第三章 英语学术论文写作与发表

第三章英语学术论文写作与发表
摘要（Abstract）撰写
一篇论文的摘要是读者的第一个信息来源，是论文能够流通共享的重要因素，它通常被看做是一篇论文最重要的部分之一，拥有独特的功能：1）论文的缩影；2）决定发表机构是否收录；3）促进流通性。

论文摘要的内容要包括整篇论文正文的主要内容：研究背景，研究目的，研究方法，研究发现和研究结论。

正因为摘要需要展现文章整体情况这一原因，才把摘要放在完成主体论文后来写。

从语言和信息内容来看，摘要的语言具有高度概括性，信息内容精炼，尽量用最少的语言传达最多的信息，同时有保证语篇结构的连贯性（黄国文，葛达西，张美芳，2011），因此，在格式上，若论文较长，摘要字数须控制在200字左右，最好不要超过500字；若论文较短，50—100字的摘要即可。

有些机构要求论文发表时在摘要后写上论文的关键词（Keywords），通常是名词，名词短语和动名词。

为了更好地理解摘要部分要怎么来写，我们来看看摘自文章“Food insecurity and low income in an English inner city”的摘要（Abstract）部分的句子都有什么含义。

Ex. 3-7
Abstract
Background Low incomes may not provide the minimum requirements for healthy living. We evaluated experiences of food insecurity in relation to income in inner London.
Methods Subjects attending 10 general medical practices completed a short self-administered questionnaire, including the short form Household Food Security Scale and a short food frequency questionnaire.
Results Responses were obtained from 431/495 (87 per cent) subjects. Overall 87 (20 per cent) of subjects were classified as food insecure. Food insecurity was negatively associated with household income (p = 0.004). University-educated subjects (8 per cent) were less often food insecure than all others (26 per cent). Subjects who were food insecure were less likely to report eating fruit daily (food secure 48 per cent, food insecure 33 per cent, p = 0.017) or vegetables or salads daily (food secure 56 per cent, food insecure 34 per cent, p = 0.002).
Conclusions Experiences of food insecurity may be common in households with incomes at the level of the UK national minimum wage or lower.
Keywords: food security, dietary intakes, income, socio- economic status（Tingay et al., 2003）（178 words）
2.3.6论文修改
修改论文时可以用以下评价标准（Assessment checklist）来从整体上检查论文是否达到要求。

先从宏观来看论文内容和结构，宏观上的问题解决后，再从微观上来检查论文的细节。

(以上是撰写摘要的一种形式，就是把背景（目的）、方法、结果、结论分开描述；下面是另一种撰写形式，采取归纳总结的形式，将上述内容合并，用一个段落或两个段落来描述。

周四检测时大家可自己选择一种形式撰写，同时要求写出关键词。

)
一、摘要的基本要素
摘要需要系统、逻辑、简要地概括全文的基本内容，一般包括下列内容，但并非面面俱到，不同的研究可以有不同的侧重：
1）目的。

调查、研究、研制的前提、出发点、任务和涉及的主要范围。

2）方法。

运用的原理、理论、条件、手段、程序、步骤等
3）结果。

实验、观察或研究的结果、数据、关系、效应、性能等。

4）结论。

结果的分析、比较、评价、应用；提出的问题；今后的课题、假设、启发、建议、预测等。

二、科技论文英文摘要写作要点
（一）结构：科技论文英文摘要结构比较固定,通常由主题句(陈述研究的目的及研究和解决的问题)、展开句(介绍作了哪些研究及研究的途径、采用的模型、实验范围与方法)、结尾句(陈述研究结果及评价论文的价值)组成。

其写作要求逻辑连贯(Coherence)、表达明晰(Clearness)与畅达(Fluency)。

（二）常用句型与句式:
1.首句
由于摘要的首句必须是开门见山点破主题, 常用的句型有：
1.This paper gives a brief introduction to...;
2.This article describes a detailed study of...;
3.This paper discusses...;
4.This article gives a complete commentary on the...;
5. In this paper are presented the results...;
6.A new method is described for...;
7.The principle of...is outlined;
8.The apparatus of...is described;
9.Automation of...is discussed;
10.An account of...is given;
11.The use of...is addressed;
12.The mechanism of...is examined;
13.The dependence of...was established;
14.An analysis of...was carried out.
常用的句式有主动和被动式两种：
主动语态:
①The author or writer looks at the problem of…
②The paper discusses…
③The purpose of the article is to determine…
④The writer have found the problem of…
被动语态:
①An investigation was designed to test…
②The disagreements between… are discussed…
③The new method of… was popularized…
④A concept and its form have been advanced…
常用的动词:
discuss, study, research, describe, explain, expound, confirm, verify, clarify, prove, testify, show, bear out, point out, instruct, illustrate, put forward, advance, analyze, sum up, summarize, introduce, present, elaborate.
2.展开句
随后要用几个句子进一步叙述文章的具体内容,常用的句式有:
1.The aim of this study is to...;
2.Our study of...is based on...;
3.The idea of our method of measurement is to analyze...;
parison of our results with...
3.尾句
在摘要的后部分,要对全文作一总结或对以后的研究提建议,常用句型有：
1.We thus conclude that...;
2.The results show that...;
3.We conjecture猜测that...;
4.Although a number of tests and comparison of the method have given satisfactory results, additional investigations to provide further justification and verification are required
6)The author suggests or concludes that…
7)It recommended that…
8)It has bee found that…
9)It concluded to be…
10)Finally, some significant agreements…
三、时态原则
英语中各种时态的运用原则在撰写论文摘要时同样适用,但具体写作时常用三种时态:
1.一般现在时。

这是最常用的时态,描述没有时间性的―评述‖、―讨论‖、―报导‖、―提出‖、―认识‖、―研究‖等客观存在的背景信息介绍,常用现在时态;
2.一般过去时。

表示撰写论文前已作的工作或分阶段研究中的情况(如描述实验活动中实验样品的制备、成分、实验现象,以及描述实验结果、数据、观察结果、得到的效果性能等);也用来表示转述已发表文献的报导、讨论和研究内容等;
3.现在完成时。

表示某项研究或状态已经完成,强调其影响与作用,或是这种研究或状态到撰写论文时还在持续。

四、范文
例1 Abstract : This paper proposes a new approach and corresponding experiments for the nonlinear robust control非线性鲁棒控制of super – conducting magnetic energy storage(SMES超导磁储能系统) to improve the transient stability of power systems. Based on the results of the SMES prototype experiments , a new dynamic model with disturbances of SMES is adopted , and is transferred to a p. u. system for simplifying the dynamic analysis and controller design. The feedback linearization scheme and linear control theory are applied to design a novel SMES nonlinear robust controller in an one – machine infinite bus (OMIB) power system.
In order to validate such positive effects of the proposed control strategy , experiments are performed on a laboratory setup of SMES. The results of experiments demonstrate that the proposed nonlinear robust controller has better performances to improve the transient stability of power systems than that of conventional PI controllers.
这篇英文摘要共计135 words ,由五个句子构成。

第1 句中提出了论文的目的― to improve the transient stability of power systems‖(以提高电力系统暂态稳定)
在第2、3 句提出了研究的过程与方法:―在实验样机的基础上,提出了新的基于电流型变流器的SMES 的动态模型,并将其转化为标幺制模型,以简化动态性能分析和控制器设计。

通过外部干扰的引入,得到了装设SMES 的单机无穷大系统的动态模型,并采用精确线性方法和线性控制理论设计了SMES 的非线性鲁棒控制器. ‖
第4 句涉及研究的结果:―为验证该控制器的效果,对装设SMES 单机无穷大系统进行了数字仿真和动模实验. ‖
第5 句点出结论:―仿真和实验结果表明,非线性鲁棒控制器比常规PI 控制器具有更好的性能. ‖。