded Integrator Comb (CIC) filters are widely used in modern communication systems. As the signal processing in all aspects of requirements are constantly improve, in digital technology, the design of the filter appears increasingly important.Those who have signal processing ability of device can be referred to as a filter.In the modern telecommunications equipment and all kinds of control system, filter is widely used.Of all the electronic devices, using the most, the most widely used, technology is the most complex filter.Filter quality directly decides the product quality, good performance of filter can make the system more stable, so the filter of the countries all over the research and production has always been highly valued.With the wide application of digital technology, field programmable gate array (FPGA) has been the rapid development, integration and speed is growing.FPGA has high integration and reliability of the gate array (FPGA), and programmable resistance, maximum limit reduces the design cost, shorten the development cycle.Using CIC filters provides a silicon efficient architecture for performing sample rate conversion. This is achieved by extracting baseband signals from narrow-band sources using decimation, and constructing narrow-band signals from processed baseband signals using interpolation. The key advantage of CIC filters is that they use only adders and registers,and do not require multipliers to implement in hardware for handling large rate changes.A CIC filter (also known as a Hogenauer filter) can be used to perform either decimation or interpolation. A decimation CIC filter comprises a cascade of integrators (called the integrator section), followed by a down sampling block (decimator) and a cascade of differentiators (called the differentiator or comb section). Similarly an interpolation CIC filter comprises a cascade of differentiators, followed by an up sampling block (interpolator) and a cascade of integrators .In a CIC filter, both the integrator and comb sections have the same number of integrators and differentiators. Each pairing of integrator and differentiator is called a stage. The number of stages ( N ) has a direct effect on the frequency response of a CIC filter. The response of the filter is determined by configuring the number of stages N , therate change factor R and the number of delays in the differentiators (called the differential delay) M . In practice, the differential delay is set to 1 or 2.The MegaWizard interface only allows you to select legal combinations of parameters, and warns you of any invalid configurations .For high rate change factors, the maximum required data width for no data loss is large for many practical cases. To reduce the output data width to the input level, quantization is normally applied at the end of the output stage. In this case, the following rounding or saturation options are available:■Truncation : The LSBs are dropped. (This is equivalent to rounding to minus infinity.)■Convergent rounding . Also known as unbiased rounding . Rounds to the nearest even number . If the most significant deleted bit is one, and either the least significant of the remaining bits or at least one of the other deleted bits is one, then one is added to the remaining bits.■Round up: Also known as rounding to plus infinity. Adds the MSB of the discarded bits for positive and negative numbers via the carry in.■Saturation: Puts a limit value (upper limit in the case of overflow, or lower limit in the case of negative overflow) at the output when the input exceeds the allowed range. The upper limit is+2n-1 and lower limit is –2n.These rounding options can only be applied to the output st age of the filter. The data widths at the intermediate stages are not changed. The next section describes cases where the data width at the intermediate stages can be changed.Hogenauer pruning [Reference ] is a technique that utilizes truncation or rounding in intermediate stages with the retained numb er of bits decreasing monotonically from stage to stage, while the total error introduced is still no greater than the quantization error introduced by rounding the full precision output. This technique helps to reduce the number of logic cells used by the filter and gives better performance.The existing algorithms for computing the Hogenauer bit width growth for large N and R values are computationally expensive.For more information about these algorithms, refer to U. Meyer-Baese, Digital Signal Processing with Field Programmable Gate Arrays, 2nd Edition, Spinger, 2004.The CIC MegaCore function has pre-calculated Hogenauer pruning bit widths stored within the MegaCore function. There is no need to wait for Hogenauer pruning bit widths to be calculated if Hogenauer pruning is enabled for a decimation filter. Hogenauer pruning is only available to decimation filters when the selected output data width is smaller than the full output resolution data width.There are often many channels of data in a digital signal processing (DSP) system that require filtering by CIC filters with the same configuration. These can be combined into one filter, which shares the adders that exist in each stage and reduces the overall resource utilization. This combined filter uses fewer resources than using many individual CIC filters. For example, a two-channel parallel filter requires two clock cycles to calculate two outputs. The resulting hardware would need to run at twice the data rate of an individual filter. This is especially useful for higher rate changes where adders grow particularly large.To minimize the number of logic elements , a multiple input single output (MISO) architecture can be used for decimation filters, and a single input multiple output (SIMO) architecture for interpolation filters as described in the following sections.In many practical designs, channel signals come from different input interfaces. On each input interface, the same parameters including rate change factors are applied to the channel data that the CIC filter is going to process. The CIC MegaCore function allows the flexibility to exploit time sharing of the low rate differentiator sections. This is achieved by providing multiple input interfaces and processing chains for the high rate portions, then combining all of the processing associated with the lower rate portions into a single processing chain. This strategy can lead to full utilization of the resources and represents the most efficient hardware implementation. These architectures are known as multiple input single output (MISO) decimation filters.Single input multiple output (SIMO) is a feature associated with interpolation CIC filters. In this architecture, all the channel signals presented for filtering come from a single input interface.Like the MISO case, it is possible to share the low sampling rate differentiator section amongst more channels than the higher sampling frequency integrator sections. Therefore, this architecture features a single instance of the differentiator section, and multiple parallel instances of the integrator sections.After processing by the differentiator section, the channel signals are split into multiple parallel sections for processing in a high sampling frequency by the integrator sections. The sampling frequency of the input data is such that it is only possible to time multiplex two channels per bus, therefore the CIC filter must be configured with two input interfaces. Because two interfaces are required, the rate change factor must also be at least two to exploit this architecture. Up to 1,024 channels can be supported by using multiple input interfaces in this way.Single input multiple output (SIMO) is a feature associated with interpolation CIC filters. In this architecture, all the channel signals presented for filtering come from a single input interface. Like the MISO case, it is possible to share the low sampling rate differentiator section amongst more channels than the higher sampling frequency integrator sections.Therefore, this architecture features a single instance of the differentiator section, and multiple parallel instances of the integrator sections.After processing by the differentiator section, the channel signals are split into multiple parallel sections for processing in a high sampling frequency by the integrator sections.The required sampling frequency of the output data is such that it is only possible to time multiplex two channels per bus. Therefore the CIC filter must be configured with four output interfaces. Because four interfaces are required, the rate change factor must also be at least four to exploit this architecture, but in this example a rate change of eight is illustrated.SIMO architecture is applied when an interpolation filter type is chosen and the number of interfaces selected in the MegaWizard interface is greater than one.The total number of input channels must be a multiple of the number of interfaces. To satisfy this requirement, you may need to either insert dummy channels or use more than one CIC MegaCore function. Data is transferred as packets using AvalonStreaming interfaces. CIC filters have a low-pass filter characteristic. There are only three parameters (the rate change factor R , the number of stages N , and the differential delay M ) that can be modified to alter the passband characteristics and aliasing/imaging rejection. However, due to their drooping passband gains and wide transition regions, CIC filters alone cannot provide the flat passband and narrow transition region filter performance that is typically required in decimation or interpolation filtering applications.This problem can be alleviated by connecting the decimation or interpolation CIC filter to a compensation FIR filter which narrows the output bandwidth and flattens the passband gain.You can use a frequency sampling method to determine the coefficients of a FIR filter that equalizes the undesirable passband droop of the CIC and construct an ideal frequency response.The ideal frequency response is determined by sampling the normalized magnitude response of the CIC filter before inverting the response.Generally, it is only necessary to equalize the response in the passband, but you can sample further than the passband to fine tune the cascaded response of the filter chain.The Avalon-ST interface can also support more complex protocols for burst and packet transfers with packets interleaved across multiple channels.The Avalon-ST interface inherently synchronizes multi-channel designs, which allows you to achieve efficient, time-multiplexed implementations without having to implement complex control logic.CIC MegaCore函数----摘自 描述这篇文章对Altera公司的CIC 宏函数作了说明。
外文文献翻译(图片版)
本科毕业论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院经济与贸易学院专业经济学（贸易方向）年级班别2007级 1 班学号3207004154学生姓名欧阳倩指导教师童雪晖2010 年 6 月 3 日目录1 外文文献译文（一）中国银行业的改革和盈利能力（第1、2、4部分） (1)2 外文文献原文（一）CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY（Part 1、2、4） (9)1概述世界银行（1997年）曾声称，中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。
当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候，金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要（Lardy，1998年，Prasad，2007年）。
事实上，不久前，中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”，它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。
但是，在银行改革开展以来，最近，强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。
但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路，它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。
此外，其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲，但不可持续增长。
随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化，银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。
本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响，这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。
相反，我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略，并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现，但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。
本文有三个部分。
在第二节中，我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略，以及其执行情况，这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。
第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行：中国工商银行（工商银行），中国建设银行（建行），对中国银行（中银）和交通银行（交通银行）。
引人注目的是中国农业银行，它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。
第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。
Catti 考试英译汉常见问题
五、货币符号
• 在实务考试中经常会出现货币符号的缩写，这些货币符号一般也需要翻译出来。例如“￡”（英镑）、 “＄”（美元）、“€”（欧元）等等，考生对这些符号要有基本的了解。原文中明明说的是5000万英镑， 你翻译为5000万欧元，实际价值错得离谱。
• 有的考生在译文中将外国人名直接上原文，这是不符合要求的（除非有特 殊规定），阅卷老师会相应地扣分。有的考生在译文中将人名空在那里， 这就更不符合翻译的基本要求了。
三、国名和机构名
• 国名一定要准确翻译，不能有丝毫的马虎，译错绝对要扣分。国名一般都能在字典中查到，只是要注意简 称和全称的问题。“The United States of America”一定要翻译为“美利坚合众国”；如原文为 “USA”,则可译为“美国”。孟加拉国的英文全称是“The People's Republic of Bangladesh”，翻 译为“孟加拉人民共和国”，其简称“Bangladesh”，一定要翻译为“孟加拉国”，不能译为“孟加拉” 而省略了“国”字。
Catti 考试英译汉常见问题
一、数字
• 关于数字用法的问题，国家主管部门已有具体规定，各翻译出版机构以及一些国际组织也有自己的专门规 定。
• 一般的规定是，对于纯粹属于计量或统计范畴的数值，无论原文是否使用阿拉伯数字，译文一般 用阿拉伯数字。例如：原文“654,321,000”，译文中照抄“654,321,000”即可；不能译为6亿5 千4百32万1千。原文“fifty million”，可译为“5 000万”；不能译为“五十百万”，或“50百 万”。对于万以上数字，中文一般以“万”和“亿”为单位；原文“half a billion”，可译为 “5亿”。原文“five trucks”，可译为“5辆卡车”；原文“3-4 percent”，可译为“3%-4%”； 原文“five percentage points”， 可译为“5个百分点”。
(完整版)外文翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿logistics distribution center location factors:(1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste.(2) transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway.(3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to conform to the requirements of the plan for the government, and so on, in the construction distribution center have considered.(4) commodities flow. Enterprise production of consumer goods as the population shift and change, should according to enterprise's better distribution system positioning. Meanwhile, industrial products market will transfer change, in order to determine the raw materials and semi-finished products of commodities such as change of flow in the location of logistics distribution center should be considered when the flow of the specific conditions of the relevant goods.(5) other factors. Such as labor, transportation and service convenience degree, investment restrictions, etc.How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center．At present，most of the research on logistics cost concentrates off theoretical analysis of direct factors of logistics cost, and solves the problem of over-high logistics Cost mainly by direct channel solution．This research stresses on the view of how to loeate distribution center, analyzes the influence of locating distribution center on logistics cost．and finds one kind of simple and easy location method by carrying on the location analysis of distribution center through computer modeling and the application of Exeel．So the location of agricultural product logistics distribution center can be achieved scientifically and reasonably, which will attain the goal of reducing logistics cost, and have a decision．making support function to the logisties facilities and planning of agricultural product．The agricultural product logistics distribution center deals with dozens and even hundreds of clients every day, and transactions are made in high-frequency. If the distribution center is far away from other distribution points，the moving and transporting of materials and the collecting of operational data is inconvenient and costly. costly．The modernization of agricultural product logistics s distribution center is a complex engineering system，not only involves logistics technology, information technology, but also logistics management ideas and its methods，in particular the specifying of strategic location and business model is essential for the constructing of distribution center. How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center. The so—called logistics costs refers to the expenditure summation of manpower, material and financial resources in the moving process of the goods．such as loading and unloading，conveying，transport，storage，circulating，processing, information processing and other segments. In a word。
4字祝福语外文翻译
4字祝福语外文翻译Blessing is a universal language that transcends borders and connects people from different cultures and backgrounds. Whether it's a simple "good luck" or a heartfelt "may all your dreams come true," the power of a four-word blessing can bring warmth and joy to anyone who receives it.In Chinese culture, four-word blessings are often used to convey well-wishes and good intentions. These concise and meaningful phrases are believed to carry positive energy and bring blessings to the recipient. From "平安幸福" (peace and happiness) to "事业有成" (success in career), these four-word blessings encompass a wide range of wishes for health, prosperity, and happiness.When it comes to translating these four-word blessings into foreign languages, it's important to capture not only the literal meaning but also the cultural and emotional nuances behind the words. Each language has its own unique expressions and idioms that convey similar sentiments, and finding the right words to convey the essence of a blessing is crucial in ensuring that the message resonates with the recipient.In English, four-word blessings can take on various forms, from simple and straightforward phrases like "love and happiness" to more poetic expressions such as "joyful heart, peaceful mind." The key is to convey the sincerity and warmth behind the blessing, regardless of the specific words used.In Spanish, four-word blessings often reflect the rich cultural traditions and values of the language. Phrases like "amor y paz" (love and peace) and "salud y prosperidad" (health and prosperity) encapsulate the deeply rooted beliefs in family, love, and well-being.In French, the elegance and beauty of the language are reflected in four-word blessings such as "joie et bonheur" (joy and happiness) and "paix et amour" (peace and love). These phrases evoke a sense of romance and sophistication, adding an extra layer of charm to the blessings.In Japanese, the art of expressing blessings is deeply ingrained in the language and culture. Four-word blessings like "健康と幸せ" (health and happiness) and "平和と愛" (peace and love) reflect the Japanese values of harmony, gratitude, and mindfulness.No matter the language, the essence of a four-word blessing remains the same – to convey heartfelt wishes for the well-being and happiness of the recipient. Whether it's in Chinese, English, Spanish, French, Japanese, or any other language, the power of a sincere blessing knows no bounds.In a world where communication knows no borders, the ability to convey blessingsin different languages is a testament to the universal desire for love, happiness, and peace. As we continue to connect with people from diverse backgrounds and cultures, the exchange of blessings in various languages serves as a reminder of our shared humanity and the beauty of diversity.In conclusion, the translation of four-word blessings into foreign languages is not simply a matter of finding equivalent words, but rather a delicate art of capturing the essence and spirit of the blessings across different cultures and languages. It is a celebration of the universal language of love, kindness, and goodwill that unites us all, regardless of where we come from or what language we speak. So, whether it's "平安幸福," "love and happiness," or "paix et amour," may the blessings we share bring warmth and joy to all who receive them.。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译4ADVISOR 使用说明
附录ADVISOR Documentation3.1 ADVISOR file structure3.1.1 File interactions & data flowThe above schematic represents data flow in the ADVISOR file system. The four main agent types are:◆Input Scripts define variables in the workspace and/or call other inputscripts. An example is MC_PM32.M.◆Block Diagrams are Simulink files containing the equations used tocompute outputs such as fuel use from inputs such as an engine map.They are the models. One example is BD_PAR.MDL.◆Output Scripts post process the model outputs by querying theworkspace. These may include plotting routines or error checkingroutines. chkoutputs.m is an example.◆Control Scripts may both develop inputs and process outputs. Examplesinclude the ADVISOR GUI and optimization routines.3.1.2 File locationsThe main ADVISOR directory (e.g. c:\ADVISOR or c:\Program Files\ADVISOR) contains several sub directories. Among these are the data, GUI, and models directories that contain the corresponding files.3.1.3 File naming conventionsAll model and data files use a prefix followed by an underscore (‘_’) that is the same as the prefix used for (nearly all of) the variables it defines, which in turn is in pointy brackets (<>) at the end of the Simulink block in which those variables are used. Here are ADVISOR’s c omponent file types:ACC_*.M Accessory load filesCYC_*.M Driving cycle files, which define variables starting with cyc_, used in the block labeled <cyc>ESS_*.M Energy storage system data files, which likewise define variables starting with ess_, used in the block labeled <ess>EX_*.M Exhaust after treatment files (such as catalysts)FC_*.M Fuel converter data filesTX_*.M Transmission data files (these include gearbox-gb and final drive-fd variables)GC_*.M Generator/controller data filesMC_*.M Motor/controller data filesPTC_*.M Powertrain control data files, which define engine control, clutch control, and hybrid control strategy variables starting with vc_ and cs_, used in blocks labeled <vc> and <cs>TC_*.M Torque coupler data filesVEH_*.M Vehicle data filesWH_*.M Wheel/axle data filesIn addition to the above component data files, there is one other type thatuse prefixes:BD_*.MDL Simulink block diagrams (models)All filenames that include prefixes are entirely in capital letters to avoid confusion with variable names, which are entirely in lower-case letters.3.1.4 Adding files to ADVISORThe easiest way to add a particular kind of file to ADVISOR is to modify an existing file of that kind and save it with a new file name, entirely in capital letters, in the appropriate ADVISOR directory. This will ensure that all variables necessary to fully define the particular component will be included in your new file. For adding vehicle component or drive cycle files, clicking the pushbutton in the graphical user interface brings up a window to guide the process.3.1.5 Inspecting input filesComponent files and nearly all other files in ADVISOR are text files (the exceptions are mat files, which contain Matlab-specific data), and can be viewed and edited in any text editor. A fixed pitch font helps. We recommend using the Matlab editor/debugger packaged with Matlab 5.3. Additionally, text files can be viewed in the Matlab command window by entering type filename at the MATLAB command line.3.1.6 Deleting files from ADVISOR‟s databaseFiles can be removed from ADVISOR by either deleting them using your operating system or by entering the following at the Matlab command line: !rm filenameDeleting files via the operating system is preferable, especially on PC and Macintosh platforms, where …deleted‟ files will be preserved in Trash or the Recycle Bin.3.2 Drivetrain model descriptionsADVISOR has six different vehicle types and two specific vehicle choices, as listed below. Each of these has a different drivetrain. There is also an option to use a custom drivetrain.Conventional Drivetrain: The conventional vehicle represents a typical passenger car. It uses only a fuel converter for motive power. The default gearbox is a 5 speed. The conventional accessories are a constant mechanical power load.Series Drivetrain: The series vehicle components include a fuel converter, a generator, batteries, and a motor. The fuel converter does not drive the vehicle shaft directly. Instead, it converts mechanical energy directly into electrical energy via the generator. All torque used to move the vehicle comes from the motor. The default gearbox is a one speed. The default control strategy is a series power follower. The hybrid accessories are a constant electrical power load.Parallel Drivetrain: The parallel vehicle components include an engine, batteries, and a motor. Is is named parallel because both the motor and the engine can apply torque to move the vehicle. The motor can act in reverse as a generator for braking and to charge the batteries. The default control strategy isan electric assist. The default gearbox is a 5 speed. The hybrid accessories are a constant electrical power load.Parallel Starter/Alternator: The parallel starter/alternator vehicle components include an engine, batteries, and a motor. It is named parallel starter/alternator because the motor behaves like the starter and the alternator of a conventional vehicle. It allows for engine shutdown and restart and for minimal electric assist. It is a parallel design because both the motor and the engine can apply torque to move the vehicle. The major difference between the parallel starter/alternator design and the basic parallel design is the location of the clutch. The clutch is positioned between the gearbox and torque coupler in the parallel starter/alternator design while it is located between the torque coupler and the engine in the basic parallel design. This means that if the vehicle is moving and the clutch is engage both the engine and motor shafts must be rotating. The motor can act in reverse as a generator for braking and to charge the batteries. The default control strategy is an electric assist <Parallel.htm>. The default gearbox is a 5 speed. The hybrid accessories are a constant electrical power load.Custom:The above figure represents a conventional vehicle's drivetrain using components from ADVISOR. Note that most blocks have two inputs and two outputs. Each block passes and transforms a torque and speed request, and each block also passes an achievable or actual torque and speed.The top arrows, feeding left-to-right, are the torque and speed requests. Thedrive cycle requests or requires a given speed. Each block between the driving cycle and the torque provider, in this case the ICE, then computes its required input given its required output. It does this by applying losses, speed reductions or multiplications, and its performance limits.At the end of the line, the …ICE fuel converter‟ uses its required torque output and speed to determine how much torque it can actually deliver and its maximum speed. Then passing information back to the left, each component determines its actual output given its actual input, using losses computed during the …input requirement‟ pass described above. Finally, the vehicle block computes the vehicle's actual speed given the tractive force and speed limit it receives, and uses this speed to compute acceleration for the next time step. And so the cycle continues throughout the duration of the driving cycle.The following describe the torque, speed, and power transformations performed by the drivetrain component models that connected to each other as explained above to build a vehicle model. In addition, the somewhat trickier blocks that perform solely …control‟ f unctions are documented below.3.2.3 TransmissionTorque couplerTorque coupler block diagramRole of subsystem in vehiclePhysically, a torque coupler is a three-sprocket belt or chain drive whereby two torque sources combine their torques to provide to a drivetrain component such as the gearbox or final drive. The torque coupler block diagram processes atorque and speed request from the downstream drivetrain component and apportions requests of the two ‘feeder’ torque sources.Description of modeling approachThe effects of torque loss and a gear ratio between the second of the torque input devices and the output are modeled here. The torque loss is a constant whenever the torque coupler is spinning.The torque coupler first requests the sum of necessary output torque and torque coupler loss from the first torque source. Using the actual/available torque of the first source, it requests the balance of the second torque source. The speeds of the two torque providers are in constant proportion to the torque coupler output speed: the first input speed equals the output speed, and the second input speed is greater by a factor tc_mc_to_fc_ratio.GearboxGearbox block diagram Role of subsystem in vehicleThe gearbox of a multi-speed transmission houses gears of different gear ratios that are used to transmit torque from the engine or tractive motor to the final drive and on to the wheels. It thereby allows a number of discrete speed reduction and torque multiplication factors. Inclusion of a gearbox is critical to the drivetrain of conventional and parallel hybrid vehicles, and generally less important for series hybrids.Description of modeling approachThe gearbox model in ADVISOR usually communicates physics (torque, speed,and power) information to and from the final drive submodel and engine, torque converter, and/or motor model. Control information as might be sensed or commanded by a CPU in the vehicle, such as gear number, is passed to and from the transmission control submodel.Effects on torque and speed in the gearbox include:∙torque multiplication and speed reduction via the gear ratio,∙torque loss due to the acceleration of rotational inertia, and∙torque loss due to the friction of the turning gears.These effects are modeled empirically. Data files such as <ADVISOR directory>/data/transmission/TX_5SPD.M are required to supply necessary physical parameters.The equations represented by the Simulink block diagram in the picture corresponding to the link above are as follows.Equations used in subsystemTORQUE AND SPEED REQUIRED(torque req’d into gearbox) = (torque req’d out of gearbox) / (current gear ratio) +(torque req’d to accelerate rotational inertia) + (torque loss due to friction),where(torque req’d out of gearbox) is a Simulink input (#1, in the top left of the above figure)(current gear ratio) is computed from (current gear number), which is provided by the "gearbox controller interface" block, using the look-up vector gb_ratio(torque req’d to accelerate rotational inertia) = gb_inertia* d(speed req’d into gearbox)/dt(torque loss at transmission input due to friction) = function of [torque at output-side of gearbox, angular speed at output side of gearbox, gear (e.g., 1st, 2nd, etc.)]--this is implemented with a lookup-table(speed req’d into gearbox) = (speed req’d out of gearbox) * (current gear ratio)TORQUE AND SPEED AVAILABLE(torque avail. at output side of gearbox) = { (torque avail. at input side of gearbox) * [(output side power) / (input side power)]required - (torque req’d to accelerate rotational inertia) } * (current gear ratio)where(torque avail. at input side of gearbox) is a Simulink input (#2, in the bottom left of the above figure)[(output side power) / (input side power)]required is computed from the input and output torques and speeds of the REQUIRED calculations(speed avail. at output side of gearbox) = (speed avail. at input side of gearbox) / (current gear ratio)ADVISOR 使用说明3.1ADVISOR的文件结构3.1.1 文件交互与数据流ADVISOR 文件系统的数据流如上图所示。
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译unavailable。
The first step in the design process is to define the problem and XXX are defined。
the designer can begin toXXX evaluated。
and the best one is XXX。
XXX.Mechanical DesignA XXX machines include engines。
turbines。
vehicles。
hoists。
printing presses。
washing machines。
and XXX and methods of design that apply to XXXXXX。
cams。
valves。
vessels。
and mixers.Design ProcessThe design process begins with a real need。
Existing apparatus may require XXX。
efficiency。
weight。
speed。
or cost。
while new apparatus may be XXX。
To start。
the designer must define the problem and XXX。
ideas and concepts are generated。
evaluated。
and refined until the best one is XXX。
XXX.XXX。
assembly。
XXX.During the preliminary design stage。
it is important to allow design XXX if some ideas may seem impractical。
they can be corrected early on in the design process。
计算机外文翻译（完整）
计算机外⽂翻译（完整）毕业设计(论⽂)外⽂资料翻译专业：计算机科学与技术姓名：王成明学号：06120186外⽂出处：The History of the Internet附件： 1.外⽂原⽂ 2.外⽂资料翻译译⽂；附件1：外⽂原⽂The History of the InternetThe Beginning - ARPAnetThe Internet started as a project by the US government. The object of the project was to create a means of communications between long distance points, in the event of a nation wide emergency or, more specifically, nuclear war. The project was called ARPAnet, and it is what the Internet started as. Funded specifically for military communication, the engineers responsible for ARPANet had no idea of the possibilities of an "Internet."By definition, an 'Internet' is four or more computers connected by a network.ARPAnet achieved its network by using a protocol called TCP/IP. The basics around this protocol was that if information sent over a network failed to get through on one route, it would find another route to work with, as well as establishing a means for one computer to "talk" to another computer, regardless of whether it was a PC or a Macintosh.By the 80's ARPAnet, just years away from becoming the more well known Internet, had 200 computers. The Defense Department, satisfied with ARPAnets results, decided to fully adopt it into service, and connected many military computers and resources into the network. ARPAnet then had 562 computers on its network. By the year 1984, it had over 1000 computers on its network.In 1986 ARPAnet (supposedly) shut down, but only the organization shut down, and the existing networks still existed between the more than 1000 computers. It shut down due to a failied link up with NSF, who wanted to connect its 5 countywide super computers into ARPAnet.With the funding of NSF, new high speed lines were successfully installed at line speeds of 56k (a normal modem nowadays) through telephone lines in 1988. By that time, there were 28,174 computers on the (by then decided) Internet. In 1989 there were 80,000 computers on it. By 1989, there were290,000.Another network was built to support the incredible number of people joining. It was constructed in 1992.Today - The InternetToday, the Internet has become one of the most important technological advancements in the history of humanity. Everyone wants to get 'on line' to experience the wealth of information of the Internet. Millions of people now use the Internet, and it's predicted that by the year 2003 every single person on the planet will have Internet access. The Internet has truly become a way of life in our time and era, and is evolving so quickly its hard to determine where it will go next, as computer and network technology improve every day.HOW IT WORKS:It's a standard thing. People using the Internet. Shopping, playing games,conversing in virtual Internet environments.The Internet is not a 'thing' itself. The Internet cannot just "crash." It functions the same way as the telephone system, only there is no Internet company that runs the Internet.The Internet is a collection of millioins of computers that are all connected to each other, or have the means to connect to each other. The Internet is just like an office network, only it has millions of computers connected to it.The main thing about how the Internet works is communication. How does a computer in Houston know how to access data on a computer in Tokyo to view a webpage?Internet communication, communication among computers connected to the Internet, is based on a language. This language is called TCP/IP. TCP/IP establishes a language for a computer to access and transmit data over the Internet system.But TCP/IP assumes that there is a physical connecetion between onecomputer and another. This is not usually the case. There would have to be a network wire that went to every computer connected to the Internet, but that would make the Internet impossible to access.The physical connection that is requireed is established by way of modems,phonelines, and other modem cable connections (like cable modems or DSL). Modems on computers read and transmit data over established lines,which could be phonelines or data lines. The actual hard core connections are established among computers called routers.A router is a computer that serves as a traffic controller for information.To explain this better, let's look at how a standard computer might viewa webpage.1. The user's computer dials into an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP might in turn be connected to another ISP, or a straight connection into the Internet backbone.2. The user launches a web browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer and types in an internet location to go to.3. Here's where the tricky part comes in. First, the computer sends data about it's data request to a router. A router is a very high speed powerful computer running special software. The collection of routers in the world make what is called a "backbone," on which all the data on the Internet is transferred. The backbone presently operates at a speed of several gigabytes per-second. Such a speed compared to a normal modem is like comparing the heat of the sun to the heat of an ice-cube.Routers handle data that is going back and forth. A router puts small chunks of data into packages called packets, which function similarly to envelopes. So, when the request for the webpage goes through, it uses TCP/IP protocols to tell the router what to do with the data, where it's going, and overall where the user wants to go.4. The router sends these packets to other routers, eventually leadingto the target computer. It's like whisper down the lane (only the information remains intact).5. When the information reaches the target web server, the webserver then begins to send the web page back. A webserver is the computer where the webpage is stored that is running a program that handles requests for the webpage and sends the webpage to whoever wants to see it.6. The webpage is put in packets, sent through routers, and arrive at the users computer where the user can view the webpage once it is assembled.The packets which contain the data also contain special information that lets routers and other computers know how to reassemble the data in the right order.With millions of web pages, and millions of users, using the Internet is not always easy for a beginning user, especially for someone who is not entirely comfortale with using computers. Below you can find tips tricks and help on how to use main services of the Internet.Before you access webpages, you must have a web browser to actually be able to view the webpages. Most Internet Access Providers provide you with a web browser in the software they usually give to customers; you. The fact that you are viewing this page means that you have a web browser. The top two use browsers are Netscape Communicator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Netscape can be found at /doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html and MSIE can be found at /doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html /ie.The fact that you're reading this right now means that you have a web browser.Next you must be familiar with actually using webpages. A webpage is a collection of hyperlinks, images, text, forms, menus, and multimedia. To "navigate" a webpage, simply click the links it provides or follow it's own instructions (like if it has a form you need to use, it will probably instruct you how to use it). Basically, everything about a webpage is made to be self-explanetory. That is the nature of a webpage, to be easily navigatable."Oh no! a 404 error! 'Cannot find web page?'" is a common remark made by new web-users.Sometimes websites have errors. But an error on a website is not the user's fault, of course.A 404 error means that the page you tried to go to does not exist. This could be because the site is still being constructed and the page hasn't been created yet, or because the site author made a typo in the page. There's nothing much to do about a 404 error except for e-mailing the site administrator (of the page you wanted to go to) an telling him/her about the error.A Javascript error is the result of a programming error in the Javascript code of a website. Not all websites utilize Javascript, but many do. Javascript is different from Java, and most browsers now support Javascript. If you are using an old version of a web browser (Netscape 3.0 for example), you might get Javascript errors because sites utilize Javascript versions that your browser does not support. So, you can try getting a newer version of your web browser.E-mail stands for Electronic Mail, and that's what it is. E-mail enables people to send letters, and even files and pictures to each other.To use e-mail, you must have an e-mail client, which is just like a personal post office, since it retrieves and stores e-mail. Secondly, you must have an e-mail account. Most Internet Service Providers provide free e-mail account(s) for free. Some services offer free e-mail, like Hotmail, and Geocities.After configuring your e-mail client with your POP3 and SMTP server address (your e-mail provider will give you that information), you are ready to receive mail.An attachment is a file sent in a letter. If someone sends you an attachment and you don't know who it is, don't run the file, ever. It could be a virus or some other kind of nasty programs. You can't get a virus justby reading e-mail, you'll have to physically execute some form of program for a virus to strike.A signature is a feature of many e-mail programs. A signature is added to the end of every e-mail you send out. You can put a text graphic, your business information, anything you want.Imagine that a computer on the Internet is an island in the sea. The sea is filled with millions of islands. This is the Internet. Imagine an island communicates with other island by sending ships to other islands and receiving ships. The island has ports to accept and send out ships.A computer on the Internet has access nodes called ports. A port is just a symbolic object that allows the computer to operate on a network (or the Internet). This method is similar to the island/ocean symbolism above.Telnet refers to accessing ports on a server directly with a text connection. Almost every kind of Internet function, like accessing web pages,"chatting," and e-mailing is done over a Telnet connection.Telnetting requires a Telnet client. A telnet program comes with the Windows system, so Windows users can access telnet by typing in "telnet" (without the "'s) in the run dialog. Linux has it built into the command line; telnet. A popular telnet program for Macintosh is NCSA telnet.Any server software (web page daemon, chat daemon) can be accessed via telnet, although they are not usually meant to be accessed in such a manner. For instance, it is possible to connect directly to a mail server and check your mail by interfacing with the e-mail server software, but it's easier to use an e-mail client (of course).There are millions of WebPages that come from all over the world, yet how will you know what the address of a page you want is?Search engines save the day. A search engine is a very large website that allows you to search it's own database of websites. For instance, if you wanted to find a website on dogs, you'd search for "dog" or "dogs" or "dog information." Here are a few search-engines.1. Altavista (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed2. Yahoo (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed Collection3. Excite (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed4. Lycos (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed5. Metasearch (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Multiple searchA web spider is a program used by search engines that goes from page to page, following any link it can possibly find. This means that a search engine can literally map out as much of the Internet as it's own time and speed allows for.An indexed collection uses hand-added links. For instance, on Yahoo's site. You can click on Computers & the Internet. Then you can click on Hardware. Then you can click on Modems, etc., and along the way through sections, there are sites available which relate to what section you're in.Metasearch searches many search engines at the same time, finding the top choices from about 10 search engines, making searching a lot more effective.Once you are able to use search engines, you can effectively find the pages you want.With the arrival of networking and multi user systems, security has always been on the mind of system developers and system operators. Since the dawn of AT&T and its phone network, hackers have been known by many, hackers who find ways all the time of breaking into systems. It used to not be that big of a problem, since networking was limited to big corporate companies or government computers who could afford the necessary computer security.The biggest problem now-a-days is personal information. Why should you be careful while making purchases via a website? Let's look at how the internet works, quickly.The user is transferring credit card information to a webpage. Looks safe, right? Not necessarily. As the user submits the information, it is being streamed through a series of computers that make up the Internet backbone.The information is in little chunks, in packages called packets. Here's the problem: While the information is being transferred through this big backbone, what is preventing a "hacker" from intercepting this data stream at one of the backbone points?Big-brother is not watching you if you access a web site, but users should be aware of potential threats while transmitting private information. There are methods of enforcing security, like password protection, an most importantly, encryption.Encryption means scrambling data into a code that can only be unscrambled on the "other end." Browser's like Netscape Communicator and Internet Explorer feature encryption support for making on-line transfers. Some encryptions work better than others. The most advanced encryption system is called DES (Data Encryption Standard), and it was adopted by the US Defense Department because it was deemed so difficult to 'crack' that they considered it a security risk if it would fall into another countries hands.A DES uses a single key of information to unlock an entire document. The problem is, there are 75 trillion possible keys to use, so it is a highly difficult system to break. One document was cracked and decoded, but it was a combined effort of14,000 computers networked over the Internet that took a while to do it, so most hackers don't have that many resources available.附件2：外⽂资料翻译译⽂Internet的历史起源——ARPAnetInternet是被美国政府作为⼀项⼯程进⾏开发的。
XXX财务分析体系外文文献翻译最新译文
XXX财务分析体系外文文献翻译最新译文XXX the use of DuPont financial analysis system in XXX DuPont system breaks down the return on equity (ROE) into three components: net profit margin。
asset turnover。
and financial leverage。
Using data from a sample of listed companies。
the study finds that the DuPont system is effective in XXX。
the XXX that it should be used in n with other financial analysis tools.In recent years。
there has been a growing interest in using financial analysis tools to XXX financial analysis system is one such tool that has XXX in the 1920s to analyze the performance of its own ns。
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it has been widely used in the financial XXX.The DuPont system breaks down the ROE into three components: net profit margin。
asset XXX。
and financial leverage。
The net profit margin measures the XXX efficiency of the company's use of its assets to generate sales。
外文翻译及文献综述
2 无线射频系统(RFID)的原理及安全性分析
2.1 RFID系统概述 RFID系统一般由三部分组成[3]： 标签(Tag)：它是RFID的核心部件,主要包括用于收 发信息的藕合元件和一块微控制芯片组成,芯片内存 有唯一的电子编码； 阅读器(Reader)：用来对标签进行读写操作的设备； 天线(Antenna)：传递射频信号必需的收发装置。
毕业设计过程中阅读的和课题注意是 “和课题相关的”。不要选择 和课题无关的外文资料进行翻译。
3.1.3 外文翻译工具
谷歌翻译(/#) 有道翻译(/) 爱词霸翻译(http://fy.iciba. com/)
(3) Chien和Chen于2007年提出了一个符合EPC Class 1 Generation 2 的 RFID双向认证协议[18]
(4) Tassos Dimitriou等人提出的安全与效率兼得的协议
6 小结
虽然RFID技术在各行各业中有良好的应用前景，但如果不能很好 地解决隐私、追踪等安全问题，这种应用前景难以变成现实的产 业，因此，对RFID安全协议进行研究具有比较重要的意义。 本文首先对RFID系统进行了大致的描述，包括RFID系统的结构 及其原理，并针对在RFID系统上存在的一些隐私与安全隐患做了 细致分析，指出了在RFID系统上采用安全措施的必要性。同时从 多个角度阐述了一些RFID安全机制，重点介绍了基于密码技术的 RFID协议，文中又可分为基于杂凑的安全协议和其他密码学机制 的安全协议，并对文中提到的每一个协议给出了详细的通信流程， 分析了这些协议的缺陷。 随着RFID技术成本的降低和技术的成熟，人们将会越来越重视 RFID的安全性问题。我们相信,在不久的将来，RFID安全与隐私 问题一定能得到进一步完善的解决，同时RFID技术也一定会全面 普及。
英文翻译 附原文
本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译（附外文原文）系 ( 院 )：资源与环境工程系课题名称：英文翻译专业(方向)：环境工程班级：2004-1班学生：3040106119指导教师：刘辉利副教授日期：2008年4月20使用褐煤（一种低成本吸附剂）从酸性矿物废水中去除和回收金属离子a. 美国, 大学公园, PA 16802, 宾夕法尼亚州立大学, 能源部和Geo 环境工程学.b. 印度第80号邮箱, Mahatma Gandhi ・Marg, Lucknow 226001, 工业毒素学研究中心, 环境化学分部,于2006 年5月6 日网上获得，2006 年4月24 日接受，2006 年3月19 日;校正，2006 年2月15 日接收。
摘要酸性矿物废水(AMD), 是一个长期的重大环境问题，起因于钢硫铁矿的微生物在水和空气氧化作用, 买得起包含毒性金属离子的一种酸性解答。
这项研究的主要宗旨是通过使用褐煤（一种低成本吸附剂）从酸性矿水(AMD)中去除和回收金属离子。
褐煤已被用于酸性矿水排水AMD 的处理。
经研究其能吸附亚铁, 铁, 锰、锌和钙在multi-component 含水系统中。
研究通过在不同的酸碱度里进行以找出最适宜的酸碱度。
模拟工业条件进行酸性矿物废水处理, 所有研究被进行通过单一的并且设定多专栏流动模式。
空的床接触时间(EBCT) 模型被使用为了使吸附剂用量减到最小。
金属离子的回收并且吸附剂的再生成功地达到了使用0.1 M 硝酸不用分解塔器。
关键词:吸附; 重金属; 吸附; 褐煤; 酸性矿物废水处理; 固体废料再利用; 亚铁; 铁; 锰。
文章概述1. 介绍2. 材料和方法2.1. 化学制品、材料和设备3. 吸附步骤3.1. 酸碱度最佳化3.2. 固定床研究3.2.1 单一栏3.2.2 多栏4. 结果和讨论4.1. ZPC 和渗析特征4.2 酸碱度的影响4.3. Multi-component 固定吸附床4.3.1 褐煤使用率4.4. 吸附机制4.5. 解吸附作用研究5. 结论1. 介绍酸性矿物废水(AMD) 是一个严重的环境问题起因于硫化物矿物风化, 譬如硫铁矿(FeS2) 和它的同素异形体矿物(α-FeS) 。
消费者行为外文文献及翻译
消费者行为外文文献及翻译1. 文献1 - "Consumer Behaviour: A Literature Review"该文献综述了消费者行为的研究历史和研究主题。
消费者行为是一个复杂的概念，涉及到对商品和服务的选择、购买、使用和处置。
研究表明，消费者行为受到多种因素的影响，包括个人因素、社会因素和文化因素等。
文献探讨了这些因素在消费者行为中的作用和相互关系。
2. 文献2 - "Factors Affecting Consumer Behaviour"该文献探讨了影响消费者行为的因素。
作者将这些因素分为个人和非个人因素。
个人因素包括个体的需求、态度、和个性等因素，非个人因素包括文化、社会、经济和技术等因素。
文献分析了这些因素对消费者行为的影响和作用。
3. 文献3 - "Consumer Behaviour in Online Shopping"该文献分析了消费者在网络购物中的行为。
文献指出，网络购物已经成为一种常见的购物方式，消费者在网络购物中表现出的行为与传统购物有很大的不同。
该文献分析了消费者在网络购物中的决策过程、购物体验和选择因素等方面的行为。
4. 文献4 - "Cross-Cultural Consumer Behaviour: A Review"该文献研究了跨文化环境下的消费者行为。
文献指出，不同的文化背景会对消费者的行为产生不同的影响。
跨文化消费者行为研究是一个新兴的研究领域，需要进一步的深入研究和探讨。
5. 文献5 - "The Impact of Advertising on Consumer Behaviour"该文献研究了广告对消费者行为的影响。
广告是一种重要的营销工具，可以影响消费者选择和购买行为。
该文献分析了广告在消费者行为中的作用和影响机制。
6. 翻译 - "消费者行为的定义"消费者行为是指个体或群体在购买、使用和处置商品和服务过程中所表现出的态度、行为、选择和决策等活动。
秘书职责外文文献翻译
秘书职责外文文献翻译This XXX。
Perak。
The research was XXX 100 XXX are required to perform a wider range of job XXX compared to those in the public sector。
The study XXX.nThe role of secretaries has evolved over the years from being XXX。
secretaries are employed in both the public and private sectors。
and their job XXX they work for。
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外文翻译要求
外文翻译要求
一、外文翻译的目的：
通过外文文献查阅与翻译，熟悉本专业主要的外文书刊，了解毕业设计课题的国内外发展现状和发展趋势及其使用的技术手段和研究方法，进一步提高对外文的阅读应用能力。
二、外文翻译的内容:
阐述所选课题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向，特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果。
可以是系统业务上的文档，也可以是系统涉及到的技术手段的文档。
三、外文翻译的要求：
1.需符合学校相关要求。
3.需认真研读和查阅术语完成翻译，保证翻译语句流畅。
4.翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业设计主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计的参考文献。
以下为学校的要求：
一、译文文本要求
1．外文译文不少于2000汉字；
2．外文译文本文格式参照论文正文规范（标题、字体、字号、图表、原文信息等）；
3．外文原文资料信息列文末，对应于论文正文的参考文献部分，标题用“外文原文资料信息”，内容包括：
1）外文原文作者；
2）书名或论文题目；
3）外文原文来源：
□出版社或刊物名称、出版时间或刊号、译文部分所在页码
□网页地址
二、外文原文资料（电子文本或数字化后的图片）：
1．外文原文不少于10000印刷字符（图表等除外）；
2．外文原文若是纸质的请数字化（图片）后粘贴于译文后的原文资料处，但装订时请用纸质原文复印件附于译文后。
外文翻译
Abs t ract : Ubiquitous comp uti ng s ys tems t ypically have lots of securit y p roblems i n t he a rea of i dentit y a ut hentication by mea ns of classical P KI met hods . The li mited comp uti ng resources , t he disconnection network , t he classification requirements of i dentit y a ut hentication , t he requirement of t rust t ra nsfer a nd cross i dentit y a ut hentication , t he bi2 di rectional i dentit y a ut hentication , t he securit y delegation a nd t he si mple p rivacy p rotection etc a re all t hese uns olved p roblems . In t his p aper , a new novel ubiquitous comp uti ng i dentit y a ut hentication mecha nis m , na med U CIAMdess , is p resented. It is based on D2S Evi dence Theory a nd extended S P KI/ SDSI. D2S Evi dence Theory is used i n UCIAMdess to comp ute t he t rus t val ue f rom t he ubiquitous comp uti ng environment to t he p ri ncip al or between t he different ubiquitous comp uti ng envi ronments . S P KI2based a ut horization is exp a nded by a ddi ng t he t rus t certificate i n U CIAMdess to s olve above p roblems i n t he ubiquit ous comp uti ng environments . The i dentit y a ut hentication mecha nis m a nd t he algorit hm of certificate reduction a re given i n t he p ap er to s olve t he multi2levels t rus t2correlative i dentit y a ut hentication p roblems . The perf orma nce a nalyses s how t hat U CIAMdess is a s uit able securit y mecha nis m i n s olvi ng t he complex ubi quitous comp uti ng p roblems . Key words : ubiquitous com puting ; i dentit y authentication mechanism ; D2S Evi dence T heory ; S P K I/ S D S I ; secu rit y
外文文献翻译原文+译文
外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。
4P营销策略和营销渠道外文文献翻译2014年译文3000多字
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their preferences。
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This plan should include the different marketing channels that will be used to reach out to potentialcustomers。
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4P营销策略和营销渠道外文文献翻译2014年译文3000多字
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外文文献翻译格式
外文文献翻译格式
外文文献翻译格式一般需包括以下内容：
1. 文献翻译的题目：对外文文献的标题进行翻译，并在翻译后的题目前加上“外文文献翻译：”。
2. 文献的出处：包括外文文献的作者名称、文献标题、原文出版信息等。
3. 翻译的正文：按照文章的段落，将外文文献逐段翻译成中文。
在翻译的文本前后加上序号，以示区分。
4. 翻译的语言风格：外文文献翻译应注重语言风格的保持。
翻译时要根据文章的风格，选择适当的中文表达方式，保持原文的句子结构和词汇用法。
5. 原文和译文对照：将原文和译文对照排列，方便读者对照阅读。
可以将原文和译文分别排列在左右两栏中，或者将原文和译文分别放在不同的页面上，便于对照阅读。
6. 翻译中的注释：如果有部分内容翻译困难或有待解释的地方，在翻译文中添加注释。
注释的格式一般为在译文后面加上方括号，括号内的文字为注释内容。
7. 译者的信息：在文献翻译末尾一般会加上译者的姓名，并注明译者的专业领域或者工作单位。
总之，外文文献翻译格式需要将原文翻译成中文，保持原文的结构和风格，并加上适当的注释和对照，方便读者阅读和理解。
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毕业设计（论文）
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1、模板的使用方法
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（2）按照提示直接单击或单击后选择“编辑”→“选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”就可添加相应内容。
2、在“原稿出处”中对原稿的来源进行说明，包括作者姓名、出处、出版信息等。
期刊类文献书写方法：作者（不超过3人，多者用“等”或“et al”表示）．[J]．刊名，出版年，卷号（期号）：起止页码．
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3、检索和利用外文资料的能力是现阶段毕业设计（论文）环节中所要求掌握的基本能力之一。
外文翻译是在查阅外文文献时，将篇幅适当、内容与选题相关的外文资料翻译成中文。
通过翻译外文资料，可更深层次地了解国外相关领域的现状，同时也是对翻译能力的锻炼，并为考察和检验学生外语能力提供依据。
4、进行外文翻译应注意以下几点：
（1）翻译的外文文献内容应与论文选题相关；一般应选自国外学术期刊、学术会议的文章及其他相关材料。
（2）篇幅、深度和难度适当，可以由1～2篇文章组成。
5、外文翻译字数应达到3000字以上（翻译成中文后的汉字字数）。
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