武汉大学历年分子生物学考研真题
2008年攻读武汉大学硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
武汉大学珞珈时代考研辅导班资料——生物专业（严禁复制）咨询方式：QQ：762649999 653867129 47429077 34703936武汉大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目：分子生物学科目代码：879一、名词翻译与解释（共10小题，每小题4分，共40分）1. Missence mutation2. polysome3. Non-Watson-Crick base pairing4. Tandem mass spectrometry5. Shine-Dalgarno sequence6. tmRNA7. allostery activation8. Blue-white screening9. Attenuator10.Group I inton二、简答题（共5小题，每小题10分，共50分）1、请描述两个经典实验证明遗传物质是DNA而不是蛋白质。
2、翻译过程中需要哪四种组分？它们的功能是什么？3、在遗传物质复制、转录和翻译过程中如何确保其准确性？4、真核细胞转录和加工中哪些过程是相偶联的？它们是如何偶联的？5、酵母双杂交技术是利用其什么特点建立起来的？在科学研究中有什么作用？三、论述题（共4小题，每题15分，共60分）1、在真核生物转录中，有哪三种序列构成核心启动子？请说明Ⅱ型启动子中有哪些因子构成起始复合替，除了这些还有哪些是构成复合体所必须的？它们各有什么功能？2、人的基因组大概有2.5～3万个基因，但它们构成的生物体蛋白质种类却有20多万种。
人的基因组是怎样以有限的基因形成如此多的蛋白质的？3、有一研究生想使他所感兴趣的一大肠杆菌的基因严格受碳源控制，在葡萄糖供应时，该基因不表达，当供应乳糖时，该基因大量表达？你如何帮助他实现这种想法？依据是什么？4、miRNA在癌细胞中有的高水平表达，有的低水平表达。
请解释什么是miRNA？并推测上面两种类型的miRNA各有什么生物学功能？有一种miRNA-21在癌细胞中高水平表达，请设计实验得到该miRNA的生物学功能。
武汉大学2004分子生物学考研真题
武汉大学2004年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目名称：分子生物学科目代码：813注意：所有的答题内容必须答在答题纸上，凡答在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
一、下列名词解释翻译成中文，并简要解释（共10小题，每小题4分，共40分）1. Synonoymous codons2. RNA editing3. Spliceosome4. Microarray5. Plaque hybridization6. Open reading frame7. Ribozyme 8. RFLP9. Site specific recombination 10. RNA interference二、简答题（共5题，每题10分，共50分）1.简述真核生物rRNA基因、tRNA基因和mRNA基因的转录机制。
2.原核生物和真核生物中存在哪些类型的转座子？其转座机理有哪些？3.简述真核生物DNA复制中，端粒复制与染色体其它部分DNA复制的异同和生物学意义。
4.原核生物的蛋白质合成可分为哪些阶段？简述各阶段的主要事件。
5.列举4种可用来检测、鉴定转基因动植物的分子生物学技术和方法，简述选择这些技术的理由。
三、论述题（共4题，每题15分，共60分）1.试述环境因素对DNA的损伤以及生物体中存在的DNA损伤修复系统。
如果DNA损伤没有被修复会造成什么后果？2.试比较真核生物RNA聚合酶Ⅱ识别启动子与原核生物RNA聚合酶所识别的启动子的结构特点，各结构单元的功能是什么？为什么原核生物一种RNA聚合酶能识别不同的结构基因？3.在进行基因工程时，载体是携带靶DNA片段进入宿主细胞进行扩增和表达的工具，请问一个载体应具有哪些基本特性和结构特点？4.人类基因组计划基本完成表明：人类基因组约有3x109bp（而大肠杆菌的基因组约为4.6x106bp），其中仅有1%的基因组DNA直接编码蛋白质，约有24%的基因组DNA为内含子，而75%的基因组DNA为其它非编码序列。
2019年武大生科院考研真题-分子生物学
2019年武大生科院考
研真题-分子生物学-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
分子生物学考研真题（2019）
一、名词解释（6*8）
1、nucleosome
2、Okazaki fragment
3、transposon
4、promoter
5、RNA interference
6、homologous recombination
二、简答题
1、什么是DNA复制和RNA转录，真核生物复制和转录主要有哪些差异
2、染色体结构保持完整和稳定的三大要素是什么各自起什么作用
3、维持DNA双螺旋结构稳定的主要因素是哪些
4、什么是遗传密码子的通用性，请举例说明遗传密码通用性在科学研究中的应用
5、什么是质粒？作为基因工程载体的质粒一般具备哪些特征
6、通过实验已得到B蛋白序列，请设计实验得到大量原核表达的B蛋白
三、论述题
假设A蛋白是人细胞中发挥癌基因功能的转录因子，过表达A蛋白能上调B基因表达水平。
已知A蛋白能够识别并结合GAANNNTTC基序，通过序列分析，发现B基因启动子上游-1000bp（简称L1位点）和-4500bp（简称L2位点），的地方有GAANNNTTC基序，请设计实验至少用两种方法证实A蛋白能够结合在L1和L2位点。
2。
武汉大学考研历年真题部分答案
第一类：诺贝尔奖及发展趋势1、2002简1#——分别以一句话简介1999和2001年诺贝尔奖获奖项目中有关细胞生物学的内容2、2005简1#——简介2002和2004年诺贝尔奖获奖项目中有关细胞生物学的内容主题3、2004简6#——请谈谈如何理解目前生物学研究中分子生物学向细胞生物学回归的现象4、2006简3#——什么是干细胞？概述干细胞的类型与功能，并简要叙述干细胞研究的意义和前景5、2008简6#——最近美国和日本科学家分别将人体皮肤细胞改造成类似胚胎干细胞，这一成果在理论上、实践上有何意义？6、2009问答4#-----绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的发现及研究者获得了2008年诺贝尔化学奖，他们的具体贡献是什么？该成果在细胞生物学有关领域研究中有何应用？简述应用的原理与主要步骤。
参考答案：诺贝尔奖获奖项目中有关细胞生物学的内容主题1、1999年，美国科学家甘特·布洛贝尔。
他发现了蛋白质内控制蛋白质在细胞内传输和定位的信号。
获得诺贝尔医学及生理学奖。
2、2000年瑞典科学家阿尔维德·卡尔松、美国科学家保罗·格林加德、奥地利科学家埃里克·坎德尔因在人类脑神经细胞间信号的相互传递方面获得的重要发现，而共同获得诺贝尔医学及生理学奖3、2001年美国科学家利兰·哈特韦尔、英国科学家蒂莫西·亨特、保罗·纳斯因发现了细胞周期的关键分子调节机制，而共同获得诺贝尔生理学及医学奖。
4、2002年英国科学家悉尼·布雷内、约翰·苏尔斯顿、美国科学家罗伯特·霍维茨因选择线虫作为新颖的实验生物模型，找到了对细胞每一个分裂和分化过程进行跟踪的细胞图谱，而共同获得诺贝尔医学及生理学奖。
5、2003年美国科学家保罗·劳特布尔、英国科学家彼得·曼斯菲尔德因在核磁共振成像技术领域的突破性成就，而共同获得诺贝尔生理学及医学奖。
分子生物学武汉大学历年试题(截至2022)
分子生物学武汉大学历年试题（截至2022）●实验设计题●分离基因、鉴定功能——PCR、电泳；敲除、高表达●验证核酸蛋白互作——ESMA、ChIP、DNA足迹法、酵母双杂交●大量表达基因/蛋白——基因工程：强启动子/诱导启动子、高拷贝质粒、偏爱密码子●选择实验原理+扩写●2001●名解●卫星DNA●复制体●逆转座子●反式激活因子●衰减子与衰减作用●问答●说出双链DNA复制起始有关的五种重要的酶或蛋白并简述它们的功能。
(15 分)●简述增强子的特点和性质及作用机制。
(10分)●简述真核RNA聚合酶II的转录起始复合物装配过程和转录起始 (15分)●DNA限制性内切酶EcoRI是人们熟悉的常用内切酶,它是在大肠杆菌(E.coli)R株中发现的,它被广泛用于分子克隆操作和DNA分析。
pUC质粒是常用克隆载体之一,它的多克隆位点上有EcoRI、BamHI、KpnI、HindIII 等酶切点。
假如要你把一段由EcoRI切割产生的外源DNA段克隆到 pUC 质粒中,并把重组质粒转化大肠杆菌R株来扩增,已知条件是所用的R菌株中只有EcoRI一种限制性内切酶,你设计如何做才能确保成功?为什么?(10分)●2002●问答●简述(或绘图说明)真核细胞RNA聚合酶II转录的起始需要哪些基本转录因子及其装配过程(15分)●简述(或绘图说明)色氨酸操纵子弱化的机制(15分)●在讨论基因家庭时经常提到胚胎、胎儿和成体形成的蛋白质,这些述语是指什么现象?可用什么术语来描述这一类基因家族(5分)●你正在进行 Southern blot 分析,并刚刚完成凝胶电泳部分,下一步是将胶浸泡在NaOH溶液中使DNA变性为单链,为了节约时间,你跳过这一步,直接把DNA 从胶上转到硝酸纤维素膜上,你将标记好的探针与膜杂交,却发现放射自显影结果是一片空白,哪里错了呢?(5分)●2003●名解●Domains and motifs 结构域与基序●Alternative splicing 选择性剪接●Reporter genes 报告基因●The PCR cycle 聚合酶链式反应循环●Restriction mapping 限制酶切图谱●Multiple cloning sites 多克隆位点●DNA libraries DNA文库●Proteomics 蛋白质组学●Replicon 复制子●Semi-conservative replication 半保留复制●简答●请列举三种以上蛋白质纯化技术,并说明不同纯化技术的简单原理。
武汉大学分子生物学2004,2008,2013--2014年考博真题
四，简答题：16分 1.为什么rRNA分子和tRNA分子比mRNA分子更为稳定？ 2.试比较一下原核和真核热休克基因转录起始机制有何异同点？
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3．请叙述一下你的硕士论文的情况，具体方法，结果和意义等等 4.用限制性内切酶切割DNA后，经电泳检查，发现有脱尾现象，其可能的原因 是什么呢？ 五，问答题：33分 1.请叙述原核生物当中从核酸指导到蛋白？ 3.请叙述一种从接受信号到调控基因表达的信号转导途径
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6.分裂间期的早期，DNA处于（ ）状态 A.单体连续的线性双螺旋分子 B.半保留复制的双螺旋结构 C.保留复制的双螺旋结构 D.单链DNA E.以上都不正确 7、能够证明DNA是遗传物质的2个关键性实验是：肺炎链球菌在老鼠体内的毒 性和T2噬菌体感染大肠杆菌。这两个实验主要的论点证据是： (A)从被感染的生物体内重新分离得到DNA，作为疾病的致病剂 (B)DNA突变导致毒性丧失 (C)生物体吸收的外源DNA（而并非蛋白质）改变了其遗传潜能 (D)DNA是不能在生物体间转移的，因此它一定是一种非常保守的分子 8.沉默基因座 A.因为沉默子区域的存在与MAT基因座不同 B.在SIR基因产物的作用下，保持转录失活 C.存在几个DNase I超敏位点 D.与DNA复制起点结合在一起 E.因为染色质结构保持转录失活 9.基因组是 A．一个生物体内所有基因的分子总量 B.一个二倍体细胞中的染色体数 C.遗传单位 D.生物体的一个特定细胞内所有基因的分子总量 10、原核细胞mRNA含有几个功能所必需的特征区段，它们是 （A）启动子，SD序列，起始密码子，终止密码子，茎环结构 （B）启动子，转录起始位点，前导序列，由顺反子间区序列隔开的SD序列和OR F，尾部序列，茎环结构 （C）转录起始位点，尾部序列，由顺反子间区序列隔开的SD序列和ORF，茎环 结构
武汉大学 06.07细胞生物 真题文档
一、考试题型名词解释、简答题、论述二、知识点染色质免疫沉淀反应、RNA 剪接、DNA 结合域、SD 序列、表观遗传变化、肽指纹图谱、增强子、真核生物和原核生物的DNA 复制、CpG 岛、CpG 岛高度甲基化、突变、乳糖操纵子的调控机制、cDNA 文库、诺贝尔生理/ 医学奖的内容，意义三、考试特点大题比往年简单了很多，个人感觉。
整体说来是不算难！但是答案的好坏和老师改卷就难说了！四、题目回忆2010 武汉大学分子生物学考研试题（回忆版）论述题3 × 20 ‘1. 简述乳糖操纵子的调控机制2. 科学家发现一种新的野生植物，如何制备相应的cDNA 文库3.09 年诺贝尔生理/ 医学奖的内容，它所带来的意义，由此解释多莉羊早衰死亡的原因简答题5 × 10 ’1. 什么是增强子？它的特点？2. 真核生物和原核生物的DNA 复制区别3. 什么是CpG 岛？CpG 岛高度甲基化所表示的含义是什么？4. 突变类型，及其特点？名词解释10 × 4 ‘1. 染色质免疫沉淀反应2.RNA 剪接3.DNA 结合域4.SD 序列5. 表观遗传变化6. 肽指纹图谱武汉大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：细胞生物学一、名词翻译和解释（每小题3分，共30题）1. Chromatid2. Meiosis3. Microtubule organizingcenter 4.Nucleosome5. cell senescence 6. Thylaoid 7. kinetochore 8.endocytosis 9. activc transport 10.signalpeptide二、简答题（共60分）1、为什么真核细胞被剔出细胞核后不能长期生存，而原核细胞无细胞核却能正常生存2、简述中心体的结构和功能。
（8分）3、动物体内细胞外空间通常以有大量的Ca2+存在，为何肌肉细胞中再肌质网内仍储存高浓度的Ca2+？（8分）4、敲除了某某基因的动物细胞内可观察到访垂体能将染色体拉向两极，但不出现细胞质分裂。
2008~2011年武汉大学分子生物学885考研真题及解析
2011年真题1、Chromatin remodeling染色质重塑，DNA 复制、转录、修复、重组在染色质水平发生, 这些过程中, 染色质重塑可导致核小体位置和结构的变化, 引起染色质变化。
ATP 依赖的染色质重塑因子可重新定位核小体,改变核小体结构, 共价修饰组蛋白。
重塑包括多种变化, 一般指染色质特定区域对核酶稳定性的变化。
人们发现体内染色质结构重塑存在于基因启动子中, 转录因子TF 以及染色质重塑因子与启动子上特定位点结合, 引起特定核小体位置的改变(滑动) , 或核小体三维结构的改变,〖分析〗该题考察的是染色体水平上的调控，属于表观遗传学内容，以前相关的还考察过CPG 岛，甲基化等等，这些知识点均为17 章核生物转录水平上的调控2、Internal ribosome entry site核糖体内部进入位点，mRNA 分子5′端非翻译区(5′-NTR),在反式作用因子存在的情况下,b 识别并启动翻译的一种顺式元件。
〖分析〗该知识点为14 蛋白质翻译的内容，该考题出现频率很高，必须掌握3、Alternative splicing可变剪接 选择性剪接便是利用这样的特性，将同一基因中的外显子以不同的组合方式来表现，使一个基因在不同时间、不同环境中能够制造出不同的蛋白质。
通过不同的剪切版本。
60%以上的人类基因存在可变剪切，其中20%的可变剪切位于mRNA 非编码区内。
〖分析〗该知识点为13 章RNA 剪接的内容，属于基本的概念，在讲义中和书本中有解答，难度很低但出现频率很高应引起重视4、Ribozyme核酶，是具有催化功能的RNA 分子，是生物催化剂。
核酶又称核酸类酶、酶RNA、核酶类酶RNA。
它的发现打破了酶是蛋白质的传统观念。
【分析〗该知识点为13 章RNA 剪接的内容，属于基本的概念，在讲义中和书本中有解答，难度很低。
5、Shine-Dalgarno sequence:又称RBS, ribosome binding site 在细菌MRNA 起始密码子上游8-13 nt 处，有一段高度保守的富含嘌呤的碱基序列，能与细菌的16S rRNA3’配对识别，帮助起始密码子翻译，是由1974 年Shine 和Dalgarno发现，故命名为SD 序列。
2005武汉大学硕士研究生入学考试分子生物学试卷(精)
2005武汉大学硕士研究生入学考试分子生物学试卷一（4/10）1 Ubiquitin2 ribosomal binding site3 siRNA miRNA4 proteome5 DNA foot printing6 single nucleotide polymorphism7 chromosome walking8 haplotype9 zoo blot 10 transcription unit二（5/10）1简述真核细胞rRNA tRNA 和mRNA转录使用的聚合酶及各RNA前体（precursor）加工的基本过程？2 研究表明蛋白质组比基因组更复杂，蛋白质组中存在的蛋白质数目比基因组中存在的基因数目要多许多，这是如何造成的，你如何解释这种现象？3 简述原核与真核细胞染色体结构的差别4 在分子生物学研究中经常用各种载体进行研究工作，试问有哪些不同大小类型的载体，各自的主要特点是什么？5 简述DNA损伤修复的机制，在什么情况下DNA损伤会引起DNA突变？三（）4/151蛋白质与核酸的相互作用存在于基因表达的各个水平上，请分别举例说明在基因复制RNA 转录和蛋白质翻译过程中二者的相互作用。
2 一个真核细胞的蛋白质编码基因有哪些结构元件（或组建）组成（包括各种调控元件）？请画图表示，并说名各元件的功能与作用？3 请设计一组试验来（1）克隆一个你所感兴趣的人类基因（2）并对基因产物大量表达与纯化（3）然后研究该基因的生物学功能4 生命科学的研究已进入后基因组时代，试从“分子生物学”的角度来谈谈你对后基因组时代的认识，并预测后基因组时代里“分子生物学”发展的未来中国科学院05年攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题《生物化学及分子生物学》一、判断题20题，20题，每题1.5分，共30分.1、鞘磷脂的代谢过程主要与细胞质膜的流动有关与细胞生物活性分子的生成调节无关。
2、蛋白质的修饰与其运输和定位有关，而与其降解代谢无关。
考研_2003一2017年湖北武汉大学分子生物学考研真题
2003一2021年湖北武汉大学分子生物学考研真题2003年湖北武汉大学分子生物学考研真题一、以下名词翻译成中文，并简要解释1.Domains and motifs2.Alternative splicing3.Reporter genes4.The PCR cycle5.Restriction mapping6.Multiple cloning sites7.DNA libraries10.semi-conservative replication二、简答题1.请列举三种以上的蛋白质纯化技术，并说明不同技术的简单原理。
2.说说DNA损伤与DNA突变之间的区别和相互关系。
3.简述密码的简并性和同义密码子及其在生物上的重要性。
4.简述原核生物转录起始与转录终止过程中涉及到的主要蛋白质和核酸构造及其具体作用。
5.简述cDNA文库的构建过程。
三、问答题1.人类基因组方案完成的社会意义和科学意义是什么？2.什么是操纵子?试说明色氨酸操纵子在原核基因表达调控中的调控机制和重要作用。
3.简要解释顺式作用元件与反式作用因子，并举二例说明他们的相互作用方式。
4.试说明真核细胞与原核细胞在基因转录，翻译及DNA的空间构造方面存在的主要差异，表现在哪些方面？5.限制性核酸内切酶有哪几种类型？哪一种类型的限制酶最适合于基因工程，为什么？请简要说明理由。
2021 年湖北武汉大学分子生物学考研真题一、专业术语翻译与解释(共10小题，每题4分，共40分)4.Frame-shift mutation5.Wobble hypothesis6.Single-strand binding protein7.Tandem affinity purification8.Chromation remodeling9.Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms10.Alternative splicing二、简答题(共5小题，每题10分，共50分)1.真核细胞蛋白质磷酸化主要发生在哪三种氨基酸上？催化蛋白质磷酸化和去磷酸化的酶是什么?请举两个例证说明蛋白磷酸化对功能的影响。
2016年武汉大学分子生物学885考研真题
2016年分子生物学真题简答1 RNA editing是什么？作用机制是什么？2 简述大肠杆菌乳糖操纵子的作用机制？3 简述原核细胞转录终止机制？4 简述核酸霉保护踪迹法的实验原理？5 设计实验，研究特异性mRNA在细胞中的水平情况论述题1 DNA复制过程中怎样保证精确性和完整性2 设计实验，研究细胞内与蛋白质A结合的mRNA有哪些，实验方法和原理？3 蛋白质修饰，磷酸化，甲基化，乙酰化，糖基化，泛素化的作用位点和生物学意义？2015遗传名词解释1.deletion mapping2.aneuploid3.transcriptome4.founder effect5.endosymbiont theory这几个需要仔细注意，其他的都是考过的简答题1.为什么说rh抗原重要，如何防止新生儿溶血症2.区分核内遗传、核外遗传、母体影响3.xxx xxy个体在胚胎期为什么不会死亡、会发育成什么性别4杂种优势是什么，如何理解还有一题不记得了…应该也是考过计算和实验设计1.正常叶E 缺刻叶e。
一个正常但四号染色体三体的雌株和缺刻叶雄株杂jiao，第一问是如果E在四号染色体上，则F1中三体和缺刻叶父本回jiao，后代基因型表型比。
第二问不太记得，类似于F1后代自jiao，正常和缺刻表型比为3:1，请问该基因在四号染色体上吗？2.就是亲本aGe/AgE和age/age测jiao，后代基因型比例，一问是无干涉，一问是有干涉，数据不记得了，但是书后面很多习题类似，做会就ok了。
3.一个群体不考虑选择漂变等等外界因素I(A)基因频率0.5。
I(B)基因频率0.3 若为平衡群体，则该群体中ABO血型基因型频率如何（A 、B、AB、O）4.设计克隆控制水稻分蘖基因的实验。
具体细节不记得，主要是这句话。
武汉大学分子生物学2001—2015考研真题(1)
武汉大学2015年分子生物学武汉大学2014年分子生物学一.名词解释1、complementDNA2、RNAsplicing3、Gel filtration chromatography4、gene5、snRNP6、OKAZIKIN sequence7、operon8、enhancesome一.简答题1.从分子角度谈谈为什么DNA比RNA更广泛地用作遗传信息的携带者2.试说明中介蛋白在转录调控中的作用原理3.以下是DNA的电泳条带，说明DNA有哪三种拓扑异构构型？设计实验验证该结果。
4.翻译过程需要哪些组分？各自的功能分别是什么三.论述题1.CTD是RNAPOL2的末端结构，说明其结构特点。
它在转录各过程的作用是什么？2.试从产生过程，作用机制和生物学功能几个方面比较miRNA和siRNA的异同点3蛋白质A可以上调蛋白质B的表达水平，说明蛋白A可能在哪些水平发挥作用并设计实验证明。
武汉大学2013年分子生物学一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.Ribozyme2.Missense Mutation3.Insulator4.RNA trans-splicing5.Nucleotide excision repair6.Transposon7.Dam methylase8.Spliceosome9.Core promotor10. SNP二、简答题（共5小题，每题10分，共50分）1.真核生物mRNA的5’帽子结构有何生物学功能？其缺失会造成什么后果？2.某一基因开放阅读框中的一个碱基突变会对该基因编码产物产生什么影响？3.请简述真核生物的mRNA和原核生物的mRNA有何不同。
4.请简述Ⅰ型内含子剪切的过程.5.请简述Western blot 的原理和步骤。
三、论述题（共3小题，每题20分，共60分）1.研究基因功能通常是降低或升高基因表达水平，请简要说出三种相关研究方法及原理。
2. mRNA和蛋白质的降解是一个有序的过程，其中microRNA和泛素起了非常重要的作用，请简述microRNA的概念、产生过程、作用机制，或者泛素的概念和蛋白质泛素化的过程。
武汉大学分子生物学题库1
GLOSSARYAbundance of an mRNA is the average number of molecules per cell.Abundant mRNAs consist of a small number of individual species, each present in a large number of copies per cell.Acceptor splicing site—see right splicing junction.Acentric fragment of a chromosome (generated by breakage) lacks a centromere and is lost cell division.Acrocentric chromosome has the centromere located nearer one end than the other.Active site is the restricted part of a protein to which a substrate binds.Allele is one of several alternative forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome. Allelic exclusion describes the expression in any particular lymphocyte of only one allele coding for the expressed immunoglobulin.Allosteric control refers to the ability of an interaction at one site of a protein to influence the activity of another site.Alu family is a set of dispersed, related sequences, each～300 bp long, in the human genome. The individual members have Alu cleavage sites at each end (hence the name).Alu-equivalent family is the set of sequences in a mammalian genome that is related to the human Alu family.α-Amanitin is a bicyclic octapeptide derived from the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides; it inhibhits transcription by certain eukaryotic RNA polymerases, especially RNA polymerase II.Amber codon is the nucleotide triplet UAG, one of three codons that cause termination of protein synthesis.Amber mutaion describes any change in DNA that creates an amber codon at a site previously occupied by a codon representing an amino acid in a protein.Amber suppressors are mutant genes that code for tRNAs whose anticodons have been altered so that they can respond to UAG codons as well as or instead of to their previous codons.Aminoacyl-tRNA is transfer RNA carrying an amino acid; the covalent linkage is between the NH2group of the amino acid and either the 3’-or-2’-OH group of the terminal base of the tRNA.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes responsible for covalently linking amino acids to the 2’ or 3’-OH position of tRNA.Amphipathic structures have two surfaces, one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic. Lipids are amphipathic; and some protein regions may form amphipathic; and some protein regions may form amphipathic helices, with one charged face and one neutral face.Amplification refers to the production of additional copies of a chromosomal sequence,1found as intrachromosomal or extrachromoxomal DNA.Anchorage dependence describes the need of normal eukaryotic cells for a surface to attach to in order to grow in culture.Aneuploid chromosome constitution differes from the usal diploid constitution by loss or duplication of chromosomes or chromosomal segments. Annealing is the pairing of complementary single strands of DNA to form a double helix.Antibody is a protein (immunoglobulin) produced by B lymphocyte cells that recognizes a particular foreign ‘antigen,’and thusw triggers the immune res ponse.Anticoding strand of duples DNA is used as a template to direct the synthesis of RNA that is complementary to it.Antigen is any molecule whose entry into an organism provokes synthesis of an antibody (immunoglobulin).Antiparallel strands of the d ouble helix are organized in opposite orientation, so that the 5’ end of one strand is aligened with the 3’ end of the other strand.Antitermination proteins allow RNA polymerase to transcribe through certain terminator sites.Ap endonucleases make incisio ns in DNA on the 5’ side of either apurinic or apyrimidinc sites.Apoinducer is a protein that binds to DNA to switch on transcription by RNA polymerase. Archebacteria comprise a minor line of prokaryotes, and may have introns in the genome. Ascus of a fungus contains a tetrad or octad of the (haploid) spores, representhing the products of a sihngle meiosis.att sties are the loci on a phage and the bacterial chromosome at which recombination integrates the phage into. or excises it from , the bacterial chromosome.Attenuation describes the regulation of termination of transcription that is involved in controlling the expression of some bacterial operons.Attenuato r is the terminator sequence at which attenuatioj occurs.Autogenous conhtrol describes the action of a gene product that either inhibits (negative autogenous control) or activates (positive autogenous control) expression of the gene coding for it.Autonomous controlling element in maize is an active transposon with the ability to transpose (cf nonautonomous controlling element).Autoradiography detects radioactively labeled molecules by their effect in creating an image on pholtographic film.Autosomes are all the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes; a diploid cell has two copies of each autosome.Blymphocytes (or B cells) are the cells responsible for synthesizing antibodies.2Backcross is another (earlier) term for a testcross.Back mutation reverses the effect of a mutation that hand inactivated a gene; thus it restores wild type.Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria; often abbreviated as phages.Balbaini ring is an extremely large puff at a band of a polytene chromosome.Bands of polytene chromosomes are visible as dense regions that contain the majority of DNA;bands of normal chromosomes are relatively much larger and are generated in the form of regions that retain a stain on certain chemical treatments.Base pair (bp) is a partnership of A with T or of C with G in a DNA double helix; other pairs can be formed in RNA under certain circumstances.Bidirectional replication is accomplished when two replication forks move away from the same origin in different directions.Bivalent is the structure containing all four chromatids (two representing each homologue) at the start of meiosis.Blastoderm is a stage of insect embryogenesis in which a layer of nuclei or cells around the embryo surround an internal mass of yolk.Blocked reading frame cannot be translated into protein because it is interrupted by termination codons.Blunt-end ligation is a reaction that joins two DNA duplex molecules directly at their ends. bp is an abbreviation for base pairs; distance along DNA is measured in bp.Branch migration describes the ability of a DNA strand partially paired with its complement in a duplex to extend its pairing by displacing the resident strand with which it is homologous. Breackage and reunion describes the mode of genetic recombination, in which two DNA duplex molecules are broken at corresponding points and then rejoined crosswise (involving formation of a length of heteroduplex DNA around the site of joining).Buoyant desity measures the ability of a substance to float in some standard fluid, for example, CsCl.C banding is a technique for generating stained regions around centromeres.C genes code for the constant regions of immunoglobulin protein chains.C value is the total amount of DNA in a haploid genome.CAAT box is part of a conserved sequence located upstream of the startpoints of eukaryotic transcription units; it is recognized by a large group of transcription factors.Cap is the structure at the 5’ end of eukaryotic mRNA, introduced after transcripton by linking the terminal phosphate of 5’ GTP to the terminal base of the mRNA. The added G (and sometimes some other bases) are methylated, giving a structure of the form 7Me G5’ppp 5’Np…3CAP(CRP)is a positive regulator protein activated by cyclic AMP. It is needed for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription of certain (catabolitesensitive) operons of E. coli.Capsid is the external protein coat of a virus particle.Catabolite repression describes the decreased expression of many bacterial operons that results from addition of glucose. It is caused by a decrease in the level of cyclic AMP, which in turn inactivates the CAP regulator.cDNA is a single-stranded DNA complementary to an RNA, synthesized from it by reverse transcription in vitro.cDNA clone is a duplex DNA sequence representing an RNA, carried in a cloning vector. Cell cycle is the period from one division to the next.Cell hybrid is a somatic cell containing chromosomes derived from parental cells of different species (e.g. a man-mouse somatic cell hybrid), generating by fusing the cells to form a heterokaryon in which the nuclei subsequently fused.Centrioles are small hollow cylinders consisting of microtubules that become located near the poles during mitosis. They reside within the centrosomes.Centromere is a constricted region of a chromosome that includes the site of attachment to the mitotic or meiotic spindle (see also kinetochore).Centrosomes are the regions from which microtubules are organized at the poles of a mitotic cell. In animal cells, each centrosome contains a pair of centrioles surrounded by a dense amorphous region to which the microtubules attach. See also MTOC.Molecular chaperone is a protein that is needed for the assembly or proper folding of some other protein, but which is not itself a component of the target complex.Chemical complexity is the amount of a DNA component measured by chemical assay.Chi sequence is an octamer that provides a hotspot for RecA-mediated genetic recombination in E. coli.Chi structure is a joint between two duplex molecules of DNA revealed by cleaving an intermediate of two joined circles to generate linear ends in each circle. It resembles a Greek chi in outline, hence the name.Chiasma (pl. chiasmata)is a site at which two homologous chromosomes appear to have exchanged material during meiosis.Chromatids are the copies of a chromosome produced by replication. The name is usually used to describe them in the period before they separate at the subsequent cell division. Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein in the nucleus of the interphase cell. Individual chromosomes cannot be distinguished in it .It was originally recognized by its reaction with stains specific for DNA.Chromocenter is an aggregate of heterochromatin from different chromosomes. Chromomeres are densely staining granules visible in chromosomes under certain conditions, especially early in meiosis, when a chromosome may appear to consist of a series of4chromomeres.Chromosome is a discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes. Each chromosome counsists of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and an approximately equal mass of proteins. It is visible as a morphological entity only during cell division.Chromosome walking describes the sequential isolation of clones carrying overlapping sequences of DNA, allowing large regions of the chromosome to be spanned. Walking is often performed in order to reach a particular locus of interest.cis-acting locus affects the activity only of DNA sequences on its own molecule of DNA; this property usually implies that the locus does not code for protein.cis-acting protein has the exceptional property of acting only on the molecule of DNA from which it was expressed.cis configuration describes two sites on the same molecule of DNA.cis/trans test assays the effect of relative configuration on expression of two mutations. In a double heterozygote, two mutations in the same gene show mutant phenotype in trans configuration, wild-type in cis configuration.Cistron is the geneti unit defined by the cis/trans test; equivalent to gene ib comprising a unit of DNA representing a protein.Class switching is a change in the expression of the c cregion of an immunoglobulin heavy chain during lymphocyte differentiation.Clone describes a large number of cells or molecules identical with a single ancestral cell or molecule.Cloning vector is a plasmid or phage that is used to ‘carry’ inserted foreign DNA for the purposes of producing more material or a protein product.Closed reading frame contains termination codons that prevent its translation into protein. Coated vesicles are vesicles whose membrane has on its surface a layer of the protein clathrin.Coconversion is the simultaneous correction of two sites during gene conversion.Coding strand of DNA has the same sequence as mRNA.Codominant alleles both contribute to the phenotype; neither is dominant over the other. Coevolution —see concerted evolution.Cognate tRNAs are those recognized by a particular aminoacy-tRNA synthetase. Coointegrate structure is produced by fusion of two replicons, one originally possessing a transposon, the other lacking it; the cointegrate has copies of the transposon present at both junctions of the replicons, oriented as directrepeats.Cold-sensitive mutant is defective at low temperature but functional at normal temlperature. Colony hybridization is a technique for using in situ hybridization to identify bacteria carrying chimeric vectors whose inserted DNA is homologous with some particular sequence. Compatibility group of plasmids contains members unable to coexist in the same bacterial5cell.Complementation refers to the ability of independent (nonallelic)genes to provide diffusible products that produce wild phenotype when two mutants are tested in trans configuration in a heterozygote.In vitro complementation assay consists of identifying a component of a wid-type cell that can confer activity on an extract prepared from a mutant cell. The assay identifies the component rendered inactive by the mutation.Complementation group is a series of mutations unable to complement when tested in pairwise combinations in trans; defines a genetic unit (the cistron) that might better be called a noncomplex mentation group.Complex locus (of D. melanogaster) has genetic properties inconsistent with the function of a gene representing a single protein. Complex loci are usually very large (>100kb) at the molecular level.Complexity is the total length of different sequences of DNA present in a given preparation. Compostie transposons have a central region flanked on each side by insertion sequences, either or both of which may enable the entire element to transpose.Concatemer of DNA consists of a series of unit genomes repeated in tandem. Concatenated circles of DNA are interlocked like rings one a chain.Concerted evolution describes the ability of two related genes to evolve together as though constituting a single locus.Condensation reaction is one in which a covalent bond is formed with loss of a water molecule, as in the addition of an amino acid to a polypeptide chain.Conditional lethal mlutations kill a cell or virus under certain (nonpermissive) conditions, but allow it to survive under other (permissive) conditions.Conjugation describes ‘mathing’ between two bacterial cells, when (part of ) the chromosome is transferred from one to the other.Consensus sequence is an idealized sequence in which each position represents the base most often found when many actual sequences are compared.Conservative recombination involves breakage and reunion of preexisting strands of DNA without any synthesis of new stretches of DNA.Conservative transposition refers to the movement of large elements, originally classified as transposons, but now considered to be episomes. The mechanism of movement resembles that of phage lambda.Constant regions of immunoglobulins are coded by C genes and are the parts of the chain that vary least. Those of heavy chains identify the type of immunoglobulin.Constitutive genes are expressed as a function of the interaction of RNA polymerase with the promoter, without additional regulation; sometimes also called household genes in the context of describing functions expressed in all cells at a low level.67Constitutive heterochromatin describes the inert state of permanently nonexpressed sequences, usually satellite DNA.Constitutive mutations cause genes that usually are regulated to be expressed without regulation.Contractile ring is a ring of actin filaments that forms around the equator at the end of mitosis and is responsible for pinching the daughter cells apart.Controlling elements of maize are transposable units originally identified solely by their genetic properties. They may be autonomous (able to transpose independently) or nonautonomous (able to element).Coordinate regulation refers to the common control of a group of genes.Cordycepin is 3’ deoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of poly adenylation of RNA.Core DNA is the 14.6 bp of DNA contained on a core particle.Core particle is a digestion product of the nucleosome that retains the histone octamer and has 14.6 bp of DNA; its structure appears similar to that of the nucleosome itself.Corepressor is a small molecule that triggers repression of transcription by binding to a regulator protein.Cosmids are plasmids into which phage lambda cos sites have been inserted; as a result, the plasmid DNA can be packaged in vitro in the phage coat.Cot is the product of DNA concentration and time of incubation in a reassociation reaction. Cot 21 is the Cot required to proceed to half completion of the reaction; it is directlyproportional to the unique length of reassociating DNA.Cotransfection is the simultaneous transfection of two markers.Crossing-over describes the reciprocal exchange of material between chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and is responsible for genetic recombination.Crossover fixation refers to a possible consequence of unequal crossing-over that allows a mutation in one member of a tandem cluster to spread through the whole cluster (or to be eliminated).Cruciform is the structure produced at inverted repeats of DNA if the repeated sequence pairs with its complement on the same strand (instead of with its regular partner in the other strand of the duplex).Cryptic satellite is a satellite DNA sequence not identified as such by a separate peak on a density gradient; that is, it remains present in main-band DNA.ctDNA is chloroplast DNA.Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a molecule of AMP in which the phosphate group is joined to both the 3’ and 5’ positions of the ribose; its binding activates the CAP, a postive regulator of prokaryotic transcription.Cyclins are proteins that accumulate continuously throughout the cell cycle and are thendestroyed by proteolysis during mitosis. (see also MPF).Cytokinesis is the final process involved in separation and movement apart of daughter cells at the end of mitosis.Cytological hybridization—see in situ hybridization.Cytoplasm describes the material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Cytoplasmic inheritance is a property of genes located in mitochondria or chloroplasts (or possibly other extranuclear organelles).Cytoplasmic protein synthesis is the ranslation of mRNAs representing nuclear genes; it occurs via ribosomes attached to the cytoskeleton.Cytoskeleton consists of networks of fibers in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell.Cytosol describes the general volume of cytoplasm in which organelles ( such as the mitochondria ) are located.D loop is a region within mitochondrial DNA in which a short stretch of RNA is paired with one strand of DNA, displacing the orignal partner DNA strand in this region. The same term is used also to describe the displacement of a region of one strand of duplex DNA byu a single-stranded invader in the reaction catalyzed by RecA protein.Degeneracy in the genetic code refers to the lack of an effect of many changes in the third base of the codon on the amino acid that is represented.Deletions are generated by removal of a sequence of DNA, the regions on either side being joined together.Denaturation of DNA or RNA describes its conversion from the double-stranded to the singlestranded state; separation of the strands is most often accomplished by heating. Denaturation of protein describes its conversion from the physiological conformation to some other (inactive) conformation.Derepressed state describes a gene that is turned on. It is synonymous with induced when describing the normal state of a gene; it has the same meaning as constitutive in describing the effect of mutation.Dicentric chromosome is the product of fusing two chromosome fragments, each of which has a centromere. It is unstable and may be broken when the two centromeres are pulled to opposite poles in mitosis.Diploid set of chromosomes contains two copies of each autosome and two sex chromosome. Direct repeats are identical (or related) sequences present in two or more copies in the same orientation in the same molecule of DNA; they aer not necessarily adjacent.Discontinuous replication refers to the synthesis of DNA in short (Okazaki) fragments that are later joined into a continuous strand.Disjunction describes the movement of members of a chromosome pair to opposite poles during cell division. At mitosis and the second meiotic division, disjunction applies to sister8chromatids; at first meiotic division it applies to sister chromatid pairs.Divergence is the percent difference in nucleotide sequence between two related DNA sequences or in amino acid sequences between two proteins.Divergent transcription refers to the intitiation of transcription at two promoters facing in the opposite direction, so that transcription proceeds away in both directions from a central region.dna mutants of bacteria are temperature-sensitive; they cannot synthesize DNA at 42℃, but can do so at 37℃.DNAase is an enzyme that attacks bonds in DNA.DNA-driven bybridization involves the reaction of an excess of DNA with RNA.DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes a daughter strand(s) of DNA (under direction from a DNA template). May be involved in repair or replication.DNA replicase is a DNA-synthesizing enzyme required specifically for replication.Domain of a chromosome may refer either to a discrete structural entity defined as a region within which supercoiling is independent of other domains; or to an extensive region including an expressed gene that has heightened sensitivity to degradation by the enzyme DNAase I.Domain of a protein is a discrete continuous part of the amino acid sequence that can be equated with a particular function.Dominant allele determines the phenotype displayed in a heterozygote with another (recessive) allele.Donor splicing site—see left splicing junction.Down promoter mutations decrease the frequency of initiaton of transcription. Downstream identifies sequences proceeding farther in the direction of expression, for example, the conding region is downstream of the initiation condon.Early development refers to the period of a phage infection before the start of DNA replication.Extopic expression describes the expression of a gene in a tissue in which it is not usually expressed; for example, in a transgenic animal.Elongation factors (EF in prokaryotes, eEF in eukaryotes) are proteins that associate with ribosomes cyclically, during addition of each amino acid to the polypeptide chain.End labeling describes the addition of a radioactively labeled group to one end (5’ or 3’) of a DNA strand.End-product inhibition describes the ability of a product of a metabolic pathway to inhibit the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway.Endocytosis is a process by which proteins at the surface of the cell are internalized, being transported into the cell within membranous vesicles.9Endocytic vesicles are membranous particles that transport proteins through endocytosis; also known as clathrin-coated vesicles.Endonucleases cleave bonds within a nucleic acid chain; they may be specific for RNA or for singlestranded of double-stranded DNA.Endoplasmic reticulum is a highly convoluted sheet of membranes, extending from the outer layer of the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm.Enhancer element is a cis-acting sequence that increases the utilization of (some) eukaryotic promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter.Envelopes surround some organelles (for example , nucleus or mitochondrion) and consist of concentric membranes, each membrane consisting of the usual lipid bilayer.Epigenetic changes influrence the phenotype without altering the genotype. They consist of changes in the properties of a cell that are inherited but that do not represent a change in genetic information.Episome is a plasmid able to integrate into bacterial DNA.Epistasis describes a situation in which expression of one gene wipes out the phenotypic effects of another gene.Essential gene is one whose deletions is lethal to the organism (see also lethal locus). Established cell lines consist of eukaryotic cells that have been adapted to indefinite growth in culture (they are said to be immortalized).Eubacteria comprise the major line of prokaryotes.Euchromatin comprises all of the genome in the interphase nucleus except for the heterochromatin.Evolutionary clock is defined by the rate at which mutations accumulate in a given gene. Excision-repair systems remove a single-stranded sequence of DNA containing damaged or mispaired bases and replace it in the duplex by synthesizing a sequence complementary to the remaining strand.Exocytosis is the process of secreting proteins from a cell into the medium, by transport in membranous vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, through the Golgi, to storage vesicles, and finally (upon a regulatory signal) through the plasma membrane.Exocytic vesicles (also secretory vesicles) are membranous particles that transport and store proteins during excytosis.Exon is any segment of an interrupted gene that is represented in the mature RNA product. Exonucleases cleave nucleotides one at a time from the end of a polynucleotide chain; they may be specific for either the 5’ or 3’ end of DNA or RNA.Expression vector is a cloning vector desined so that a coding sequence inserted at a particular site will be transcribed and translated into protein.Extranuclear genes reside outside the nucleus in organelles such as mitochondria and10chloroplasts.F factor is a bacterial sex or fertility plasmid.F1 generation is the first generation produced by crossing two parental (homozygous) lines. Facultative heterochromatin describes the inert state of sequences that also exist in active copies—for example, one mammalian X chromosome in females.Fast component of a reassociation reaction is the first to reature and contains highly repetitive DNA.Fate map is a map of an embryo showing the adult tissues that will develop from the descendants of cells that occupy particular regions of the embryo.Figure eight describes two circles of DNA linked together by a recombination event that has not yet been completed.Filter hybridization is performed by incubating a deatured DNA preparation immobilized on a nitrocellulose filter with a solution of radioactively labeled RNA or DNA.Fingerprint of DNA is a pattern of polymorphic restriction fragments that differ between individual genomes.Fingerprint of a protein is the pattern of fragments (usually resolved on a two dimensional electrophoretic gel) generated by cleavage with an enzyme such as trypsin.Fluidity is a property of membranes; it indicates the ability of lipids to move laterally within their particular monolayer.Focus formation describes the ability of transformed eukaryotic cells to grow in dense clusters, piled up on one another.Focus forming unit (ffu) is a quantitative measure of forcus formation.Foldback DNA consists of inverted repeats that have renatured by intrastrand reassociation of denatured DNA.Foot printing is a technique for identifying the site on DNA bound by some protein by virtue of the protection of bonds in this region against attack by nucleases.Forward mutations inatctivate a wild-type gene.Founder effect refers to the presence in a population of many individuals all with the same chromosome (or region of a chromosome) derived from a single ancestor.Frameshift mutations arise by deletions or insertions that are not a multiple of 3bp; they change the frame in which triplets are translated into protein.G banding is a technique that generates a striated pattern in metaphase chromosomes that distinguishes the members of a haploid set.G1 is the period of the eukaryotic cell cycle between the last mitosis and the start of DNA replication.G2 is the period of the eukaryotic cell cycle between the end of DNA replication and the start11。
分子生物武大考研试题
笔试题（满分100分）1. PCR的条件是什么？设置的条件有什么依据？2. 去离子水与蒸馏水是否相同，若相同，为什么？不相同，又是为什么？3. 关于菌株保存有以下两个方案（1）不加甘油逐渐降温后，然后保存在-80℃中，（2）加甘油直接保存在-80℃中。
分别分析两种方案是否正确，若正确，为什么？不正确，又是为什么？（3）菌株保存中，甘油的作用是什么？依据是什么？4. 高压灭菌的温度为多少？灭菌是为什么要排尽灭菌锅内的冷空气？5. 克隆所用的载体有哪些必要的结构？6. 电泳分离DNA所用的缓冲液pH为多少？此时DNA带什么电荷，为什么?7. 电泳分离DNA、RNA、蛋白质分别用什么染色？8. 现有100uLDNA水溶液（装在eppendorf管中），请设计一个实验沉淀DNAWuda武大---考试方法说明及各章课外思考题一、课程的学习与考试作为生命科学领域的专业基础课，本课程强调学生对微生物学基本理论、基本概念、基本实验原理及微生物基本实验操作的掌握与运用，鼓励学生在教学过程中对教学的积极参与和平时学习的积累，不鼓励期末突击复习、考试的投机学习行为。
为此，特制定期末总成绩的评定标准。
一）理论课期末考试卷面成绩占总成绩的55％，其余45％为平时成绩。
平时成绩包括：1、课后思考题（0～4分），每章均会根据教学内容布置思考题，要求按时上交，教师每次将随机抽查20％～30％的作业本进行评分，在学期末考试结束后，作业本全部上交作为评定平时成绩的依据。
2、学习笔记（0～4分），要求并鼓励课堂记录或课后整理学习内容，所有学习笔记在期末考试结束后上交作为评定平时成绩的依据。
3、参与教学活动（0～17分），主要是鼓励学生在学习过程中的主动学习能力，在课堂、网站论坛或与教师平时就学习问题的探讨将作为此项成绩评定的依据。
为了配合这项工作，论坛中的同步教学论坛只有在经过认证后方可发言，是对同学参与教学活动项目评定的主要依据。
2015年武汉大学885分子生物学研究生入学考试初试真题
武汉大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(学术学位)（满分值300分）科目名称：分子生物学（B卷）科目代码：885注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
以下是2015年武汉大学885分子生物学研究生入学考试初试真题，武汉大学专业课真题每年的重复率是比较高的，考生准备的真题年份越多，备考会越充分，东湖武大考研网提供2001年到2015年武汉大学885分子生物学研究生入学考试初试真题及答案，最后，祝所有报考武汉大学的考生都能圆梦武大。
一、专业术语翻译与解释(共10小题，每小题4分，共40分)1.Exon2.Promoter3.Proteomics4.Frame-shift mutation5.Wobble hypothesis6.Single-strand binding protein7.Tandem affinity purification8.Chromation remodeling9.Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms10.Alternative splicing二、简答题(共5小题，每小题10分，共50分)1.真核细胞蛋白质磷酸化主要发生在哪三种氨基酸上？催化蛋白质磷酸化和去磷酸化的酶是什么?请举两个例证说明蛋白磷酸化对功能的影响。
2.请简述三种RNA在蛋白质生物合成中的作用。
3.什么是RNA干扰（RNA interference,RNAi)?请简述RNA于扰的作用机制。
4.遗传密码有哪些特点?请简述。
5.什么是表观遗传学?为什么研究与组蛋白乙酸化修饰相关的酶是表观遗传学领域的一个热点?三、论述题(共3小题，每小题20分，共60分)1.1953年，沃森和克里克发现了DMA双螺旋的结构，开启了分子生物学时代。
请从主链、碱基配对、大沟小沟以及结构参数等多方面介绍DNA双螺旋结构。
2.请从基本结构、作用形式、功能特点等多方面论述原核生物和真核生物mRNA的主要区别。
武汉大学历年分子生物学考研真题
武汉大学分子生物学历年考研真题 (2001年-2013年）武汉大学2001 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目名称:分子生物学科目代码: 477注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题和草稿纸上的一律无效。
一、解释概念 (20 分,每个4分)1. 卫星 DNA2. 复制体3. 逆转座子4. 反式激活因子5. 衰减子与衰减作用二：填空(30 分,每空 1 分,请将答案写在答卷上)1.从病毒到高等生物的研究表明,遗传物质是。
2.冈崎片段的发现证实了双链 DNA的复制,在复制过程中,一条新生链的合成是的,称为链;而另一条链的合成是的,称为链。
3.大肠菌中有三种DNA聚合酶,其中的polI的作用是 ,而pol III的作用是。
pol I和pol III都有的三种活性是、、。
4.由于真核细胞染色体DNA的复制要有一段RNA为引物,因此线状的DNA复制后必须存在着5’端缩短的问题。
已发现有一种端粒蛋白称为 ,它由构成,可以使单链DNA的5’延长。
5.对DNA 损伤有几种修复系统 ,其中只有修复系统可以造成DNA变异,与这一系统有关的一套基因平时受到一称为的抑制蛋白所抑制,它发挥抑制作用是结合在一段约20bp长的称为的DNA序列上,当DNA损伤时,另一种蛋白质称为。
把这种抑制蛋白水解后,修复系统的基因才会被激活。
6.真核细胞中有三种依赖于DNA的RNA聚合酶分别合成不同的RNA,RNA pol I 负责合成,RNA pol II 负责合成,RNA pol III负责合成。
7.大分子互相作用是分子生物学的重要内容,包括蛋白质之间、蛋白质与DNA或RNA之间的互相作用,蛋白质有四种重要的结构花式与大分子互相作用有关, 这些结构花式是 , , 。
8.NO 是气体小分子信号,它可由脱氨产生,它的作用方式是直接与酶作用使产生cGMP(环式GMP)。
9.真核mRNA的5’端通常有帽子结构,3’端有 polyA。
在polyA上游有一保守序列称为polyA 信号,其序列为。
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武汉大学分子生物学历年考研真题 (2001年-2013年）武汉大学2001 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目名称:分子生物学科目代码: 477注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题和草稿纸上的一律无效。
一、解释概念 (20 分,每个4分)1. 卫星 DNA2. 复制体3. 逆转座子4. 反式激活因子5. 衰减子与衰减作用二：填空(30 分,每空 1 分,请将答案写在答卷上)1.从病毒到高等生物的研究表明,遗传物质是。
2.冈崎片段的发现证实了双链 DNA的复制,在复制过程中,一条新生链的合成是的,称为链;而另一条链的合成是的,称为链。
3.大肠菌中有三种DNA聚合酶,其中的polI的作用是 ,而pol III的作用是。
pol I和pol III都有的三种活性是、、。
4.由于真核细胞染色体DNA的复制要有一段RNA为引物,因此线状的DNA复制后必须存在着5’端缩短的问题。
已发现有一种端粒蛋白称为 ,它由构成,可以使单链DNA的5’延长。
5.对DNA 损伤有几种修复系统 ,其中只有修复系统可以造成DNA变异,与这一系统有关的一套基因平时受到一称为的抑制蛋白所抑制,它发挥抑制作用是结合在一段约20bp长的称为的DNA序列上,当DNA损伤时,另一种蛋白质称为。
把这种抑制蛋白水解后,修复系统的基因才会被激活。
6.真核细胞中有三种依赖于DNA的RNA聚合酶分别合成不同的RNA,RNA pol I 负责合成,RNA pol II 负责合成,RNA pol III负责合成。
7.大分子互相作用是分子生物学的重要内容,包括蛋白质之间、蛋白质与DNA或RNA之间的互相作用,蛋白质有四种重要的结构花式与大分子互相作用有关, 这些结构花式是 , , 。
8.NO 是气体小分子信号,它可由脱氨产生,它的作用方式是直接与酶作用使产生cGMP(环式GMP)。
9.真核mRNA的5’端通常有帽子结构,3’端有 polyA。
在polyA上游有一保守序列称为polyA 信号,其序列为。
polyA 能提高 mRNA的翻译水平是由于:(1) (2) 。
10.G-蛋白关联受体是一类重要的细胞表面受体,它的结构特色是 ,它发挥信号传递作用的两条途径是途径和途径。
三、问答题(50 分)1.说出双链 DNA 复制起始有关的五种重要的酶或蛋白并简述它们的功能。
(15 分)2.简述增强子的特点和性质及作用机制。
(10 分)3.简述真核 RNA 聚合酶II的转录起始复合物装配过程和转录起始(15 分)4.DNA限制性内切酶EcoRI是人们熟悉的常用内切酶,它是在大肠杆菌(E.coli)R株中发现的,它被广泛用于分子克隆操作和DNA分析。
pUC质粒是常用克隆载体之一,它的多克隆位点上有EcoRI、BamHI、KpnI、HindIII 等酶切点。
假如要你把一段由EcoRI切割产生的外源DNA段克隆到 pUC 质粒中,并把重组质粒转化大肠杆菌R株来扩增,已知条件是所用的R菌株中只有EcoRI一种限制性内切酶,你设计如何做才能确保成功?为什么?(10 分)武汉大学2002 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目名称:分子生物学科目代码: 935一、填空(每空1分,共40分)1.测定蛋白分子量的主要方法是。
而要较准确测定DNA分子量的方法是根据 DNA 分子量的大小而采取不同的方法,分子量<5*106时用 ,分子量=5-100*106时用 ,分子量大于 100*106时用。
2.长度为20um的DNA分子,其长与宽的比是 ,该DNA分子含有碱基对。
3.细菌中,体内DNA重组需要RecA、RecB参加,RecA起作用,RecB起作用。
4.许多蛋白质能解开DNA双螺旋,32-prote重要性质和 ,所以能使DNA变性。
5.Meselson-Stahl实验中用的E.coli长时间在15N中培养后转入 14N中。
转入14N培养基中之后,1/2,1,世代时。
总DNA中 15N15N,15N14N,14N14N的比例如下:(本题共两分)世代15N15N 15N14N 14N14N 1/2 16.原核生物转录水平的调控方式主要有①②③和④7.一个plasmid载体含有一个大肠杆菌 Lac操纵子的 promotor-operator和外源基因,则这个基因的表达可以这样来控制,向培养基加入则转录开始,要使转录停止,可以加入。
8.紫外线诱导的胸腺嘧啶二聚体的修复可以通过四种途径进行 ,它们是和。
其中和是对模板进行修复,而修复引起突变。
9.在基因表达调控中,常常涉及顺式调控因子和反式调控因子,顺式调控因子是指 ,反式调控因子是指。
10.蛋白负责特定基因的开关。
在数百种来源于原核和真核的DNA-结合蛋白中发现以下几种结构花式(motif)。
它们是 , ,和它们通常以,深入到 DNA 双螺旋的大沟中与 DNA相互作用。
11.逆转病毒即使本身并没有病毒癌基因,也可以致癌,当病毒 cDNA 整合于时病毒cDNA中能激活细胞的原癌基因的表达。
12.P53一种重要的抑癌蛋白,它的两个主要功能是(1) (2)。
P53的两个等位基因中只要其中一个变异就可能使癌发生,这是因为P53蛋白是的形式存在和行使功能的。
13.细胞快速适应高浓度胞外信号的途径是。
二、选择:(每题2分,共20分)1.关于遗传密码的论述,哪些是正确的（）A、在通用密码中,AUG 是唯一的兼职密码生B、生物体可通过选择使用不同的同义密码来调节翻译的速度,从而进行翻译水平上的调控。
C、无论病毒、细菌、动物、植物、细胞器,都共用一套遗传密码。
D、在体外无细胞合成系统中合成多肽,起始密码子不存在时也能合成多肽。
2.关于遗传密码的论述,哪些是正确的（）A、在通用密码中,AUG 是唯一的兼职密码生B、生物体可通过选择使用不同的同义密码来调节翻译的速度,从而进行翻译水平上的调控。
C、无论病毒、细菌、动物、植物、细胞器,都共用一套遗传密码。
D、在体外无细胞合成系统中合成多肽,起始密码子不存在时也能合成多肽。
3. DNA polymerasel 的哪个活性是使DNA复制保持忠实性的关链因素（）A、聚合活性B、5’-3’外切活性C、3’-5’外切活性D、逆转录酶活性4. 一个λphage 感染它的溶源菌时,下列情况将发生A、进入正常的噬菌体循环产生 50 个左右的噬菌体粒子B、λ-DNA 可以环化但不复制C、细菌细胞将被杀死D、原噬菌体将被割离E、λ-DNA 将不能注入5.下面的部分二倍体中,哪些表型是组成型地合成β-半乳糖苷酶（）A I+o+z+y+B i+o+z+y-C i+ocz+y+D i+ocz-y+i-ocz-y+ I+o+z+y+ I-o+z+y+ I+ocz+y+E I+o+z+y+ i-o+z+y+6. 关于真核基因表达调控特点的论述哪些是正确的（）A、真核基因组基因数目多、大多数含内含子、且与组蛋白及非组蛋白结合形成核小体及其超螺旋等结构影响基因活性B、转录在核内、翻译在细胞质中进行,绝大多数 mRNA 的形成要通过 RNA 是否被运输来控制基因表达C、真核 mRNA 寿命长,为翻译水平的调控提供了较大的余地D、真核基因表达调控可在 DNA 水平的调控(拷贝数、重排)、转录水平、转录后水平(RNA 加工和运输)和翻译水平等多层次调控E、原核基因表达调控活动范围比真核更大7.人们为研究某一目的基因的结构,打算用基因工程的办法得此基因, 请你在正面载体中选一最合适的载体（）A、表达载体B、分泌性载体C、克隆载体D、转移载体E、穿梭载体8.当培养基中不存在糖时,正面哪一种是 gal operon 上结合的蛋白质情况（）A、结合有 CAP-cAMP 和 RNA 聚合酶两种蛋白质B、不结合蛋白质C、结合有阻遇蛋白和 CAP-cAMP 蛋白9. 正面关于真核生物启动子的叙述,哪些是正确的?（）A、真核生物有三种 RNA 聚合酶,它们利用同一种启动子B、DNA polymerase II 利用的启动子只有一种类型C、RNA polymerase I 利用的启动子分两部分:40~-+5 和-165~-4010. 人们打算克隆并鉴定一个分子量为 36-45kb 的真核单拷贝基因,首先必须使用下边哪套系统,然后再进行鉴定（）A、用 cosmid 为载体建立基因文库B、用 pBR322 为载体建立基因文库C、用 M13 为载体建立基因文库D、用λCharon4A 为载体建立基因文库11. 与细菌中发现的转录调控相比,真核细胞中的转录调控有以下区别, 其中哪一项是错误的?（）A、真核 RNA polymerase 单独不能起作用B、真核基因在转录前,需多种转录因子(general transcription factors)先在启动了上装配成复合物C、起始复合物装配过程包括许多步骤,每个步骤都受到调控信号或调控因子的影响D、在真核中大多数基因调控蛋白不能在离开它们所影响的基因相当远的地方起作用三、问答:1、简述(或绘图说明)真核细胞 RNA 聚合酶 II 转录的起始需要哪些基本转录因子及其装配过程(15 分)2、简述(或绘图说明)色氨酸操纵子弱化的机制(15分)3、在讨论基因家庭时经常提到胚胎、胎儿和成体形成的蛋白质,这些述语是指什么现象?可用什么术语来描述这一类基因家族(5分)4、你正在进行 Southern blot 分析,并刚刚完成凝胶电泳部分,下一步是将胶浸泡在NaOH 溶液中使 DNA 变性为单链,为了节约时间,你跳过这一步,直接把 DNA 从胶上转到硝酸纤维素膜上,你将标记好的探针与膜杂交,却发现放射自显影结果是一片空白,哪里错了呢?(5分)2003 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题一、名词翻译,并简要解释(共10小题,每题4分,共40分)1. Domains and motifs2. Alternative splicing3. Reporter genes4. The PCR cycle5. Restriction mapping6. Multiple cloning sites7. DNA libraries8. Proteomics9. Replicon10. Semi-conservative replication二、简答题 (共 5 题,每题 8 分,共 40 分)1.请列举三种以上蛋白质纯化技术,并说明不同纯化技术的简单原理。
2.简述 DNA 损伤与DNA突变之间的区别与相互关系。
3.简述密码的简并性(degeneracy)和同义密码子(synonymous codon)及其在生物学上的重要性。
4.简述原核生物转录起始与转录终止过程中所涉及的主要蛋白质和核酸结构及其具体作用。