托福词汇语法讲解汇总

托福词汇语法讲解汇总第一讲词类一、冠词【概念】冠词是一种虚词，用在名词或者名词性短语的前面，表示名词是特指还是泛指。

冠词可以分为定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a / an)。

【你来练习】an 用在元音音素前____ university ____ upward trend ______ European____ engineer _____ hot dog ______ honour(一) 不定冠词(a / an)的用法1. 第一次提及的人或物，泛指某人或某物之前1) Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home.2) [一个最近的调查] conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has found that one third of the white collar workers suffer from insomnia and depression.2. 表示一类人或物A knife is a tool for cutting with.A dog is a common animal.3. 不定冠词用在事物的单位前，如时间、价格等意义的名词前，表示每一。

1).People are suggested to do exercises . [至少一周两次]2).Health experts recommend that people should drink . [一天八杯水]4. 不定冠词用于固定词组中，如quite a little, a large(good,great) amount /sum/deal of,quite a few, a great(good,great) number of, a good many (of), a host of,a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of a large quantity of /a series of/ a good supply of1).Excessive intake of high fat, sugar and calories leads to a host of health problems.2).Obesity is no longer a personal health problem, but a thorny issue inducing a series of social problems.5. 用于序数词前，表示又一，再一Can you give me a second chance?6. 抽象名词具体化，被具体化的名词要加不定冠词a surprise a success a pleasure7. 用于固定搭配中once a week ; a series of; a piece of ;a wide range of(二) 定冠词(the)的用法1. 定冠词特指，上文中已经提到过的人或者事物，或双方明确所指的人或物前。

1) There are many factors that contribute to child and adolescent obesity. The factors may include age, sex, genes, psychological makeup and environment.2) In network age, the development of the library faces new challenges.2. 定冠词与可数名词单数连用，表示一类人或者物。

1) [电脑] and video games contribute to childrens inactive lifestyles.2) [吸烟者] causes damage to others through second-hand smoking.3. 定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或者自然现象名词前the earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the South Pole, the universe, the Bible4. 定冠词用在序数词、形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前。

5. 用在乐器名称前，特别是西洋乐器但中国名族乐器和音乐名词前不用冠词6. 用在姓氏复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妻俩7.用在年代，朝代，时代名词前8. 用于江河，海洋，湖泊，海峡，山脉，群岛。

9. 用在习语中all the same;all the time;at the moment;at the same time ;by the way【你来翻译】3) 最有效的方式4) 有同样经验的人5) 西游记6) 他是我最不想见的人。

(三) 零冠词用法概述1.表示泛指的复数名词前,表示一类人或事物Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways.2.在季节、节日、星期、月份及三餐等名词前[吃早饭] ___________is a good way to start the day and may be important in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.3. 指职位、头衔的词4. 在表示棋类或球类的名词前第二讲句子结构Chapter Two Sentence Structure1.主语：主语是一个句子的主体，一般位于句首，表示句子说的是什么人或者什么事情。

一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当。

The girl is pretty.He is a volunteer.To see is to believeReading is useful.What is more unbelievable is the fact that he didnt die.2.谓语：说明主语做什么，是什么或者怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成.谓语在人称和数的方面必须要和主语一致。

They are teachers.She looks well.He can speak English.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.3.宾语: 是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当.它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后。

She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is a good guy.注：直接宾语和间接宾语：英语中，一些及物动词如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以带两个宾语。

一个指人，叫间接宾语;一个指物，叫直接宾语。

Eg. He gives him the book(间宾) (直宾)4. 表语：说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当.表语位于系动词后面.I am a teacher.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.This is what I want5. 定语：是用来说明人或事物的品质或特征。

修饰名词或代词。

形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语.The black bike is mine. Whats your name?I have five books. The boy in the room is Jack.They made paper flowers. I have something to do.A sleeping boy. A broken vase.The girl who is talking is my sister.注：英语的定语可以前置，也可以后置。

独立的单词作定语时，习惯上放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语;短语或句子(定语从句)作定语时，应放在被修饰的词后面，作后置定语6. 状语：状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词.它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度等.一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当.I have a dream today.(时间状语)He did it carefully. (方式状语)I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.(地点状语)7. 宾语补足语：是补充说明宾语的身份，状态，特性或所做的动作的一种句子成分。

一般由名词，形容词，不定式，介词短语和分词构成。

His parents named him Jim.We found the book very interesting..Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.Ill have my hair cut tomorrow.句子的结构按句子的结构可分三种：1)简单句：只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。

e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词(and, but, for, or, so)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。

e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

3)复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。

复合句包含：名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。