金融服务贸易文献综述及外文文献资料

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金融支持文献综述及外文文献资料

本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献标题: Internationalization strategy, firm resources and the survival of SMEs in the export market作者: Baum, Matthias期刊: Journal of International Business Studies卷: 45；期: 7；页: 821-841；年份: 2014The Activation of Technology Finance through Support for Small and Medium-SizedEnterprises in KoreaAbstractAs the economy transitions to a knowledge-based paradigm, small and medium-sized enterprises can become more competitive by securing greater technological power, coupled with excellent innovation and flexibility. Thus, the objective of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the current situations of Small and medium-sized enterprises in Korea, and to discuss on the activation of technology finance provision systems.Keywords: Small and medium-sized enterprise, Technology finance, Ventures1. IntroductionThe Korean economy grew rapidly until the mid-1990s. Such rapid economic growth was promoted in an economic structure in which large enterprises, rather than small and medium-sized enterprises, were the top priority. However, advanced countries must maintain a high-speed industrial structure based on up-to-date technology and high added value, and such structure must be considered subservient to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises characterized by excellent technology innovation and flexibility.In the past, policies and systems designed to support the technological development of small and medium-sized enterprises were not constructed in a generally efficient and organic manner, but were rather pursued in a very complex and makeshift way, in efforts to quickly address changing situations. Beginning in the mid-1990s, Korean economic growth was led by knowledge-based industries, whichexpanded over a short period of time, during which a great deal of support was provided to small and medium-sized enterprises in order to nurture knowledge-based enterprises and activate ventures according to the degree of firm growth. Such policies also contributed greatly to price and employment stability, as well as improved international payment balance. However, despite the rapid growth of knowledge-based industries, the majority of technology-driven enterprises in Korea suffer from fund-raising difficulties.Under the present global economic regime, the development of national industries requires the fostering of ventures and the strengthening of their competitiveness based on their technologies and intellectual property rights. In this age of globalization, in which technology finance is becoming increasingly important, the purpose of this paper is to determine the current state of small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as the actual conditions of technology finance support systems in Korea.2. The Characteristics and Current Situation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in KoreaThe scale of small and medium-sized enterprises is relatively small as compared to large enterprises. In other words, small and medium-sized enterprises in an economic regime tend to have less capital, technology, and management ability than large enterprises (Jeong, 2009; Moon, 2000). In our world, small and medium-sized enterprises play such a significant role in a national economy and have so great a political and social impact on the country that the position of small and medium-sized enterprises must be considered of great value to a country's economic stability and growth. Generally, small and medium-sized enterprises perform a positive role in establishing the foundation for the stability of the national economy, activating the development of the economy, expanding the export base, advancing the industrial structure, achieving balanced growth, enhancing the country's ability to meet economic challenges, improving the balance of international payments, diversifying consumer choices, innovating relevant technologies, and activating local economies (Friedman et al., 2000; Kim, 1993).Small and medium-sized enterprises in Korea are facing substantial troubles, both at home and abroad. Their external problems include industrial adjustment-associated restructuring, while their internal problems include a rapidly changing international environment, including evolving international political conditions. The Gyeonggi Small and Medium Business Center monitored the on-site difficulties faced by small and medium-sized enterprises, and identified their most prominent problem as financial difficulty, followed by difficulties associated with manpower, rising costs, and markets (including domestic demand and exports). Table 1 below lists these difficulties, which can be considered the top priorities.According to 'the survey results of the lack of small and medium-sized enterprises funds in 2004' published by the Korean Federation of Small and Medium Business, the top difficulty experienced recently by small and medium-sized enterprises is that associated with the supply of and demand for raw materials (66.4%), followed by declining sales (47.4%), delays in collecting money for sales (34.2%), and reductions in delivery prices (29.8%). With regard to the difficulty associated with the supply of and demand for raw materials, 10.1% more small-sized enterprises experienced a problem than mid-sized ones (68.9% of small enterprises and 58.8% of middle enterprises faced the difficulty). 49.5% of small and medium-sized enterprises reported that it was "difficult" for them to take out a loan from technology financing institutions, which insisted on secured loans and tightened loan examinations, whereas only 5.7% replied it was "not difficult" For them to secure a loan. This illustrates the urgent need for improvements in loaning systems, such that relevant funds may be supplied to small and medium-sized enterprises in a timely manner. This can be achieved via the activation of guarantee loaning systems that differ from existing systems, allowing money to be lent to small and medium-sized enterprises, and considerably simplifying and reducing a variety of technology financing procedures. In 2008, small and medium-sized enterprises had less ability to pay because of increases in the prices of crude oil, iron and steel, and other raw materials, coupled with weaker demand in the international market. Additionally, technology finance instability originating in the USA resulted in the spread of technology finance andobject economy crises and credit crunches all over the world, which in turn caused a substantial deterioration in the finances of small and medium-sized enterprises, which have lower credit ratings than large enterprises. In particular, the number of new small and medium-sized enterprises in existence has decreased rapidly since October 2008, when unfavorable technology finance conditions seriously aggravated global credit crises and a depression in domestic markets.As can be observed in the data presented above, small and medium-sized enterprises in Korea are relatively small-scale and profoundly affected by both internal and external factors. Therefore, in order to achieve competitive superiority in this age of internationalization, the enterprises should, first of all, rearrange and reform their systems to promote more efficient technological development, followed by attempts to secure both tangible and intangible technological power.3. Support for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Korea: The Case of Firm KWe consider here the current condition of technology financing support for small and medium-sized enterprises in Korea, with focus placed on a guaranteeing firm (K), which is a semi-governmental organization. K is a fund that has established a comprehensive support system for technology finance, and that leads in technology finance (here, technology finance refers to the demand for and supply of funds required for the technology innovation process, which includes R&D, technology founding, and technology business). Firm K was established in 1989 and has, for the past 19 years, provided technology guarantees worth a total of 149 trillion won to small and medium-sized enterprises with excellent technology and marketability, so as to improve their technological competitiveness and activate their technology financing.In particular, firm K has established the foundation of a comprehensive support system for technology finance by means of identifying such ventures and inno-biz enterprises with high growth potential and expanding support for them, and by offering those entities a variety of services connected with technology appraisal. On the basis of the experts' appraisal of the enterprises' technological power, support has largely been provided to companies with weak financial structures, but superiortechnological power (57.7% of the firms to which technology appraisal guarantees were offered in 2008 did not have a good financial rating); additionally, appraisal models for the support of company establishments have been developed in order to create jobs, to lay foundations for future growth, and to strengthen support for new technological enterprises. Support for R&D technology finance has also been incrementally expanded in an effort to foster investments in technological development, so as to promote the technological competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises and to create new growth motive powers in the national economy. In order to address the lack of flexibility of small and medium-sized enterprises, an issue which was exacerbated by the economic downturn resulting from the tech finance crisis in the USA, a variety of systems have been employed to expand technology guarantees; all such schemes were mobilized expressly to overcome this unprecedented economic crisis. Firm K plays a leading role as a comprehensive technology finance provider by offering intensive support to efforts to establish technology innovation enterprises such as ventures, inno-biz enterprises, and technological enterprises, allowing for the creation of new economic growth motive powers for the economy, the continual expansion of technology appraisal guarantees, and the active identification and support of innovative small and medium-sized enterprises.In 2008, firm K selected and concentrated technological enterprises and ventures that might prove to be future growth motive powers of the national economy and thus might efficiently create jobs. In that year, 10.9594 trillion won (87.2% of the total guarantee support) was provided to technology innovation enterprises (small and medium-sized enterprises equipped with technological powers), representing a 1.7710 trillion won increase over the 9.1884 trillion won (82.9% of the total guarantee support) spent in 2007. The figure of 10.9594 trillion won was 87.7% of the total guarantee balance at the end of 2008, and 82.8% of that in 2007. For the exclusive use of ventures, firm K provided 7.6444 trillion won in 2008 (60.9% of the total guarantee support), representing an increase of 1.5537 trillion won (54.9% of the total guarantee support) over the 6.907 trillion won spent in 2007, and will have provided 8.3000trillion won (53.2% of the total guarantee support) in 2009. Additionally, with regard to the guarantees provided by firm K to inno-biz enterprises, 2008 saw a figure of 6.6783 trillion won (53.2% of the total guarantee support), a 1.5888 trillion won increase as compared to the 5.895 trillion won (45.9% of the total guarantee support) provided in 2007; 8.6000 trillion won (55.1% of the total guarantee support) will have been provided in 2009. In continually guaranteeing new technology businesses that had been established less than five years ago, so as to vitalize the national economy as well as activating the foundation of small and medium-sized enterprises and creating jobs, firm K provided 3.3872 trillion won in 2007 and 4.4378 trillion won in 2008, and will have offered more than 5.3000 trillion won in 2009. After having firmly constructed an appraisal system optimized for the provision of technology finance to technology innovation enterprises, a core factor in technology finance, firm K provided technology innovation enterprises with technology appraisal guarantees worth 8.9859 trillion won, representing a 47.2% increase over the amount provided in the previous year (6.1052 trillion won) and 71.3% of the total guarantee balance.Recently, a survey was conducted with the guaranteed enterprises, and it was revealed that 55% of the respondents actually utilized the guarantee to employ workers, and 21% employed 4??6 workers: a total of 90% employed additional workers. It was also demonstrated that the respondents demanded several policies for small and medium-sized enterprises, most notably the multiplication of policy funds and guarantee support. Furthermore, the majority of the respondents clearly recognized "technology finance" as a future efficient means for supporting small and medium-sized enterprises.With regard to our findings concerning technology guarantees, the company has generally played a leading role in strengthening the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises via the intensive activation of technology finance, the selection and concentration of technological innovation enterprises (small and medium-sized enterprises with technological powers), and the consolidation of support for the flexibility of technology-based enterprises.4. ConclusionTechnology finance refers to the demand for and supply of funds required in the technology innovation process, including R&D, technology founding, and technology business. Technology finance is clearly a necessary process, as intangible assets such as technology and knowledge have become increasingly important factors in the competitiveness of enterprises as the knowledge-based economy has deepened, and technology finance should be increasingly allocated to technology innovation-type small and medium-sized enterprises, the central axes of the knowledge-based economy, in order to strengthen their innovation capabilities when R&D investments are made primarily by large enterprises.Consequently, the rapidly evolving internal and external management environments require small and medium-sized enterprises to substantially adjust the fundamentals of their existence. Speaking from a microscopic viewpoint, important demand variables include the high-grade and diversified domestic demands created by economic development and improved income levels, whereas those of supply include rising raw materials prices, difficulty in securing technicians, and skyrocketing labor costs. These changes in management environments are a necessary emerging phenomenon in the process of transitioning into an advanced economy; small and medium-sized enterprises can survive such environmental changes only in cases in which they are able to secure their own technological competitiveness. It is expected, then, in this present age in which a knowledge-based economic paradigm predominates, that intangible technology assets will create more value than will tangible assets.Comprehensively considering the above-mentioned entirety, the Korean government-when assessing the future of its national economy-should be ready to make a concerted and continuous effort to foster and unsparingly support innovation-type small and medium-sized enterprises.二、文献综述金融支持与中小企业技术创新文献综述摘要：金融是现代经济的核心，金融对于整个经济社会的发展具有辅助支撑作用，技术创新是中小企业可持续发展的源泉，而金融支持又是影响技术创新发展的重要因素。

金融服务贸易论文：我国金融服务贸易国内技术含量及其国际竞争力评价

金融服务贸易论文：我国金融服务贸易国内技术含量及其国际竞争力评价【中文摘要】金融是整个国民经济的核心,金融服务业的发展对国民经济发展起到巨大推动作用。

进入21世纪以来,我国金融服务业不断发展,已经形成了一个以银行业、证券业、保险业、信托业为主体,其他金融服务业为补充,相对比较完善的金融服务体系。

同时伴随金融全球化程度的不断加深,尤其2006年《外资银行管理条例》正式生效,我国金融业全面开放,在享受国外金融机构带来先进技术的同时,我国金融服务业也面临巨大的挑战。

本文运用2000年-2008年的数据,通过构建国内技术含量、贸易竞争指数等相关指标对我国金融服务贸易进入新世纪以来金融服务质量和国际竞争力变化趋势加以分析,并与其他发达国家相对比,从而反映我国金融服务贸易在国际市场中发展水平。

研究发现我国金融服务贸易国内技术含量和国际竞争力虽然取得一定程度发展,但依然落后于世界发达国家水平。

为提高我国金融服务贸易质量,增强我国金融服务贸易国际竞争力,本文借鉴其他国家发展金融服务贸易的成功经验,在金融监管、技术创新、人才培养和发展离岸金融服务外包市场等方面为发展我国金融服务贸易提供建议。

【英文摘要】Finance is the core of the whole national economy. Financial services play an important role in development of national economy. Since the 21st century,financial services of our country develop rapidly. Now, our country has formed a relative perfect financial service system, which take banking, securities, insurance industries and trust business as main body and other financial services for complement. With the deepening of the financial globalization degree, especially regulations on the administration of foreign-funded Banks entered into force in 2006, financial service industry of our country open to the outside world. When we enjoy advanced technology providing by financial institutions, our country’s financial service industry is facing a great challenge.This paper analyses the trend of our country’s financial service quality and international competitiveness from 2000 to 2008 by building the domestic technical content, trade competitiveness index and other related indexes, and compared with other developed countries, which reflects China’s financial services trade in the international market development level. We found that domestic technical content and international competitiveness of China’s financial services trade obtained a certain degree development, but still backward in advanced countries. In order to improve the quality of our country’s financial service trade and enhance international competitiveness of China’s financialservices trade, this paper give advices in financial supervision, technical innovation, talent cultivation and development of offshore financial service outsourcing market by learning from other countries’success experience.【关键词】金融服务贸易国内技术含量国际比较国际竞争力【英文关键词】Financial Services Trade Domestic Technical Content International Competitiveness International Comparison【备注】索购全文在线加好友：1.3.9.9.3.8848同时提供论文写作一对一指导和论文发表委托服务【目录】我国金融服务贸易国内技术含量及其国际竞争力评价摘要4-5Abstract5引言7-8一、文献综述8-12（一）国内外研究现状8-10（二）本文研究思路10-11（三）主要创新点11-12二、金融服务贸易品国内技术含量方法设计与数据来源说明12-15（一）一国金融服务贸易产品国内技术含量指标构建12-14（二）数据来源说明14-15三、我国金融服务贸易国内技术含量变动趋势及其国际比较15-21（一）我国金融服务贸易国内技术含量变动趋势分析15-18（二）我国金融服务贸易国内技术含量国际比较18-21四、我国金融服务贸易国际竞争力及其国际比较21-24（一）一国金融服务贸易国际竞争力指标构建21（二）我国金融服务贸易国际竞争力变动趋势分析21-22（三）我国金融服务贸易国际竞争力国际比较22-24五、结论与政策建议24-33（一）各国促进金融服务贸易发展策略分析24-28（二）我国金融服务贸易发展水平28（三）促进我国金融服务贸易发展的政策建议28-33参考文献33-35附录35-41后记41。

金融服务贸易文献综述及外文文献资料

本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献标题: Linking Service and Finance作者: Eugene W. Anderson期刊: Marketing Science, 卷: 25期:6；页: 587-589；Linking Service and FinanceEugene W. AndersonAbstractPerhaps the single most important step for future research is to develop a coherent body of knowledge that links service and marketing efforts to financial outcomes and models. Both researchers and practitioners need to better understand how service and marketing efforts affect financial statements and market valuation. To fully map the influence of service efforts on financial returns, they must also solidify their understanding of the chain from service and marketing effort to financial outcome -- the service-profit chain. Modeling in marketing science must continue to evolve from a goods-based, transaction-specific perspective that asks how marketing can best influence individual purchase decisions to a service-based perspective of customer value creation and relationships that asks how service and marketing efforts influence customers and value creation dynamically. Marketing science is shifting its focus toward a world in which service and relationships dominate.Keywords: service; service-profit chain; marketing discipline; marketing theory; audience for marketing scienceI am delighted to have an opportunity to comment on Rust and Chung's (2006) timely and insightful article. This article does an excellent job of summarizing the evolution of marketing models of service and relationships. Rust and Chung (2006) rightly attribute increasing interest in such models to ongoing changes in information technology-an ancient trend with an extremely high likelihood of continuing into the future. Their eloquent and provocative observations on the implications of this trend for future research and practice should dramatically influence both.The purpose of this note is to build on Rust and Chung's thoughtful and sound foundation by highlighting certain research priorities, elaborating on the types of research questions that warrant attention, and further exploring the implications of their work for marketing science and the marketing field as a whole.Making Sense to FinancePerhaps the single most important step for future research is to develop a coherent body of knowledge that links service and marketing efforts to financial outcomes and models. Both researchers and practitioners need to better understand how service and marketing efforts affect financial statements and market valuation. In the absence of such knowledge, senior management and shareholder ambivalence toward marketing efforts is likely to increase, and discontent with service management may follow-especially in firms dominated by a finance- or operations-oriented mindset.To coexist with finance and operations, service managers must develop credible approaches to mapping service-related expenditures and investments into the size, timing, and risk associated with anticipated future cash flows resulting from those investments. Financially oriented managers and companies need to be able to assess whether the size and timing of anticipated cash flows provide an acceptable return given the required resources, as well as whether expected returns offer adequate compensation for the inherent level of risk.Developing concepts and tools to link service efforts to financial returns requires service researchers and practitioners to clearly understand financial statements and financial approaches to valuation, the chain of effects that lead from investments in service to customer behaviors beneficial to the firm, and the mapping from current and potential customer behavior into the size, timing, and risk of anticipated financial returns.With regard to integrating service and finance perspectives, some potential areas of inquiry might include the following:* How do service investments affect the size and timing of anticipated cash flows from customers?* How might we capture the efficacious effects of service and marketing efforts on the risk associated with anticipated future cash flows from customers?* How do we provide a reasonable valuation of anticipated future cash flows that goes beyond current customers and current offerings to capture three other important types of anticipated future cash flows: (1) spending by new customers on current offerings, (2) purchases of future offerings by current customers, and (3) future offerings to future customers.* What is the appropriate discount rate and time horizon? How and why do these parameters vary across customers?* How do we handle heterogeneity in the risk of cash flows from different customers?* How do we best capture the value of service investments on financial statements (e.g., income statement, balance sheet)?* What is the relative impact of service and marketing efforts on the value of anticipated cash flows, as opposed to efforts in areas such as operations, R&D, or human resources?Streamlining the Service-Profit ChainTo fully map the influence of service efforts on financial returns, we must also solidify our understanding of the chain from service and marketing effort to financial outcome-the service-profit chain. Currently there are a host of attitudinal (e.g., brand awareness, brand preference, willingness to pay, customer satisfaction, perceived value, service quality, trust) and behavioral metrics (e.g., customer acquisition, customer retention, share of requirements, price tolerance, recommendations) vying for a role in this chain of effects. Many of these constructs compete to capture the same underlying phenomena, and it has become a confusing landscape for both researchers and practitioners alike. Both academics and practitioners would benefit from a clearer understanding of the right set of such "leading indicators" best suited to linking service investment to financial outcomes. A list of possible questions for research might include the following:* What attitudinal constructs work best in terms of prediction of behavioral andfinancial outcomes?* What behavioral constructs, in turn, best predict financial outcomes?* Which attitudinal and behavioral constructs are most actionable for managers (i.e., can be measured, traced back to specific controllable actions, etc.)?* How should attitudinal measures be linked to one another, to behavioral outcomes, and ultimately to financial outcomes?* How does the appropriate set of attitudinal and behavioral outcomes vary across industries? Across firms with different strategies?* Are attitudinal constructs always relevant? Are behavioral constructs? What factors influence the relative importance of using each?* How do we handle heterogeneity across a firm's different customers in terms of the relative importance of these constructs and their associations?* How do competitive forces influence the service-profit chain and, consequently, the impact of service investments on financial returns?Developing Models Managers Can UseAs academics, perhaps our greatest impact on business and society comes from developing models that managers will actually use. To do this, we need to better understand managers' use of service and relationship models, as well as identify the means by which the best use of such models can be made. In this regard, it might also be useful to consider several key organizational issues related to service and relationship models:* How well are managers actually developing and implementing models of service and relationships?* What do managers see as the biggest challenges in their own efforts to model service and relationships? In what areas do managers see the greatest opportunities?How do we encourage firms to invest in systematic modeling of service efforts and their impact on financial outcomes, as mapped through attitudinal and behavioral constructs?* How do we encourage dissemination and use of what is learned from such systems throughout the firm?* For what level of the organization are such systems best devised?* How can ownership and support for service modeling be achieved?* How can we model the impact of service efforts on not just financial outcomes but also on other areas of the firm, such as operations and human resources?* How do we best communicate the effect of service investments on financial outcomes? To the finance function? To senior management? To shareholders?Meeting the Challenge to Marketing Science and MarketingAs Rust and Chung (2006) so eloquently argue, the importance of models of service and relationships has grown dramatically and will continue to do so as the service-based portion of the world economy increases relative to goods. Modeling in marketing science must continue to evolve from a goods-based, transaction-specific perspective that asks how marketing can best influence individual purchase decisions to a service-based perspective of customer value creation and relationships that asks how service and marketing efforts influence customers and value creation dynamically. Without creating greater intellectual capital in this important area, marketing science may find itself increasingly less relevant to management practice and, consequently, less relevant to business research and education.In addition to creating the right intellectual capital for academic journals, we must also provide our students-doctoral, master's, and undergraduate-with the right training to compete in this world. For our professional students, what proportion of their education is grounded in a goods context? Are the concepts and tools developed based on the marketing of nondurable and durable goods as relevant in a world dominated by service? In our doctoral seminars, how much time is spent on research focused on service and relationships, as opposed to concepts and tools primarily developed and tested in a goods-based context? Are students receiving appropriate training in theory and methods from the basic disciplines that will be most relevant to addressing business problems in an economy dominated by service? For both groups, we need to work to ensure that we have a competitive advantage among business school faculties in training both future managers and future scholars for such a world.Marketing science is shifting its focus toward a world in which service andrelationships dominate. Mainstream marketing in the future is likely to bear a closer resemblance to today's business-to-business marketing, direct marketing, relationship marketing, and/or service marketing, than to the previously dominant context and perspective of marketing durable and nondurable goods. This ongoing trend presents an important opportunity for marketing science to help the marketing academic field as a whole increase its value to the many different audiences we serve. Rust and Chung's insightful analysis of existing research and the implications for future research should help to accelerate our collective contribution in these important areas.SidebarAlthough invited commentaries are not formally peer-reviewed and represent the opinion of the author, authors were carefully chosen based on their outstanding expertise in the areas of their respective commentaries.ReferencesRust, Roland T., Chung Tuck-Siong. 2006. Marketing models of service and relationship. Marketing Sci. 25(6) 560-580.二、文献综述金融服务贸易文献综述摘要：金融服务贸易经过二十年的发展，主要是去管制化和国际化的过程。

金融文献综述范文

一、引言金融学作为一门综合性学科，近年来在全球范围内受到了广泛关注。

随着金融市场的不断发展，金融学的研究领域也在不断扩大。

本文旨在对近年来国内外金融学领域的研究文献进行综述，以期为后续研究提供参考。

二、文献综述1.金融风险管理金融风险管理是金融学领域的重要研究方向之一。

近年来，国内外学者对金融风险管理的理论、方法及其在实践中的应用进行了深入研究。

如王宏伟（2018）提出了一种基于Copula函数的金融风险管理模型，能够有效评估金融资产组合的风险。

张丽丽（2019）研究了金融风险管理在金融危机中的作用，认为有效的风险管理策略能够降低金融危机发生的可能性。

2.金融创新金融创新是金融行业发展的动力。

近年来，国内外学者对金融创新的理论、实践及其影响进行了广泛研究。

例如，李明（2017）分析了金融创新对经济增长的影响，认为金融创新能够促进经济增长，提高资源配置效率。

赵婷婷（2018）探讨了金融科技对传统金融业的影响，指出金融科技将推动金融业转型升级。

3.金融监管金融监管是维护金融市场稳定、防范金融风险的重要手段。

近年来，国内外学者对金融监管的理论、实践及其改革进行了深入研究。

如刘强（2016）分析了金融监管改革的必要性，提出了完善金融监管体系的建议。

张勇（2017）研究了金融监管与金融创新的关系，认为金融监管应与金融创新相协调。

4.金融发展金融发展是金融学领域的研究热点之一。

近年来，国内外学者对金融发展的理论、实践及其影响因素进行了广泛研究。

如陈文（2015）分析了金融发展对经济增长的影响，认为金融发展能够促进经济增长。

黄丽娟（2016）研究了金融发展对收入分配的影响，指出金融发展能够提高低收入群体的收入水平。

5.国际金融国际金融是金融学领域的一个重要分支。

近年来，国内外学者对国际金融的理论、实践及其影响进行了广泛研究。

如王思宇（2014）分析了国际金融风险对我国金融市场的影响，提出了防范国际金融风险的建议。

国内外金融中心研究文献综述

国内外金融中心研究文献综述国内外金融中心的研究文献始于第一次世界大战前后，在90余年间的历史过程中，各学者围绕金融中心的各方面的理论与实践问题进行了深入研究，其文献按研究内容大致可以分为如下几个方面：(一)关于金融中心形成理论的研究金融中心问题是介于金融学和城市经济学之间的边缘问题。

第一次世界大战前后,经济学家就显示出对金融中心的研究兴趣。

早期的金融中心形成理论是建立在自然选择理论基础之上的。

Powell(1915)就详细描述了伦敦相互独立的银行集聚过程,并提出了“自然选择”和“适者生存”。

克拉克（C.G.Clark）、库兹涅茨（S.S.Kuzenets）和霍夫曼（W.G.Hoffmann）等人通过大量统计分析得出金融中心是适应经济发展与经济结调整的必然产物。

杨小凯（1991）建立了一个关于城市化和分工演进之间关系的一般均衡模型，模型显示，“如果所有居民都集中在一个很小的地方形成一个城市，那么，由于交易距离的缩短，交易效率会大大提高，从而分工水平和生产力水平也会大大提高。

”Thrift（1994)从制度经济学的“路径依赖”有效地解释了为何金融企业向金融中心聚集，以及为何一个城市能长久地在区域内维持优势。

根据路径依赖较好地解释了自然选择理论，金融产业倾向于向有成功经验，以及有较好的金融发展水平的地区聚集。

随着规模经济和集群理论的发展，国内外学者观察到金融集聚现象，并形成金融集聚理论。

Vernon（1960）提出了金融机构聚集的原始动机，并认为这种聚集提供了近距离的交流与沟通的便利，吸引了那些以较快的互动速度为必要条件的行业。

Kindleberger（1974）认为金融中心的集聚效应主要体现在跨地区支付效率和金融资源跨地区配置效率上。

Davis(1990)通过对金融服务业的调查发现，在大都市的区域里各种规模的金融服务产业都倾向形成集聚。

Taylor等（2003）利用地理信息系统（GIS）对分布在伦敦地区12个部门中的23000余家金融和商务服务企业进行了定位和分析，仔细分析了金融集聚的内在动因。

中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究【文献综述】

毕业论文文献综述国际经济与贸易中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究金融服务贸易国际竞争力相关理论综述服务贸易是以服务作为交易标的的一种贸易行为。

《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)所界定的国际服务贸易是指以过境交付、境外消费、商业存在和自然人流动这四种形式进行的各国间的服务交易。

该定义已成为有一定权威性和指导性的定义为各国接受。

根据《服务贸易总协定》中的服务部门清单，可以将服务贸易分为12类：商业性服务，销售服务，金融服务，娱乐服务，通讯服务，教育服务，卫生服务，运输服务，建筑服务，环境服务，旅游服务和其他服务。

而对于金融服务贸易，国内外并没有确切的定义。

本文将对金融服务贸易国外及国内有代表性的研究进行综述。

一、GATS与OECD对金融服务贸易的定义根据GATS的定义，金融服务贸易是指由一成员国的金融服务提供者所提供的任何金融性质的服务。

它包括两个部分：所有保险和保险相关的服务、银行和其他金融服务（保险除外），其中其他金融服务指证券和金融信息服务。

经济合作和发展组织（OECD）对金融服务贸易的定义为由金融机构提供服务的收入，或者接受付出的支持，包括得到的和付出的直接投资收益（未分配收益和利息）；从其他金融投资得到的和付出的收益（得到的和付出的利息和红利）；得到的、付出的手续费和佣金。

可见，经济合作和发展组织对金融服务贸易的界定强调了金融服务贸易交易的提供方，而忽略了金融服务贸易的消费方。

金融服务贸易的发展主要是以此换取其他贸易领域的发展，而且金融服务贸易可以促进本国金融业与国际金融业的接轨，从而在国际竞争中促进本国金融业的发展。

二、国外对金融服务贸易相关研究对于金融服务贸易研究，国外学者从不同角度出发，有不同的看法。

列为恩（1996）认为，各种金融服务可以实现五种基本功能：方便商品和劳务的交易；易于风险管理；加速资源流动；获取信息，评估企业和配置资本；提供公司法人治理。

同时，更多的相关文献表示，金融中介可以降低由于信息不对称产生的管理成本（戴蒙德1984；威廉森1987）也可以对规模经济产生积极的效应。

关于商业银行金融服务业发展现状与对策研究的文献综述

关于商业银行金融服务业发展现状与对策研究的文献综述会展经济与管理2008级会展班指导教师赵驹摘要：现代经济发展过程中，金融业在国民经济中处于牵一发而动全身的地位,其中金融服务不仅仅是某种实现国家政策目标和政府实施宏观调控的手段，对商业银行和社会经济的发展有着重要作用，金融服务已经成为了现代经济的核心，受到了国家和人们的重视。

因此，如何正确分析当前商业银行的现状和优势来发展金融服务业是一个值得我们思考的问题。

本文主要对前我国商业银行金融服务现状以及服务过程中存在的问题加以分析,在此基础上对提高商业银行的金融服务质量提出了相应的发展建议。

关键词：金融金融服务商业银行Abstract: In the process of modern economic development, the financial sector in the national economy very important status, which is not only a financial services national policy objectives and the implementation of macro-control means, the commercial banks and the economic and social development plays an important role, financial service has become the core of modern economy, by the national and people's attention. Therefore, how to correctly analyze the commercial bank s present situation and advantage to the development of the financial services industry is worth us thinking problem. This paper mainly on China commercial bank financial service status and service process analyzes the problems, on the basis of commercial banks to improve the financial service quality and puts forward the corresponding suggestions for development.Key W ords：Fiance ; Financial services; Commercial Banks一、我国商业银行金融服务发展现状1、有关概念（1）关于金融的定义李立仿（2010）《我国金融业发展现状及未来发展趋势》中指出：金融业是指经营金融商品的特殊行业,包括银行业、保险业、信托业、证券业和租赁业。

我国国际服务贸易的现状与发展分析文献综述

文献综述一、外国文献综述Hoekrnan与G.Karsenty在《经济发展和国际服务交易》中指出全球服务贸易在过去重要增长阶段很大程度上被分析家与政策制定者所忽略，这种情况持续到20世纪80年代中期。

1990年，服务贸易占全球贸易大约20%，全球出口总额达到8000亿美元。

20世纪80年代后期，国际贸易结构发生重大变化，国际服务贸易蓬勃兴起。

而后国际服务贸易以高于商品贸易的速度快速增长，该产业的发展对国际贸易的促进作用越来越显著，国际服务贸易在世界贸易中所占的比重也大幅度上升。

国际服务贸易已经成为21世纪最具竞争力的产业之一，寻求实现国际服务贸易自由化已经是大势所趋。

由于环境的不确定性，国际服务贸易自由化的进程必然不会一帆风顺，尤其是在后金融危机时期。

二、国内文献综述吴汉嵩在其著作《国际服务贸易发展趋势及我国的对策》中指出：随着高新技术产业的发展和经济全球化进程的不断加强，国际服务贸易发展越来越快，新兴服务业不断出现。

新兴服务贸易代表服务贸易发展的趋势,标志着国际贸易进入新的发展阶段。

我国应紧跟国际服务贸易的发展步伐，加快新兴服务贸易发展，提高新兴服务贸易国际竞争力，并根据当前国际经济贸易发展现状与我国国际服务贸易发展的特点，将二者结合起来，由我国贸易发展存在的问题，提出了建设性的意见。

杨青在《对我国服务贸易结构的思考》中，以我国贸易结构作为出发点，提出服务贸易的发展对国民经济的效率促进和质量提高具有特殊作用。

基于2002-2007年我国服务贸易发展的相关数据，分析我国服务贸易结构存在的问题，提出了改善我国服务贸易结构的对策。

近年来我国服务贸易大幅增长，2007年，我国服务贸易出口1222亿美元，同比增长33%，占世界服务贸易份额4.2%，居世界第五位；服务贸易进口1301亿美元，占世界服务贸易份额的3.9%，居世界第七位。

但在我国服务贸易国际地位上升的同时，我国服务贸易逆差严重，竞争力弱等问题也比较明显，这与我国服务贸易结构不合理有一定联系。

金融服务贸易文献综述

了未来研究的建议。
关键词：金融服务贸易；自由化；竞争力
由于金融服务业的重要性及特殊性．金融服务贸易竞争
先进行了一系列的分析。部分学者通过总结外生比较优势理论、内生比较优势理论和产业内贸易理论对ＴＦｓ理论的解释后
银行资产占比对我国ＴＦＳ竞争力影响呈抑制状态，其他均为
Ｂａｙｒａｋｔａｒ＆Ｗａｎｇ，２００４，Ｃｈｅｎ，２００５）。就静态福利效应而言，国内市场自由竞争同时允许国外金融机构进入可以使整个社会福利最大；就动态福利效应而言，将带来竞争压力、技术转移、制度创新、吸引外资及产业竞争力提高等效应（郭根龙，冯宗宪，薛伟贤，２０００），并且金融服务贸易的开放能够增加贸易量（倪煜，万红先，２００９）。作为金融服务业主体的银行业，ＴＦＳ自由化可以促进银行间竞争（陈勇，２００７），主要表现在，银行业的国际化与银行的资产收益率、资本收益率有很强的促进关系。却与金融稳定内含的银行稳定指标和货币稳定指标关系不，明显（谢建敢，２００７）。值得注意的是，ＴＦＳ自由化与金融开放并不是相互促进的，即贸易开放对金融开放具

金融发展与国际贸易：一个文献综述

法国大陆法传统国 0.21 10.00 0.19 0.45 3.18 11.55 6.05 1.76 0.24 1.58
家的均值
奥地利
0.06 13.87 0.25 0.79 2.74 12013 10.00 2 0 3
德国
0.13 5.14 0.08 1.12 2.60 14.46 9.23 1
3
0.28 69.00 0.66 0.90 1.67 10.69 10.00 4 0 3
0.27 1.68 -
-
3.43 8 5.88 -
0.27 5.50 10.88 3.03 4 1 4
1.45 80.00 5.67 0.60 1.68 11.68 8.57 3 0 3
0.58 30.11 3.11 0.81 2.74 15.67 10.00 5 0 1
0.18 5.81 -
-
2.17 8.63 3.68 3 0 4
3
英国普通法传统的 0.60 35.45 2.23 0.68 4.30 11.41 6.46 3.39 0.22 3.11
国家的均值
阿根廷
0.07 .58 0.20 0.19 1.40 12.40 5.35 4 0
近十年来，经济学家开始经验性地检验有关不同国家中企业的所有权与融资方式为何存在差异的问题。本文的第一部分评论金融发展的法律渊源分析方法（legal origin approach）。La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer and Vishny（1997，1998）检验了有关保护投资者的法律以及这些法律的执行质量，并且将全球金融体系的性质与效能的差异，与投资者免受内部人剥夺的保护差异两者联系起来。其次，我们将简要评论 Shleifer and Wolfenzon（2002）有关投资者保护的简单理论模型，该模型支持了经验性结论。尽管法律渊源分析方法在该领域具有高度的影响力，但是历史数据并没有完全印证其主要论点。由 Rajan and Zingales(2003)发现的 20 世纪金融发展逆转现象，给金融发展的探讨提供了截然不同的分析思路。

金融学毕业论文文献综述

金融学毕业论文文献综述金融学是一门研究资金的流动、投资决策和金融市场的学科，其核心领域包括金融市场、金融工具和金融机构。

本文将对金融学领域的文献进行综述，围绕着金融市场、金融工具和金融机构分别进行讨论，以期对金融学的研究现状和未来发展方向做出总结。

一、金融市场综述金融市场是进行资金交换和资本配置的场所，包括股票市场、债券市场和外汇市场等。

近年来，金融科技的快速发展对金融市场产生了深远影响。

例如，电子交易平台、高频交易和虚拟货币等新兴金融工具的出现，使得市场的流动性和效率得到了提升。

此外，金融市场的风险管理和监管也成为了近年来的研究热点。

为了维护金融市场的稳定，研究学者们提出了许多风险管理和监管的方法和政策，如VaR模型和马克龙法则等。

二、金融工具综述金融工具是金融市场中的各种交易工具，包括股票、债券、期货和衍生品等。

不同金融工具的特性和风险影响着投资者的决策行为。

例如，股票是股权的代表，投资者通过购买股票来参与公司的所有权与利润分配；债券则是债权的证明，投资者通过购买债券来获得利息和本金的偿还。

在金融学的研究中，金融工具的定价和投资组合是重要的研究方向，学者们提出了CAPM模型、Black-Scholes模型和马科维茨模型等方法来帮助投资者进行理性的投资决策。

三、金融机构综述金融机构是进行金融中介和资金对接的组织，包括商业银行、证券公司和保险公司等。

金融机构在金融市场中起着至关重要的作用，其经营状况和风险管理直接影响着金融市场的稳定性。

在金融学研究中，许多学者关注金融机构的盈利能力、流动性风险和信用风险等问题，并提出了相应的监管措施和政策。

例如，Basel协议对银行资本充足率的要求，旨在提高银行的风险防范和资本充足能力。

综上所述，金融学作为一门研究资金流动和金融市场的学科，其核心领域包括金融市场、金融工具和金融机构。

通过对金融学领域的文献综述，我们可以了解当前金融学研究的热点和趋势，包括金融科技在金融市场的应用、金融工具的定价和投资组合、金融机构的盈利能力和风险管理等。

全球金融服务贸易论文.doc

全球金融服务贸易论文一、当前全球金融服务贸易下我国银行业存在的问题1.创新能力不强我国的银行业是把传统的存贷款业务作为经营重点，中间业务相对发展缓慢，“银行放款难、企业贷款难”问题严重，服务手段相对落后，服务品种较为单一，没有形成自己的独特性优势，因此导致了较高的服务成本和较低的经营利润，再加上我国银行业的市场集中度颇高，处于垄断地位的优越性也导致了银行业突破精神和创新意识的动力不足。

2.运行风险增加首先,我国银行业原有的金融风险会被放大，例如国有银行不良资产比例过高等问题将会进一步暴露。

其次,资本项目日渐放开,外资银行频频进入，导致国际资本流动冲击了我国的金融市场。

再次,金融体系更加混乱。

由于外资银行的业务种类更具多样性，增加了监管方面难度，利用中国国内不完善的金融监管体系来牟利，外资银行很容易使国内的金融体系更加混乱，银行的运行风险更大。

如果我国在面临金融体系不稳定和金融市场混乱时,政策、措施有效性得不到迅速体现,就会影响到我国整个经济体系的稳定。

此外，国际金融环境中的潜在危机和诸多不稳定因素，都会加大我国银行业在国际市场上的运行风险。

3.经营业务单一目前我国银行业仍以分业经营模式为主，虽然我国银行业现在已经进入综合经营改革阶段,即从单一的银行业务向包括证券、保险业务的混业方向迈进,但这种改革还只是不深入的、低水平的。

此外，经营业务的单一也限制了我国银行业金融机构规模及服务的扩大从而造成服务效率低下。

银行业金融机构利润来源单一、资产结构单一也是其弊端之一。

4.面临的国际化的挑战全球金融服务贸易自由化背景下，实行国际化战略是我国银行业发展的必经之路，但在这个过程中也出现了不少问题。

首先，我国银行的国际化扩张步伐忙乱，无法充分认清自身的实力，盲目扩张；其次，海外分支机构力量薄弱，其盈利能力和利润贡献率都处于较低水平；再次，国际金融环境存在隐患，2008年的全球金融危机就是一个很好的例子。

另外，我国银行“走出去”所面对的一些国家存在着较大的政治风险和法律风险，发达国家所设立的各种壁垒和苛刻的市场准入原则，也是我国银行业国际化发展的绊脚石。

金融服务贸易研究文献综述

金融服务贸易研究文献综述摘要：金融服务贸易纳入WTO框架之后，掀起了一股研究热潮。

如今，已逾十余载，各方面的研究已经趋于完善。

本文从研究的历史脉络以及研究重点的角度，对金融服务贸易研究的当代文献做一综述，以期整理先前学者的贡献，也欲以此为基点，试看可否对此再进行更深入的理论和实证研究。

关键词：金融服务金融服务贸易金融（服务贸易）自由化法律规制对于金融服务和金融服务贸易的概念，学者各有从不同角度的界定。

但基本上都认同WTO 的官方界定。

金融服务是指一成员方的金融服务提供者所提供的任何有关金融方面的服务，包括所有保险和与保险有关的服务，以及所有银行和其他金融服务服务。

金融服务贸易是由一参加方（指参加贸易谈判的国家和地区）的服务供应者向另一方提供任何形式的金融服务。

研究金融服务贸易的文献当中，学术论文甚多，但专著相对较少。

从研究的进程来看，起初是概述性地介绍WTO金融服务贸易法律制度，如《法学研究》2000年第6期载《WTO金融服务贸易法律制度》（张若思）。

随着中国入世过渡期的临近，也就也更进一步。

基于金融服务各类型的研究增多，从整体上研究的专著，如《世贸组织与金融服务贸易》（2003年）《WTO金融服务贸易的法律问题研究》（2004年）《金融服务贸易的国际法律规制》（2005年）体例完善、内容充实、对之前的研究多有借鉴和发展。

入世过渡期前后的专著《金融服务贸易规制与监管研究》（2006年）《国际金融法前沿问题》（2010年）《后危机时代的国际金融法》（2011年）着眼于全球金融服务贸易自由化的趋势，提出了一些具有前瞻性的理论建议。

金融服务贸易壁垒，是指金融服务贸易中的贸易保护主义措施，即一国（地区）政府对外国（地区）的金融服务的销售所设置的各种限制和障碍。

①其表现形式，大致可以分为歧视性壁垒和非歧视性壁垒。

前者是指一国专门针对外国金融服务提供者施加的各种限制性条件，目的是限制其市场准入机会或者业务经营条件；后者是指形式上对外国金融服务提供者施以相同的待遇，事实上却限制了外国提供者的竞争能力和机会。

《服务贸易国际竞争力研究国内外文献综述》4200字

服务贸易国际竞争力研究国内外文献综述1 国外研究现状西方国家对服务贸易开展的研究大致经历了三个过程，首先，第一个过程发生在1985年之前，主要是对相对优势理论、H-O 理论等理论对服务贸易的适应程度进行研究；其次，在这之后一直到1995年之前是第二个过程，这一过程主要是对那些可以影响服务贸易比较优势的因素进行研究；最后，第三个过程发生在1995年之后，对服务贸易的研究开始变为对其竞争力的研究。

（1）从规范分析和实证分析两个角度来分析研究服务贸易基础决定理论。

在规范分析方面，在H-0 理论的其体型，迪尔道夫对服务贸易的比较优势进行研究，主要从服务贸易的流动性要素、非流动性要素和与货物贸易互补这三个方面展开进行。

在此基础上产生了迪尔道夫模型，该模型证明了比较优势理论可以适用于服务贸易[3]。

萨皮尔同样证明了传统国际贸易理论也可以适用于服务贸易，并从服务贸易结构和格局的角度分析了发达国家与发展中国家之间的服务贸易，最终认为发达国家与发展中国家之间应当加强服务贸易合作[4]。

塔克和桑德博格更多地从服务贸易的需求特征和市场结构来论证国际贸易原理对服务贸易的适用性。

马库森讨论了在规模经济和不完全竞争的假设条件下，服务贸易是如何开展的[5]。

密尔文运用H—O 模型来分析服务贸易，并认为人力资本要素尤其是知识和技术能够对对服务贸易出口产生重大影响[6]。

伯格斯运用H—O—S 模型对技术这一因素能够对服务贸易的比较优势产生的影响机制进行研究，特别是通讯技术和信息革命的迅猛发展对确立服务贸易竞争力的重要作用[7]。

Falvey and Geoel 指出，发达国家和发展中国家在发展服务贸易上各自具有相对优势，前者在资本和技术密集型服务上更具有竞争力，后者在劳动和资源密集型服务上更具有竞争力，证明了要素禀赋是影响服务贸易比较优势的重要因素[8]。

（2）在实证分析方面，R.迪克和H.迪克采用了8个经合组织国家的RCA 数据进行了样本回归分析，验证不同国家的比较优势对服务贸易的影响[9]。

金融服务贸易

金融贸易自由化对我国经济发展的影响王浩东20120700098一、摘要随着中国对外开放的深入和21世纪初加入WTO组织以来，中国经济发生了天翻地覆的变化，贸易成为了中国经济一个重要的增长点。

近年来，金融服务贸易成为了一个重要的一个贸易领域，国家也为促进金融服务贸易的自由化做出政策促进。

本论文主要就金融服务贸易自由化对我国经济发展的影响做出一系列深入的分析。

首先将会介绍金融服务贸易自由化的确切含义，金融服务贸易自由化的发展现状。

接下来会重点讲解金融服务贸易自由化对我国经济发展的影响，在那些方面具有促进作用，而在那些方面具有消极作用。

在论文的最后，将会结合以上研究，给出如何更好地促进金融服务贸易自由化对我国经济产生积极左右的。

关键字：服务贸易金融自由化政策二、文献综述国际上对金融服务贸易理论的研究是近10年的事，迄今为止哪一种国际贸易理论适用于国际金融服务贸易仍让存在很多分歧。

其讨论主要集中在以下观点。

一是外生比较优势理论。

一些学者认为，李嘉图的外生技术比较优势理论和赫克歇尔-俄林的外生资源禀赋理论完全适用于国际金融服务贸易，不必刻意吧金融贸易和货物贸易相区别。

二是内生比较优势。

它通常与外生比较优势合起来相定义，指的是可以通过后天专业化学习获得或者投资创新和经验积累人为的创造出来的比较优势。

Moshirian的截面数据分析表明：一些后天制造的发展天赋给予了发展国际在国际金融服务贸易在的比较优势。

这些因素是银行国际资产的规模，实物与人力资本，信息技术水平。

三是规模经济。

该理论常被用来解释贸易中产业内贸易的想象。

在堆银行业的考察中，Wengle分析了144个国家的双边贸易模式。

重点检验了不同贸易理论的实用性。

结果表明，，规模经济可以更好地解释国际银行业以代表处，分行子行三种商业存在形式提供跨国服务的动因。

四是混合型贸易模式。

以上的研究成果基本上都是国外学者针对发达国家的金融国际贸易服务所进行的研究。

而对发展中国家的国际金融服务贸易理论的研究甚少。

中国金融服务贸易国际竞争力分析[文献综述]

中国金融服务贸易国际竞争力分析[文献综述] 题目: 中国金融服务贸易国际竞争力分析一、引言随着世界经济的全球化、自由化，以服务业为主的第三产业逐步兴起，世界经济服务化趋势十分明显。

服务贸易正逐步赶上并将最终超过货物贸易居于主导地位。

在服务贸易当中，金融服务贸易又因金融业的巨大发展及其在国民经济中举足轻重的地位，而备受世人关注。

一国如果在金融业上具有竞争优势,则在金融服务贸易领域占有优势,能够在与其它国家竞争中获取更多的贸易份额,对国民经济的推动作用也越强。

金融服务贸易是指由一成员方的金融服务贸易提供者向另一成员方提供的任何与金融有关的服务。

金融服务贸易是金融业在国际分工的过程中的集中体现, 集中体现了各国金融业的竞争。

二、主体(一)国外研究1、传统的竞争力理论——比较优势理论1817年，李嘉图在《政治经济学及赋税原理》一书中首次提出“比较优势论”，此后，这一理论不断得以充实和完善，成为经济学家研究国际贸易的逻辑起点，也是服务贸易理论研究的出发点。

事实上，关于比较优势理论在服务贸易中的适用性问题一直以来都存在争议。

目前，关于这一问题基本上有三种不同的观点。

一种观点认为，比较优势理论不适用于国际服务贸易。

R?迪克(R(Dick)和H?迪克(H(Dick)是最早尝试系统解释服务贸易模式的学者，1979，他们在一篇论文中分析知识密集型服务贸易的现实格局是否遵循比较优势原理。

其结果是，没有证据表明比较优势在服务贸易模式的决定中发挥了作用。

美国经济学家菲克特?库迪(G(Feketekuty)则认为，服务贸易具有一些不同于货物贸易的特点，这些特点决定了比较优势论不适用于服务贸易。

此外，“不适用论"的坚持者还有安?赫尔曼、桑普森(G(Sampson)和斯内普(R(Snape)等人。

与此相反，另一种观点认为比较优势理论完全适用于服务贸易，没有必要把服务贸易与一般的国际贸易区别开来。

1981年，萨皮尔(A(Sapir)和卢茨(E(Lutz)根据国家间要素禀赋和技术差异，对货运、客运和其他民间服务作了一系列的实证研究，其结论是:“传统的贸易理论不仅适用于货物贸易，也适用于服务贸易，要素禀赋在货物贸易和服务贸易模式的决定上都具有重要作用。

文献综述(15篇经济类中外文)

国际经济形势特点与中国外向型模式转变张燕生、国家发展改革委对外经济研究所研究员前言2008年得金融危机对世界不同的经济体产生了不同的影响，因此引发了世界经济形势的变化和主要国家对全球经济均衡行问题的思考以及采取的应对措施，但是主要经济体对承担全球经济失衡的调整责任存在很大分歧。

对世界经济形势的研究有助于我国抓住机遇，深化经济发展模式的转变。

正文一、国际金融危机影响的严重性和复苏的曲折性超出预期从美国的“网络泡沫”“金融与楼市泡沫”的形成与破灭到欧洲主权债务危机的加剧，以及主要经济体国家对引发经济失衡责任的推诿和对金融监管的缺失。

如美国在承担全球经济失衡调整代价和全球治理责任方面企图想把代价对外转嫁，如责难中国的制度和产业政策，控诉中国倾销和政府对汇率的操纵等等，这些因素都导致了经济复苏面临着严峻的考验。

西方国家多想尽快的走出经济的低迷期，也提出了一些具体的措施，如奥巴马要为美国社会在未来5年内创造出200万个新的工作岗位和提出了”再工业化“的口号等等，但是其面临着高失业率、主权债务高筑和严重的内需不足以及近几年在技术专利申请领域增长率下跌了20%左右，同时随着国内的经济刺激政策的到期，都会使得这些措施举步维艰。

总的来说全球经济现状不容乐观，西方主要经济大国没有很好的监管金融市场，由于其奉行的自由市场和自有竞争，缺少政府的宏观调控，是经济危机产生的重要因素。

二、2010 年下半年的出口形势和引资环境由于金融危机的影响导致全球市场的需求减少，加之人民币汇率的提高，势必会使得我国的对外出口降低，挑战与机遇并存，此时也是贸易增长方式转变的契机，中国特色社会主义市场经济体制使得中国从金融危机中较早的走出，国内投资环境良好，但很多投资商从原来的制造业转向房地产业和服务业等。

三、关于我国外向型模式转变的建议中国现在是世界的制造工厂，对外贸易的顺差很多是由处于全球供应链低附加值的环节创造的，因此要强调中国制造，创造自己的品牌和拥有核心竞争力，多制造和出口高附加值的产品。