英汉翻译期末练习lcb

英汉翻译期末练习

1. Any discussion of the American educational system would be less than complete if it did not mention the emphasis that many colleges and universities place upon the nonacademic, social, “extracurricular” aspect of education, often defined as personal growth.

翻译：如果对美国教育体系的讨论未能涉及许多学院及大学教育中非学术性的、社会的及“课程外”的方面，即其对个性成长的重视，那么这种讨论就不全面。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：条件状语从句、后置定语。

该句子是含条件状语从句的主从复合句。句子的主干是：Any discussion …would be less than complete。If条件从句翻译时应前置，其中代词it指代主句主语Any discussion…。条件句中又含有that引导的定语从句修饰the emphasis。定语从句的主干是：… universities place （emphasis）upon the …education，句子最后的分词结构（which is）defined as personal growth是前面名词短语the nonacademic, social,“extracurricular”aspect of education的后置定语。由于名词短语中已含有多个形容词做定语，因此，句末的后置定语应采用拆译法，译成同位语。

词汇方面：place emphasis upon (sth.)强调，重视；extracurricular课外的，业余的，extra-前缀意为“在外，外面”；personal growth个人成长。

2. Experience with campus organizations and off-campus community involvement can be highly valuable in preparing international students for future leadership in their professional field upon their return home.

翻译：参与校园内的各种组织活动和校外团体活动的经验在培养国际学生归国后在其专业领域发挥领导作用方面是极有价值的。

[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：介词短语、词性转换。

这是个简单句，其主干是experience can be valuable，句子中的修饰成分基本上都是介词短语。主语experience后with …involvement结构做后置定语，翻译时将它提前；in preparing结构做状语，译为“在……方面”。

词汇方面：off-campus校外，off-前缀意为“不在…上，离开，去掉”；involvement 意为“参与，加入”，文中转译为动词。Upon可意为“…之后”。3. On most campuses, one can find an international club, which includes Americans, where students can get to know and learn socially from students from other countries, as well as Americans.

翻译：在大多数的校园里都有国际俱乐部，成员包括美国学生。在俱乐部里，学生（包括美国学生）通过与来自其他国家的学生的社会交往相互认识并学习。[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句。

句子主干是one can find an international club，句首介词短语On most campuses做地点状语，club后接有which和where分别引导的两个定语从句。由于从句较长，采用拆译法单独成句。而且由于两个定语从句共用一个先行词club，因此它需要译两次。

词汇方面：socially意为“在社交方面”

4. I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “you’re another” type.

翻译：我必须说，我从未从任何一个西方和平主义者那里听到过对该问题的诚实的答复，但是却听大了大量的躲闪之词，通常都是“你是另外一回事”之类的回答。

［精解］本题考核知识点：插入语、后置定语的翻译

该句的主干是I must say，后面是that引导的宾语从句。宾语从句是一个主从复合句。主句是I have never heard an honest answer，其谓语和宾语之间插入了一个状语成分，翻译时可放在句首或谓语之前，译为“从任何一个西方和平主义者那里我从未听说过”或“我从未从任何一个西方和平主义者那里听说过”。though引导转折状语从句，其中介词短语of...做后置定语，修饰宾语evasions，可译为前置定语，也可另起一句。

词汇：evasion意为“躲避，逃避；借口，托词”，根据上下文可活译为“躲闪之词”、“逃避的说法”等。

5. the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without

feeling or arousing hatred.

翻译：这个由甘地提出并付诸实践的方法，最早起源于南非，是一种非暴力的斗争方式，用既不伤害对方又不会引发仇恨的手段打败敌人。

［精解］本题考核知识点：后置定语的翻译和词义的选择。

该句的主干结构是：the method... was a sort of warfare。主语the method后有两个后置定语：一个是省略关系代词的定语从句Gandhi proposed and practiced；另一个是过去分词短语first evolved in...。如果把它们都译为汉语的前置定语会很冗长，不符合汉语表达习惯。因此可把第一个定语前置，第二个定语转译为谓语。而真正的谓语前可加上“这”或“它”指代真正的主语。表语a sort of warfare 后是一个较长的同位语a way of defeating...。其中介词短语of...做后置定语修饰名词a way，翻译时应前置。

词汇：practice意为“练习，训练；经常做；从事”等，在本句中与propose（提出）对应译为“付诸实践”。evolve意为“逐渐形成；进化”，但它在本句中不能将基本含义照搬，而应意译为“起源于（南非）”。warfare意为“作战，战争；斗争，冲突”等，根据上下文，该词应增译为“斗争的方式（方法）”。

6. But this may have less to do with the luring call of academic surroundings than with changing market conditions—a factor that academic critics rarely take into account.

翻译：但是这一点与其说是与学术环境具有诱惑力的召唤有关，还不如说是与变化的市场状况有关——一这是一个学术评论家很少考虑的因素。

[精解］本题考核知识点：比较结构、同位语的翻译。

该句的主干是this may have less to do with... than with...，其中含有一个比较结构less... than...，可译为“与其说…不如说…”。破折号后是名词短语a factor that... 做整个主句的同位语，其中that引导的定语从句做后置定语。由于是同位语，可单独译为一个句子，补译“这”为它的主语。

词汇：luring是lure的现在分词形式，可译为“具有诱惑力的”；factor意为“因素”；take into account意为“考虑”。

7. By the end of his senior year, he was earning two hundred dollars a week writing science fiction, and his parents were reconciled to his pursuit of the literary life.

到大四结束的时候，他每星期写科幻小说已经可以赚两百美元了，而他的双亲也接受了他对于文学生涯的追求。

［精解］本题考核知识点：顺译法和分词的翻译。

该句是and连接的并列句，其主干是he was earning... and his parents were...，可采用顺译的方法翻译。前一分句中，分词结构writing science fiction作方式状语，翻译时应置于谓语前面，译为“（通过）写科幻小说”。

词汇：be reconciled to意为“将就，妥协，接受”。

8. At his parents’ urging, he enrolled in Columbia University, so that, if worst came to worst, he could always go to the School of Journalism and “get a nice steady job somewhere”.

在他双亲的敦促下，他报考了哥伦比亚大学，所以即便最糟他也能进入新闻学校，“将来总可以有一份稳定的好工作。”

［精解］本题考核知识点：顺译法。

该句是主从复合句，其主干是he enrolled... so that... he could go to...，翻译时可采用顺译的方法，保持原来句子的顺序。句首介词短语At his parents’urging作状语。so that引导结果状语从句，其中插入语if worst came to worst做条件状语，应意译为“在最糟糕的情况下”。

词汇：urging为urge的动名词形式，译为“敦促”。

9. Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.

因为，按照凯恩斯的理论，不充分的总体需求会增加失业，建议的解决方式是企业扩大投资或政府增加开支，继而增加预算赤字。

.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：词性转换。

该句是包含原因状语从句的复合句,句子主干是the indicated cure is…,表语由并列连词either …or…连接。

词汇方面：indicated是过去分词用做形容词，动词indicate意为“表明，暗示，

提及，建议”，根据上下文indicated译为“建议的”。more investment，more spending 和larger budget deficits是形容词比较级加名词，根据汉语习惯转换成动词加名词的搭配，即“扩大投资”、“增加开支”和“增加预算赤字”。

10. Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable.

古希腊的亚里士多德和柏图都在著作中谈到财富、财产和贸易问题，两人都对商业持有偏见，认为靠生意来谋生是不足取的。

[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句、分词做状语。

主句是Aristotle and …wrote about problems …，后面接有both of whom引导的定语从句，采用拆译法单独成句。句子最后的分词结构feeling that …在定语从句中做状语，翻译时也应单独成句，that后引导的是宾语从句，做feeling的宾语。词汇方面：be prejudiced against意为“对…有偏见”，undesirable意为“不想要的，不得人心的”。

11. During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.

在中世纪，罗马天主教会的经济学思想表达在其教法中，教法谴责从借贷中获利的行为，并认为商业地位劣于农业。

[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：非谓语动词作后置定语、定语从句。

该句含有which引导的非限定性从句做定语，翻译时拆开单独成句，并重复先行词，做从句的主语。词汇方面：condemn意为“谴责”，taking of interest是动名词结构，可增译为“获利的行为”。

12. Before relativistic particle physics, the constituents of matter had always been considered as being either elementary units which were indestructible and unchangeable, or as composite objects which could be broken up into their constituent parts.

在相对论粒子物理学诞生之前，人们一直以为物质的构成成分要么是不可毁灭和不可改变的基本单位，要么是可以分解为其构成部分的合成物。

[精解］本题考核知识点：完成时的被动语态、状语从句、定语从句、either...or 结构的译法。该句的句子主干是：the constituents of matter had always been considered as either...or....。完成时的被动语态had always been considered，可按照汉语习惯译成主动语态，即“人们一直以为”。状语before...可直接翻译，在句中位置不变。Either...or...句型应该译成“或者...或者...”，也可以译成“要么...要么...”。本句中两个as...部分均为宾语补足语，与consider一起译成“看成是...”。两个which引导定语从句，修饰两个宾语补足语，翻译时采用前置法将定语提前。

词汇：relativistic particle physics“相对粒子物理学”，constituents of matter“物质构成成分”，composite objects“合成物”。

13. In classical physics, the mass of an object had always been associated with an indestructible material substance, with some “stuff” of which all things were thought to be made.

在古典物理中，某一物体的质量总是与一种不可毁灭的物质相关联。这是一种构成一切物质的“东西”。

［精解］本题考核的知识点是：被动语态、定语从句的译法。

该句的句子主干是：the mass ... had always been associated with an indestructible material substance，其中完成时的被动语态had been associated with，可译成“总是与．．．相关联”。with some “stuff”of which引导的定语从句修饰indestructible material substance，翻译的时候应该按照汉语习惯，将定语前置，放到所修饰的名词前面。可直译为“所有物质被认为是由这种物质构成的”，或意译为“这是构成一切物质的东西”。应该注意of 与be made是词组be made of被分隔了的形式，译成“由．．．构成的”。

词汇：classical“经典的，古典的”，在该句中取其第二种含义，译成“古典物理”。

14. Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一

定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

【句子分析】第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. / Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science / being to some extent self-accelerating. 第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是对比句Some... are... reasonable results of... Others are reasonable consequences of... 2) particular advances后面有多重定语in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 第三、词的处理：are... results of 是……的结果，来自于social needs 社会需求to some extent 在一定程度上self-accelerating 自我加速

15. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

【句子分析】第一、句子可以拆分为三段：This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion / that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment / cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是主句+ when 引导的时间状语，when = at that time当时，那时。2)第一个that从句是主句宾语the conclusion的同位语。3)that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是定语从句中的主语从句4)cannot generally be foreseen in detail是宾语从句的谓语。第三、词的处理：trend 趋势came to the conclusion 得出结论the specific demands 具体要求make of 向……提出scientific establishment 科研机构in detail 详尽

16. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。【句子分析】第一、句子可以拆分为三段：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future / as they have in the past, / giving rise to new standards of elegance. 第二、句子的结构：1)as well as和，以及，连接两个并列主语，must arise作句子谓语2)as they have in the past方式状语，as就像是……，同……一样3)giving rise to...表示伴随状语。第三、词的处理：New forms of thought 新的思维方式new subjects for thought 新的思维对象arise 出现giving rise to 给出，产生，带来new standards of elegance 完美的新标准17. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

【句子分析】第一、句子可以拆分为三段：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted 第二、句子主干结构是：1)How well...引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语2)depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on... 3) the information used是名词+定语4)with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是the skill and wisdom，代词it指代the information 第三、词的处理：be validated by 为……所证实depends upon 取决于reliability 可靠性appropriateness 适应性interpreted 解释

18. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

【句子分析】第一、句子可以拆分为三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 第二、句子

的结构：1)主干结构是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell...

2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是：... youngster might have been how able 3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up... 第三、词的处理：they 指示代词，测试compensate for 弥补gross social inequality 明显的社会不公and thus 因此tell 说明underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下

19. In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.

新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。【句子分析】第一、句子可以拆分为三段：In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, / was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments / that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.

第二、句子主干结构是：1)系表结构：the scientific revolution... was largely... 2) that引导的定语从句，先行词是the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments 第三、词的处理：In short 简而言之the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments (词性转换)一系列器具的改进、发明和使用expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction 直译：在难以计数的方向扩大了科学的范围

20. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。

【句子分析】第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa / often depends on the issue / of which is seen as the driving force. 第二、句子主干结构是：1)表示选择意思的从句Whether the Government ...or ...究竟是……还是……作句子的主语，谓语和宾语是depends on the issue 2)of which是宾语the issue的定语从句。第三、词的处理：increase the financing of pure science 增加对纯理论科学的经费投入at the expense of technology 减少对技术经费的投入the driving force 动力，驱动力量

21.The election 1which has led to your being chosen to president over this Assembly —a very wise choice indeed—is a tribute to your great country, 2 which has contributed to the development of the history of free nations a tradition of peace 3 that serves as an example for the legal community 4 that we constitute, a country 5 which has always commanded respect and admiration from all corners of the world.

这次选举你为本届大会的主席，实是极为明智的抉择，是对你的伟大国家的敬意。贵国对自由国家的历史发展贡献了一种和平传统，这一传统是我们法制社会的榜样。全世界一贯对贵国表示尊重和敬佩。