国际结算整理版(2)

国际结算整理名词解释：Bill of exchange(汇票):An unconditional order in writing addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at sight or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to ,or to the order of, a specified person or to the bearer.Promissory note（本票）：An unconditional promise in writing signed by the maker engaging to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to pr to the order of a specified person or to bearer.Cheque(支票):A bill of exchange which is drawn on a bank and is payable on demand.Remittance（汇款）means Refer to transfer of funds from one party to another among different countries through banks.telegraphic transfer(T/T) 电汇：telegraphic transfer is a remittance, at the request of a remitter ,effected by an authenticated cable or telex or SWIFI sent by a remitting bank to a paying bank instructing the latter to pay a certain sum in money to a designated payee of the remittance demand draft transfer (D/D) 票汇：The remitting bank at the request of the remitter draws a bill of exchange on the paying bank, ordering the latter to pay on demand on a certain sum of money to the payeeMail transfer(M/T) 信汇：The mail transfer is a remittance, at the request of a remitter, effected by a mail advice or payment order sent by a remitting bank to a paying bank authorizing the latter to pay a certain sum in money to a designated payee of the remittanceCollection托收:An arrangement whereby the goods are shipped and a relevant bill of exchange is drawn by seller on buyer, and/or shipping documents are forwarded to seller’s bank with clear instructions for collection through one of its correspondent bank located in the domicile of buyer.Documentary Collection (跟单托收):the collection of financial documentsaccompanied by commercial documents and commercial documents not accompanied by financial documentsClean Collection(光票托收):the collection of financial documents not accompanied by commercial documents.Outward Collection and inward collection:From the view point of remitting bankthe transaction is “outward collection”.From the view point of collecting bank the deal is “inward collection”letter of credit（documentary credit）信用证：documentary credit or letter of credit is an undertaking in writing issued by a bank for account of the buyer or for its own account, to pay the beneficiary the value of the draftirrevocable letter of credit不可撤销信用证：means a definite undertaking of confirming bank, in addition to that of the issuing bank, to honor or negotiating a complying presentation. When a confirmation is added to an irrevocable credit by another bank, the credit become a confirmed, irrevocable credit.transferable Credit可转让信用证：transferable Credit is a type of credit under which the first beneficiary which is usually a middleman may request the nominated bank to transfer credit in whole or in part to the second beneficiarysight credit即期信用证:sight credit states that payments would be made by the issuing bank at sight , on demand or on presentation.Deferred payment credit 延期信用证：means under a deferred payment credit, the beneficiary does not receive payment when he presents the documents, but at a later date after B/L date or presentation of documents.Negotiate credit议付信用证：means a negotiation credit refers to the credit under which the issuing bank authorizes other nominated banks to purchase the drafts and/or documents presented by the beneficiary.Straight credit 直接付款信用证：means a straight credit conveys a commitment by the issuing bank to only honor drafts or documents as presented by the beneficiary of the credit and expires at the counter of the issuing bank.letter of guarantee保函:A letter of guarantee is a document that is often issued by a bank or other financial institution.二、简答题：一、三种汇款方式的异同点：比较M/T,P/T,D/T三种汇款方式的区别、特点1、In common: the remitter in the remitting bank handle remittance, all should issue the remittance application, it is formed between the remitting bank remittance and a contract. The three transfer direction and capital flow to the same, all belong to the remittance.2、 Telegraphic Transfer (T/T)： fast and expensiveMail Transfer (M/T)： slow and cheapDemand Draft (D/D)：slow and easy to be negotiated3、In payment in advance, T/T is often used to accelerate exporter’s delivery of goods. The payment is called “down payment”.In open account, M/T or D/D is used, for importer wants to have control over remitting time so that the remittance would not arrives at exporter’s place until the importer has confirmed the quality of importing goods.二、跟单托收的进出口风险，如何规避？Risk for exporter（1）、Refuse to pay or accept time draft on some smallinadvertent infraction of the sales contract.（2）、Demand deep cut down of price, or refuse to accept the goods.3、A heavy storage charge, fire insurance, demurrage and great expenses and time delay if court action is taken.Risk for importer1. Might be fraudulent documents.2. Might be defective or dummy or not the model ordered by importer3. Late shipment, and miss the optimal selling seasons.4. In advance payment , can not inspect goods beforehand.5. Dishonor would ruin importer’s reputation.Protection for exporter:Financial credit and operational style of importer.Market trend of importing country.Whether import license or foreign exchange has been approved by relative authority.Whether political situation in importing country is steady.Whether a case of need could be found once dishonor happens, who could help handle returned goods, e.g warehousing and insuring the goods, arranging shipment of returned goods, finding another buyer for exporter, etc.Protection for importer:1.Investigate exporter’s reputation and deal only with creditworthy exporters.2.If it is time payment, payment time can be XX days/months after Bill of Lading date, which means that earlier delivery,earlier payment.3.Choose the most the favorable procedure of documents delivery basing on the credit standing, financial capability, market trend.e.g. if price is going high, use D/P. If price is going down,use D/AUse D/P at tenor as possible as you can to confirm if goods arrive at the harbor of your country.三、跟单信用证下进出口双方的风险，如何规避？Risk for exporter1、The l/c system risks. the l/c is a kind of business documents.信用证制度存在的风险信用证是一种单据业务。