阅读理解词义猜测题讲义(老师)

高考阅读理解词义猜测题应试技巧小结-----从高考看如何做词义猜测题一．猜测词义题目的提问方式单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，历年高考都把猜测词义作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，考查对文中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理解。

在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义常常不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。

这类题目常见的提问形式有：1. The word “…” in paragraph… means / can be best replaced by ….2. The und erlined word “….” in the fourth paragraph refers to __________.3. From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase “…” is/ refers to …4. The word “…” is closest in meaning to …5. As used in the passage, the phrase “…” suggests …二．猜测词义题目做题方法⑴．针对性的解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。

这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。

1.根据定义或解释说明猜测生词的词义利用句子中其它词的意义和整个句子的意思来猜测生词。

尤其是本句话和其前后两句话，因为上下文可以给学生提供认知线索，把情境与词义联系起来便可猜出它的大概含义，尤其在be或be called等判断词出现的判断句中，生词是被解释说明的表语，或是用来下定义的主语。

这是猜测词义的最基本最实用最行之有效的方法之一。

定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。

例如：①（05 湖北卷A段）Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。

②（04 浙江卷B段）Green building means “reducing the impact (影响) of the building on the land”.由定义我们可以推断这里Green building 指的是什么。

2. 定语从句或同位语对其先行词起修饰或解释说明的作用，有助于猜出该先行词的词义。

例如：①pantomime refers to a short play in which no word are spoken.根据下文结构，pantomime指得是不出声的短剧，即“哑剧”②（04 福建卷E段）Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .According the passage, The Pines is a .A．place in which you can see many mobile homesB．mountain where you can get a good view of the valleyC．town which happens to be near the Banff National ParkD．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。

3. 有时标点符号中的破折号“——”也可引出起解释说明作用的同位语或具有同义的短语或从句。

This terrible tornado—a wind which went round and round as fast as 500 miles an hour and picked up everything in its path, such as large trees, cars and even houses.根据破折号后面的句意，可以猜测出tornado意思是“龙卷风”4. 根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。

例如：（04 辽宁卷C段）The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指“议题”。

㈡内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。

1．据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。

表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。

表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。

例如：（NMET 2002 E篇）A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean?A. a party designed by specialistsB. a plan requiring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or troubleD. a demand made by guests根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。

2．据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。

表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。

例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。

由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。

3．据因果关系猜测词义当because, since, as, so, so … that与such … that这些表示因果关系的信息词出现在有生词的句中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分，就能猜出生词的词义，例如：①（05上海卷B段）I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “”.A．full of respect B．too confident and rudeC．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。

对应的理解题答案为：B。

②（05江西卷D段）Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：“修剪（树枝等）”的意思。

4．根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。

一些常见的标志词语：表示同义词的有or, like , similarly, and ，as well ，either, the same常见的表示反义词语境的词有：yet, but, unlike, however, although, while, not…but…,instead of…,on the other hand, on the contrary, rather than等。

例如：①If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”.根据主句yes ,no 是反义关系，可以看出条件句也是反义，因此dissent,意思为“反对”②John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very thrifty.根据下文转折连词however可以看出thrifty 是与前文浪费钱相反的意思，既“节约的，节俭的”③（05 江苏卷E段）William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn （纱线）, good and ill together.”The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means.A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”，答案是：B。