浅谈so与such的用法

浅谈so与such的用法

看句子：He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles min English for an American newspaper. In fact , his English in one of these articles was so good that English wrote him a letter and praised him for it.

So与such是英语中两个常用词。这两个词的用法很多，且易混淆，初学英语者往往搞不清楚，因而使用是经常出错。文本就它的一些用法作一粗浅讨论。讨论主要以分析实例进行。

首先，我们应该弄清so是副词，修饰形容词和副词，在句中充当状语。Such为形容词修饰名词，在句中作定语，请看下面几个句子。

①The fish is so long.

②Don’t drive so fast, it’s dangerous.

③Fred is so good a man.

④It was such interesting meeting.

⑤There were such a lot of people.

以上句子中，①、②句比较简单，so为副词，分别修饰形容词long和副词fast。③句中的so修饰good，可用形容词such改为：

Fred is such a good man。

这句话和原句的意义不变，但用so要用so＋adj+a/an+n.的结构来表达。用such需用such+a/an+adj+n.的结构来表达。④句中仍可按③的形式表达,但也可写成:

The meeting was so interesting.

其句意不变.⑤句中的such也可换为so,但更据习惯搭配,应将a lot of 变为many为宜,如其后所修析的名词为不可数名词,还需将a lot of改为much。如：

With such a lot of time,they should have finished their homework

用so则为：

With so much time, they so have finished their homework.

因此遇到这种情况，我们可将such+a lot of+n.结构变为so+many/much+n.结构

再看这样一个句子：

The enemy scattered in such a hurry.

可改为：The enemy scattered so hurriedly.又如：

The plane flies at such a speed.

则可写成：The plane flies so fast.

这样的句子为such+a/an+n结构，改为so+adv结构其义不变。

在so……that—clause中和such……that---clause中，我们也可参照以上的结构来进行转换。

下面我再就so和such的其它用法作一讨论。

先看so的一个用法：替代。

①I enjoyed the music and so did my wife.

②If my brother is allowed to go out, so should I be.0

③You are young, so am I

④I love sport. So do you.

A⑤She will learn English, and so shall I, and so will her sister.

A组五个句子，都表示前面的情况也适合后者的情况，但主语不指同一人。需用下面的结构表达：

So+ be/have/do/助动词+主语

①Tomorrow will be your birthday. You are right, so it will.

②It was cold yesterday. Yes, so it was.

③Father, you promised to buy it for me.

④I hoped to win and so I shall.

B组so所引起的句子，实际上是对前面句意的重复，从语气上更加肯定前句的意思，肯定无疑，信十足。在这种句子中，主语所指相同，那么应用下面结构来表达：

So+主语+be/have/do/助动词

就A、B两组句子，我们不难看出，在这种结构中，so替代的不外乎三种情况：谓语、谓语的一部分或非谓语动词短语。

再看such作代词的一个用法。

在英语学习中，我们会碰到如下的句子：

①Such were the results.

②Such is his fate.

③Such are the facts.

好多书中谈及such是作主语。但是，我也注意到要such之后的be是随着其后的形式而变化的。我认为似乎作表语更容易理解些。如下面的句子：

④Such is life.

⑤Such were his words.

⑥Such is her reward.

以上三例均出自《牛津现代高级英汉双解辞典》，它指明such在此均作表语使用。

另陕西人民出版社出版的《简明英语语法》也有同样的观点：

Such is the power of the press; such the state of man.

由此看来，such在这种句子中作表语讲要好些，从语法角度也更好解释。