10-11-2 篇章衔接连贯 翻译
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II. 结构衔接Structural cohesion
主位-述位结构 (theme – rheme), 省略( omission)、替代(substitution) 对偶( antithesis)、排比( parallelism)、 反复( repetition) 等修辞格实现。
省略 是语篇中的某个成分省去,作用避免重复,突出新信息, 并使语篇上下文紧凑。 许多被省略的成分往往能从上下文找到。名词性、动词性和小句 性省略。 1.名词性省略 在以汉语为母语的人的传统思维中,常常反映出某 种隐性的主体意识。汉语中大量无主句的运用,而英语作为主语 显著的语言,一般不能省略主语。 要提倡科学,靠科学才有希望。 We must promote science, for that is where our hope lies. 多搞点“三资”企业,不要怕。只 要我们头脑清醒,就不怕。 We should have more of the three kinds of foreign-invested ventures (joint, cooperative and foreign-owned). There is no reason to be afraid of them. So long as we keep level-headed, there is no cause for alarm.
前一代的流血牺牲,为这一代青年学习和工作开 辟了无限广阔平坦的道路;这一代的勤劳辛苦,又 在为幼小一代创造更加幸福美好的环境。 The bloodshed sacrifices of our last generation have opened up a vast, even road for the study and work of the young men of today. The hard work of this generation in turn is creating a still happier and more beautiful environment for the younger generations. T1 R1 T2( = R1) R2 … 保持主位推进模式翻译.
Men and nations working apart created these problems; men and nations working together must solve them. 人与人之间、国与国之间离心离德,便产生这些 问题;人与人之间、国与国之间齐心协力,定能解 决这些问题。
英语主位主语,主语重合。 汉语句中的主位属于话题.
述位往往是新信息 (new information) 在语篇中,各个句子间主位、述位层层推进模式 (thematic progression)。 按照推进模式,恰当地选 择和确定主语。 避免过分追求形式的对等。往往需要在译文中重新 安排主位。
胡壮麟认为有最基本的三种模式: (1) Tl—T2,第一句的主位继续成为第二句 的主位; (2) R1—T2,前句述位的某个内容发展成为 第二句的主位; (3) T1+R1=T2,第一句主位和述位的内容一 起产生下一句的主位。
2. 语内照应 (内指)(endophoric reference) 1)前照应(回指)(anaphoric reference) 2)后照应(下指)
(cataphoric reference)
这倒难以说定。可是你只要看看这儿的小客厅,就得 了解答。这里面有一个金融界的大亨,又有一位工业 界的巨头;这小客厅就是中国社会的缩影。”பைடு நூலகம்(《子
名词替代
--我能看看那条围巾吗? --可以。哪一条?红的还是黑的? -May I have a look at that scarf? -Yes. Which one? The red or the black one? 瞧那晚霞,我没见过比这更红的了。 Look at the sunset glow. I have never seen a redder one than that.
动词替代
这五年,首先是农村改革带来许多新的变 化,农作 物大幅度增产,农民收入大幅度增加,乡 镇企业异 军突起。 During those five years rural reform brought about many changes: grain output increased substantially, as did the peasants’ income, and rural enterprises emerged as a new force.
你们到农村去看了一下吗?我们真 正的变 化还是在农村,有些变化出乎我们 的预料。 Have you been to our countryside? The real changes have taken place there, and some of them have exceeded our expectations.
2.动词性省略 英语动词性省略是常用的衔接手段 (1) Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking, one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind. (F.Bacon) 阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口齿,写作训练人 的思维。 We seemed to be followed. I remember having been when we got out of the hotel.
(2)
好像有人跟踪我们。我记得刚出旅馆时就有人跟踪 我们。
替代(Substitution) 是 用替代词替代上下文所 替代
出现过的词语,因此替代词只是形式,其语义要从 替代的成分去索引。既避免与前面相同成分的重 复, 又可使语篇中的语言简洁明了。
他讨厌失败,他一生曾战胜失败,超越失败, 并且蔑视别人的失败。 He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others. He hated failure; he had conquered the failure all his life, risen above the failure, despised the failure in others.
子句替代
-他们总是把房间搞得乱七八糟。你怎么也这样 呢? -They’ve always made a mess of the room. Why have you, too? 老科学家、中年科学家很重要,青年科学家 也 很重要。 Veteran and middle-aged scientists are important, and so are young ones. 革命是解放生产力,改革也是解放生产力。 Revolution means the emancipation of the productive forces, and so does reform.
火车缓缓驶进站台,站台上人群簇拥着挤在 车门边,车门一打开,人群哄拥着扑向火车。 The train (T1) was slowly driven into the station and stopped by the side of platform.On the platform (T2),the crowd was waiting at the gate of the train.The gate (T3) opened,they (T4) roared and swarmed toward the train. T1一R1一T2 (=R1)一R2一Tn (=Rn一1)一Rn
夜》)
“It’s a tall order, your question. But you can find an answer in the next room. There you have a successful financier and a captain of industry. That little drawing room is Chinese society in miniature.” (Tr. Sidney Shapiro)
II. 衔接是将语篇中各个部分联系在一起的语法、词汇和 其它手段, 衔接手段(cohesion)
1. 照应 (co-reference) 2. 结构衔接(structural cohesion) :替代( substitution ) 、省略( ellipsis ) 3.词汇衔接( lexical cohesion ) : 连接( conjunction ) 和词汇衔接
1.
语外照应(外指)exophoric reference
汉语常用零式指代( zero anaphora) 或名词的重复 来体现上下文的照应 英语的照应多用人称代词、指示代词
一路上吃了半斤炒栗子,睡了一会儿觉,就到了 北京。 We ate half a jin of roast chestnuts, had a nap and soon arrived in Beijing.
( lexical cohesion )
I.
指称衔接(照应)
I. 照应 (reference) 指 成分间的参照。 言内照应 内照应(endophoric): 前照应 内照应 : 前照应(anaphora) ; 后照应 (cataphora) 言外照应 外照应(exophoric)- 言内与语 ) 外照应 篇外的照应。 篇外的照应。 汉语倾向于原词复现;英语中的各种人称代词照应 多 最后,他们来到了一条河边。这条河是国家的边界 线,河那边就是意大利。 At last they came to a river. It was the boundary line of the land, and on the side of it was Italy.
以往过年都是打发小孩一点钱, 现在可不这样了。
In the past, they would dismiss the kids with some money as a gift for the lunar New Year, but not nowadays.
汉语复句中的两个子句意思是相对的,转折的, 英语可用替代词 vice versa, the other way round。 为了推动中美关系的发展,中国需要进一步了解 美国,美国也需要进一步了解中国。 To promote the development of China U.S. relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa.
汉语物主代词使用频率偏低,而且忽略了隐含 的物主代词关系,零式指代( zero anaphora) : 梅春姐用手护着头, 紧紧地缩着身子。 Meichun, protected head with arm and shrank body tightly . Meichun,prolecting her head with her arms , contracted her body.
Climax
一年,两年,三年, 你的望眼将穿, 一年,两年,三年,我的归心似箭。 Year in year out you’ve been looking forward with eager expectation to my home-coming; year in year out I’ve been looking forward with great anxiety to returning home. --将光慈 《写给母亲》 李定坤译
一、篇章?
篇章(text)翻译 高于句子层次或句以上 的语言单位的翻译。(王治奎) a linguistic unit as a conversation or a story, larger than a sentence
主位(theme)和述位(rheme) 主位一般含有已知信息(given information),