汉英礼貌用语的跨文化对比分析

Research Proposal
班级xxxxx 学号xxxxx 姓名xxx
1.Title of my thesis
英文题目：A Cross-cultural Comparative Analysis of Chinese and English Politeness
中文题目：汉英礼貌用语的跨文化对比分析
Thesis statement：
Politeness is a code of conduct with moral or ethical significance in daily life behavior, a social statute that has a restrictive effect on any member of society; likewise, language is also bound by this code.
Politeness is both universal and culturally diverse, showing different characteristics in different cultures.
From the perspective of cultural differences, this article outlines the principle of politeness between China and the West, and analyzes the differences and their causes through comparisons in terms of address, greeting, and thank you. It also proposes how to deal with such differences in cross-cultural communication to avoid cultural conflict..
2.Purpose and Significance of study
Politeness itself is a code of conduct with moral or ethical significance in daily life behavior, including people's efforts to maintain harmonious interpersonal relationships. It is a symbol of human civilization and an important criterion for human social activities. However, there are differences in the "politeness principles" in different cultural types, and these differences are fully reflected in polite language. At this time, understanding this difference and studying polite language can improve the ability to use polite language, promote cross-cultural communication and foreign language teaching, and also have guiding significance for our real life.
3.Literature review
3.1 Domestic status:
Xu Shengzhang (1992) modified Leech's politeness principle in his politeness principle, replacing the words "Maximize" and "Minimize" with words such as "usually inclined", and considered the appropriateness of politeness .
L. R. Mao proposed "the relative face orientation construct" after comparing the differences between Chinese and English cultures. This concept is based on the assumption that face is a public image that each member of the community intends to earn for himself, and this public image indicates a potential politeness, which is either an ideal social identity, Or point to ideal personal autonomy. This polite orientation is the unique connotation of face in a particular society.
Chinese linguist Gu Yueguo (1992) proposed five rules of Chinese politeness on the basis of Leech's theoretical framework based on the politeness characteristics of Chinese language and culture: 1. the criterion of derogation and respect for others;
4. Seeking common ground;
5. Code of morality, words and deeds.
Professor Bi Jiwan (1996) proposed three characteristics of politeness in Han culture: 1. Self-respect or respect and mutual respect; 2. Concern for each other. Friends are like relatives, and they are treated with enthusiasm and courtesy.
Wang Xiao (2003) believes that in business negotiations, in order to reach an agreement in favor of both parties, civilized
language, implicit euphemism, and polite manners are all necessary factors for successful negotiations. Business people must adhere to their own opinions and respect each other in foreign business negotiations, and be polite and not humble.
Zhang Yuyu (2010) believes that "politeness" plays a role that cannot be ignored in daily communication. Due to the importance of "politeness", this phenomenon has also received increasing attention from pragmaticians. The most famous theories are Brown and Levinsion's "face theory" and Leech's politeness principle. Polite pragmatic research helps to improve people's communication skills, thereby creating a good communication atmosphere and creating a harmonious and harmonious environment.
Pan Lanlan (2010) believes that Zou Jinhong defined "politeness" in "Ceremony" as "the idea and behavior of harmonious interpersonal relations between people, which is the embodiment of respect and friendliness of speech and manners". As a lubricant, politeness weakens contradictions and conflicts and regulates interpersonal relationships. Teachers should also follow the principle of politeness in classroom teaching. Yu language teaching organically combines to create a pleasant teaching environment to achieve the effect of promoting classroom teaching and improving teaching quality.
3.2 Foreign status:
In 1973, Robin Lakoff published an article entitled "The logic of politeness; or, minding your P'S and Q'S." For the first time, politeness in linguistic communication was examined from the perspective of conversational principles. Mother of Modern Politeness Theory "(Eelen, 2001: 2)
In the 1960s, the American language philosopher Grice (1975) proposed the principle of conversational cooperation based on the speech acts of Austin and Seale, which believed that people should follow the four principles of quality, method and related in all conversations. After the principle of cooperation was proposed, Grice added a conversational meaning to supplement the situation that people often deliberately violated a certain criterion in conversations. However, Grice's principles of conversational cohesion and conversational implication still cannot fully explain the meaning of language and its illocutionary power.
Brown and Levinson (1978) believe that face has two aspects: positive face and negative face. There are many potential threatening behaviors in communication activities. This requires the speaker to use positive politeness strategies to maintain the positive face of the callee or use negative politeness strategies to maintain the negative face of the callee. Their view of politeness is undoubtedly the most influential to date, and their groundbreaking research has greatly promoted the development of politeness research. Today, Brown & Levinson is almost synonymous with "politeness", and their theoretical views have become a strong meme.
British linguist Leach (1983) proposed the well-known principle of politeness, which is an important principle in pragmatics. The principle includes six principles: 1. the rule of grace; 2. the principle of generosity; 3. the principle of praise; 4. The principle of modesty; 5. The principle of agreement; 6. The principle of compassion. Leech's politeness principle has two major contributions: one is to clearly indicate the criteria for distinguishing between politeness and impolite behavior; the other is to point out that politeness is both an asymmetric behavior and a symmetrical behavior. Leech proposed that the
principle of politeness can be combined with Grice's principle of cooperation to explain certain communicative behaviors of people. For example, deliberately violates the quantity, quality, or related standards, turns corners, and does not express its intentions. In this regard, Grice's principle of cooperation cannot be explained, but the principle of politeness can give a complete answer, that is, people sometimes behave rudely to others in order not to hurt the face of others, and will convey their thoughts in the form of conversational meaning To each other. According to Leech, the principle of politeness not only saved the principle of cooperation, but also laid the foundation for the formation of the irony principle.
The British, Iail Gregory, founded the Polite Society in 1986, and later changed its name to the Campaign for Courte on the 10th anniversary, and proposed to be the first in October every year Friday is designated as "National Courtesy Day."
Watts (1992) believed that the so-called politeness means "the various manners of polite behavior that the members of the social and cultural collective recognize and talk about". At the same time, politeness is also a more technical concept, which is only valuable in the general theory of social interaction.
The 6th International Pragmatics Symposium, held in Reims, a city in northeastern France from July 19th to 24th, 1998, featured a special discussion on "polite ideology". A total of 8 papers were exchanged at the meeting. Gino Eelen commented on these eight papers one by one.
November 5-6, 1998 in Louvain, Belgium. 1a. The University of Neuve held a symposium dedicated to the interface between politeness and ideology. The first international seminar on language politeness was held at Chulalongkom University in Bangkok, Thailand, December 7-9, 1999. Bruce Fraser, Robin Lakoff, Sachiko Ide and many other well-known scholars of politeness were invited to make keynote speeches at the conference and discuss the study of politeness Method and its cross-cultural perspective. Some papers of the conference were published in 2005 by John Benjamins, a well-known Dutch publishing company. (Lakoff & Sachiko, 2005)
Mdrquez Reiter (2000) adopted the "open role-playing method" for the first time to conduct a comparative study of the verbal behavior of requests and apologies in Uruguay English and British English.
Eelen (2001) used meta-analysis to analyze the ontological, epistemological and methodological problems in politeness research in detail.
Beeching (2002), based on the French impromptu colloquial corpus, analyzes the role of French vignettes in oral conversation to investigate the politeness of French men and women in conversation.
Locher (2004) focused on the interaction of power and politeness in discourse conflicts.
4.Key Points
For today's era, cross-cultural conflict is not a new topic, but it is still an inquiring topic. Since the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Buddhist culture has entered China, but it has been resisted by Chinese Taoism and Confucianism. Conflicts between Chinese culture and foreign cultures of different models have begun to emerge. The large-scale exchanges and conflicts between Chinese and Western cultures began with the Opium War and have a history of more than 160 years. Especially after China's entry into the WTO in 2001,
the conflict between Chinese and Western cultures has become increasingly apparent. As cross-cultural negotiations at various levels and types become more frequent, understanding the differences between Chinese and Western cultures will play a very important role in preventing cross-cultural communication errors, reducing misunderstandings in international exchanges, and promoting international exchanges and cooperation. Cultural conflicts are manifested in many aspects, so looking at the differences between Chinese and Western intercultural communication principles of politeness is also a breakthrough.
5.Outline
1. Introduction
1.1 Research Background
1.2 Significance of the Study
2.Politeness Principle and Interculturel Communication
2.1 Politeness Principle
2.2 Interculturel Communication
2.3 The relation between Both of Them
3.Survey about the Difference
3.1 Adressing
3.2 Greeting
3.3 Thanking
3.4 Apologising
4.Reason for the Difference
5.Conclusion
Bibliography
Acknowledgements
6.References
[1] 毕继万.“礼貌”的文化特性研究[J]. 世界汉语教学,2006,1
[2]梁金萍. 从礼貌原则的视角分析非语言交际语用失误[D]. 天津大学, 2009.
[3]潘岚岚. Leech礼貌原则在英语课堂教学的运用[J].《现代企业教育》2010,16
[4]王晓. 商务谈判英语中的礼貌原则[J].重庆工商大学学报（社会科学版）2003,6
[5]张博. 语用即文化——语用研究的文化审视[J]. 大众文艺, 2014(13):193-194.
[6] 张昱昱.礼貌的语用研究[J]. 湖南人文科技学院学报2010,5,3
[7] Beeching，K．Gender，Politeness and Pragmatic Panicles in French[M]．Amsterdam：John Benjamins，
2012．
[8]Eelen，G. A, Critique of Politeness Theories[M]．Manchester：St.Jerome，2011．
[9]Lakoff，‘R．T．＆S．Ide(eds．)．Broadening 1．Ile Horizon of Linguistic Politeness[c]．Amsterdam：John Benjamins，2005．
[10]Locher，M．A．Power and Politeness in Action：Disagreement Oral Communication[M]．Berlin：Mouton de Gruyter，2009．
[11]Watts，R．J．Politeness[M]．Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2003．
[12]Watts，R．J．，Ide，S．＆Ehlieh，K．．Introduction[A]．InWatts，R．J．，Ide，S．Ide＆Ehlich，K．(eds．)．Politeness Language：Studies in Its History，Theory and Practice
7.Scheduale of writing
1. 2020年3月下旬确定论文题目，指导老师下达任务书。

2． 2020年4月充分合理安排时间，查阅文献，完成中文文献
综述、开题报告。

3． 2020年4月开始撰写初稿。

4. 2020年4月-2020年5月论文修改工作：与指导老师保持密切联系，认
真对待论文修改工作，直到完成终稿。

5． 2020年6月中旬提交论文终稿，按要求装订的论文终稿一式三
份。