考题大全:2005年湖北大学考博英语真题
湖北大学2004至2005学年第一学期大学英语A级考试试题B(20191128224921)
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湖北大学2004至2005学年第一学期大学英语A级考试试题 B试卷一课程名称:大学英语 1 (A级) 试卷类型: B 卷考试方式:闭卷(开卷、闭卷)印刷份数:学院:任课教师:专业年级:2004级学生姓名:学号:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Part I Listening Comprehension (20 points)PointsSection A Short Conversations (1×10=10 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end ofeach conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Boththe conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After eachquestion there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a singleline through the centre.1. The woman thinks a doctor should be ________.A) a patient personB) a careful personC) a friendly personD) a rigid person2. The woman wants________.A) some teaB) some coffeeC) some soft drinkD) some ice cream3. The woman is now in________.A) New YorkB) ParisC) BeijingD) Tokyo4. The news is about________.A) a terrible stormB) a terrible train collisionC) a terrible air crashD) a terrible earthquake5. The man wants to know________.A) the meaning of the wordB) how to spell the wordC) how to speak the word in EnglishD) how to pronounce the word6. The man________.A) can still have some moreB) cannot have any moreC) is still very hungryD) still wants some more7. The man wants________.A) a capB) a carC) a cabD) a cup8. The woman is________.A) an accountantB) an applicantC) a teacherD) a shop assistant9. The man has just been offered________.A) a mealB) a drinkC) a partyD) afternoon tea10. The woman asks the other one to pass the________.A) SaladB) PepperC) SauceD) saltSection B Dictation (1×10=10 points)Directions:Write down the words you have just heard on Paper Two(试卷二).Part II Reading Comprehension (2×20=40 points)PointsDirections:There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some q uestions or unfinished statements. For each of themthere are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide onthe best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the AnswerSheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Do animals fall in love? Konrad Lorenz, studying the behavior of geese, describes a typical example. Ado’s mate, Susanne-Elisabeth, was killed by a fox. He stoodsilently by her partly eaten body, which lay across their nest. In the followingdays, he hung his head and his eyes became vacant. Because he did not have the heart to defend himself from the attacks of the other geese, his status in the flock fell sharply. A year went by. Finally Ado pulled himself together and found another mate.Animals may fall in love dramatically. According to Lorenz two geese are mostlikely to “fall in love” when they have known each other as youngsters, been separated and then meet again. He compared this to a man who meets a woman and --- astonished that she is the same g irl he used to see running around in a school uniform --- falls in love and marries her. According to parrot specialist Sue Athan, it iscommon for some parrots to fall in love at first sight.Instinct may urge animals to love, but it does not say whom they will love.Seeking a mate for a male parrot, Athan purchased a fine-feathered young female and introduced the two birds. To Aathan’s disappointment, “the male nevertheless acted like the female wasn’t even in the room.”A few months later Athan was given an older female in extremely poor condition. “She didn’t have a feature from the neck down,” she says. “Her feet were all twisted. She had lines around her eyes. And yet the male thought she was the loveof his life.” The two birds immediately paired off and eventually produced young.11. Susanne-Elisabeth is the name of ______.A) a researcherB) a foxC) a girlD) a female goose12. The main point of the story of Ado is to show that some animals _______.A) live together after raising youngB) are deeply saddened when a mate diesC) ensure adequate protection for their youngD) fight other animals13. When Athan bought her parrot a mate he _______.A) bit herB) took to it at onceC) did not realize it was thereD) ignored it14. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A) Animals will never feel sad when their mates die.B) Male parrots love beautiful female parrots.C) It is common for some parrots to fall in love at first sight.D) Instinct can decide which one an animal should love.15. From this passage, what can we know about animals?A) Some animals do experience love in their lives.B) Animals only love those in good conditions.C) All behaviors are decided by animals’ instincts.D) Animals will love anyone in their group without making any choice.Passage TwoQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Ever since I was very small, I’ve had the sense that I ought to be somewhatelse. I remember watching trains flash by and wishing I was on board. I remembergoing to the airport with my p arents when I was 13 and reading the destinations board, seeing all the places that I could go to: Los Angeles, Chicago, London.But the trains passed by and the planes took off without me, so I wandered the world through books. I went to Victorian England in the pages of Middlemarch andA Little Princess, and to St. Petersburge before the fall of the tsar with AnnaKarenina.My home was in a pleasant place outside Philadelphia. But I really lived, truly lived, somewhere else. I lived within the covers of books. In books I traveled, not only to other worlds, but into my own. I learned who I was and who I wanted to be,what I might achieve, and what I might dare to dream about my world and myself.I travel today in the way I once dreamed of traveling as a child --- onairplanes and in trains. And the irony is that I don’t care for it very much. Iam the sort of person who prefers to stay at home, surrounded by family, friends,books. The only thing I do like about traveling is the time on airplanes spentreading.It turns out that when my younger self thought of taking wing, she wanted onlyto let her spirit soar. Books are the plane, and the train, and the road. They arethe real destinations, and the journey too. They are home.16. What did the writer do as a curious child?A) She visited Victorious England and Tarist Russia.B) She flew to Los Angeles, Chicago and London with her parents.C) She read all kinds of books.D) She spent lots of time traveling on trains.17. How does the author feel about travel today?A) She doesn’t like it very much.B) She takes great pleasure in it.C) She feels tired of it.D) She feels as excited as when she was young.18. What did the author learn from books as a child?A) About many foreign places.B) About many historical figures.C) About the outside world as well as her own self.D) About the ironies of life.19. We c an infer from the passage that when traveling by air, the author spends mostof her time on the way_______.A) reading booksB) reading herselfC) imagining thingsD) letting her spirit soar20. In this passage the author mainly talks about _______.A) the wonders of travelB) her growth from an innocent child to a learned womanC) the benefits of readingD) the difference between childhood dreams and life’s realitiesPassage ThreeQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Nowadays, it is important to understand correct gift-giving behaviour aroundthe world.So what is an appropriate and thoughtful gift? Rogers, an American businessman based in Chicago, says that anything that from your home country that is difficultto get elsewhere would be good. For example, a fancy packet of Hawaiian pineapples would be appreciated. Once you have got to know someone try to give them a presentto suit their personal interests as well. If your business partner enjoys football, for example, why not get them a shirt of his favorite team? But remember gifts ofclothing from a man to a woman may seem too intimate and might suggest an inappropriate relationship.When to give the gift also depends on your culture. Westerners usually givegifts when they meet each other but in Eastern cultures it is more usual to givegifts when you leave. There may also be special holiday times when gift-giving isexpected. Christmas is a time for gift-giving in Christian countries and Muslimpeople exchange cards during the festival at the end of Ramadan, the Holy Month.All gifts should be wrapped. In some cultures the wrapping paper has specialmeanings. For example, the Chinese feel red is lucky. Especially at New Year theChinese like to give money in red envelopes called “Hong Bao”, and presents with a red pattern are usual. White paper wrapping should be avoided as the color whiteis associated with funerals in China.Westerners usually open gifts immediately and thank the giver but in Asia itis more usual to open the gift later in private. This is to protect the gift-giverfrom any embarrassment if the gift is discovered to be inappropriate in any way.Additionally in Asia, it is considered polite to refuse the gift at the beginningand for the gift-giver to have to insist that the other person accepts.Gift-giving customs vary from country to country so it is difficult to be correct in every situation. But if you learn the general rules and do a bit of research onthe customs of the places you will visit you will not go too far wrong.21. What sorts of gifts would be appropriate, according to Rogers?A) Things that from your own place that are difficult to get locally inthe place where you are visitingB) Things that are difficult to get in your own countryC) Things that suit your own personal interestsD) Anything22. The word “intimate” (Para 3) most probably means “______”.A) personal B) secret C) close D) private23. Asian people tend to open gifts in private because _________.A) Because they consider impolite to open gifts in publicB) Because they don't want to appear greedyC) Because they don’t want the donor to lose face if the gift is notappropriateD) Because they feel embarrassed to open gifts immediately24. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE a ccording to the passage?A) When giving gifts, we should remember the country’s religion.B) We should avoid giving things that are not appropriate.C) We should chose the wrapping paper carefullyD) In Europe, people usually refuse the gift many times before they takeit25. The best title for this passage would be _______.A) What is an Appropriate Gift B) The Art of Gift-givingC) The Importance of Gift-giving D) How t o Avoid Mistakes in Gift-givingPassage FourQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:Why a re British people so interested in spending money on their homes? O ne r eason is economic. Buying a house is usually the most expensive single purchase that any person will ever make. The average price of a home in Britain was 100,000 poundsin 2001.Very few people can afford to buy a house outright, for cash, and so they haveto take out a loan, called a mortgage, from a bank to pay for the house. This loanthen needs to be paid back over a long period of time, often twenty-five years.Given such a large and long investment, it makes sense for people to spend timerenovating and extending their property in order to make it worth more money if they sell the house; or to give themselves more space if they continue to live in it.Furthermore, house prices have risen spectacularly over the last years as more people choose to buy, rather than rent, their homes. Property prices increased bymore than 33% i n the 1990s alone. Another British saying, “Safe as houses”reveals their attitude towards investing in property.Can this trend towards owning your own property continue? British has along-established base of houses and not much new space to build new ones. Burfortunately Britain’s population is not growing very fast and so the number of new houses and flats built every year, about 200,000 in the year 2001, is not quite enough to cater for demand. Consequently, as demand outstrips supply, prices rise.But another, perhaps more compelling, reason for the urge to spend money onthe house, is psychological. Dr. John Russell of Bournemouth University says, “The home is of great emotional and cultural significance for people. People try toexpress themselves in front of others through their houses.”So houses are no longer just about bricks and mortar. Homes are about safetyand security, warmth and comfort. They are an outward sign of one’s identity, ofone’s status and achievements. “Ultimately,” says Dr. Russell, “homes a re abouta sense of belonging.”26. What is the main idea of this passage?A) Buying a house is usually the most expensive single purchase inBritainB) To analyze the reasons why house prices have risen spectacularly overthe last few years.C) To predict whether or not house prices will continue to rise.D) To analyze the reasons why British people are interested in spendingmoney on their home.27. What is the meaning of the word “outright”(in para. 2) ?A) completely and totallyB) directlyC) partlyD) decisively28. Why do British people spend time to renovate and extend their property?A) Because house buying is a large and long investment.B) In order to make the house worth more money if they sell it.C) In order to give themselves more space if they continue to live init.D) Both A, B and C.29. What can you infer from “Safe as houses” (in para. 4)?A) Houses are usually cheap in Britain.B) It’s safer to live in a house than outdoors.C) It is safe to invest in property.D) House prices will keep steady in the next year.30. Why are British people so interested in spending money on their homes?A) Because of economic reason.B) Because of psychological reasonC) Both A and B.D) Houses are an outward sign of one’s identity, status and achievements.Part III Vocabulary and Structure(0.5×30=15Pointspoints )Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer thatbest completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center.31. Please keep me informed ______ the latest news.A) with B) ofC) for D) to32. The job is great in ______ of advancement but the starting salary is rather low.A) turns B) turnC) terms D) term33. We were all ____ by his funny story.A) amazed B) amusedC) abandoned D) abused34. We anticipate _______ you soon.A) meeting B) meetC) to meet D) met35. The train is ______ to leave the station at 6:00 p.m.A) reflected B) sustainedC) responded D) scheduled36. We cannot associate this little girl _______ the popular novel.A) with B) onC) to D) at37. The teacher gave us a list of reference books. Unfortunately, one of importantbooks in the list is not _____ in our library.A) tedious B) availableC) vivid D) sufficient38. Every student has his own approach_______ study.A) of B) toC) at D) in39. There is a heated controversy _____ the host’s character.A) on B) ofC) over D) at40. He repeated that sentence several times, which shows his_____ in getting thisjob.A) destination B) distributionC) destruction D) determination41. I must congratulate you ______ the excellent design of the new building.A) with B) atC) of D) on42. The meeting was _____ by the National Association of Women for the purpose offurthering the women’s liberation movement.A) reflected B) sponsoredC) participated D assigned43. The teacher is very good at ______ his ideas _____ well.A) putting , up B) putting,onC) putting , aside D) putting , across44. The Great Britain ________ England, Scotland and Wales.A) composes B) is composed ofC) is composed by D) composed45. If I had known this yesterday, I ______ like that.A) wouldn’t say B) wouldn’t be saidC) wouldn’t have said D) wouldn’t be saying46. While visiting Shanghai, I was lucky to ______ my former classmate.A) maintain B) cooperate47. Do you agree to the ____ plan or the new one?A) available B) obviousC) original D) sensible48. The Spring Festival is a holiday for family_______.A) reunion B) congratulationC) reputation D) amusement49. To postpone_____ the debt will ruin our business reputation.A) pay B) to payC) paying D) paid50. The doctor suggested that Mr. Smith ______ in hospital for another five days.A) stays B) stayC) staying D) stayed51. The government hopes to bring _____ some changes in this area by carrying outthe new plan.A) up B) intoC) about D) forward52. I hope you will come again _____ next year.A) some times B) sometimesC) some time D) sometime53. Because of rising cost, we spent _____ money on the project as had been planned.A) twice much B) twice as muchC) twice D) twice as more54. I was so absorbed ______ the interesting novel that I didn’t notice his arriving.A) on B) forC) in D) to55. I did try my best to avoid ______ my pleasure when Mr. Fleagle read out my essaybefore the whole class.A) showing B) to showC) show D) shown56. Why not _____ to Professor Smith for advice? He is an expert in this field.A) your going B) to goC) you go D) go57. The poor man _______ a chance to get a job to support his family.A) longed for B) looked forwardC) longed into D) looked up58. The driver must be very sad because he was almost choked ______.A) up B) atC) in D) of59. The teacher speaks ______ of you.A) high B)veryC) highly D) greatly60. I couldn’t ______ who the lady next to Kathleen was.A) wipe out B) turn outPart IV Cloze (0.5×20=10 points)Directions: Complete the followingpassage with words chosen fromthe table. Change t he form where necessary, and write down y our answers onPaper Two (试卷二).power imagine informed comforts slow down ensure sufficiently audience proportion blame,forattitude develop arguments brought about put the clock back educated majority do without make use of not to speak ofThere is a general debate nowadays about the side-effect __61___by science. Whether science is good for us or not is not easy to say. There is probably some truth to both__62__, but we have no __63__ to stop the science development.It is hard to __64__ how our forefathers could __65__ so many conveniences thatmodern technology has brought us. Back then only a small __66__ of the populationenjoyed some __67__. The __68__ didn ’t even have sufficient food, __69__ theprivilegeof being __70__. However, many people __71__ modern technology __71__ theproblems it has created. They want to __72__ the rate of progress. But no one can __73__. The best we can do is to make __74__ decisions as to the directionin whichtechnology is to __75__.In order to make the public be better informed and have the right __76__ towards science, we have to __77__ the schools, the popular science books, and the television, for them can __78__ the basic knowledge of modern science reaches a __79__ large __80__. Part Ⅴ Translation (2.5×6=15 points)Directions:Translate the following sentences into Chinese orEnglish. Write down your translationson Paper Two (试卷二) .81. The accountant has worked out your share of the expense at 1,000 yuan.82. Do you have a moment? T here are a couple of thinks I ’d like to talk to you about. 83. We often associate Egypt with Pyramids. 84. 飞机定于4时起飞。
考博英语(语法)历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)
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考博英语(语法)历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. GrammarGrammar1.That grand-sized pine tree______the horizon.(北京大学2005年试题)A.stands up well againstB.stands out good toC.stands out well againstD.stands up good to正确答案:C解析:stand out against sth.的意思是“突出,显眼”,符合题意。
stand up against 的意思是“抵抗,反对,同……对抗”;stand out to sth.无此搭配;stand up to sth.的意思是“经得起磨损”。
本题是说巨大的松树突出地显现在地平线上。
因此C项为正确答案。
2.“The effect of this medicine______by midnight,”the doctor told Emma, “You had better not try to read tonight. “(北京大学2005年试题)A.will wear offB.wears offC.will have worn offD.will be worn off正确答案:B解析:当表示普遍规律时应用一般现在时,因此B项为正确答案。
3.______, the guest speaker was ushered into the auditorium hall to give the lecture.(北京大学2005年试题)A.Being shown around the campusB.Having shown to the campusC.After been shown around the campusD.Having been shown around the campus正确答案:D解析:因为在was ushered into the auditorium hall之前就发生了be shown aroundthe campus这一动作,所以应用完成时的被动语态。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)
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考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1.The detectives kept a ______ watch of the suspect’s house.A.keenB.completeC.thoroughD.close正确答案:D解析:close a.严密的,密切的。
keen a.热心的,渴望的(on);敏锐的,敏捷的(of)。
complete a.完全的,完整的。
thorough a.彻底的,完全的。
2.The police searched all the houses but found no______.A.connectionsB.cluesC.relationshipsD.ties正确答案:B解析:clue(to)n.线索,提示。
3.Many skiers ______ around the fire and drink hot chocolate in the evenings.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A.padB.packC.squeezeD.cluster正确答案:D解析:本题空格处是说“许多滑雪者成群地围在火堆边”。
D项“cluster丛生,成群”符合题意.如:The boys and girls clustered together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs.(孩子们成群地围着营火堆讲着故事唱着歌。
)其他三项“pad加上垫衬;pack包装:squeeze压榨”都不正确。
4.A substance such as sand may be either fine or ______.A.coarseB.courseC.largeD.tough正确答案:A解析:coarse a.粗的,粗糙的;粗劣的;粗俗的。
05年10月考博英语A卷
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05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编58(题后含答案及解析)
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考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编58(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1.To avoid an oil shortage more machines must ______ solar energy.A.developB.introduceC.exerciseD.utilize正确答案:D解析:utilize/-ise vt.利用,使用(如:Can you utilize a computer in your work? to utilize one’s abilities in a suitable job)。
develop vt.开发,研制;发展,形成。
introduce vt.引进,传入;介绍。
exercise vt.运用,行使(权力、影响、耐心、谨慎等)。
2.There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with______contempt.(2005年中国科学院考博试题)A.utterB.soleC.intimateD.corresponding正确答案:A解析:本题空格处是说“经理以完全蔑视的态度来对待他的员工”。
A项“utter 全然的,绝对的”符合题意,如:What he is doing is utter stupidity!(他正在做的是完全愚蠢的事!)其他三项“sole单独的,唯一的:intimate亲密的,隐私的:corresponding相应的,通信的”都不正确。
3.They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any ______ones in this area?(2007年清华大学考博试题)A.evacuatedB.emptyC.vacantD.vacate正确答案:C解析:四个选项的意思分别是:evacuated撤退者的;empty空的,指里面什么东西都没有,如:The ease is empty.(这是个空箱子。
2005年湖北大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
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2005年湖北大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingReading ComprehensionToday, a high-level finance manager is just as likely to be a casual-looking 21-year-old as a balding executive. They have all either started their own companies or head a division within an existing firm. Most are under 30. Many of them share a tendency to think, speak and act fast. A detailed psychological study carried out recently on young business start-uppers aged over 25 revealed some common characteristics. The head psychologist at the University of Northumbria, Dr. Martyn Dyer-Smith, says “We found that they are opportunists. They have that entrepreneurial ability to take whatever is in front of them and turn it to their advantage. Any fool can make US $ 2 if they are in the right place at the right time, what is much harder is to actually plan their business. Originally I had a hypothesis that they planned a long time ahead, but I was wrong. What came across was a surprisingly short planning time. They took the opportunities as and when they came up.”What cannot be underestimated, though, is self-confidence. “There is an amazing, almost abnormal, belief in themselves and (they) go very much on intuition.”Says Dyer-Smith. While there is no typical pattern to what puts someone in the fast lane, there are some common threads: living up to the expectations of parents, channeling excessive amounts of energy into business, or finding a way to overcome personal barriers such as dyslexia (a reading disability) or learning difficulties, for example. The biggest surprise was the lack of young women. This was particularly unexpected, given the recent publicity about how girls are performing better than boys at school and becoming more confident and ambitious. But young women are opting for more secure careers rather than gambling with their future. With only a handful of female role models, some girls are not even considering being their own boss, let alone working on a concept fresh out of school, according to Dr Susan Vinnicombe, director of the center for the Development of Women Business Leader. “Women are going more into the corporate structure and doing well there. But perhaps the reason that they are not doing business for themselves at an earlier age is because women’s attitudes are different. They perceive risk in a different way to men, who are not worried about borrowing huge amounts of money if it’s going to help their business in the long term. Women are more cautious and more hesitant ,”she says. Vinnicombe sees the lack of female entrepreneurs as part of a larger problem about women and the IT industry. Given that the computer world is one of the key areas for growth, where youth is an asset, it is “remarkable” that so many women are missing out on it. “The number of women in IT has actually dropped in the past 10 years. There is a real problem with attracting them to the IT industry, as girls don’t seem to want to do it at university. It’s become such a worrying issue that I know thegovernment is looking into ways to attract them.”1.What is the passage mainly about?A.Lack of young managers all over the world.B.Features of high-level finance managers.C.Origins of the decline in female-dominated industry.D.Aims of a young woman fresh out of school.正确答案:B解析:本文主要涉及高层金融管理人员的特征。
2005年中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
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2005年中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1.Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature ______ to protect the dolphins.A.reservationB.rescueC.reserveD.refugee正确答案:A解析:考形近词与同义词的辨析。
reservation是“保留地,专用地,禁猎地”,指动物保护区;rescue是“援救,营救”;reserve是“储备物,收藏;自我克制”,如:reserve of food(食物储备);refugee指“逃亡者,难民”。
根据句子大意,要发展一个海洋自然______来保护海豚,应该选择reservation。
句子大意是:“海洋生物学家正在呼吁要将Cardigan海湾重新发展成一个海洋自然保护区来保护海豚。
”2.Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that this will ______ the memory of the passers-by.A.keepB.easeC.jogD.enhance正确答案:C解析:考动词搭配。
难点在于熟悉动词的不熟悉用法。
keep是“保持”,ease 是“使悠闲;减轻,放松”;jog做不及物动词是“慢跑”,做及物动词是“摇动;唤起,提醒”,这是一个不太熟悉的用法;enhance是“提高,增强”。
2005年03月考博英语试题及答案
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中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月考生须知:一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。
试卷一为客观题,答卷使用标准化机读答题纸;试卷二为主观题,答卷使用普通答题纸。
二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸,画线不得过细或过短。
修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。
若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别,责任由考生自负。
请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。
三、全部考试时间总计180分钟,满分为100分。
时间及分值分布如下:试卷一:Ⅰ听力20分钟20分Ⅱ词汇15分钟10分Ⅲ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅳ阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二:Ⅴ英译汉30分钟10分Ⅵ写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air. B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friemts. B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket. B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information. B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium. B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each. B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman. B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10. A. The man has caught a cold. B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Directions:In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel. B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class. B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART ⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cutting move might its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your invitation, and I‟d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating, but I beg you to grant my and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular ach ievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as a self-confident mature nation to be seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would , for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which could eventually lead to coastal flooding, weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to be accepted by peers great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives inPART ⅢCLOZE TEST (is minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate ofmedical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs(心电图)are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41. A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42. A. why B. how C. if D. what43. A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44. A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45. A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46. A. good B. well C. much D. far47. A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48. A. however B. because C. but D. so49. A. at B. to C. for D. in50. A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51. A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52. A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53. A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54. A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55. A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old manappeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leavinga trace.56. Samarkand lies .A. in a desertB. high in the mountainsC. in front of DamascusD. between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by .A. the beauty of the sceneB. the sight of DamascusC. the age of the placeD. the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because .A. it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB. it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC. the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD. the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to .A. the ones his ancestors had keptB. the ones that lived in his own countryC. those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD. those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because .A. he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB. he did not think there would be any callsC. the calls came from the mosquesD. the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now .A. it does sell jewelleryB. the holy men do not sell thereC. it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD. the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.”Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected.It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when .A. the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults‟ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD. the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children .A. to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB. to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers during infancyC. to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD. to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if .A. they did not receive food when they were hungryB. they mastered their body movements too quicklyC. someone came too close to themD. they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs .A. before maternal affection is providedB. when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC. when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD. as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that .A. the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB. the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC. the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD. no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is .A. the type of techniques used by the motherB. the sensitivity of the childC. maternal loveD. the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A. By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B. By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C. By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D. By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others aresatisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering—and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don‟t recommend this—and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably—and, usually, utterly benignly—a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don‟t make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don‟t worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning—and found to be essentially thesame. A ccording to Dr. Gerba‟s research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage?A. We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B. Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C. The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D. The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that .A. healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC. unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD. our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “... manage this” means “to manage the process of .A. killing the bacteria in your bodyB. multiplying to a significantly large numberC. raising the room temperatureD. sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better .A. make the room dryB. keep the food in the refrigeratorC. wash your hands as much as possibleD. clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes .A. the danger of virusesB. the common existence of virus particlesC. the short life span of virusesD. the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means .A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsive .A. if he washes his hands every time he touches a surfaceB. if he only washes his hands with soap and waterC. if he could not win over the bacteria in his homeD. if he does not fight against the bacteria at homePassage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. “We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine,” says Bass. “We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop.” The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $ 4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They‟re now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s suc cess demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategiesthroughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids,and we‟ve got to do more.”How to do mo re was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is .A. encouragedB. allowedC. unlawfulD. unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapol is school district partly because .A. water is provided freeB. most kids can afford nothing but waterC. water machines are put in noticeable positionsD. children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French and some other experts are .A. confident about children‟s choicesB. pessimistic about the futureC. puzzled about which approach to takeD. worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that .A. more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB. both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C. the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D. obesity and smoking are both health problems.80. The primary purpose of this passage is to .。
2005年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
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2005年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionThe calendar used in Australia and in most other countries was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. It provides for 366 days in those years for which the year number when divided by 4 gives a whole number (i. e. without a remainder), those years are called leap years. All other years have 365 days. The Gregorian calendar further specifies that years whose year number is divisible evenly by 100 are not leap years, unless the year number is also divisible by 400. In a leap year February has 29 days, whereas in a non-leap year it has 28 days. A decade is a 10-year period, such as I January 1885--31 December 1894.1.Which one of the following years was a leap year?A.1880B.1894C.1906D.1926正确答案:A解析:1880年是闰年,因为1880能被4整除,1894,1906年1926这三个数字均不能被4整除,因此1894年、1906年和1926年均不是闰年。
全国医学考博英语真题整理2005年-育明考博
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全国医学考博英语真题整理2005年31、There was no________ but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32. I_______ when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fellB.fell awayC.fell outD.fell back33. I’m_____ passing a new law that helps poor children get better medicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.lookong up toD.taking hold of34. In front of the platform, the students were talking with the professor overthe quizzes of their________ subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominants35. The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire ______ in a foreign language through more practice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36. The teacher explained the new lesson ______ to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand(PS:育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣:547.063 .862 TEL:四零零六六八六九七八 有售各院校真题)37. I shall _____ the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper with a rewardfor the finder.A.advertisermC.announceD.publish38. The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ____ adult growth.A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retard39.She had a terrible accident, but ______she wasn’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.his weak chest _____ him to winter illness.A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money, so they had to lay off some of its employeesfor three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The northy American states agreed to sign the agreement of economical and military union in Ottawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradiction D,confrontation43.The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in its base.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days, John was startlingly pale.A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company. You must comply with the regulations laid down by the authorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.praisedB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leader are making every effort to tackle the problemof poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems to be no problemfor them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III Cloze (10%)In Mr. Allen’s high school class, all the students have to “get married”. However, the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 . These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voice of the “minister”. Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.The teacher, Mr. Allen, believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business. He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that53 take place after marriage. He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before people marry.Mr. Allen doesn’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment, He also exposes them to nitty-gritty problems they will face everday . He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can straina marriage to the breaking point. He even 57 this students with the problemsof divorce and fact that divorced men must pay child support money for their children and sometimes pay monthly alimony to their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems thata married couple often faces. 58 they took the course, they had not worried much about the problems of marriage. However, both students and parents feelthat Mr. Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly. Their statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 the school to offer the course again.51.A. duplications B.imitations C.assumptions D.fantasies52.A. noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53.A.might B.would C.must D.need54.A.issues B.adjustments C.mattersD.expectancies55.A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56.A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphs D.verdictsrms B.concerns C. triumphs D.associates58.A.Until B.Before C.After D.As59.A.taken B.suggested C.endorsed D.approached60.A.confirmed B.convinced promised D.conceivedPart IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage OneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embedded in every culture---that dancingis a ‘cultural universal’. A researcher in Manchester thinks the impulse maybe even more deeply rooted than that. He says it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd, a psychologist at the University of Manchester, told the BA thathe first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people danceto deafeningly loud music. ‘There is a compulsion about it’, he says. He reckoned there might be a more direct, biological, explanation for the desireto dance, so he started to look at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions: hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so that organs for balance,for instance, do not have an acoustic function. But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus, which is part of the balance-----regulating vestibular system, has retained some sensitivity to sound . The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise, above 70 decibels.‘There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment, the sacculuswill be stimulated.’ Says Todd. The average rave, he says, blares music ata painful 110 to 140 decibels. But no one really knows what acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to extremely loud music is a form of‘vestibular self-stimulation’ it gives a heightened sensation of motion. ‘We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.’ he says. ‘But we know that peoplego to extraordinary lengths to get it’ He lists bungee jumping, playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other examples of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us getup and dance as well, says Todd. Loud music sends signals to inner ear whichmay prompt reflex movement. ‘The typical pulse rate of dance music is aroundthe rate of locomotion,’ he says. ‘It’s quite possible you’re triggeringa spinal reflex.’61. The passage begins with_______.A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universal questionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into human physical movements62. What intrigued Todd was_____.A. human instinct reflexesB. people’s biological heritagesC. people’s compulsion about loud musicD. the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing.63.Todd’a biological explanation for the desire to dance refers to______.A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated , according to Todd.____.A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibels will shoot upD.hearing will occur65. What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expected.B.Dancing is capable of heightening the sensation of hearing.C.Loud music stinulates the inner ear and generates the urge to dance.D.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintain balance. Passage TwoHave you switched off your computer? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off, not just pressed the button on some control panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t, you are one of the guilty people who are helping to pollute the planed. It doesn’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme, conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work. You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy, even though they are doing absolutely nothing. Some electronic products ------such as CD players -------can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running. Others may use a lot less, but as your video player spends far more hours on stand-by than playing anything, the wastage soon adds up.In the US alone, idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London---costing consumers around $1 billion a year. Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responsible for the waste. But manufacturers onlyget away with designing products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue. Indeed, while recycling has caught the public imagination, reducing waste has attracted much less attention.But “source reduction”, as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use, offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds. With a little intelligent shopping, you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain. One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world, rather than produced locally, is the huge amount of packaging needed to transport them safety. In the US, a third of the solid waste collected from city homes is packaging. To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufactures the simplest trick is to to look for ultra-light packaging.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives, thin-walled aluminum cans, and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package. There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler--- filling up, naturally, your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup. But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents. There are limits to source correctness.66.From the first two paragraphs, the author implies that____A. hitech has made life easy everywhereB. B .nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC. C. recycling can potentially control environmental deterioration D. Everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in one way or another.67. The waste caused by household and office electrical appliances on stand-by mode seems to ___.A. be a long-standing indoor problemB. cause nothing but troubleC. get exaggeratedD. go unnoticed68. By idle electronic devices, the author means those appliances___A. left on stand-by modeB. filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideC. used by those who are not energy consciousD. used by those whose words speak louder than actions69. Ultra-light packaging________.A. is expected to reduce American waste by one-third.B, is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C. can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD. is a villain of what the garbage experts call “source reduction”70. The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that__________.A. One person cannot win the battle against pollutionB. anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC. nobody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmental protectionD. anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is not needed.71.Schallert issued a warning to those who__________.A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for his investigation?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramatic improvements.B.The critical period for brain damage is one week after injuryC.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery73. The results from Schallert’s research________.A.reinforced the significance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppositeDverified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that_______.A.glutamate can have toxic effects on healthy nerve sellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD.all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians________.A.to administer drugs to block the effects of glutamate.B.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke victims one week after injuryD.to reconsider the significance of physiotherapy to brain damagePassage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observations of their spatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time. This is the easiest way to begin, for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time, and in any case, our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting. Even where physical change is very rapid, this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequently, after years away. Most of our urban theory, whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering, is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures changes slowly, and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies. In recent years, these assumptions have come to be challenged, and in previous editorials I have argued the needfor a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models, where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change. Even these views, however, imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization, where the functions determining such change are very largely routine, accomplished over months or years, rather than any lesser cycle of time. There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to day or hour-basis, which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around. Transportation modeling, for example, is fashioned from this standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study, its explanation being central to the notion that spatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We, according to the passage, tend to observe cities.A.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC. sporadicallyD. horizontally77. We think about a city as ______.A. a spatial eventB. a symbolical worldC. a social environmentD. an interrelated system78. Cross-sectional studies show that cities ________.A. are structured in three dimensionsB. are transformed rapidly in any aspectC. are resilient and long lasting through timeD. change slowly in spatial and social structures79. The author is drawing our attention to_______.A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB. the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD. all of the above80. The conventional notion, the author contends,_________.A. presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD. hinders the physical change of urban structurePassage FiveWhen it is sunny in June, my father gets in his first cutting of hay. He starts on the creek meadows, which are flat, sandy, and hot. They are his driest land. This year, vacationing from my medical practice, I returned to Vermont to help him with the haying.The heft of a bale(大捆)through my leather gloves is familiar: the tautness of the twine, the heave of the bale, the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms. This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze. I walk behind the chug and clack of baler, moving the bales into piles so my brothercan do the real work of picking them up later. As hot as the air is, my face is hotter. I am surprised at how soon I get tired. I take a break and sit in the shade, watching my father bale, trying not to think about how old he is, how the heat affects his heart, what might happen.This is not my usual work, of course. My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them. Occasionally I touch them, and am glad that my hands are soft. I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots. Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles, hidden swellings of organs and joints, and probe all the painful places in my patients’ lives. There are many. Perhaps I am too soft, could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work, as if all my patients were inside me, letting me carry them, I don’t mean to. But where do I put their stories? The childhood beatings, ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression, fears, illness? These are not my experiences, yet I feel them and carry them with me. Try to find healthier meanings, I spent the week before vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized. Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field. They will be easy to pick up. Dad climbs, tired and lame, from the tractor. I hand him a jar of ice water, and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done. I’ll stack a few more bales and maybe drive the truck for my brother. My father will have some appreciative customers this winter, as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles, the heat on my face. I an taunted by the simplicity of this work, the purpose and results, the definite boundaries of the fields, the dimensions of the bales, for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies; it spills into families, homes, schools and my office, like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar. I feel the rough stubble left in its wake. I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape, new meanings stacked against the despair of pain. I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81. Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A. The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on the narrator.B. The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C. It is the first time for the narrator to do haying.D. The narrator is as physician.82. In retrospection, the narrator___________.A. feels guilty before his father and brotherB. defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC. hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD. is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83. As a physician, the narrator is ________.A. empathicB. arrogantC. callousD. fragile84. His associations punctuate___________.A. the similarities between medicine and agricultureB. the simplicity of muscular workC. the hardship of life every where D .the nature of medical practice85. The narrator would say that________.A. it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB. everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC. he is a shame to his fatherD. his trip is worth it.Passage SixEveryone has seen it happen. A colleague who has been excited, involved, and productive slowly begins to pull back, lose energy and interest, and becomes a shadow or his or her former self. Or , a person who has been an beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism. What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy, lack of commitment and involvement, and continual frustration, often accompanied at work by physical symptoms, disability claims and performance problem. Job burnout is a crisis of spirit, when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening .And organization‘s most valuable resource ------the energy, dedication and creativity of its employees----is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work. The burned—out manager comes to work, but he brings a shell rather than a person. He experiences little satisfaction, and feels uninvolved, detached, and uncommitted to his work and co-worker .While he may be effective by external standards, he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level, and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire. It’s especially scary some of the most talented. If they can’t maintain their fire, others ask.Who can? Are these people lost forever, or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually, the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit, and , more important, there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.The passage begins with_______.A. a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC. a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustion.B.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishment.D.All of the above.88. Job burnout is a crisis of spirit, which will result in_______.A.apersonal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countyD. a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89. Burnout can be________.A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-our, according to the passage, are potentially able________.A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD. to challenge their organization本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2005~2007年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
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2005年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解Part ⅠReading Comprehension (40%)Directions:There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage:The calendar used in Australia and in most other countries was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. It provides for 366 days in those years for which the year number when divided by 4 gives a whole number (i.e.) without a remainder; those years are called leap years. All other years have 365 days. The Gregorian calendar further specifies that years whose year number is divisible evenly by 100 are not leap years, unless the year number is also divisible by 400.In a leap year February has 29 days, whereas in a non-leap year it has 28 days.A decade is a 10-year period, such as 1 January 1885-31 December 1894.1. Which one of the following years was a leap year? _____.A. 1880B. 1894C. 1906D. 19262. Which One of the following years will not be a leap year? _____.A. 2000B. 2024C. 2052D. 30003. How many leap years will there be in the decade commencing 1 January 2019? _____.A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 44. Since 1582, the maximum number of leap years possible in any decade is _____.A.2B.3C.4D.5【答案与解析】1.A a leap year指的是闰年。
湖北大学考博英语-1.doc
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湖北大学考博英语-1(总分:55.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Vocabula(总题数:10,分数:5.00)1.It is impossible to ______ whether she'll be well enough to come home from the hospital next month.∙ A. foresee∙ B. infer∙ C. fabricate∙ D. inhibit(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.2.I didn't say anything like that at all. You are ______ purposely my ideas to prove your point.∙ A. revising∙ B. contradicting∙ C. distorting∙ D. distracting(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.3.Equipped with modern science and technology people of today feel many assertions which were once taken as ______ truth absurd.∙ A. religious∙ B. profound∙ C. sacred∙ D. prominent(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.4.She accidentally swallowed the poison and death was ______.∙ A. instantaneous∙ B. simultaneous∙ C. symmetrical∙ D. insufficient(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.5.Many students find ______ jobs during their summer holidays.∙ A. contemptible∙ B. temperate∙ C. temporary∙ D. contemporary(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.6.Regular use of this moistening cream will help to ______ the rough, dry condition of your skin.∙ A. alleviate∙ B. abstract∙ C. evaporate∙ D. abbreviate(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.7.The computer can ______ stored information in a matter of minutes.∙ A. reassure∙ B. release∙ C. retrieve∙ D. revive(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.8.The engineers have used special methods to ______ the bridge against danger from high winds.∙ A. suppress∙ B. lubricate∙ C. heave∙ D. ensure(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.9.The price of vegetables ______ according to the weather.∙ A. formulates∙ B. flourishes∙ C. fluctuates∙ D. frames(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.10.You will have to work hard to ______ the time you lost.∙ A. make use of∙ B. make up for∙ C. make way of∙ D. make room for(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.二、{{B}}Part Ⅱ Reading (总题数:4,分数:30.00)Once upon a time, innovation at Procter & Gamble flowed one way: from the United States outward. While the large Cincinnati-based corporation was no stranger to foreign markets, it usually sold them products that were already familiar to most Americans. Many Japanese families, for instance, swaddle their babies in Pampers diapers, and lots of Venezuelans brush their teeth with Crest. And of course (company executive assumed) American at home wanted these same familiar, red-white and blue brands. We might buy foreign-made cars, or chocolates, or cameras but household cleaners and detergents?Recently, however, P&G broke with this long-standing tradition. Ariel, a P&G laundry detergent, was born overseas, and is a familiar sight on store shelves in Europe and Latin America. Now bilingual packages of ArielUltra, a super-concentrated cleaner, are appearing on supermarket shelves in Los Angeles.Ariel's appearance in the United States reflects demographic changes making Hispanics the nation's fastest-growing ethnic group. Ariel is a hit with this population. In fact, many Mexican immigrants living in Southern California have been "importing" Ariel from Tijuana, Mexico. "Hispanics knew this product and wanted it," says P&G spokeswoman Marie Salvado. "We realized that we couldn't convince them to buy (our) other laundry detergents." P&G hopes that non-Hispanic consumers will give Ariel a try too.Ariel's already strong presence in Europe may provide a springboard for the company to expand into other markets as well. Recently P&G bought Rakona, Czechoslovakia's top detergent maker. Ariel, currently a top seller in Germany, is likely to be one of the first new brands to appear in Czech supermarkets. And Ariel is not the only foreign idea that the company hopes to transplant back to its home territory. Chinch, anall-purpose spray cleaner similar to popular European products, is currently being test-marketed in California and Arizona. Traditionally Americans have used separate cleaners for different types of surfaces, but market research shows that American preferences are becoming more like those in other countries.Insiders note that this new reverse flow of innovation reflects more sweeping changes at Procter & Gamble. The firm has hired many new Japanese, German, and Mexican managers who view P&G's business not as a one-way flow of American ideas, but a two-way exchange with other markets. Says Bonita Austin of the investment firm Wertheim-Schroeder, "When you met with P&G's top managers years ago, you wouldn't have seen a single foreign face." Today "they could even be in the majority."As Procter & Gamble has found, the United States is no longer an isolated market. Americans are more open than ever before to buying foreign-made products and to selling U. S.-made products overseas.(分数:7.50)(1).According to the passage, which of the following is true?∙ A. The brands of Pampers, Crest, Ariel, and Cinch reflect the traditional one-way flow of Procter & Gamble.∙ B. In spite of market changes, Procter & Gamble still sticks to its long-standing tradition of one-way flow innovation.∙ C. Procter & Gamble has to change its one-way flow tradition because of the increased number of its foreign managers.∙ D. Today one may meet more foreign faces in Procter & Gamble than years ago.(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, all of the following are true about Ariel except ______.∙ A. it is the best seller in Czechoslovakia∙ B. it is a laundry detergent product of Procter & Gamble∙ C. Ariel was born outside the United States∙ D. it already enjoys popularity in Europe(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(3).The "insider" (paragraph 5, line 1) is most probably ______.∙ A. someone who buys both Ariel and Cinch∙ B. someone who works within Procter & Gamble or knows it fairly well∙ C. someone who is a loyal customer of Ariel∙ D. someone once worked within Rakona(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(4).According to the passage, Procter & Gamble hopes to transplant the foreign idea back to its home territory because ______.∙ A. Americans are more likely to buy foreign-made products than before∙ B. for most Americans foreign products are much more attractive than home-made ones ∙ C. the company has found that foreign-made products are superior to home-made ones in terms of quality∙ D. the company has hired more foreigners in its top management than before(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(5).The author may most probably agree that ______.∙ A. it is a trend that businesses today go global∙ B. businesses today are very reluctant to go global∙ C. American businesses can make more money if they only sell home-made products ∙ D. the market of the United States should not be that open(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human beings. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life. An alien exploring the Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant, most distinctive feature—the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one-third of the Earth's surface. Given that two-thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three- dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750 000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there. To appreciate fully the diversity of abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100 000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants andanimals, including larva's or organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.(分数:7.50)(1).What is the main point of the passage?∙ A. Humans are destroying thousands of species.∙ B. There are thousands of insect species.∙ C. The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.∙ D. Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(2).Why does the author compare coral reefs with rain forests (Para.1)?∙ A. They share many similar species.∙ B. They are approximately the same size.∙ C. Most of their inhabitants require water.∙ D. Both have many different forms of life.(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(3).The passage suggests that most rain forest species are ______.∙ A. insects∙ B. bacteria∙ C. mammals∙ D. birds(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(4).The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forest because ______.∙ A. there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions∙ B. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea∙ C. many insect species are too small to divide into categories∙ D. marine life-forms reproduce at a faster pace(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?∙ A. Ocean life is highly adaptive.∙ B. Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.∙ C. The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.∙ D. More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.Education is one of the key words of our time. A man, without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, is punctuated by textbooks--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits?So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modem education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"--if the term can be applied to people without a script--while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that 'all ourchildren could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents, therefore the jungles and the grasslands know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.(分数:7.50)(1).The word "interest" in the first paragraph most probably means ______.∙ A. pleasure∙ B. returns∙ C. share∙ D. knowledge(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, the author seems to be ______.∙ A. against the education in the very early historic times∙ B. in favor of the educational practice in primitive cultures∙ C. quite happy to see an equal start for everyone∙ D. positive about our present educational instruction(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the passage that ______.∙ A. the aim of "equal start" has already been reached among savages∙ B. savages in ancient times are more civilized than modern people∙ C. the modem education system is more democratic than before∙ D. there are no illiterates in civilized nations in today's society(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(4).According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?∙ A. Education can't work without the benefits of textbooks.∙ B. We have not yet decided on our educational models.∙ C. Compulsory schooling is not existent in all nations.∙ D. Our spiritual outlook is better now than before.(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(5).The best title for this passage is ______.∙ A. Education and Modern Civilization∙ B. The Significance of Modern Education∙ C. Educational Investment and the Profit It Brings∙ D. Education: A Comparison between Past and Present(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.However important we may regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives. Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents informed of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing, and developmental mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The many interviews carried on during the years as well as new ways of reporting pupils progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate indiscussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip, and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis. If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics and, at the same time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers' conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children's misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestions for penalties and rewards at home. What is needed is more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser, plants ideas in parents' minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom. In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters' capacities.(分数:7.50)(1).The central idea conveyed in the passage is that ______.∙ A. home training is more important than school training because a child spends so many hours with his parents∙ B. teachers can and should help parents to understand and further the objectives of the school∙ C. parents unwittingly have hindered and thwarted curricular objectives∙ D. there are many ways in which the mathematics program can be implemented at home(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(2).The author directly discusses the fact that ______.∙ A. parents drill their children too much in arithmetic∙ B. principals have explained the new art programs to parents∙ C. a father can have his son help him construct articles at home∙ D. a parent's misguided efforts can be redirected to proper channels(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(3).It can reasonably be inferred that the author ______.∙ A. believes that schools are lacking in guidance personnel∙ B. believes present relationships between home and school are satisfying∙ C. feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmental program∙ D. feels that parent teacher interviews can be made much more constructive than they are at present(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(4).The author implies that ______.∙ A. participation in interesting activities relating to a school subject improves one's achievement in that area∙ B. school principals do more than their share in interpreting the curriculum to the parents ∙ C. only a small part of the school day should be set apart for drilling in arithmetic ∙ D. too many children are lazy and have poor work habits(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.(5).The author's primary purpose in writing this passage is to ______.∙ A. tell parents to pay more attention to the guidance of teachers in the matter of educational activities in the home∙ B. help ensure that every child's capacities can fully develop when he leaves school ∙ C. urge teachers and school administrators to make use of a much underused resource of the parents∙ D. improve the teaching approach in mathematics in and outside the classroom(分数:1.50)A.B.C.D.三、{{B}}Part Ⅲ Cloze{{/(总题数:1,分数:10.00)In most countries a PhD is a basic requirement for a career in academia. It is a(n) {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}to the world of independent research —a kind of intellectual {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}, created by an apprentice in close collaboration with a (n) {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}. The requirements to complete one {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}enormously between countries, universities and even {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Some students will first have to spend two years working on a {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}degree or diploma. Some will receive a stipend; others will{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}their own way. Some PhDs {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}only research, some require {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}and examinations and some require the student to teach undergraduates. A(n) {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}can be dozens of pages in mathematics, or many hundreds in history. As a result, newly minted PhDs can be as young as their {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}20s or world-weary forty-{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}.One thing many PhD students have in {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}is dissatisfaction. Some describe their work {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}"slave labor". Seven-day weeks, ten-hour days, low pay and uncertain {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}are widespread. You know you are a graduate student, {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}a comment, when your office is better decorated than your home and you have a favorite flavor of {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}noodles. "It isn't graduate school itself that is discouraging, " says one student, who confesses to rather enjoying the hunt for free pizza. "What's discouraging is realizing the end point has been pulled out of reach. "Whining PhD students are nothing new, but there seem to be genuine problems {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}the system that produces research doctorates (the practical "professional doctorates" in fields such as law, business and medicine have a more obvious value). There is an oversupply of PhDs. Although a doctorate is {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}as training for a job in academia, the number of PhD positions is {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}to the number of job openings.(分数:10.00)(1).∙ A. conclusion∙ B. introduction∙ C. stepping stone∙ D. milestone(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(2).∙ A. paper∙ B. project∙ C. masterpiece(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(3).∙ A. student∙ B. assistant∙ C. supervisor∙ D. editor(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(4).∙ A. change∙ B. alter∙ C. fluctuate∙ D. vary(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(5).∙ A. subjects∙ B. lessons∙ C. sectors∙ D. courses(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(6).∙ A. bachelor's∙ B. doctorate's∙ C. master's(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(7).∙ A. pay∙ B. find∙ C. fight∙ D. pick(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(8).∙ A. attend∙ B. participate∙ C. take∙ D. involve(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(9).∙ A. credits∙ B. exercises∙ C. classes∙ D. experiments(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(10).∙ A. thesis∙ B. book∙ C. assignment∙ D. report(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(11).∙ A. earlier∙ B. earliest∙ C. early∙ D. earliness(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(12).∙ A. something∙ B. somethings∙ C. anything∙ D. anythings(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(13).∙ A. odd∙ B. contradiction∙ C. similarity∙ D. common(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(14).∙ A. for∙ B. of∙ C. to(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(15).∙ A. prospects∙ B. perspectives∙ C. potentials∙ D. speculations(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(16).∙ A. going∙ B. goes∙ C. has gone∙ D. go(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(17).∙ A. fast∙ B. quick∙ C. rapid∙ D. instant(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(18).∙ A. for∙ B. with∙ C. upon(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(19).∙ A. compared∙ B. designed∙ C. suspected∙ D. admitted(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.(20).∙ A. unrelated∙ B. uncorrelated∙ C. proportional∙ D. coincident(分数:0.50)A.B.C.D.四、{{B}}Part Ⅳ Writing{(总题数:1,分数:10.00)11.Directions: You are supposed to write a letter to the editor of a journal in your field, thanking him for suggestions and advice for your paper submitted, and informing him of the modifications and improvements you have made.1. The letter should begin with "Dear Editor".2. You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.3. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.4. Do not write the address.(分数:10.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________。
2005年湖北武汉大学基础英语考研真题
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2005年湖北武汉大学基础英语考研真题I. Cloze: (2×l0=20%)Fill in each numbered blank with ONE word given below on your answer-sheet, paying attention to the following:1) 15 words are given, but only 10 (no more, no less) should be used and each can be used once only;2) Forms should be corrected.The idea of “happiness,”to be sure, will not sit still for easy definition: the best one can do is to try to set some extremes to the idea and then work in toward the_.To think of happiness as acquisitive and competitive will do to set the _extreme. To think of it as the idea one Senses in, say, a holy man of India Will do to set the_ extreme. That holy man’s idea of happiness is in needing nothing from outside himself. In wanting_ , he lacks nothing. He sets immobile, rapt in contemplation, free even of his own body. Or nearly free of it. If devout admirers bring him food he eats it; if not, he starves _ . Why be concerned? What is physical is an illusion to him. Contemplation is his joy and he achieves it through a fantastically demanding discipline, the accomplishment of which is itself a joy within him.But, perhaps because I am Western, I doubt such catatonic (紧张症的)happiness, as I doubt the dreams of the happiness-market. What is certain is that his way of happiness would be torture to almost any Western man. Yet these extremes will still _ to frame the area within which all of us must find some sort of balance. Thoreau-a creature of both Eastern and Western thought had his own firm sense of that balance. His aim was to_on the low levels in order to spend on the high.Happiness is never more than partial. There are no pure states of mankind. Whatever else happiness may be, it is neither in having nor in being, but in_ . What the Founding Fathers declared for us as an inherent right, we should do well to remember, was not happiness but the pursuit of happiness. What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, is the cardinal fact that happiness is in the_ itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, which is to say, in the idea of becoming. A nation is not by what it possesses or wants to possess, but by what it wants to become.II. Explain the Following Idioms: (3×10=30%)1. to face the music2. to wash one’s hands of3. an Indian summer4. a piece of cake5. once in a blue moon6. in the wake of7. to make a go of8. to have an ear for9. neither here nor there10. last but not leastIII. Paraphrase the Following Sentences or Short Passages: (40%)1. Gray peace pervaded the wilderness-ringed Argentia Bay in Newfoundland, where the American ships anchored to await the arrival of Winston Churchill. Haze and mist blended all into gray: gray sky, gray air, gray hills with a tint of green. (Herman Wouk: The Winds of War) (8%)2. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. (Jane Austin: Pride and Prejudice) (4%)3. With a wild rattle and clatter, and an inhuman abandonment of consideration not easily understood in these days, the carriage dashed through streets and swept round corners, with women screaming before it, and men clutching each other and clutching children out of its way. At last, swooping at a street comer by a fountain, one of its wheels came to a sickening little jolt, and there was a loud cry from a number of voices, and the horses reared and plunged. (Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities) (12%)4. This man was called “Beauty”by the other men of the fort. No one knew his first name, and in general he was known in the country as Beauty Smith. But he was anything save a beauty. To antithesis was due his naming. He was pre-eminently unbeautiful. (Jack London: White Fang) (12%)5. Crafty men contemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them. (Francis Bacon: Of Studies) (4%)IV. Reading Comprehension and Writing: (60 %)Read the following TWO passages, and then answer the corresponding questions on youranswer-sheet.Passage OneFor a change from prevailing pessimism, I should like to recall some of the positive and even admirable capacities of the human race. We hear very little of them lately. Ours is not a time of self-esteem or self-confidence-as was, for instance, the nineteenth century, when self-esteem may be seen oozing from its portraits. Victorians, especially the men, pictured themselves as erect, noble and splendidly handsome. Our self- image looks more like Woody Allen or a character from Samuel Beckett. Amid a mass of worldwide troubles and a poor record for the twentieth century, we see our species-with cause-as functioning very badly, as blunders when not knaves, as violent, ignoble, corrupt, inept, incapable of mastering the forces that threaten us, weakly subject to our worst instincts; in short, decadent.Answer the following questions:1. The writer says, “Victorians. especially the men, pictured themselves as erect, noble and splendidly handsome.”Could you use some examples to elaborate the point? (10 %)2. Why do you think the writer compares our “self-image”to Woody Allen or a character from Samuel Beckett? Who are Woody Allen and Samuel Beckett anyway? (5 %)3. In general, the writer does not sound very positive about the twentieth century. Write an essay of about 150 words to refute(反驳)his statement.(15%)Passage TwoFar away from the operating room, the surgeon is taught that some deaths are undeniable, that this does not deny their meaning. To perceive tragedy is to wring from it beauty and truth. It is a thing beyond mere competence and technique, or the handsomeness to precisely cut and stitch. Further, he learns that love can bloom in the stoniest desert, an intensive care unit, perhaps.I do not know when it was that I understood that it is precisely this hell in which we wage our lives that offers us the energy, the possibility to care for each other. A surgeon does not slip from his mother’s womb with compassion smeared upon him like the drippings of his birth, it is much later that it comes. No easy shaft of grace this is, but the cumulative murmuring of the numberless wounds he has dressed, the incisions he has made, all the sores and ulcers and cavities he has touched in order to heal. In the beginning it is barely audible, a whisper, as from many mouths. Slowly it gathers, rises from the streaming flesh unit, at last, it is a pure calling---an exclusive sound, like the cry of certain solitary birds--telling that out of the resonance between the sick man and the one who tends him there may spring that profound courtesy that the religious call love.Answer the following questions:1. Please cite at least THREE figures of speech used in the passage. Be sure to identify the figures of speech you might have cited and then explain briefly how each of them is used in its own particular context. (10 %)2. Write an essay of 150 words as a response to the following, in relation to the context where it comes. (20 %)“To perceive tragedy is to wring from it beauty and truth. It is a thing beyond mere competence and technique, or the handsomeness to precisely cut and stitch. Further, he learns that love can bloom in the stoniest desert, an intensive care unit, perhaps.”。
全国医学博士英语统考真题试卷2005
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2005Part II vocabularysection A31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apartB.fell awayC.fell outD.fall back33.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get bettermedicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.looking up toD.taking hold of34.In front of the platform,the students were talking with theprofessor over the quizzes of their_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant35.The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire____ina foreign language through more practice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand37.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper witha reward for the finder. A.advertise rm C.announceD.publish38.The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ___adultgrowth. A.degenerate B.deteriorate C.boost D.retard39.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some ofits employees for three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement ofeconomical and military union in Ottawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation43 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in itsbase.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazingly B.astonishingly C.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with theregulations laid down by the authorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his openingspeech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leaders are making every effort to tacklethe problem of poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems tobe mo problem for them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work forthe company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III CloseIn Mr.Allen’s high school class,all students have to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married oftenbegin to giggle.The teacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before peoplemarry.Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,both students and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 theschool to offer the course again,51. A.duplications B.imitations C.assumptionD.fantasies52. A.noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53. A.might B.would C.must D.need54. A.issues B.adjustments C.mattersD.expectancies55. A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56. A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphsD.verdicts57. rms B.concerns C. triumphsD.associates58. A.Until B.Before C.After D.As.59. A.taken B.suggested C.endorsedD.reproched60. A.confined B.convinced promisedD.conceivedpassage oneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cultural universal”. A researcher in Manchester thingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that. Hesays it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told the BA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people dance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.He reckoned there might be a moredirect,biological,explanation for the disre to dance,so he started tolook at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so thatorgans for balance,for insance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibular system,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise,above70 decibel.“There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will be stimulated.”says Todd.The average rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to 140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to extremely loud music is a form of “vestibular self-stimulation”:it gives a heightened sensation of motion. “We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go to extraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us get up and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear which may prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance music is around the rate of locomotion.”he says,“It’s quite possible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”61.The passage begins with______A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universalquestionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into humanphysical movenents62.What intrigued Todd was ______A.human instinct reflexesB.people’s biological heritagesC.people’s compulsion about loud musicD.the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing63.Todd’s biological explanation for the desire to dance refersto_____A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated,according toTodd_____A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibel will shoot upD.hearing will occur65.What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expcted.B.Dancing is capable of heighten the sensation of hearingC.Loud music stimulates the inner ear and generates the urge to danceD.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintainbalance.passage 2Have you switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not just pressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.It does’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little redlights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Some electronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your video player spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soon adds up.In the US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around $1 billion a year.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away with desinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the public imagination ,reducing waste has attractedmuch less attention.But “source reduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount of packaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look forultra-light package.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable inan ultra-light package.There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—fillingup,naturally,your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There are limits to sourcecorrectness.66. Fron the first two paragraphs,the author implies that______A.hitch has made life easy everywhereB.nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC.recycling can potentially control environmental deteriorationD.everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in oneway or another67.The waste caused by household and office electrical applianceson stand-by mode seems to_____A.be a long-standing indoor problemB.cause nothing buttroubleC.get exaggeratedD.go unnoticed68.By idle electronic devices,the author means those appliances_____A.left on stand-by modeB.filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideed by those who are mot energy-conscioused by those whose words spesk louder than actions69.Ultra-light packaging______A.is expected to reduce American waste bu one-thirdB.is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C.can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD.is a villain of what the garnage experts call “source reduction”70.The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that______A.one person cannot win the battle against pollutionB.anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC.noybody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmentalprotectionD.anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is notneededpassage 3You can have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itself and replace neural connections destroyed by a clotin the brain.But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are not aware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.In some trials,stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlier intervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramaticimprovements.To test this theory,Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The size of the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage,and the casts did not cause adramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury.The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the release of glutamate,a neurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxiceffects.Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise.Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at the University of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.71. Schallert issued a warning to those who____A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB.are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.Which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for hisinvestigation.?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramaticimprovements.B.The critical period for braim damage is one week after injury.C.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.Physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery.73.The results from Schallert’s research____A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppsiteD.verified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that____A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthy nerve cellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD. all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians____A.to administer drugs to blick the effects of glutamateB.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke vivtims one week afterinjuryD.to reconsider the significance of phusiotherapy to brain damagePssage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observations of their spatial form and structure atsome point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent -ly ,after years away. Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We ,according to the passage,tend to observe citiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally77.we think about a city as____A.a spatial eventB.a symbolica worldC.a social environmentD.an intertelated system78.Cross-sectional studies show that cities ____A.are structured in three dimensiosB.are transformed rapidly inany aspectC.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy timeD.change slowly in spatial and social structrues79.The author is drawing our attention to ____A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB.the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD.all of the above80.The conventional notion,the aurhor contends,____A.presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD.hinders the physical change of urban structurePassane fiveWhen it is sunny in June,my father gets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which are flat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from my medical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.The heft of a bale through my leather gloves is familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave of the bale,the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hot as the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take a break and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think about how old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what mighthappen.This is not my usual work,of course.My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,and am glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all the painful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if my patients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do I put their stories?The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness? These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to find healthier meanings,I spent the weekbefore vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized.Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice water,and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales snd maybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciative customers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by the simplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of the fields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in its wake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stacked against the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81.Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A.The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on thenarrator.B.The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C.It is the first time for the narroator to do hayingD.The narrator is as physician82.In retrospection ,the narrator___A.feels guilty before his father and brotherB.defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC.hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD.is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83.As a physician,the narrator is ___A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile84.His associations punctuate_____A.the similarities between medicine and agricultureB.the simplicity of muscular workC.the hardship of life everywhereD.the nature of medical practice85.The narrator would say that____A.it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB.everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC.he is a shame to his fatherD.his trip is worth itPassage SixEveryone has seen it happen,A colleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pull back,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her former self.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy ,lack of commitmentand involvement,and continual frustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claims and performance problem.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening.An organization’s most valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,and creativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energyavailable.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes to work,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences little satisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work and co-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary…………….some of the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Are these people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.86.The passage begins with____A.a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC.a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustionB.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishmentD.All of the above88.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,which will result in ___A.a personal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countryD.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89.Burnout can be ___A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-out,according to the passage,are potentiallyable___A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD.to challenge their organizationA.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.。
湖北大学考博英语-3.doc
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湖北大学考博英语-3(总分:69.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数:10,分数:5.00)1.It"s difficult for my father to ______ without a cane.(分数:0.50)A.talk backB.sit inC.stand outD.get round2.Recorded ______ of today"s big football game will be shown after the news.(分数:0.50)A.summitsB.peaksC.heightsD.highlights3.We have to ______ our hope of reaching the production target this year.(分数:0.50)A.releaseB.retractC.resignD.abandon4.It is impossible to ______ whether she"ll be well enough to come home from the hospital next month.(分数:0.50)A.foreseeB.inferC.fabricateD.inhibit5.The conditions can be well imagined when one small settlement is expected to ______ 10,000 families.(分数:0.50)A.populateB.dwellC.houseD.reside6.Amy was elected chairman of the committee by a ______ vote.(分数:0.50)A.ambiguousB.synonymousC.simultaneousD.unanimous7.The computer can ______ stored information in a matter of minutes.(分数:0.50)A.reassureB.releaseC.retrieveD.revive8.They are always ready to ______ heavy responsibilities.(分数:0.50)A.take inB.take onC.put onD.put in9.Regular use of this moistening cream will help to ______ the rough, dry condition of your skin.(分数:0.50)A.alleviateB.abstractC.evaporateD.abbreviate10.He reminded me of what I should ______ have forgotten.(分数:0.50)A.moreoverB.otherwiseC.neverthelessD.notwithstanding二、Part Ⅱ Reading Compr(总题数:5,分数:39.00)Education is one of the key words of our time. A man, without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatesttwentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, is punctuated by textbooks--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits?So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modem education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"--if the term can be applied to people without a script--while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that "all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents, therefore the jungles and the grasslands know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.(分数:7.50)(1).The word "interest" in the first paragraph most probably means ______.(分数:1.50)A.pleasureB.returnsC.shareD.knowledge(2).According to the passage, the author seems to be ______.(分数:1.50)A.against the education in the very early historic timesB.in favor of the educational practice in primitive culturesC.quite happy to see an equal start for everyoneD.positive about our present educational instruction(3).It can be inferred from the passage that ______.(分数:1.50)A.the aim of "equal start" has already been reached among savagesB.savages in ancient times are more civilized than modern peopleC.the modem education system is more democratic than beforeD.there are no illiterates in civilized nations in today"s society(4).According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?(分数:1.50)cation can"t work without the benefits of textbooksB.We have not yet decided on our educational modelspulsory schooling is not existent in all nationsD.Our spiritual outlook is better now than before(5).The best title for this passage is ______.(分数:1.50)cation and Modern CivilizationB.The Significance of Modern Educationcational Investment and the Profit It Bringscation: A Comparison between Past and PresentWall Street in a conceptual sense represents financial and economic power. To Americans, it can sometimes represent elitism and power politics, and its role has been a source of controversy throughout the nation"s history, particularly beginning around the Gilded Age period in the late 19th century. Wall Street became the symbol of a country and economic system that many Americans saw as having developed through trade, capitalism, and innovation.Wall Street has become synonymous with financial interests, often used negatively. During the mortgage mess from 2007—2010, Wall Street financing was blamed as one of the causes, although most commentators blame an interplay of factors. The U. S. government with the Troubled Asset Relief Program bailed out the banks and financial backers with billions of taxpayer dollars, but the bailout was often criticized as politically motivated, and was criticized by journalists as well as the public. One writer in the Huffington Post looked at FBI statistics on robbery, fraud, and crime and concluded that Wall Street was the "most dangerous neighborhood in the United States" if one factored in the $ 50 billion fraud perpetrated by Bernie Madoff. Many complained that the resulting Sarbanes-Oxley legislation dampened the business climate. Interest groups seeking favor with Washington lawmakers, such as car dealers, have often sought to portray their interests as allied with Main Street rather than Wall Street. When the United States Treasury bailed out large financial firms, to ostensibly halt a downward spiral in the nation"s economy, there was tremendous negative political fallout, particularly when reports came out that monies supposed to be used to ease credit restrictions were being used to pay bonuses to highly-paid employees. Analyst William Cohan argued that it was "obscene(肮脏的)" how Wall Street reaped "massive profits and bonuses in 2009" after being saved by "trillions of dollars of American taxpayers" treasure" despite Wall Street"s "greed and irresponsible risk-taking". Washington Post reporter Suzanne McGee called for Wall Street to make a sort of public apology to the nation, and expressed dismay that people such as Goldman Sachs chief executive Lloyd Blankfein hadn"t expressed contrition (侮悟) despite being sued by the SEC(Securities and Exchange Commission)in 2009. McGee wrote that "Bankers aren"t the sole culprits, but their denials of responsibility and the occasional vague and waffling expression of regret don"t go far enough to deflect anger".But chief banking analyst at Goldman Sachs, Richard Ramsden, is "unapologetic" and sees "banks as the dynamos(发电机)that power the rest of the economy". Ramsden believes "risk-taking is vital". Others in the financial industry believe they"ve been unfairly criticized by the public and by politicians.Images of Wall Street and its figures have loomed large. The 1987 Oliver Stone film Wall Street created the iconic figure of Gordon Gekko who used the phrase "greed is good", which had an unexpected cultural influence, not causing them to turn away from corporate greed, but causing many young people to choose Wall Street careers.(分数:8.00)(1).All of the following statements are true EXCEPT ______.(分数:2.00)A.Wall Street has aroused considerable public interestB.the bailout program plays a negative role in American politicsC.Wall Street is the only offender behind the global economic crisisD.the part Wall Street has played in the American economy is under attack(2).It can be inferred from the passage that the real root of the financial crisis is ______.(分数:2.00) government"s existing legislation on business climate government"s politically-motivated bailout planC.Wall Street"s favorable treatment to interest groupsD.Wall Street"s lack of responsibility and humanity(3).In the film Wall Street, Gordon Gekko could best be described as a(n) ______.(分数:2.00)A.idiotB.idolC.idealistD.gossip(4).Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?(分数:2.00)A.Physical Layout of Wall StreetB.Wall Street in the Public"s EyesC.Influences of the Film Wall StreetD.Wall Street as a Financial CenterDespite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child"s individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easy-going, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easy-going, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity.There is some relationship between age and children"s charateristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be distributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8. and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection.Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls" adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained? The greater male agression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self- control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents" fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.(分数:8.00)(1).It is hard for temperamental, irritable kids to adapt to parental divorce because ______.(分数:2.00)A.they are too much disrupted by the life changeB.the family breakup makes them feel very sensitiveC.the great stress of their families diminishes their abilityD.they encounter more parents" fights than the easy-going children(2).The following statements are true EXCEPT ______.(分数:2.00)A.a six-year-old boy may feel being deserted by his parentsB.divorce is usually caused by more than one reasonC.a young girl may feel more shameful on parental divorce than an older boyD.as the kids grow older, they have a better understanding of divorce(3).Why does parental divorce have greater effects on boys than on girls according to the author?(分数:2.00)A.Because all cultures tolerate male agression and noncomplianceB.Because boys are basically more self-disciplined than girlsC.Because males are usually viewed as the models in self-controlD.Because boys are always involved in their parents" fights(4).What does the passage mainly convey to the readers?(分数:2.00)A.Kids of different ages behave differntly facing parental divorceB.The impact of divorce on kids varies in personality, age and genderC.Boys may become more aggressive than girls in disrupted familiesD.Parental divorce has a negative effect on children all through their livesIt is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choice in that matter. You either have science or you don"t have, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. I regard this as the maj or discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we known and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply make up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in eamest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far they are from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant. The hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can"t be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we can"t think up ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.(分数:7.50)(1).The author claims in the first paragraph that good science ______.(分数:1.50)A.defies predictionB.should study the unknownC.should discover scientific truthD.should offer choices rather than prescribe(2).It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century ______.(分数:1.50)A.thought they knew a lot and could solve most problems of scienceB.knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about natureC.did more harm than good in promoting man"s understanding of natureD.were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific research(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned about scientists in earlier times?(分数:1.50)A.They invented false theories to explain things they didn"t understandB.They paid little attention to the problems they didn"t understandC.They did not believe in results from scientific observationD.They falsely claimed to know all about nature(4).What is the author"s attitude towards science?(分数:1.50)A.He is depressed when he has found the ignorance of scientistsB.He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findingsC.He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties in scientific researchD.He is confident though there are many diffculties in scientific research(5).The author believes that ______.(分数:1.50)A.man can find solutions sooner or later to whatever questions concerning nature he can think upB.man can not solve the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellectC.sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer themD.questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific researchIn England along a stretch of the northeast coast which gently curves from Northumberland to the estuary of the river Tees, there was a spot, typical of many on that coast, where sea coal was collected richly and effortlessly. This coal was a coarse powder, clean and brilliant. It seemed to bear little resemblance to the large, filthy lumps put onto the fire. Although it was coal, it was perfectly clean and it was silently deposited at high tide in a glittering carpet a kilometer long for the local community to gather up.The gear needed for sea-coaling expeditions was a curious and traditionally proven assortment which never varied from community to community along the entire northeast coastline. Sacks were essential to put the coal in, and string to tie the neck of each sack when it is full. A wooden rake was used to scrape the coal from the beach. The only alternative to the rake was a flat piece of board held in the hand. A flat, board shovel to lift the raked coal into the bags, completed the portable hardware.But the most crucial item of equipment was a bicycle, a special kind of rusty striped- down model which was the symbol of the sea-coaling craft. A lady"s bike was no good because it lacked a crossbar, and that was an essential element in transporting sea coal. One full sack could be slung through the triangular frame of a man"s bike, another over the crossbar and, sometimes, even a third on top of that. The beauty of the metal bar against the full, wet sacks forced excess water out of the coal while it was being wheeled home. On a good day, the path to the beach was generally a double snail-track of water that had been forced from each end of a trail of coal sacks.(分数:8.00)(1).It can be inferred that between the two types of coal, sea coal ______.(分数:2.00)A.could burn betterB.might be cheaperC.was more finely-grainedD.came in big pieces(2).According to the passage, certain equipment was used because ______.(分数:2.00)A.it had proved to be practicalB.it could be made by communitiesC.people there were very traditionalD.the communities had curious habits(3).To carry three sacks of coal on a bicycle, it was necessary to ______.(分数:2.00)A.put one of them on the saddleB.balance them all on the crossbarC.remove the excess liquidD.balance two on the crossbar(4).By using the bicycle, ______.(分数:2.00)A.coal could be moved easily over the sandB.the collectors could sell more coalC.excess liquid could be removedD.the collectors could ride home三、Part Ⅲ Cloze(总题数:1,分数:10.00)The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a(an) 1 for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way, it 2 a variety of functions in human life.The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the 3 of leisure: there is less time for games, amusement and rest. 4 by what is happening on the screen, children not only imitate what they see but directly 5 themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the 6 of violence in the media and its 7 harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media 8 , such as video games, cable television, music videos, and the Internet. As they continue to gain popularity, these media, 9 television, 10 public concern and research attention.Another large societal concern on our younger generation 11 by the media, is the body image. 12 forces can influence body image positively or negatively. 13 one, societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing 14 our concept of beauty. In the mass media, the images of 15 beauty fill magazines and newspapers, 16 from our televisions and entertain us 17 the movies. Even in advertising, the mass media 18 on accepted cultural values of thinnesss and fitness for commercial gain. Young adults are presented with a 19 defined standard of attractiveness, a(n) 20 that carries unrealistic physical expectations.(分数:10.00)A.representativeB.substituteC.preferenceD.alternativeA.fulfillsB.sufficesC.accomplishesD.providesA.heightB.expenseC.mercyD.riskA.AttractedB.AbsorbedC.AddictedD.ArousedB.equateC.identifyD.recognizeA.prevalenceB.recurrenceC.abundanceD.incidenceA.hiddenB.disposedC.potentialD.implicitA.immergedB.mergedC.submergedD.emergedA.much asB.apart fromC.along withD.but forA.propelB.prosperC.promoteD.promptA.contributedB.inspiredC.imposedD.deliveredA.ExposedB.ExplicitC.ExteriorD.ExternalA.AtB.ForC.AsD.InA.effectB.shockC.markD.impactA.standardizedB.categorizedC.generalizedD.regularizedA.brimB.beamC.bottomD.boomA.onC.overD.withA.takeB.resortC.playD.profitA.subjectivelyB.narrowlyC.carefullyD.barelyA.idealB.stereotypeC.criterionD.image四、Part Ⅳ Writing(总题数:1,分数:15.00)11.Directions : In this part, you are required to write an essay of no less than 200 words on The Basic Purpose of College Education. The essay should be based on the outline below:1. Some people believe that colleges and universities are primarily vehicles for the preservation, development and transmission of our intellectual culture;2. Others argue that colleges and universities should give students what they need to find well-paid jobs;3. Your opinions.(分数:15.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________。
2005医博统考听力题解析原文
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2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30 %)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day,Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample 3answerA DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. He was waiting in the wrong place.B. He won’t have to wait any longer.C. The woman was mistaken.D. The woman should ask somebody else for help.2. A. The results might be ready tomorrow afternoon.B. The results might be ready tomorrow morning,C. The results will be ready this afternoon.D. The results were back this morning.3. A. Buy a purse. B. Buy the AIDS patients medicine.C. Make a donation.D. Lend the man some money.4. A. He failed to defend his paper. B. He had got a bleeding finger.C. He cut his finger with a knife.D. He had a paper cut.5. A. He can’t afford a digital camera now.B. He’s not sure how much a digital camera costs.C. He’ll buy a digital camera that fits his pocket.D. He’s lost the money he saved.6. A. Join the student Union.B. Persuade the other members of the Student Union not to quit.C. Keep an eye on the other members of the Student Union.D. Help the man find someone to fill the vacancy.7. A. The dentist will be back this afternoon.B. The dentist will have a full schedule this afternoon.C. He’s already had the dentist check his teeth.D. He plans to see the dentist this afternoon.8. A. Large and bulky. B. Lightweight and compact.C. Fancy and sophisticated.D. Appealing and amazing.9. A Use less shampoo, B. Stop using shampoo.C. Switch to the man’s brand.D. Rinse off the shampoo thoroughly.10. A. The fitness center doesn’t open until tomorrow.B. She is too busy to go to the fitness center.C. The fitness center is not for kids.D. The project of the fitness center will be finished tomorrow.11. A. Look in the library catalogue.B. Borrow the man’s computer.C. Seek the information from the Internet.D. Seek the information from Drama Society.12. A. He has changed his schedule. B. He was sick last Monday.C. He works less than he used to.D. He started his vacation last Monday.13. A. Because she has to pay a home visit to an emergency case.B. Because she dislikes teaching and wants to quit.C. Because her father has just been sent to the hospital and needs her care.D. Because her father is leaving the hospital and needs her help.14. A. Discontinue all the medications.B. Try new medicine and then have a CT scan.C. Take a CT scan before medication.D. Have a CT scan right away.15. A. Annoyed. B. Scared. C. Puzzled. D. Anxious.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passages One16. A. Common insomnia. B. Sleep-including activities.C. Foods to help people sleep better.D. Causes of insomnia and ways to deal with it.17. A. Asthma. B. Aches. C. Ulcer. D. Anemia.18. A. Go to bed earlier the next night. B. Go to bed as usual the next night.C. Take a nap the next day.D. Sleep late the next few days.19. A. Because tryptophan can balance their diet.B. Because tryptophan is an amino acid found in certain foods.C. Because tryptophan is crucial to the sleep process.D. Because tryptophan can cure insomnia altogether.20. A. Pessimistic. B. Optimistic. C. Doubtful. D. Indifferent.Passage Two21. A. The difference between the couple in their view of time.B. The difference between the couple in their view of religion.C. The difference between the couple in their view of loyalty.D. The difference between the couple in their view of responsibility.22. A. He likes to be late. B. He likes to be early.C. He likes to be just on time.D. He likes to be just in time.23. A. 2 pm. B. 1:40 pm. C. 2:03 pm. D. 2:30 pm.24. A. Cancel the wedding immediately. B. Find a substitute immediately.C. Wait patiently till the groom to come finally.D. Find a lawyer to sue the groom.25. A. Cultural difference. B. Gender-related difference.C. Ethnical difference.D. Social rank.Passage Three26. A. She is a dentist. B. She is an orthopedist.C. She is a physiotherapist.D. She is a pharmacist.27. A. She is examining the man.B. She is taking a history.C. She is explaining the man’s condition.D. She is discussing a case with her colleague.28. A. Sliding over the stairs. B. Straightening his spine.C. Bending his knee too hard.D. Lifting heavy loads in the wrong way.29. A. In the lower part of his back. B. In the upper part of his back.C. In the middle part of his back.D. Not mentioned.30. A. Stay in bed to let the disc rest. B. Take some drugs to relieve the pain.C. Have some physiotherapy.D. Undergo an operation right away.2005全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 通过男士的话You must be thinking of someone else可知女士是认错人了。
湖北大学考博英语-2_真题-无答案
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湖北大学考博英语-2(总分68,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabulary1. All theories ______ from practice and m turn serve practice.A. originateB. restrainC. modifyD. reflect2. It is strictly ______ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.A. securedB. forbiddenC. regulatedD. determined3. Jim cooperated on the condition that he would be ______ from prosecution.A. immuneB. insolatedC. isolatedD. avoidable4. The newly designed zoom has **e distortion previously ______ in a zoom of this range.A. inherentB. geneticC. coherentD. generic5. Although I spoke to him many times, he never took any ______ of what I said.A. noticeB. remarkC. observationD. attention6. Although she was still ill, she ______ herself from the hospital.A. extractedB. dischargedC. injectedD. drained7. We"re ______ by mosquitoes up here in the north in summer.A. infestedB. infected C, swarmed D. plagued8. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully ______.A. admittedB. acknowledgedC. absorbedD. considered9. The new secretary has written a remarkably ______ report only in a few pages but with all the details included.A. conciseB. clearC. preciseD. elaborate10. He couldn"t explain the problem well, as he had only a(n) ______ knowledge of the subiect.A. elementaryB. rudimentaryC. inceptiveD. initialPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionAll cultures have some system of measuring duration, or keeping time, but in Western industrialized societies, we keep track of time in what seems to other peoples almost an obsessive fashion. We view time as motion on a space, a kind of linear progression measured by the clock and the calendar. This perception contributes to our sense of history and the keeping of records, which are typical aspects of Western cultures.Although our perceptions of time seem natural to us, we must not assume that other cultures operate on the same time system. For instance, why should we assume that a Hopi raised in the Hopi culture would have the same intuitions about time that we have? In Hopi history, if records had been written, we would find a different set of cultural and environmental influences working together. The Hopi people are a peaceful agricultural society isolated by geographic feature and nomad enemies in a land of little rainfall. Their agriculture is successful only by the greatest perseverance. Extensive preparations are needed to ensure crop growth. Thus the Hopi value persistence and repetition in activity. They have a sense of the cumulative value of numerous, small, repeated movements, for to them such movements are not wasted but are stored up to make changes in later events. The Hopi have no intuition of time as motion, as a smooth flowing line on which everything in the universe proceeds at an equal rate away from a past, through a present, into a foreseeable future.Long and careful study of the Hopi language has revealed that it contains no words, grammatical forms, constructions, or expressions that refer to what we call time-the past, present, or future-or to the duration or lasting aspect of time. To the Hopi, "time" is a "getting later" of everything that has been done, so that past and present merge together. The Hopi do not speak, as we do in English, of a "new day" or "another day" coming every twenty-four hours; among the Hopi, the return of the day is like the return of a person, a little older but with all the characteristics of yesterday. This Hopi conception, with its emphasis on the repetitive aspect of time rather than its onward flow, may be clearly seen in their ritual dances for rain and good crops, in which the basic step is a short, quick stamping of the foot repeated thousands of times, hour after hour.Of course, the American conception of time is significantly different from that of the Hopi. Americans" understanding of time is typical of Western cultures in general and industrialized societies in particular. Americans view time as a commodity, as a "thing" that can be saved, spent, or wasted. We budget our time as we budget our money. We even say, "Time is money", We are concerned in America with being "on time"; We don"t like to "waste" time by waiting for someone who is late or by repeating information; and we like to "spend" time wisely by keeping busy. These statements all sound natural to a North American. In fact, we think, how could it be otherwise? It is difficult for us not to be irritated by the apparent carelessness about time in other cultures. For example, individuals in other countries frequently turn up an hour or more late for an appointment-although "being late" is at least within our cultural framework. For instance, how can we begin to enter the cultural world of the Sioux, in which there is no word for "late" or "waiting". Of course, the fact is that we have not had to enter the Sioux culture; the Sioux have had to enter ours. It is only when we participate in other cultures on their terms that we can begin to see the cultural patterning of time.1. From the passage, the Hopi have no intuition of time as motion because ______.A. their way of living depends greatly on perseverance and repetitionB. they think it necessary to invent their own perception of timeC. their language does not contain words referring to motionD. they think everything should proceed in a linear way2. What is the Hopi"s conception of time?A. Repeating footsteps is the way they count timeB. The line between past and present is clearC. When a person returns, the day returnsD. Today is the repetition of yesterday3. The concept of time as a commodity in the third paragraph means that ______.A. time can be used and spent like consumer goodsB. people who work long hours will be paid handsomelyC. people can buy time just like they buy a productD. time is considered priceless that people can"t afford4. If you were to visit a Sioux festival, it would probably be necessary that ______.A. you call in advance if you are going to be lateB. you arrange for transportation well in advanceC. you have a delayed schedule of all the activitiesD. you have an exact schedule of the various events5. Which of the following views seems most opposite to the Western perception of time?A. Make a hay while the sun shinesB. Procrastination is necessaryC. Punctuality is the soul of businessD. A young idler, an old beggarOnce upon a time, innovation at Procter & Gamble flowed one way: from the United States outward. While the large Cincinnati-based corporation was no stranger to foreign markets, it usually sold them products that were already familiar to most Americans. Many Japanese families, for instance, swaddle their babies in Pampers diapers, and lots of Venezuelans brush their teeth with Crest. And of course (company executive assumed) American at home wanted these same familiar, red-white and blue brands. We might buy foreign-made cars, or chocolates, or cameras but household cleaners and detergents?Recently, however, P&G broke with this long-standing tradition. Ariel, a P&G laundry detergent, was born overseas, and is a familiar sight on store shelves in Europe and Latin America. Now bilingual packages of Ariel Ultra, a super-concentrated cleaner, are appearing on supermarket shelves in Los Angeles.Ariel"s appearance in the United States reflects demographic changes making Hispanics the nation"s fastest-growing ethnic group. Ariel is a hit with this population. In fact, many Mexican immigrants living in Southern California have been "importing" Ariel from Tijuana, Mexico. "Hispanics knew this product and wanted it," says P&G spokeswoman Marie Salvado. "We realized that we couldn"t convince them to buy (our) other laundry detergents." P&G hopes that non-Hispanic consumers will give Ariel a try too.Ariel"s already strong presence in Europe may provide a springboard for **pany to expand into other markets as well. Recently P&G bought Rakona, Czechoslovakia"s top detergent maker. Ariel, currently a top seller in Germany, is likely to be one of the first new brands to appear in Czech supermarkets. And Ariel is not the only foreign idea that **pany hopes to transplant back to its home territory. Chinch, an all-purpose spray cleaner similar to popular European products, iscurrently being test-marketed in California and Arizona. Traditionally Americans have used separate cleaners for different types of surfaces, but market research shows that American preferences are becoming more like those in other countries.Insiders note that this new reverse flow of innovation reflects more sweeping changes at Procter & Gamble. The firm has hired many new Japanese, German, and Mexican managers who view P&G"s business not as a one-way flow of American ideas, but a two-way exchange with other markets. Says Bonita Austin of the investment firm Wertheim-Schroeder, "When you met with P&G"s top managers years ago, you wouldn"t have seen a single foreign face." Today "they could even be in the majority."As Procter & Gamble has found, the United States is no longer an isolated market. Americans are more open than ever before to buying foreign-made products and to selling U. S.-made products overseas.6. According to the passage, which of the following is true?A. The brands of Pampers, Crest, Ariel, and Cinch reflect the traditional one-way flow of Procter & GambleB. In spite of market changes, Procter & Gamble still sticks to its long-standing tradition of one-way flow innovationC. Procter & Gamble has to change its one-way flow tradition because of the increased number of its foreign managersD. Today one may meet more foreign faces in Procter & Gamble than years ago7. According to the passage, all of the following are true about Ariel except ______.A. it is the best seller in CzechoslovakiaB. it is a laundry detergent product of Procter & GambleC. Ariel was born outside the United StatesD. it already enjoys popularity in Europe8. The "insider" (paragraph 5, line 1) is most probably ______.A. someone who buys both Ariel and CinchB. someone who works within Procter & Gamble or knows it fairly wellC. someone who is a loyal customer of ArielD. someone once worked within Rakona9. According to the passage, Procter & Gamble hopes to transplant the foreign idea back to its home territory because ______.A. Americans are more likely to buy foreign-made products than beforeB. for most Americans foreign products are much more attractive than home-made onesC. **pany has found that foreign-made products are superior to home-made ones in terms of qualityD. **pany has hired more foreigners in its top management than before10. The author may most probably agree that ______.A. it is a trend that businesses today go globalB. businesses today are very reluctant to go globalC. American businesses can make more money if they only sell home-made productsD. the market of the United States should not be that openThe worsening crisis at the Fukushima Power Station in Japan has led to **parisons with the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster that killed workers at the plant instantly, caused cancers in thesurrounding population and spread radioactive contamination so far that livestock restrictions are still in place at some farms around the Ukraine.The situation at Fukushima is certainly grave and immediately dangerous for those at the site who are fighting to make the crippled reactors and fuel storage ponds safe.But whatever warnings are now being issued by foreign governments to their citizens in Japan, there are significant differences that set this apart from the catastrophe in Ukraine.At Chernobyl the nuclear reactor exploded after a surge in power that blew the top off the power plant and sent hot fuel high into the upper atmosphere, where it floated across national borders. A fire that broke out in the graphite core forced more radioactive material into the air, helping it spread further. The reactor had no containment facility to even slow the release of radiation from the plant.The Fukushima boiling water reactor is a 40-year-old power plant and it has some glaring design flaws, but the reactors have been switched off for five days, so there is less fresh radioactive material around, and each core is contained within a 20cm-thick steel container, which is then protected by a steel-lined reinforced concrete outer structure. Even in the case of a meltdown, these measures should at least limit the amount of radiation released.But what of the population beyond? The risk from radiation falls off substantially with distance. The authorities have already imposed an exclusion zone of 12 miles around the power station, introduced food bans and dispensed potassium iodide pills to those in the surrounding area.For the more distant population, the most serious radioactive substances that would be released are caesium-137 and iodine-131. These are extremely volatile, so can be carried a long way. But dangerous doses are not likely to travel far on the wind. The **es when radioactive iodine and caesium rain down on the ground, on the pastureland, for example, and livestock eat it. Cows concentrate radioactive iodine in their milk. Radioactive caesium accumulates in muscles, and in the past has built up in grazing sheep. The threat to humans **es from drinking milk and eating contaminated meat. Both can raise the risk of cancer—iodine especially by being absorbed into children"s thyroid glands.What happened at Chernobyl, which was a much more serious accident than this, was that the local Soviet authorities were in denial, they didn"t get people out of the area, they didn"t evacuate quickly enough, and they allowed children to continue to drink heavily contaminated milk, and as a consequence, many children received high doses of radiation to the thyroid and we"ve seen thousands of thyroid cancers as a consequence.11. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Eyeing Japan, Countries Reassess Nuclear PlansB. Lessons for Japan from the Chernobyl CatastropheC. Recent Events in Fukushima Evoked Worldwide CareD. Japan"s Horror Reveals How Thin Is the Edge We Live on12. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. the risk of radiation spreading wide in Japan remainsB. the health implications of leaks into the sea would be limitedC. the disaster in Japan has much effect on nuclear policy worldwideD. Japan and Ukraine took the same measures in dealing with disaster13. Which of the following is NOT true?A. There are some obvious design defects in Fukushima"s power plantB. The radioactive substances may cause death to the distant populationC. Potassium iodide tablets can guard against some effects of radiation exposureD. Unlike the Fukushima plant, Chernobyl"s reactor lacked a containment facility14. The Chernobyl was regarded as a serious accident because ______.A. people failed to adopt some effective measures to protect themselvesB. many volunteers rushed there to[fight to make the crippled reactors safeC. radioactive substances could spread as far as 20 miles along with the windD. the government denied the catastrophe there still threatened people"s lifeIn the decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the majority of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that most of the migrants in what **e to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of cotton industry following boll-weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the first World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrant"s subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been investigated in detail. Although numerous investigations document a flight from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force reported themselves to be engaged in "manufacturing and mechanical pursuits", the federal census category roughly including the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be tempted to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery—blacksmiths, masons, carpenters—which had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries—tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll-weevil infestation, urban Black workers **petition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural **es into question.15. The author indicates the Great Migration explicitly by using ______ as her source of information.A. immigration Service reports in 1930B. the First World War in 1918C. the federal census in 1910D. southern newspapers in 189816. According to the text, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?A. They were being pushed lower as a result of **petitionB. They began to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workersC. They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workersD. They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern ones17. It can be inferred from the passage that the underlined phrase "the easy conclusion" is based on the assumption that ______.A. people who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasonsB. most people who leave rural areas to work in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do soC. people with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than those with urban backgroundsD. most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers18. The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.A. introduce a recently discovered source of informationB. support an alternative to an accepted methodologyC. present evidence that resolves a contradictionD. challenge a widely accepted explanation19. The material in the passage would be most relevant to a long discussion of which of the following topics?A. The Effect of Migration on the Regional Economies of the United States Following the First World WarB. The Reasons for the Subsequent Economic Difficulties of Those Who Participated in the Great MigrationC. The Transition for the Subsequent Economic Difficulties of Those Who Participated in the Great MigrationD. The Transition of the Agricultural South Following the Boll-weevil InfestationThe most damning thing that can be said about the world"s hest-endowed and richest country is that it is not only not the leader in health status, but that it is so low in the ranks of the nations. The United States ranks 18th among nations of the world in male life expectancy at birth, 9th in female life expectancy at birth, and 12th in infant mortality. More importantly, huge variations are evident in health status in the United States from one place to the next and from one group to the next. The forces that affect health can be aggregated into four groupings that lends to analysis of all health problems. Clearly the largest aggregate of forces resides in the person"s environment. His own behavior, in part derived from his experiences with his environment, is the next greatest force affecting his health. Medical care services, treated as separate from other environmental factors because of the special interest we have in them, make a modest contribution to health status. Finally the contributions of heredity to health are difficult to judge. We are templated at conception as to our basic weaknesses and strengths, but many hereditary attributes never become manifest because of environmental and behavioral forces which act before the genetic **e to maturity, and other hereditary attributes are increasingly being palliated by medical care.No other country spends what we do per capita for medical care. The care available is among the best technically, even if used too lavishly and thus dangerously, but none of the countries whichstand above us in health status have such a high proportion of medically disenfranchised persons. Given the evidence that medical care is not that valuable and access to care not that bad, it seems most unlikely that our bad showing is caused by the significant proportion who are poorly served. Other hypotheses have greater explanatory power: excessive poverty, both actual and relative, and excessive affluence.Excessive poverty is probably more prevalent in the U.S. than in any of the countries that have a better infant mortality rate and female life expectancy at birth. This is probably true also for all but four or five of the countries with a longer male life expectancy. In the notably poor countries that exceed us in male survival, difficult living conditions are a more accepted way of life and in several of them, a good basic diet, basic medical care and basic education, and lifelong employment opportunities are an everyday fact of life. In the U. S. a national unemployment level of 10 percent may be 40 percent in the ghetto(黑人居住地) while less than 4 percent elsewhere. The countries that have surpassed us in health do not have such severe or entrenched problems. Nor are such a high proportion of their people involved in them.Excessive affluence is not so obvious a cause of ill health, but, at least until recently, few other nations could afford such unhealthful ways of living. Excessive intake of animal protein and fats, dangerous imbibing of alcohol and use of tobacco and drugs (prescribed and proscribed), and dangerous recreational sports and driving habits are all possible only because of affluence. Our heritage, desires, opportunities, and our machismo, combined with the relatively low cost of bad foods and speedy vehicles, make us particularly vulnerable to our affluence. And those who are not affluent try harder. Our unacceptable health status, then, will not be improved appreciably by expanded medical resources nor by their redistribution so much as by a general attempt to improve the quality of life for all.20. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as factors affecting the health of the population EXCEPT ______.A. the availability of medical care servicesB. the genetic endowment of individualsC. the nation"s relative position in health statusD. an individual"s own behavior21. The author is primarily concerned with ______.A. condemning the UB. evaluating the relative significance of factors contributing to the poor health status in the UC. providing information which the reader can use to improve his or her personal healthD. comparing the health status of the U22. The author refers to excessive intake of alcohol and tobacco and drug use in order to ______.A. show that some health problems cannot be attacked by better medical careB. demonstrate that use of tobacco and intoxicants is detrimental careC. cite examples of individual behavior which have adverse consequences for health statusD. illustrate ways in which affluence may contribute to poor health status23. In discussing the forces that influence health, the author implies that medical care services are ______.A. the least important of allB. a special aspect of an individual"s environmentC. a function of an individual"s behavior patternD. becoming less important as technology improves24. What will most probably follow this passage?A. Listings of the **mon causes of death among male and female adultsB. Suggestions for detailed proposals to improve the quality of lifeC. A study of the over-crowding in urban hospitals in AmericaD. An explanation of the causes for poverty in AmericaPart Ⅲ ClozeThe Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) earnestly attempts to measure which country will provide the best opportunities for a healthy, safe and prosperous life in the years ahead. Its quality-of-life index 1 the results of subjective life-satisfaction surveys how happy people say they are—to 2 determinants of the quality of life across countries. Being rich helps more than 3 else, but it is not all that 4 ; things like crime, trust in public institutions and the health of family life matter too. 5 , the index takes 11 statistically significant indicators into 6 They are a mixed bunch: some are 7 factors, Such as geography; others change only very slowly 8 time; and some factors depend on policies and the state of the world 9 .Despite the global economic crisis, times have in certain respects 10 been so good. Output growth rates have been 11 across the world, but income levels are at or near 12 highs. Life expectancy continues to 13 steadily and political freedoms have spread across the 14 . In other ways, however, the crisis has 15 a deep imprint on unemployment and personal 16 . After crunching its numbers, the EIU has **fortably in the top spot, with Australia second. Small economies 17 the top ten, half of which are European. The Nordic countries shine, 18 the crisis-ridden south of Europe (Greece, Portugal and Spain) lags behind. The 19 European economies (Germany, France and Britain) do not do particularly well. America 20 back in 16th place. Despite their economic dynamism, none of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) scores impressively. Among the 80 countries covered, **es last: it is the worst place for a baby to enter the world in 2013.1.A. relegatesB. addsC. abdicatesD. links2.A. prejudicedB. objectiiveC. fairD. neutral3.A. anythingB. somethingC. nothingD. everything4.A. countsB. imploresC. diminishedD. wavers5.A. In turnB. In retrospectC. In allD. In progress。