英汉互译之修辞格的翻译
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暗喻;Metaphor 1) 何等动人的一页又一页篇章! 这是人类思维的花朵。 (徐迟:《哥德巴赫猜想》) What inspiring chapters! They are the flowers of the human brainwork. 2) 霎时间,东西长安街成了喧腾的大海。(袁鹰: 《十月长安街》) At once,the Eastern and Western Chang’an Roads became roaring oceans. 3) Jane’s uncle is an old fox,up to all kinds of evils. 简的叔叔是个老狐狸,什么坏事都干得出来。 4) After that long talk,Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次长谈之后,吉姆成了她心中的太阳。
讳饰;Euphemism (委婉语) 1)尤氏道:“我也暗暗地叫人预备了。——就是 那件东西,不得好木头,且慢慢地办着罢。” (曹雪芹:《红楼梦》,第十一回) “I’ve secretly sent people to get things prepared. But they haven’t found good wood for that thing yet,so we have to wait.” 2) His daughter is rather weak in the head. 他的女儿脑子不太好使。 (原文用 “weak in the head”来回避 “stupid”或 “foolish”这两个词,译文用 “脑子不太好使”来 代替 “笨”或 “蠢”字。)
但部分明喻采用了语义双关,不能从字面上进行 翻译,我们只要译出其实际意思便可: as cool as a cucumber 非常冷静(像黄瓜一样镇定) as sharp as a needle 十分精明 (像针一样精明) as tight as a drum 手非常紧,不肯花钱 (像鼓一样紧) as sure as a gun 一点不错 (像枪一样确切)
移就;Hypallage 1) 然而悲惨的皱纹,却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现 了。(《鲁迅全集》第二卷) Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth. 2) 广场上又烧起欢乐的篝火。(曲波:《林海雪 原》) Jubilant bonfires were lit again on the square.
转喻;Metonymy 1) 秃头站在白背心的略略正对面,弯了腰,去研 究背心上的文字。(鲁迅:《示众》) Baldy,standing almost directly opposite White Jerkin,stooped to study the characters written on his jerkin. 2) His wife spent all her life on the stage. ( = theatrical profession) 他的妻子在舞台上度过了一生。(=戏剧工作,表 演艺术) 3) Paper and ink cut the throats of men,and the sound of a breath many shake the world. (= written words;speech) 纸墨能割断人的喉管,嗓音能震动整个世界。(纸 墨=写几个字;嗓音=说几句话)
现在可知的汉语修辞手法有六十三大类,七十八小类。
常见修辞手法:
明喻;暗喻;拟人;夸张; 讳饰;转喻;省略;折绕; 移就;通感;呼告;递升; 递降;反语; 排比;设问; 反问;谲辞
1. 直译法 ——对可译的辞格,尽可能直译
明喻 Simile 1) 刘玉翠回到村里,就好比是住进了监牢里。 (康濯《春种秋收》) Having returned to the village,Liu Yucui felt as if she had got into prison. 2) He drove as if possessed by the devil. 他着魔似的驾车狂奔。
这个辞格在汉语和英语修辞里有着共同的特 点,那就是明显地打比方,在本体和喻体之 间都出现显而易见的喻词,如:汉语里的 “像”、“好像”、 “比如”、“仿佛”、 “好比”、“像……一样”、“如……一般” 等等;英语里的like,as,as if,as though 等等。在翻译时,我们可利用其共同特点, 用译文中相应的喻词来译原文里本体之间的 喻词。
2)“Don’t talk to me about no opportunity any more. Opportunity’s knocking down every door in the country,trying to get in. When I was young,a man had to go out and find opportunity and drag it home by the ears.”(Kurt Vonnegut: Tom Edison’s Shaggy Dog) “休说什么机会难逢。机会正在国内每家每户敲 门,想要进去呢。 我年轻那会儿,人们得出门去 寻找机会,揪着耳朵把它拖回来。”
英语里 as ... as ...结构的明喻大多可以直 译: as cold as ice 冰冷 as hot as fire 火热 as hard as rock 坚如磐石 as light as feather 轻如鸿毛
下面的直译生动形象,也能被中国读者所 理解接受: as busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌 as bold as a lion 像狮子一样勇猛 as cheerful as a lark 像云雀一样快活 as blind as a bat 像蝙蝠一样瞎
汉语的暗喻和英语的暗喻都不露比喻的痕 迹,把甲直接说成 “ 是”乙或“变成了” 乙,常用的喻词在汉语里有 “是”、“变 成”、“变为”、“成为”、“成了”、 “当作”等,英语里常用 “be”作喻词,也 用 “become”,“turn into”等词语。暗喻 在翻译中一般也可采取直译。
拟人;Personification
1) 每条岭都是那么温柔,虽然下自山脚,上至岭 顶,长满了珍贵的林木,可是谁也不孤峰突起, 盛气凌人。(老舍:《小花朵集》) All the ridges were so amiable. None of them stood above the others with arrogance, though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.
把本来用以修饰人的形容词移属于同人有关的抽 象物或具体物,这种貌似错误、实为妙用的修辞 格叫做 “移就”(hypallage),它通过词语巧妙 的“移植”,来取得常规搭配所无法得到的效果。
折绕;Periphrasis 1) “孔乙己,你脸上又添上新伤疤了!”(鲁迅: 《孔乙己》)(“ 添上新伤疤”意为 “又挨打 了”。) “Kong Yiji! You’ve got fresh scars on your face!” 2) 胡思乱想,一夜也不曾合眼。(曹雪芹:《红 楼梦》,第十二回)(“不曾合眼”意为“没睡 着觉”。) Indulging himself in wild fancies,he did not close his eyes throughout the night.
3) After a happy day,she had a sleepless night. 她在度过欢乐一天之后,却又熬过一个不眠之夜。 4) In the examination,the boy threw a nervous glance at the teacher,who was obviously suspicious of his cheating. 在考场上,那个男孩用紧张的眼光瞥了老师一眼, 老师显然怀疑到他在作弊。
省略;Ellipsis 1) 得到母亲去世的消息,我很悲痛。(“得 到”= “我得到”)(朱德: 《母亲的回忆》) On hearing of my mother’s death,I was caught in a tremendous grief. (“on hearing of”= “as soon as I heard of ”) 2) “When did he say this?” “At the playground. And walking home. Yesterday.” (= “He said this at the playground when he was walking home yesterday.”(John Cheever:The Season of Divorce) “他什么时候说这话的?”“在广场上。昨天回家的 路上。”
3) Her olfactory system was suffering from a temporary inconvenience. (= Her nose was blocked.) 她的嗅觉系统暂时有些不便。(=她鼻塞。) 4) His brother is a disturber of the piano keys. (= pianist) 他哥哥是一个跟钢琴键找麻烦的人。(=钢琴家) (这些折绕句有着幽默的效果。)
3) How soon hath Time,the subtle thief of youth,stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year! (John Milton) 时间,这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷,盗窃 了我二十又三年飞走了。
夸张; Hyperbole 1)我从乡下跑到京城里,一转眼已经六年了。 (鲁迅:《一件小事》) Six years have passed by in a twinkle since I came to the capital city from the countryside. 2) She is the prettiest girl in the world. 她是世界上最漂亮的姑娘。
E-C Translation
Rhetoric
英语常用修辞:
simile明喻; metaphor 暗喻; metonymy转喻; synecdoche 提喻; personification拟人; hyperbole夸张; antithesis对偶; pun双关;
Baidu Nhomakorabearony反语; euphemism委婉; circumlocution 迂回; climax渐进; parallelism平行; onomatopoeia 拟声; aposiopesis 跳脱; rhetorical question 设问
有时采用意译来翻译转喻更为合适 1) Great minds think alike. (= Great people think alike.) 英雄所见略同。(不宜译成 “伟大的脑袋 所见略同。”) 2) Gray hair should be respected. (gray hair = the aged) 老年人应受到尊敬。(不宜译成 “灰头发 应受到尊敬。”)