培根英文介绍

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Bacon’s pholosophy emphasized the belief that people are the servants and interpreters of nature, that truth is not derived from authority, and that knowledge is the fruit of experience. He present us a new worldview of materialism, which break away from prejudice and obscuration of scholasticism and theologic（神学上的） basis.
great significance ：in Bacon’s time, for he separates theology from scientific observations and experiments, thus making a great step forward in science.
Four types of false notions


shows the new empirical（经验主义的） attitudes toward truth about nature.
Section III
Theory
&Influence
Part1: philosophy
“the real father of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times in general” --------Marx

He is the father of experimental philosophy, whose father had been Lord Keeper, and himself was a great many years Lord Chancellor under King James I. Nevertheless, amidst the intrigues of a Court, and the affairs of his exalted employment (Because of bribery and extortion he was sentenced by the House of Lords to pay a fine of about four hundred thousand French livres(里弗，法国古代 的货币单位）to lose his peerage and his dignity of Chancellor.), which alone were enough to engross his whole time, he yet found so much leisure for study as to make himself a great philosopher, a good historian, and an elegant writer; and a still more surprising circumstance is that he lived in an age in which the art of writing justly and elegantly was little known, much less true philosophy. Lord Bacon, as is the fate of man, was more esteemed after his death than his lifetime. His enemies were in the British Court, and his admirers were foreigners.
Epistemology:认识 论
Empiricism经验
concerning Human Understanding (1690),is the
product of belief in experience as the exclusive basis of knowledge The first person to give Empiricism the systematic expression
Section I
Introduction
about his life
Brief Introduction


Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was a British philosopher and scientist, he was known as "the British materialism and the entire modern experimental science the real ancestor." Author of "academic progress" (1605) and "new tools" (1620). Bacon sharply criticized the medieval Scholasticism that Scholasticism and theology seriously impede scientific progress, advocate a comprehensive transformation of human knowledge, the whole academic culture from Scholasticism liberation and realizing the great rejuvenation. He believes that science should pursue the things of nature and the reasons for the law. To achieve this goal, we must be based on sensory experiences.
A representative of the Renaissance in England. He lays the foundation for modern science. Lawyer Philosopher scientist essayist Statesman
The Advancement of Learning

a great tract on education
In this Book , Bacon highly praises knowledge, refuting the objections to learning ；he answers the charge that learning is against religion.
John Locke: “ Essay
主义
1. a doctrine 教义 that all knowledge is based on experience 2. Sense & experience
David Hume , (1711-1776), Scottish philosopher, in agreement with Bacon that knowledge must be gained empirically through observation, experience and experimentation,pointed out this weakness of induction （感应，归纳法）
Personal trajectory of Bacon
Lord Keeper/ M.P. L ord of the Chancellor Hale Waihona Puke Baiduen&philo
Born 12 15
23
45
60
end
Section II
Introduction
about Bacon’s works
Bacon’s Works
培根的若干著作为他赢得了声誉。他的第一部著作《论 说文集》发表于1597年。这部著作用辛辣评论风格写成，但 却闪闪发光，引入入胜，在世界流传极广。即本精品文摘。 培根的最伟大的哲学著作之一名叫《伟大的复兴》。 该著作包括6个部分，已完成的部分有：序言、《新工具》 （对一种 新的逻辑方法的描述）、《自然史和实验史概论》 组体现了作者某些观点及不同风格的科学和哲学沉思录． 培根从1605年起开始写作，但没有完成的《科学推 进论》 被认为是自亚里士多德时代以来最伟大的著作。
1603年，伊丽莎白女王去世，培根当上继任国王詹姆斯 一世的顾问，虽然詹姆斯—世没有受培根劝言的约束，但却 很喜欢他。因此在詹姆斯一世执政期间，培根平步青云，节 节高升，1617年担任掌玺大臣，1618年就任大法官，1620 年受封为子爵。 不期灾难降临了。培根被指控受贿，其实受贿在当时已 是司空见惯，绝非新鲜，但培根在议会里的劲敌抓住这个机 会，将他赶出了官场。培根对受贿供认不讳，被判在伦敦塔 坐牢，交付大批罚金，终生禁止做官。但国王释放了他，免 除了他的罚金，培根只不过丧失了政治生命。培根这样评论 议会决定：“我是英国50年来最公正的法官，而议会对我的 判决是200年来议会所作出的最公正的判决。”
Francis Bacon
(1561-1626 )
Outline of the lecture
His works
Bacon’s theory
Outline of the lecture



Section I: Introduction about Bacon’s life Section II: introduction about Bacon’s works Section III: introduction about Bacon’s theory and influence from 3 aspects part1: philosophy part2: Aesthetics part3: literature Section IV: play a video

Chinese version
培根被认为是现代科学时代的始祖。他是第一个意识 到科学技木能够改造世界面貌的哲学家，热情支持实验科学 研究。 l561年，培棍生于伦敦。他是英国伊丽莎白女王 时代一 高级职员的长子。12岁入剑桥大学三一学院，但不 久离开 那里，没有获得大学毕业证书。16岁开始工作，随 英国驻注大使去巴黎在使馆工作过一段时间。18岁时父亲去 世，没留下什么钱，培根被迫去上学学习法律。21岁开始从 事律师业。23岁时被选为英国下议院议员。伊丽莎白女王向 议会 提出增加税收计划，培根表示反对通过这个提案，女王 因而讨厌培根，培根成了伊西克斯的朋友和参谋。 伊西克斯是个贪婪的贵族分子，同情培根，他决定发动 反对伊丽莎白女王的政变。培根劝告他应该忠于女王，但伊 西克斯不听，政变以失败而告终。因为培根在伊西克斯受审 及被判死刑一案中起了某种作用，致使各阶层人民对培根有 些不满情绪。


Novum Organum (1620)



Outstanding treatise（论述） written in Latin on methodology The argument is for the use of inductive method of reasoning in scientific study. Bacon advanced the necessity of accurate observation & experimentation
1. Philosophical: Advancement of Learning（论学术的进展 ） (1605 ) Novum Organum（新工具论） (1620 ) 2. Literary: Essays 论说随笔文集 (1625) The New Atlantics 新亚特兰蒂斯 3. Professional: Maxim of the Law 格言集 Reading on the Statute of Uses 阅读在法令的应用