第三方物流文献综述
第三方物流文献综述及外文文献资料
本份文档包含:关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献文献信息标题: Business Logistics Performance Measurement in Third-Party Logistics: An Empirical Analysis of Australian Courier Firms作者: Michael W; Ferry J; Ahmad A出版物名称: International Journal of Business and Information卷: 10;期: 3;页: 323-336 年份: 2015Business Logistics Performance Measurement in Third-Party Logistics: An EmpiricalAnalysis of Australian Courier FirmsABSTRACTThis paper presents an empirically validated measurement model of logistics performance in Australian courier firms. In third-party logistics firms, logistics performance directly influences both internal and external stakeholders/customers. The courier firm is an important model of third-party logistics. In this study, all measures are validated by both academics and practitioners. Empirical data for the study was collected through a web-based survey. A total of 162 responses were used to verify the measurement model of structural equation modeling. Results indicate that the logistics performance measurement has high reliability and validity in the study. This measurement model contributes to the business performance literature. It provides insight to assess logistics performance in the postal/courier industry. In addition, the measures can be generalized for different business management purposes.Keywords: Performance measurement, logistics performance, business logistics, supply chain management, postal/courier industry1. INTRODUCTIONDuring the last couple of decades, the logistics industry has boomed worldwide, and competition in the third-party logistics (3PLs) market is now very intensive. Thelogistics performance of 3PLs is crucial in today's competitive business world. Logistics performance in courier service is critical for customers [Ho, Teik, Tiffany, Kok, and Teh, 2012]. It is important for transport logistics service providers in delivering value to members in the supply chain [Lai, Ngai, and Cheng, 2004]. Especially, 3PLs and transport service providers play a vital role in a supply chain system to deliver goods and information to link the different business partners in a supply chain. Thus, the effect of 3PLs' performance is significant. Furthermore, logistics performance is a success factor for both logistics service providers and their customers [Richard and Rein, 2004], because not only are 3PLs and transport service providers impacted by logistics performance, but also other business stakeholders and/or customers in the same supply chain network may suffer negative impacts of logistics performance.Cohen and Roussel [2005] indicated that performance measurement refers to the indicators of the work performed and the results achieved in an activity, process, or organizational unit. Logistics performance was one of the important factors driving the choice of a 3PLs provider Mentzer and Flint, 1999; Thai, 2013]. In addition, an oft-repeated axiom is: "If you can't measure it, you can't manage it." Performance measurement is fundamental to achieving organizational success [Fawcett and Cooper, 1998]. Therefore, logistics performance measurement plays a vital role in today's business management.The 3PLs provide various services, which include transportation, warehousing, cross-docking, inventory management, packaging, and freight forwarding [Gudehus and Kotzab, 2012]. Between 84% and 90% of companies using 3PL suppliers believe that 3PLs should provide a comprehensive set of offerings [Donlon, 2006]. And, the 3PLs could benefit the companies in various aspects; for example, reduction in cost, reduction in capital investment, and enhanced operational flexibility. A courier company is one of the typical 3PL models in the logistics industry [Cowles, 2012]. Logistics performance in courier service is critical for customer satisfaction [Ho et al., 2012]. Previous studies have found that logistics performance could directly influence customer preferences [Feng et al., 2007; Ho et al., 2012; Mentzer and Flint, 1999;Thai, 2013]. Although less attention has been paid to the logistics performance of courier services, this paper presents an empirically validated measurement model of logistics performance based on the Australian courier industry.2. BACKGROUNDThe earliest record of courier parcel service in Australia can be traced to 1809. Its origin is Australia Post. Postal services were an important feature of Australian life from the early colonial period, being the only means of contact between Australia and Britain for much of the nineteenth century [Post, 2013]. Today, airplanes, ships, trains, trucks, and bicycles have been widely used by couriers to transport customers' messages and parcels. Modern forms of transportation allow parcels to be delivered very quickly over vast distances [Wang, 2011]. These methods are highly efficient and obviously far more reliable than any of the options in the past. The general parcel courier service uses technologies to organize, transport, and even track deliveries. With GPS-style tracking options, customers not only receive parcels quickly, but also can watch the progress of their parcels along the way and get a proof of delivery. Therefore, many information technologies are involved in modern courier service, such as online real-time track and trace technology, which enables customers to monitor their freights from the point of pick-up to the point of delivery.A courier company is a less-than-a-truckload (LTL) third-party logistics (3PL) carrier. One can sort 3PLs into different types, which include freight forwarders, courier companies, and other companies that integrate and offer subcontracted logistics and transportation services [Cowles, 2012]. A courier company is one of the most significant 3PL modules for all types of 3PLs. The operational costs for a carrier have three major components: costs for drivers and vehicles making local pick-ups and deliveries, line haul costs for transporting freight between terminals, and handling costs for sorting and consolidating freight. Handling freight in an LTL terminal is labor-intensive and therefore expensive because workers must quickly sort a variety of freight [Bartholdi and Gue, 2000]. Generally, road and air are the two most popular transport models in the Australian courier industry.Today's courier service is different from a traditional postal service. A large number ofcourier firms, especially the large-scale ones, have begun to offer various services, including inbound freight, freight consolidation, reverse logistics, value-added customer services, distribution, order fulfillment, and outbound freight. Moreover, trends such as globalization, online shopping, and urbanization stimulate demands for courier services [Wang, 2011]. It is important, therefore, to understand and measure courier performance. This study focuses on the performance of delivering express small parcels (normally under 30kg per item) in Australian courier firms; for example, DHL Express, TNT Express, and Toll priority.3. MEASURING LOGISTICS PERFORMANCEFrom the resource-based view (RBV), each firm is a particular bundle of resources and capabilities. Moreover, each firm may have distinct objectives and strategies. Therefore, performance measurement may be different in different companies. In general, performance can be measured in hard (objective) measures and soft (perceptual or responsiveness) measures [Chow, Heaver, and Henriksson, 1994]. Hard measures include raw financial statistics, costs statistics, commissions, and services rendered. In contrast, soft measures include supervisor appraisals and self-perception. Performance analysis is the measurement and comparison of actual levels of achievement of specific objectives [Yang, 2012]. When analyzing system performance, it is difficult to use qualitative evaluations that are vague. However, the chosen numerical performance measure may not adequately describe the system's performance [Benita, 1999]. Hudson, Haas, and Uddin [1997] showed that performance measures are the quantities that capture the level to which the system performed and the results achieved in the process. Performance measures also can be used for other business purposes. Such performance measures have to be identified as the first task in risk analysis [Aven, 2012]. The informative performance measures could help companies to prevent the escalation of, and reduce the consequences of, a hazardous situation [Aven, 2012]. Furthermore, performance measures may prevent and monitor the risks in risk analysis [Aven, 2012].Various indicators and attributes of logistics performance have been discussed in terms of different aspects or purposes. Previously, an aspect such as transportationcost or customer service was measured [Fawcett and Cooper, 1998]. The performance of activity was determined on the basis of costs [Christopher, 1998], whereas a number of empirical studies focused on service and quality [Irene Gil, David Servera, Gloria Berenguer, and María Fuentes, 2008]. Richard and Rein [2004] suggested that logistics performance is a success factor for both logistics service providers and their customers. Although logistics performance measurement has been widely discussed [Chow et al., 1994; Pichet and Shinya, 2008], there are few studies that investigate the logistics performance of courier firms. This paper provides an empirical analysis of courier firms in Australia.There are many distinct ways to measure performance in logistics companies. In the current study, logistics performance measures focus on the transport and freight industry in terms of the nature of being a courier, which is transporting express small packages/parcels from point of origin to point of destination (door-to-door service). The dominating logistics performance variable is on-time delivery [Helena, 2012]. Fawcett and Cooper [1998] identified important logistics performance attributes, including cost, productivity, customer service, and logistics quality. The performance indicators in the research are based on the hierarchy framework for evaluating logistics performance [Pichet and Shinya, 2008]. From Pichet and Shinya [2008] and Helena [2012], we extracted four logistics performance variables (on-time delivery, frequency of damaged freight, frequency of operation disruption, and flexibility). According to the literature review, the measures of logistics performance are drawn and developed from previous studies of logistics and transport industries [Fawcett and Cooper, 1998; Morash, 2001; Najmi and Makui, 2012; Pichet and Shinya, 2008]. The indicators of logistics performance are measured by four aspects: customer service, delivery operations, freight safety, and information accuracy (Table 1).The current study focuses on the actual courier performance of delivering small express parcels/packages, which may influence both courier firms and their customers. The results and generalization may be widely used, however, in the transport and logistics industry.4. METHODOLOGYStructural equation modeling (SEM) comprises two types of measurement scales: formative and reflective. It is important to understand the distinction between the two, because different types of measurement scales may influence the relationships and results in a study [Loehlin, 2004]. In reflective measurement models, variation in the construct causes variation in the item measures, changes in observed variables or indicators of the latent constructs reflect changes in the latent constructs, and the error item in items can be identified. In contrast, in formative measurement models, variation in item measures causes variation in the construct, latent constructs is determined as a combination of its indicators, and the error term cannot be identified if the formative measurement model is estimated in isolation [Churchill, 1979; Coltman, Devinney, Midgley, and Venaik, 2008]. In this study, we used a reflective scale to assess logistics performance.4.1. Instrument DesignMeasurement of the logistics performance of couriers in this study was derived from literature review and observation, and, then to ensure content validity, a pilot study was used to test the questionnaire before conducting a comprehensive survey. In the questionnaire survey, the items are structured and presented on a 7-point Likert scale. Likert-type scales are considered reliable and are recommended for obtaining people's attitudes, values, and perceptions [Miller, 1970]. In the 7-point Likert-type scale used in this study, 1 = "strongly disagree," and 7 = "strongly agree."A multiple-indicator measure of a concept is used to measure logistics performance. The main reason for its use is recognition that there are potential problems with relying on just a single indicator, because one indicator may capture only a portion of the underlying concept or be too general [Bryman and Bell, 2011]. In addition, the SEM requires a minimum number of indictors for a latent variable [Loehlin, 2004]. Multiple-indicator measures may minimize measurement errors and improve the reliability and validity of measures of concepts [Grinnell and Unrau, 2011].A positive feedback was received from our pilot study of the questionnaire, producing suggestions for minor changes. Nine items were finalized to assess logistics performance in Australian courier firms (see Table 3 in section 5.2). The indicators oflogistics performance are validated by both supply chain and logistics academics and practitioners in the Australian courier industry.4.2. Data CollectionIn this study, we consider the sample size for research using the partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis. One of the advantages of the PLS-SEM approach is the smaller sample size compared with other approaches. A questionnaire survey is a major instrument to collect data. In this study, 98 courier companies in Australia were identified and invited to participate. Empirical data was collected through a web-based survey. A total 162 responses were used to verify the measurement model of structural equation modeling. The approximate response rate was about 20%.4.2. Data AnalysisPLS-SEM has become a popular statistical technique in today's business research [Henseler, Ringle, and Sinkovics, 2009]. The IBM SPSS version 21 statistical software package was chosen for the study. This package is widely used for data screening involving data cleaning. Factor analysis involved the initial reliability, validity, and measure of purification in the study.5. RELIABILITY AND V ALIDITY OF RESULTSTo ensure the reliability and validity of the measurement model, a factor analysis is performed for the reflective construct. Reliability is an assessment of the degree of consistency between multiple measurements of a variable [Hair, 2010]. This study applies a reliability coefficient with Cronbach's alpha to test the reliability of the scale. The reliability is demonstrated by Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.7 in SPSS [Hair, 2010].Validity is another important dimension to indicate the degree of accuracy of measurements. Face or content validity was tested in the pilot study. Convergent validity assesses the degree to which two measures of the same concept are correlated [Hair, 2010]. High correlations are required to ensure convergent validity. A value greater than 0.7 is considered a satisfaction level. In contrast, discriminant validity is the degree to which two conceptually similar concepts are distinct [Hair, 2010]. Factoranalysis includes various reliability and validity tests, Cronbach's alpha KMO, Bartlett's test, communalities, and convergent and discriminant validity.5.1. Factor AnalysisExploratory factor analysis (EFA) is used to explore the underlying dimensions of construct. Logistics performance is a reflective multi-item construct. The most widely used method in factor analysis is principal axis factoring (PAF). It is a least-squares estimation of the common factor model. It makes no assumption about the type of error and minimizes the unweighted sum of the squares [unweighted least squares (ULS) or ordinary least squares (OLS)] of the residual matrix [Winter and Dodou, 2012]. Promax is used for the factor rotation method. The detailed testing results can be found in Table 2.Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measures of sampling adequacy and Bartlett's test of sphericity are used to assess the suitability of the respondent data for factor analysis. Interpretive adjectives for the KMO of sampling adequacy include marvelous (> 0.90), meritorious (> 0.80), middling (> 0.70), mediocre (> 0.60), miserable (> 0.50), and unacceptable (below 0.50) [Hair, 2010]. The value of the KMO measure of sampling adequacy for this study is 0.92, which would be labeled as marvelous. Bartlett's test of sphericity plays a vital role for accepting the sample adequacy. A general rule for the Bartlett's test of sphericity must be less than 0.05 [Hair, 2010]. The sig value for this test is 0. Therefore, the validity and suitability of the responses are accepted in this study.Based on Kaiser's criteria (eigenvalue greater than 1), a cumulative percentage of variance of 66.3% and a total of one component having an eigenvalue >1, one factor was extracted for the construct-logistics performance. No item is removed from the logistics performance measurements during the factor analysis. As Table 2 shows, the construct has high reliability and validity.5.1 Item Reliability and ValidityFor reflective indicators, a general rule for item reliability is Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.7 [Hair, Sarstedt, Pieper, and Ringle, 2012]. Cronbach's alpha is a commonly used test of internal reliability. It essentially calculates the average of all possiblesplit-half reliability coefficients [Bryman and Bell, 2011]. The instrument showed good statistical properties as the Cronbach's alpha for logistics performance is 0.93, which is above the threshold of 0.7 (Table 3). Therefore, the reliability of individual items is eligible in the study.In the current study, nearly all loadings are above the threshold of 0.7. In practice, items often have loadings below 0.7. It is common to exclude items only if loadings are below 0.4 [Hair, 2010]. Convergent validity is demonstrated by an average loading greater than 0.7, A VE greater than 0.500, and communalities greater than 0.500 (Hair, 2010). Convergent validity for the reflective items shows that all items load with a significant t value and that the A VE score is 0.66 higher than the threshold of 0.5 (Table 3). Discriminant validity is demonstrated by the square root of the A VE being greater than any of the inter-construct correlations (Hair et al., 2012).In this study, factor analysis is conducted to explore and investigate the nature of the variable - logistics performance in the Australian courier industry. The results demonstrate the reliability and validity of the scale of logistics performance in the Australian courier industry. Factor analysis has become an important tool for both quantitative and qualitative researchers to explore and generate dimensions. In EFA, researchers normally do not have expectations. This would help researchers to develop a theory. In addition, EFA is an important factor analysis approach to reduce a large number of variables into a smaller set of factors. We have used the approach to determine the factor of logistics performance and to develop an empirically supported scale of logistics performance in the Australian courier industry.6. DISCUSSIONWith the rapid development of e-business, couriers have become more and more popular, but there are very few studies on the courier industry. The objective of our study is to verify a measurement model of logistics performance in the 3PLs. In this study, we focus on business logistics performance measurement based on the Australian courier industry. We use factor analysis for measurement model development. Although items are adopted from the literature review, all items are used to assess the logistics performance of courier firm for the first time. This papercontributes to business performance literature. Logistics performance is assessed from four aspects: customer service, delivery operations, freight safety, and information accuracy. A total of 9 items were identified and tested to measure the logistics performance of the 3PLs. The factor analysis revealed one underlying factor of logistics performance in the Australian courier industry. Based on the results of factor analysis, the measurements of logistics performance have a high level of reliability and accuracy.7. CONCLUSIONThe primary contribution of this paper is that we found empirical support for a measurement model of logistics performance in the Australian courier industry. The scale of logistics performance was verified empirically. Our findings can be widely used for further research and/or measurement of logistics performance in the transport and logistics industry. We used IBM SPSS version 21 for data analysis. The results indicated a high level of reliability and validity. During the measurement refinement process, we did not delete any item. In other words, the 9 items were found to well represent the logistics performance of the 3PLs.The current paper provides, for the first time, an empirically validated measurement model of logistics performance for Australian courier firms. The results have important implications for both academics and practitioners. Logistics performance is an important concept in business discipline. Measuring business logistics performance is one of the key tasks in understanding and developing the concept. Our measurement model makes a contribution to the literature. For managers, operating costs may be a problem in many Australian courier firms. From our research, we identified problems relating to delays, customer complaint and damaged/ lost freight. We suggest that the scale could be used to assess logistics performance in other industries. Therefore, an important implication of the study is that future empirical studies should test logistics performance measurement in different countries and/or sectors.Although the results show a high degree of reliability and validity, it must be remembered that the empirical data was collected from Australian courier firms onlyand that any generalization to other countries or sectors should be made with caution. The logistics performance measurement model of structural equation modeling can be used for a structural model. Further research may be conducted to investigate the relationships between logistics performance and other constructs.二、文献综述第三方物流的文献综述摘要第三方物流,英文表达为Third Party Logistics,简称3PL,也简称TPL,是相对“第一方”发货人和“第二方”收货人而言的。
《第三方物流企业评价研究的文献综述2800字》
第三方物流企业评价研究的国内外文献综述1.1第三方物流相关环节自中国成为世贸组织的一员后,伴随国际经济日趋一体化,中国内部各大企业所面临的竞争形势也愈发严峻。
当代企业需要适应现如今的经济发展大环境,就应当从调整成本、改善服务、提高商品质量等多方面入手进行调整。
在严酷的竞争环境下,供应链管理是第三方物流当前需要着重关心的版块。
第三方物流是供应链管理的关键路径之一,在整个供应链的经营管理中具有极为重要的地位。
许传久[1]认为第三方物流企业在电子商务大环境中应当着重于完善自身的基础设备,强化与供货商的合作力度,积极建设信息平台建设,维护基础设施,培养优秀人才储配,保证在现当代可以增强其发展水平,为网络平台提供良好的服务。
孟一君[2]提出随着近年来我国合约物流企业发展速度近几年来连续提升,财经报表吸引社会投来大量关注度,供应链运输成为第三方物流选择发展的主要运营项目,市场发展空间持续走高。
而企业的主要经营方向原本需要拆分给物流运营的部分可以全权外包至第三方物流工作项目中,其主要人力物力可以投入到核心业务运营中去,在降低风险同时节约了成本,同时提高了企业的竞争力,具有重要的经济意义。
JannéMats与Rudberg Martin[3]认为第三方物流安排在城市建设项目中正成为一种常态。
然而,业界对第三方物流安排带来的影响仍感担忧。
因此需要探讨在施工中采用物流安排可以实现的效果,包括可能的效益、关注点以及对成本要素的影响,在物流绩效和项目绩效方面实现积极的效果,这些效果主要挑战所有供应链管理人员的对话,以达到更高的SCM成熟度水平。
Issam Laguir and Rébecca Stekelorum and Jamal El Baze[4]则在论述中提到了主动环境战略。
主动环境战略取向对环境绩效的积极影响取决于动员的供应链管理实践类型。
更具体地说,本研究通过配送运输、仓储和绿色建筑、逆向物流三个主要供应链管理实践,揭示了环境绩效受到生态效率和生态品牌导向的正向影响。
【文献综述】低碳时代第三方物流企业优化发展研究
文献综述物流管理低碳时代第三方物流企业优化发展研究一、引言Professor Martin Christopher(1992)提出未来的竞争不是企业和企业之间的竞争,而是供应链之间的竞争。
当产品生产达到规模水平、销售量提高到一定程度,生产和销售领域压缩成本的可能性已很小,这时人们发现在整个供应链过程中物流成本占据的比例相当的大,企业要想获利,就要压缩物流成本,人们称之为“第三利润源”。
美国著名的管理大师P. 德鲁克曾指出:“在10 年至15 年之内,任何企业内只做后台支持而不创造营业额的工作都应该外包出去。
任何不提高向高级发展的机会和活动、业务也应该采取外包形式。
”企业寻求利润的增加,纷纷将不是核心竞争力的物流活动外包给第三方物流企业,以降低物流成本,提高企业利润。
第三方物流在这样激励竞争的情况下得以蓬勃发展。
随着环境的日益恶化,以往先污染后治理、先低端后高端、先粗放后集约的发展模式已得不到社会的认可,低碳革命和哥本哈根环境大会对绿色环保官方倡导,使得低碳物流兴起,我国“两会”也提出了可持续发展,低碳经济已成为经济发展的趋势。
绿色供应链运营的目标是资源的最优配置、增进福利以及实现与环境相容,三者相互协调、相互关联。
因此,在低碳的情况下发展我国的第三方物流企业是必然的趋势。
二、主题1.低碳内涵低碳经济是全球气候变暖对人类生存和发展的严峻挑战。
所谓低碳经济,是指在可持续发展理念指导下,通过技术创新、制度创新、产业转型、新能源开发等多种手段,尽可能地减少煤炭石油等高碳能源消耗,减少温室气体排放,达到经济社会发展与生态环境保护双赢的一种经济发展形态。
发展低碳经济是摒弃以往先污染后治理、先低端后高端、先粗放后集约的发展模式的现实途径,是实现经济发展与资源环境保护双赢的必然选择。
随着大气层中二氧化碳浓度升高带来全球气候变暖,光化学烟雾和酸雨等对环境造成的伤害,国家已经对环境保护引起了强烈重视,2010年8月,发改委确定在广东、辽宁、湖北、陕西、云南5省和天津、重庆、深圳、厦门、杭州、南昌、贵阳、保定8市开展发展低碳产业、建设低碳城市、倡导低碳生活的试点工作。
第三方物流研究综述
对接机制。
第二,为提升企业的合作积极性,民办高校应当多听取企业的诉求,与企业商讨如何进行技术研发合作,从而深化合作。
第三,民办高校在制定专业人才培养方案时,就应当与合作单位做好对接,把它们的用人标准和相关岗位要求考虑在内,开设符合合作单位用人需求的课程。
第四,民办高校还可以与合作单位协商,由合作单位推荐优秀人才到高校来开设讲座或者担任创业与就业指导教师。
四、结语:综上所述,创业与就业教育有利于培养大学生的创业意识,提高就业能力。
民办高校应当确定创业与就业教育的目标,建立完善的教育体系,提高师资水平,深化校企合作,做好大学生创业与就业的服务工作,才能有助于缓解大学生的就业压力。
(作者单位:山东现代学院工学院)基金项目:2020年山东省本科高校教学改革研究项目:民办高校大学生就业意向调查与引导对策研究(项目编号:M2020215);2021年第一批产学合作协同育人项目:“一带一路”环境下高校物流管理专业学生就业能力评价与提升策略研究(项目编号:202101282010);2021年第二批产学合作协同育人项目:产学合作背景下物流管理专业创新创业教育改革研究(项目编号:202102417017)。
引用出处[1]谢凌云.创新驱动发展战略背景下大学生就业创业能力提升研究[J].创新创业理论研究与实践,2020(14):175-177.[2]朱高明.大学生创新创业及就业能力培养探讨[J].内蒙古煤炭经济, 2020(24):209-210.[3]熊苗.探究高就业压力下的大学生就业创业指导[J].公关世界,2021(24):66-67.随着经济全球化步伐的加快,现代科学技术尤其是信息技术和通信技术的快速发展,现代物流模式的改变成为企业降低成本及提高竞争力的重要手段之一。
第三方物流服务在物流服务中,有着很多方面的优越性。
第三方物流业必将成为国民经济的增长点。
1、概念“第三方物流”(T h i r d-p a r t y l o g i s t i c s,简称T P L或3P L)一词于20世纪80年代后期开始盛行,最早提出是在1988年美国物流管理委员会的一项顾客服务调查中,这种新思维被纳入到顾客服务职能中,被描述为“物流服务提供者”。
文献翻译第三方物流文献综述
文献翻译第三方物流文献综述第三方物流:文献综述Alessandra Marasco摘要近年来,第三方物流(Third-party logistics,TPL)引起了许多学者的重视研究。
虽然出现了很多关于这个研究领域的论文,但是对第三方物流进行综合研究的科学文献还是比较少的。
本文对关于第三方物流的文献现状进行一个调查研究,获取关于第三方物流的文献综述。
从1989年至2006年共有152文献,发表于33家著名的国际期刊,分别为内容和方法上的相关问题,希望基于这个文献综述,能对未来第三方物流的研究发展提出好的建议和帮助。
关键词:第三方物流;组织关系;文献综述1.简介第三方物流(Third-party logistics----TPL),也称为物流外包(例如Knemeyer,2003;Maltz and Ellram,1997;Razzaque and Sheng, 1998等等),已经获得了大部分物流学者的关注,从而导致在这一领域的研究和写作日益广泛普遍。
最近的几项研究表明,物流学者对TPL的研究积极性提高,各行业公司的部分甚至全部部门越来越多的管理使用第三方供应商来促使其物流业务稳步增长。
(例如.Lieb and Bentz, 2004, 2005a; Lieb and Miller, 2002;Lieb and Randall, 1999a等等).尽管现在有很多关于这个研究领域的文献,但是对第三方物流进行综合研究的科学文献数量还是比有限的。
Razzaque and Sheng 在1998提供了一个比较全面的物流外包文学文献综述,从期刊杂志和其他出版物搜集了一些突出重要的研究成果。
Skjoett-Larsen et al. 在2003年提出了第三方物流研究概述,树立了北欧学校关于第三方物流的研究方法、推理方法或总结经验的鲜明特色,他们的综述总体上强调了北欧的第三方物流的研究对国际研究过程做出的贡献。
宁波第三方物流企业深度营销研究【文献综述】
文献综述市场营销宁波第三方物流企业深度营销研究随着世界经济发展对工业、供应商、顾客、贸易和物流公司的重新分工和更新要求,使得介入生产及销售环节的第三方物流的出现成为物流业发展的必然趋势。
随着物流技术的不断发展,第三方物流作为一个提高物资流通速度、节省仓储费用和资金在途费用的有效手段,给供应链各参与者带来了很多好处和方便,提升了工商企业的核心竞争力,因而受到了极大的欢迎,市场潜力巨大,必将成为21世纪物流业的主流。
第三方物流在我国起步较晚,发展过程中难免存在许多不尽人意的地方。
这些问题的存在不仅影响了第三方物流自身健康发展,也给相关行业的发展带来了不利影响。
需求不足是物流外包乏力的根源;“大而全、小而全”的思想和对“第三利润源”的误解,是工商企业观念上的障碍;自有物流设备的处理和人员的分流也令许多企业为难;由于担心商业机密外泄和对第三方物流商缺乏信心,风险规避型的经理人宁可选择自营物流。
从第三方物流企业本身来看,传统的经营概念、信息技术落后等原因使其难以提供优质的服务。
改革开放以来,随着宁波经济的迅速发展,现代物流业已日益成为促进宁波经济增长的重要因素和全市服务业中的又一个亮点。
现代物流业是宁波“十一五”期间重点发展的支柱产业,第三方物流是宁波现代物流的主要组织形式和今后的发展方向,也是宁波服务业发展中新的经济增长点。
近年来,依托宁波雄厚的经济基础和港口资源优势,宁波第三方物流已进入快速发展期,对发展宁波腹地经济起到重要作用;同时,在营造物流市场供求理念的良性互动方面的主体作用也日益显现。
1 国外研究现状(1)关于第三方物流企业的研究美国东北大学供应链管理教授Robert C.Lieb(1993)认为,TPL 指的是用外部公司去完成传统上由组织内部完成的物流功能(包括全部物流功能或所选择的部分功能)。
Simehi Levi等(2000)认为TPL 就是通过一家外部公司来执行公司的物料管理或产品配销的部分或全部功能。
物流外包及第三方物流文献综述
物流外包及第三方物流文献综述随着世界经济和现代科学技术的迅猛发展,物流产业作为国民经济中的一个新兴服务部门,正在全球范围内迅速发展。
它被认为是国民经济发展的动脉和基础,其发展程度成为衡量一国现代化程度和综合国力的重要标志。
第三方物流这一先进的物流运作模式,由于适应了现代企业生产方式的变革和市场外部条件的变化,逐渐成为现代物流发展的主流。
我国要发展现代物流,对第三方物流发展战略的研究与探索己成为至关重要的内容。
一、该方向的定义xx物流在我国国家标准《物流术语》的定义中指出:物流是物品从供应地到接收地的实体流动过程,根据实际需要,将运输、储存、装卸、搬运、包装、流通加工、配送、信息处理等基本功能实施有机的结合[1]。
物流业务外包,即制造企业或销售等企业为集中资源、节省管理费用,增强核心竞争能力,将其物流业务以合同的方式委托给专业的物流公司(第三方物流,3PL)运作。
外包是一种长期的、战略的、相互渗透的、互利互惠的业务委托和合约执行方式[2]。
第三方物流是指由物流劳务的供方、需方之外的第三方去完成物流服务的物流运作方式。
第三方就是指提供物流交易双方的部分或全部物流功能的外部服务提供者。
在某种意义上,可以说它是物流专业化的一种形式。
第三方物流随着物流业发展而发展,是物流专业化的重要形式。
物流业发展到一定阶段必然会出现第三方物流,而且第三方物流的占有率与物流产业的水平之间有着非常紧密的相关性。
西方国家的物流业实证分析证明,独立的第三方物流至少占社会的50%时,物流产业才能形成。
所以,第三方物流的发展程度反映和体现看一个国家物流业发展的整体水平【3】。
二、物流在该方向的特殊之处物流在西方发达国家的实践中是降低成本的"第三利润源",是提高服务水平的利器,因此物流理论引入我国后,受到了政府和企业前所未有的关注.作为物流专业化集中表现的第三方物流,首当其冲倍受推崇,迅速升温.越来越多的人对第三方物流的前景看好,物流成为继IT,金融之后最受追捧的行业之一.企业把物流业务运作包给第三方物流主要有两大驱动力[4].第一,要把资源集中在企业的核心竞争能力上,以使获取最大的投资回报.那些不属于核心能力的功能应被弱化或者外包.第二,事实证明,企业单靠自己的力量降低物流费用存在很大的困难.企业将自己的物流业务外包给第三方物流公司,可以获得如下优势.集中主业通过将物流业务外包,企业能够实现资源优化配置,将有限的人力,财力集中于核心业务,进行重点研究,发展基本技术,开展出新产品参与世界竞争.现代物流研究是一个不断创新、不断发展的过程,作为其中的一种运作管理模式,第三方物流也必将随着社会需求的变化、技术手段的更新,而不断得以成熟与完善。
第三方物流文献综述
第三方物流文献综述第三方物流文献综述总述:随着世界经济和现代科学技术的迅猛发展,物流产业作为国民经济中的一个新兴服务部门,正在全球范围内迅速发展。
它被认为是国民经济发展的动脉和基础,其发展程度成为衡量一国现代化程度和综合国力的重要标志。
第三方物流这一先进的物流运作模式,由于适应了现代企业生产方式的变革和市场外部条件的变化,逐渐成为现代物流发展的主流。
我国要发展现代物流,对第三方物流发展战略的研究与探索己成为至关重要的内容。
关键词:第三方物流;物流营销模式;零售网购;客户服务一、第三方物流研究及发展前景第三方物流诞生20多年以来,在过去的10年中得到了飞速的发展。
第三方物流实质上由供应链的上下游物流需求双方之外的第三方,利用自有资源,同时整合社会资源,为客户提供全方位、客户服务高水平、专业化、低成本的物流服务。
第三方物流企业为客户提供物流服务,其实实质是一种产品及服务产品,进行专业化的运作并且进行有效的服务营销,扩大市场来获取竞争优势。
现代物流研究是一个不断创新、不断发展的过程,作为其中的一种运作管理模式,第三方物流也必将随着社会需求的变化、技术手段的更新,而不断得以成熟与完善。
实现物流活动的高效化、资源配置的合理化,将是第三方物流所要追求的永恒目标。
二、第三方物流成产经营及营销模式的分析一个客户企业完整的物流体系包括运作层、管理层、规划层三个层面。
运作层的物流服务是最早的物流外包形式,也是最重要、最基本的物流服务形式。
随着服务层次和项目种类的扩展,传统物流逐步向第三方物流转变,管理层面的物流服务主要指库存控制、物流预测、采购计划等的高级物流服务。
目前规划层主要指的是对物流网络、物流体系的规划设计,包括物流设施选择、仓库配送中心选址。
在利用所有的第三方物流服务的基础上,提供增值的创新服务。
第三方物流有别于传统的仓储、运输类企业,其营销具有鲜明的特点。
在物流服务的初期,第三方物流企业的中心在于降低物流成本,提高物流水平,不断拓展服务范围,使客户企业建立依赖性,逐步加大信息技术、管理人才的投入,在合作的过程中提供个性化差异化的服务。
第三方物流企业核心竞争力分析【文献综述】
第三方物流企业核心竞争力分析【文献综述】文献综述物流管理第三方物流企业核心竞争力分析一、引言经济全球化已成为当今社会发展趋势。
根据中国加入WTO时的承诺,2004年12月开始,中国的服务业包括物流将全面对外开放,国外的物流巨头正已然向我国渗透,利用技术、资金、管理、人才和全球网络的优势逐步吞噬着国内的物流市场。
在这种市场态势下,中国的第三方物流企业如果想求得长期的生存和发展,并进而追求向国外市场的扩张,就必须注重打造自己的核心竞争力。
其必然的结果就是第三方物流企业无论规模大小为求得长期的生存和发展,并进而追求向国外市场的扩张,就必须注重自身核心竞争力的构建与培育。
目前,我国的物流业发展较为快速,但在发展的过程中也面临不少的问题,主要是各物流企业所提供的服务同质性较强,缺乏特色,创新不够,企业的核心竞争力不强。
通过分析阻碍我国物流企业核心竞争力提升的因素,对如何进一步提升我国物流企业核心竞争力提出了相应的对策。
二、主题本篇论文按照从理论到实践的科学研究方法系统的研究了我国第三方物流企业核心竞争力的相关理论、国内外竞争环境并进行了比较分析,在此基础上构建了我国第三方物流企业核心竞争力的具体内容,并运用了综合评价方法对我国物流企业核心竞争力的进行了评价。
最后,结合我国的实际情况,提出了提升我国物流企业核心竞争力的具体对策建议,为我国物流企业的发展提供了启示。
参考的文献资料主要是在学校图书馆的综合书库、期刊室、中国期刊网上搜集的,主要是关于我国物流管理思想以及分析第三方物流企业核心竞争力的一些文章和书本。
在此,根据参考的内容,我将我所参考的资料进行了分析和分类,如下:关于第三方物流定义和核心竞争力的内涵,作用等主要参考的是刘莉编写的《提升物流企业核心竞争力的路径》,徐自田的《第三方物流企业核心竞争力建设分析》,何平基,张晓晖,王春梅《第三方物流企业核心竞争力评价模型》等等,这些资料里都不同程度的涉及了第三方物流和核心竞争力的定义和中国目前物流企业存在的问题以及如何提高核心竞争力,通过阅读这些资料,我拿到了什么是物流,什么是核心竞争力,中国目前存在的问题等资料。
第三方物流研究文献综述学习资料
09 级学院:专业:班级:学生姓名:学号:完成日期:近年来我国第三方物流研究文献综述【摘要】近年来我国第三方物流行业受到越来越多的人的重视。
本文从三个方面论述我国第三方物流行业。
一、我国第三方物流业的发展现状与特点。
二、我国第三方物流业中存在的问题。
三、我国第三方物流业的评价与选择。
第三方物流作为现代物流发展的重要方向之一.具有技术的先进性与经济上的节约性。
第三方物流的优质服务既满足了客户复杂多变的物流服务要求,同时又促进了第三方物流的蓬勃发展,从而推进经济和社会的协调发展【关键词】第三方物流规模问题引言第三方物流作为企业作业管理的协作者、物流服务的整合者以及物流外包的契约人,日趋成为现代物流主流服务模式。
一个国家第三方物流发展水平代表着本国物流的发展进程。
在全国经济快速发展的新形势下,大力发展以第三方物流为特征的现代物流服务既是推动我国经济质量升级的一条重要渠道,也是我国传统运输物流企业转型的必然要求。
一、我国第三方物流业的发展现状与特点西安铁路职业技术学院王公强教授在《我国第三方物流业发展探析》一文中指出:“我国第三方物流的引入是近几年的事情, 第三方物流以其独特的优势吸引了越来越多企业的关注, 整个中国第三方物流的市场2000- 2005年, 年增长率达到25% 。
中国仓储协会对全国450 家大中型企业的调查显示, 45% 的企业将在未来一两年内选择新的物流商; 其中,75% 的企业将选择新型物流企业, 60% 的企业将把所有的综合物流业务外包给新型的物流企业。
企业对新型物流服务的需求迅速扩大, 使第三方物流市场成为新兴的朝阳产业和丰厚利润的源泉。
又如湖北三峡职业技术学院黄世秀教授在《我国第三方物流业发展策略研究》指出:“第三方物流是现代物流产业中最具活力的部分。
本文分析了发展第三方物流的意义,针对我国第三方物流企业存在的问题,提出了购并整合、战略联盟、转变营销观念等发展第三方物流企业的策略。
我国第三方物流的发展现状与对策分析【文献综述】
三是严格按照国家《会计法》等相关法律法规,制定并落实各项会计内控制度。公司高度重视提高财务运作水平,在控制资金成本和确保稳定的现金流量之间取得了很好的平衡。并不断提高资金周转速度和存货周转率,仓储物资实现零库存周转流动,提高资金流动比例和速动比例,为企业按时履约提供了坚实的财务保障。
(三) 发展趋势
(二)研究主要成果
我国物流在各大企业中应用都很广泛,企业要实现交易,物流是必不可少的,所以企业建立一个完善的物流信息系统还是很有必要的。
近年来随着我国现代物流行业不断的迅猛发展,我国企业物流信息系统建设与应用也随着物流行业的发展取得了显著的成绩。比如宝供、中海物流等都在自己企业建立了比较完善的物流信息系统和建设了全国性物流配送网络,有力的提高了我国第三方物流行业与国外物流在本土的竞争力。
根据资料显示,21世纪是物流挂帅的世纪。“第三方物流”作为一种先进的物流服务形态,以知识化、科技化、服务综合化与个性化为主要特征,在中国蓬勃发展,方兴末艾,成为21世纪物流业发展的主流。宝供物流企业集团,是国内第一家注册成立的物流企业集团,以其超前的物流服务理念、遍布全国的运作网络、一流的质量保证体系、全程的信息服务优势、先进的物流管理模式、丰富的物流实践经验以及强大的学习型、知识型物流人才队伍,为40多家跨国公司和十几家国内大型企业提供优质、高效的专业化物流服务,一跃成为中国第三方物流的“璀璨之星”。他的成果也有他的创新,宝供打破传统业务分块经营模式,在各大中心城市设立分公司或办事处,建立强大的、遍布全面的物流运作网络,将仓储、运输、包装、配送等物流服务广泛集成,为客户“量身定做”,提供“门到门”的一体化综合服务以及其他增值型服务。
第三方物流文献综述
我国第三方物流现状分析的文献综述摘要:随着世界经济和现代科学技术的迅猛发展,物流产业作为国民经济中的一个新兴服务部门,正在全球范围内迅速发,而我们的第三方物流正是在这个环境下茁壮成长。
本文针对我国第三方物流的发展现状进行讲述,对问题进行了分析并提出建议,展示了其对经济发展的促进作用,让我们更好的了解我国的第三方物流。
关键词:第三方物流,现状,促进作用,建议引言:第三方物流Third Party Logistic),简称为TPL或者3PL,最初是由欧美一些发达国家的外包业务融人物流产业中形成的。
从字面上理解,第三方物流中的第三方是充当了委托人与收货人之间的这种衔接角色,其本身不生产商品,也不拥有商品,不直接参与实际的商品买卖,仅仅通过一种合作机制来为第一方和第二方提供专业化的物流服务,它具有一定的社会角色,处于客户与商家之间的供应链关系之中。
自从进入21世纪,随着作为新兴产业之一现代物流业的迅猛发展,国内的物流公司如雨后春笋般涌现,进而形成了第三方物流产业。
相比传统的物流公司,第三方物流更专业化,综合成本更低,配送效率更高,已经成为国际物流业发展的趋势、社会化分工和现代物流发展的方向。
一.第三方物流的产生:20世纪80年代后期,欧美发达国家首先提出了第三方物流,即将业务外包引入到物流领域。
根据美国物流协会于2002年出版的《物流术语词条2002年升级版》,其将第三方物流定义为:将企业的全部或部分物流运作任务外包给专业公司管理经营,能为顾客提供多元化物流服务的专业公司称为第三方物流提供商。
由此可知,第三方物流其实是种委托—代理关系,物流外包方是委托方,第三方物流公司是代理方,通过契约的方式确定双方的权利和义务。
而我国第三方物流概念是从20世纪90年代引进的物流产业模式中逐渐形成的,国内学者把第三方物流分为广义的第三方物流和侠义的第三方物流。
广义的第三方物流是指以商品交易之外的为商品的流通提供专业化物流服务的第三方企业。
第三方物流:一个文献综述和研究议程【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文Third party logistics: a literature review and research agendaMaterial Source: Department of Management ScienceAuthor:Konstantinos SelviaridisIntroductionIn recent years there has been a surge of academic interest and publications in the area of third party logistics (3PL). This can be partly explained by the growing trend of outsourcing logistics activities in a wide variety of industrial sectors. The continuing wave of consolidation within the 3PL industry has also resulted in the emergence of large companies that have the capabilities to offer sophisticated logistics solutions on a continental or even global scale. Such logistics service providers (LSPs) strive to assume a more strategic role within the supply chain of clients, expanding their scale and scope of operations.Despite the growing interest in 3PL, the literature on this area appears to be disjointed. Based on an extensive literature review, this paper aims to offer a taxonomy of 3PL studies and point out opportunities for further research. In a previous attempt, summarised the results of their literature survey which also included articles from practitioner journals and the trade press. For the sake of rigour, the present study concentrates only on refereed journal papers published during 1990-2005.Analysis of findingsThe analysis of literature is based on multiple dimensions. Both content- and method-oriented criteria are used. The papers were firstly classified according to their research purpose (descriptive vs normative) and nature (empirical vs conceptual). The results indicate that most 3PL studies (60 per cent) are empirical-descriptive in nature.3PL studies are weakly theorised, with 69 per cent of the papers having no theoretical foundation and simply describing trends in the industry. This confirms others' views that logistics research lacks a theoretical basis. Nonetheless, somework uses theories such as transaction cost economics (TCE) and the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm to explain logistics outsourcing. Relationship marketing approaches, network theory, agency theory, competence theory, channel theory, political economy theory and social exchange theory have also been applied to explain aspects of 3PL relations. However, their use seems to be the exception rather than the rule and most of them are applied on a piecemeal basis, without serving any broader research objective.The level of analysis of 3PL research is also examined. In line with Harland (1996)and Hakansson and Snehota (1995), studies are classified in terms of three levels:1.the firm2. the dyad3.the network.The firm levelThe decision to outsource (or not) logistics activities depends on a multitude of variables, which refer to both internal and external considerations. have identified factors such as centrality of the logistics function, risk and control, cost/service trade-offs, information technologies and relationships with LSPs. The concept of logistics complexity is also introduced to incorporate a number of critical drivers that impact on the above identified factors. Product-related (e.g. special handling needs), process-related (e.g. cycle times) and network-related (e.g. countries served) drivers are believed to have an indirect influence in the outsourcing decision.A variety of benefits and risks in relation to 3PL have been reported in the literature. These can be classified as strategy-, finance- and operations-related. Outsourcing non-strategic activities enables organisations to focus on core competence and exploit external logistical expertise . 3PL providers can also contribute to improved customer satisfaction and provide access to international distribution networks . The most often-cited risks are associated with loss of control over the logistics function and loss of in-house capability and customer contact . However, it is usually the case that shippers employ a mixed strategy regarding logistics and retain important logistics activities (e.g. order management) in-house. While it is reported that users of 3PL enhance their flexibility with regard to market (investments) and demand (volume flexibility) changes, lack of responsiveness to customer needs is also cited as a problem of outsourcing .The review reveals a mismatch between supply and demand for logistics services. Evidence from recent industry surveys indicates that while LSPs expandtheir offerings to include information systems, consulting, contract manufacturing and even purchasing and financial services, there is a low uptake of such services and buyers in general prefer to outsource transport- and warehouse-related functions .Three main frameworks for procurement of logistics services have been identified. compare the purchasing process between commoditised (e-freight exchanges) and advanced logistics services. They find that definition of service requirements appear to be more difficult, criteria for 3PL selection extend far beyond price considerations and contracts are much more detailed when buying advanced logistics solutions.Berglund have identified several factors facilitating the rise of the 3PL market. On the demand side, key drivers include reduction in asset intensity, reduction of labor costs and restructuring of distribution; on the supply side, industry deregulation and declining profit margins in basic services are among the reasons for growth. Some authors have explained how transportation firms developed into 3PL providers by expanding their service offerings to differentiate themselves from competition .In a highly competitive sector cost reduction, market segmentation and service differentiation are the main ways of improving 3PL performance and profits. In addition, environmental changes and the introduction of new technologies have an impact on LSP strategic planning. For example, e-commerce and its implications for logistics operations should be fully understood by 3PL firm s .Both vertical (shipper-LSP) and horizontal (among LSPs) alliances are set up mainly with the aim of getting access to complementary resources and capabilities. In particular, horizontal alliances among LSPs are deemed necessary for the development of cross-border logistics solutions. Some authors though question the effectiveness of Pan-European and global logistics operators and they argue for the existence of local, medium-sized 3PLs that better serve customer needs in foreign markets .The dayd levelExisting literature suggests that the nature of 3PL relationships is a function of service offering composition, contract duration and the client's motivation for outsourcing.There are many examples of partnerships between LSPs and manufacturers/retailers in the logistics literature. It is suggested that such partnerships develop gradually, as the number of outsourced activities increases overtime. Shippers often adopt an “increasing scope” strategy in respect of their relationships with LSPs. According to this practice, buyers are looking for specific solutions at the initial stages of the relationship in order to test the provider's capabilities . However, over time, the scope of the relationship increases and the offering expands to include more value-added and customised solutions .The design and implementation of 3PL relations appears to be problematic. Often-cited difficulties include lack of understanding of client's supply chain needs, lack of adequate expertise in specific products and markets, unrealistic customer expectations, inadequate description of services and service levels, lack of logistics cost awareness by the client and lack of 3PL innovation. In response to such problems the literature focuses on issues such as 3PL selection, contracting, information sharing between client-LSP and performance measurement systems. In relation to service provider choice, the buyer organization should create a comprehensive list of selection criteria that extend beyond price considerations. These issues are now considered in turn.Frequent communications and information sharing between the contracting parties are crucial for effective management of 3PL relations . Information exchange is important even in the pre-contracting period, when the buyer attempts to assess the capabilities of the potential supplier. Communication channels in multiple organizational levels are established in order to cover the strategic as well as operational information needs. In many instances, joint meetings are also established to review the provider's performance and solve any arising problems. More seldom, inter-organisational teams and committees are formed with the aim of facilitating information exchange between contracting parties and/or improving business processes .Whatever their starting point of analysis or theoretical perspective, all frameworks include a relationship evaluation stage. A feedback mechanism is also incorporated in order to adjust the relationship objectives and adapt processes. Some of them do not consider specific 3PL characteristics. Even worse, researchers who apply such frameworks to 3PL relationships do no appear to provide any justification for doing so. These frameworks also suggest, either implicitly or explicitly, that 3PL alliances are a means to achieve competitive advantage, by gaining access to external resources and capabilities .Collaborative 3PL relations can lead to new competence development and innovation, provided that partners openly exchange information and share their knowledge and skills . Organisational learningis thought to be an important quality which facilitates innovation and 3PL service improvement .The network levelCurrent research focuses on dyadic LSP-client interactions. However, the boundary-spanning role of logistics and the importance of customer service for 3PL arrangements are reflected in many studies, which either implicitly or explicitly discuss the client's customer interface, i.e. the treatment extends beyond the dyad to consider larger networks.There are a few studies that explicitly discuss the formation of logistics outsourcing triads.Bask argues that the term 3PL implies a triadic link among suppliers, their customers and LSPs. Larson and Gammelgaard investigate the preconditions, benefits and barriers to the formation of collaborative relations among buyers, sellers and 3PL providers. Carter and Ferrin have illustrated the impact of trilateral collaboration on the reduction of transport costs. Moreover, Gentry has studied the role of carriers in strategic buyer-supplier alliances and concluded that LSPs mainly have operational responsibilities and are not involved in strategic planning of the supplier-customer alliance.Various forms of sub-contracting are also considered in the literature. In particular, the design of 4PL/LLP solutions entails that the LSP acts as a single point of contact within the client's supply chain. The 4PL provider is often regarded as a non asset-based company which makes use of its supply chain design/planning capabilities and IT solutions and acts as a single interface between the client and multiple (asset-based) LSPs (Skjoett-Larsen, 2000). Logistics providers also develop horizontal networks in order to gain access to complementary resources and capabilities.Directions for future research1.Focus on network research.The review has revealed a knowledge gap in relation to the design and implementation of 4PL/LLP contracting arrangements. Existing studies focus on conceptualising 4PL and pointing out its difference from 3PL, without reaching a common definition. Further, empirical research should be directed towards these phenomena, in particular:2.Focus on normative research.Further normative research is needed to provide practitioners with tools and frameworks for decision-making. On this front, two suggestions are offered: Outsourcing decision framework, Selection criteria framework.3.Focus on theory-based researc.hExisting studies that adopt a TCE approach to explain the outsourcing decision focus on asset specificity as their main construct and pay little attention to (or at best take for granted) the actual costs of defining what is to be exchanged, writing contracts and measuring performance. They also fail to include production costs in their analysis. It is suggested that such “mundane” transaction costs can be important in determining the boundaries of the firm, given the prominence of cost-efficiency criteria for logistics outsourcing.4.Focus on empirical research in 3PL design/implementation.More specifically, two suggestions for future research are made: Empirical research should be directed towards contractual practices and the development of performance measurement systems in 3PL.. Given the increasing complexity and uncertainty in the 3PL market, there is a need to re-visit how logistics capabilities and services are defined and designed in specific client-service provider relationships as well as how they are re-packaged and evolve over time.5.Focus on qualitative methods and triangulation.The review has revealed a dominance of survey research in 3PL. Surveys have been particularly useful for identifying trends and practices in the 3PL market (e.g. Lieb series).Concluding remarksIn conclusion, 3PL research is at an exciting stage. In many ways it has followed a typical pattern of development, beginning with relatively simple issues and adopting an essentially descriptive approach. Now that a substantial body of literature exists in the area, it is timely to extend the methods employed and the issues addressed to deal with network phenomena and to progress with more normative considerations. Organisational and technological change, associated with globalisation and ICT developments, mean that 3PL is a sector undergoing constant change, and so there is an excellent opportunity both to study an interesting sector for its own sake, and to use 3PL as a vehicle for the generation of more generic insights into the dynamic behaviour of inter-organisational relationships and networks.译文第三方物流:一个文献综述和研究议程资料来源: 科学管理系杂志作者:康斯坦丁诺简介近年来,一直是学术兴趣和出版物的第三方物流(3PL)面积激增。
第三方物流文献综述
文献综述前言在国际贸易飞速发展的现今,掌握核心技术,降低生产成本,取得市场的核心竞争力已经成为各企业纷纷追逐的目标。
第三方物流是基于降低企业物流成本,集中精力发展核心产业为目的建立起的物流方式。
但通过多年的实践操作和应用,第三方物流的可行性在理论界和实践领域掀起一番争论,本文通过对国内外关于第三方物流资料的理解、综合与总结,归纳出目前的主导观点,通过物流实例的对比、分析,阐述第三方物流存在的可行性和发展意义。
通过对第三方物流的归纳和分析,浅谈第三方物流对我国开展国际贸易的促进作用和积极影响,并针对现有的问题,通过加快与国际物流接轨、加大政府对物流业的政策支持、加大对物流专业高级管理人才的培养力度、加快物流基础设施的建设、改善物流管理技术、促进企业与第三方物流商之间的沟通与信任等措施予以完善。
第三方物流的发展和运用是我国企业开展对外贸易的必要条件,促进我国对外贸易的进一步发展。
1、第三方物流的概述1.1第三方物流的产生20世纪80年代后期,欧美发达国家首先提出了第三方物流,即将业务外包引入到物流领域。
根据美国物流协会于2002年出版的《物流术语词条2002年升级版》,其将第三方物流定义为:将企业的全部或部分物流运作任务外包给专业公司管理经营,能为顾客提供多元化物流服务的专业公司称为第三方物流提供商。
通过对其的理解,第三方物流公司其实本身并不拥有货物,只是为其客户在时间和空间上转移货物,通过提供服务而获得盈利。
由此可知,第三方物流其实是种委托—代理关系,物流外包方是委托方,第三方物流公司是代理方,通过契约的方式确定双方的权利和义务。
1990年,Prahalad & Hamel在《企业核心能力》中指出,核心能力是企业可持续竞争优势与新业务发展的源泉,它们应成为公司的战略焦点,企业只有具备核心能力、核心产品和市场导向这样的层次结构时,才能在全球竞争中取得持久的领先地位。
企业为了能在竞争中占有一席之地,不断寻求利润的获得点。
第三方物流国外文献综述
第三方物流国外文献综述(秉镰教授课上作业)一、总述ﻫ1。
国外对第三方物流的研究(图表见附件)ﻫ全球化条件下的物流经济发展呈现的几个特点:(1)基于网络、电子商务的发展,电子物流、物流管理系统信息化。
(2)向集约化和协同化方向发展,物流活动国际化。
一是物流园区的建设,二是物流企业的兼并和合作性加强.(物流业向规模化、国际化方向发展)ﻫ(3)物流服务向优质化、社会化、全球化方向发展.(第三方物流与物流中心的迅猛发展,物流服务,物流服务向全球化发展)上表是通过对来自于61个国家的多于1500位供应链行政总裁的调查数据。
我们可以看出,最频繁的外包服务是本地和网络运输(分别是83%和79%),其次是仓库外包(69%),通关及报损外包((67%),以及货运外包(51%)。
这份报告还指出:ﻫ(1)运输外包在欧洲和太平洋地区更加广泛;(2)欧洲地区的总裁更倾向于外包他们的运输管理;ﻫ(3)相比起其他地区,北美洲的组织(5 1%)更倾向于将运费审计及支付工作外包(拉丁美洲10%,欧洲18%);ﻫ(4)亚太地区以及拉丁美洲的组织对顾客服务外包更加关注。
在拉丁美洲,订单的到达,处理以及履行外包是其他地区的两倍;ﻫ(5)在亚洲地区,报关和货运外包叫其他地区更加广泛。
(1) TPL 的概念、特征、绩效、发展阶段等ﻫ①概念ﻫ第三方物流在国外常称之为契约物流、物流联盟、物流伙伴或物流外部化,类似于外协或契约物流( James C. Johnson,1998);也有将TPL 定义为:“一家公司使用另一公司进行所有或部分物料管理或产品分销" (RobertB。
l— landfield , 1996)的物流; TPL主要是“外协所有或部分公司的物流功能, 相对于基本服务, 契约物流服务提供复杂、多功能物流服务, 以长期互益的关系为特征" ( Russell A。
Gilmore, 1998); 它是“综合物流服务供应商, 提供给潜在顾客向一个供应商购买其所需的全部物流需求中的两个或两个以上方面服务的能力” (Bowersox, D。
企业物流外包文献综述
企业物流外包文献综述一、选题的背景与意义随着社会化和市场经济的发展,各类专业化分工越来越细,各专业之间的合作也越来越紧密。
生产制造企业与商业企业为了实现少库存和零库存,所需的原材料,中间产品和最终产品大多数由不同的物流企业,批发和配送中心提供。
生产制造企业为集中资源、节省管理费用,增强他们的核心竞争能力,纷纷将其物流业务以合同的方式委托给物流公司(第三方物流)运作。
现代物流外包趋势是社会活动发展和物流规模经济效益、资源综合利用的必然结果。
物流过程是制造企业采购、制造和流通等环节的重要组成部分,是降低成本的手段之一,被称为“第三利润源泉”。
目前国际上普遍认为物流业的发达程度已成为一个国家现代化程度和综合国力的重要标志之一。
如今,美国和日本已经走在物流领域的前沿。
据调查显示,美国已有42%的企业将物流活动外包给第三方物流公司,而日本进行外包的企业已占到约70%。
我国物流企业正处于起步阶段,企业数量也是屈指可数,物流业的发展相对较慢,物流市场也不够完善和成熟,从事物流行业的人员极度匮乏,物流供应商在数量和规模上都相对较小,企业供应链管理体制不够完善。
很多企业缺乏实践运作经验,已有的企业与发达国家相比在组织生产都流通整个环节服务质量都相差很远,顶多只是其中的一个层面,一个环节。
本文通过相关资料的查询,明确企业物流外包的基本概念,分析实施物流外包给企业带来的利和弊,分析制造型企业在实施物流服务外包过程中有哪些重要考虑因素,并提出一系列合理的风险防范策略,对于提高制造企业的物流外包决策效率和效果,加强制造企业与第三方物流服务供应商的协作都有重要的现实意义。
二、研究的基本内容与拟解决的主要问题:研究的基本内容:1企业物流外包的基本概念物流业务外包是企业为集中资源、节省管理费用、增强核心竞争力等。
将其物流业务以合同的方式委托给专业的物流公司(第三方物流)的运作模式。
物流外包也是一种企业对物流的合同或契约经营模式。
第三方物流改进建议[文献综述]
本科毕业设计(论文)文献综述题目第三方物流改进建议——以某企业外包服务为例学院专业工商管理班级学号学生姓名指导教师完成日期一、前言部分第三方物流,英文表达为Third-PartyLogistics,简称3PL,也简称TPL,是相对“第一方”发货人和“第二方”收货人而言的。
我国最早的理论研究之一是第三方物流:模式与运作。
3PL既不属于第一方,也不属于第二方,而是通过与第一方或第二方的合作来提供其专业化的物流服务,它不拥有商品,不参与商品的买卖,而是为客户提供以合同为约束、以结盟为基础的、系列化、个性化、信息化的物流代理服务。
最常见的3PL服务包括设计物流系统、EDI能力、报表管理、货物集运、选择承运人、货代人、海关代理、信息管理、仓储、咨询、运费支付、运费谈判等。
由于服务业的方式一般是与企业签订一定期限的物流服务合同,所以有人称第三方物流为“合同契约物流(contractLogistics)”。
它是我国国民经济的重要产业,是目前的一个研究热点。
所谓物流业务外包,即制造企业或销售等企业为集中资源、节省管理费用,增强核心竞争能力,将其物流业务以合同的方式委托给专业的物流公司(第三方物流,3PL)运作。
外包是一种长期的、战略的、相互渗透的、互利互惠的业务委托和合约执行方式。
随着全球经济一体化进程的加快、信息技术在物流领域的应用和发展,对一体化多渠道市场需求的增长和物流服务供应商服务能力的扩充和完善,物流业务外包服务将逐步被社会认识、了解、认可和进一步采用。
二、主体部分(一)、国内外企业进行物流外包的现状发达国家物流发展的历程大致经历了四个阶段.即厂内物流阶段、实物分销阶段、综合物流管理阶段、供给链管理阶段。
第三方物流形成于供给链管理阶段。
到了20世纪80、90年代,企业在内部物流一体化后,开始寻求外部的物流整合,包括原材料供应商和制成品分销商,这就形成了所谓的供给链概念。
20世纪90年代,随着经济全球化进程的加快和知识经济的发展,企业处在更为严酷的竞争环境中.按波特的价值链管理理论,企业的全部生产活动体现在物质的价值上就是不断增值的过程,其中增幅量大的环节往往是企业的核心业务.也是竞争优势所在.因此,企业内部管理的完善和优化体现在价值链管理上就是强化企业的优势环节,减少不增值的环节,即将企业有限的资源集中在实现高附加值的核心业务的运作上,而规模经济的发展往往要求企业经营不擅长的非核心业务,投入大量的资源以维持全方位的专业化运作。
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我国第三方物流现状分析的文献综述
摘要:
随着世界经济和现代科学技术的迅猛发展,物流产业作为国民经济中的一个新兴服务部门,正在全球范围内迅速发,而我们的第三方物流正是在这个环境下茁壮成长。
本文针对我国第三方物流的发展现状进行讲述,对问题进行了分析并提出建议,展示了其对经济发展的促进作用,让我们更好的了解我国的第三方物流。
关键词:第三方物流,现状,促进作用,建议
引言:
第三方物流Third Party Logistic),简称为TPL或者3PL,最初是由欧美一些发达国家的外包业务融人物流产业中形成的。
从字面上理解,第三方物流中的第三方是充当了委托人与收货人之间的这种衔接角色,其本身不生产商品,也不拥有商品,不直接参与实际的商品买卖,仅仅通过一种合作机制来为第一方和第二方提供专业化的物流服务,它具有一定的社会角色,处于客户与商家之间的供应链关系之中。
自从进入21世纪,随着作为新兴产业之一现代物流业的迅猛发展,国内的物流公司如雨后春笋般涌现,进而形成了第三方物流产业。
相比传统的物流公司,第三方物流更专业化,综合成本更低,配送效率更高,已经成为国际物流业发展的趋势、社会化分工和现代物流发展的方向。
一.第三方物流的产生:
20世纪80年代后期,欧美发达国家首先提出了第三方物流,即将业务外包引入到物流领域。
根据美国物流协会于2002年出版的《物流术语词条2002年升级版》,其将第三方物流定义为:将企业的全部或部分物流运作任务外包给专业公司管理经营,能为顾客提供多元化物流服务的专业公司称为第三方物流提供商。
由此可知,第三方物流其实是种委托—代理关系,物流外包方是委托方,第三方物流公司是代理方,通过契约的方式确定双方的权利和义务。
而我国第三方物流概念是从20世纪90年代引进的物流产业模式中逐渐形成的,国内学者把第三方物流分为广义的第三方物流和侠义的第三方物流。
广义的第三方物流是指以商品交易之外的为商品的流通提供专业化物流服务的第三方企业。
狭义的第三方物流是指由物流需求的供需双方之外的第三方为物流需求提供商品物流服务的物流商业模式。
二.我国第三方物流发展现状及问题
第三方物流作为企业作业管理的协作者、物流服务的整合者以及物流外包的契约人,日趋成为现代物流主流服务模式。
一个国家第三方物流发展水平代表着本国物流的发展进程。
而在全国经济快速发展的新形势下,大力发展以第三方物流为特征的现代物流服务既是推动我国经济质量升级的一条重要渠道,也是我国传统运输物流企业转型的必然要求。
目前,我国第三方物流发展的主要特征有:
第一,总体规模偏小、发展潜力巨大。
总体上讲,第三方物流在我国尚且处于起步阶段,企业物流和公众物流服务仍然是社会物流的主要形式,严格意义上的第三方物流有效需求不足的局面短时期难以明显改观。
同时,第三方物流在中国已经有了大约十年的探讨过程和发展过程,在全球经济一体化影响下,中国正在成为第三方物流发展最迅速的国家之一。
第二,需求的不平衡性较强。
不同企业间的物流理念以及物流需求层次差异性很大,先进的与传统的物流模式并存。
一方面中国日趋成为全球制造业的中心,进入中国的先进制造
业和分销业产生高端的物流需求,第三方物流需求主要集中在外资领域。
这些企业物流理念先进、物流外包水平高、供应链管理要求严格且自主性较强,对第三方物流服务需求迫切、要求高。
从另一方面来看,我国物流社会化、专业化程度依然较低。
国内企业与外资企业物流形式、形态存在明显的差异。
第三,行业集中度较低。
据咨询机构的分析,2006年中国第三方物流市场大约有18000多个服务商和终端,排名前十位的服务商占市场总额仅13%(这可能是很粗略的估计),没有一家物流企业的市场份额超过2%,说明我国物流行业尚未实现充分的整合。
在竞争模式上主要体现在成本与价格竞争,而对第三方物流所带来的供应链增值效应关注不够,低水平的过度竞争成为我国第三方物流发展的瓶颈问题,大家在行业中都能感觉到这种竞争压力。
物流企业规模小;物流观念落后,自办物流现象突出;现代物流知识和专业物流管理人才匮乏;设备陈旧落后;服务功能不全。
这些都是我国第三方物流所存在的一些不足,从而导致了中国的第三方物流难以迅速发展,以致出现了多家企业自营物流。
但是,第三方物流服务提供商对外包有着清楚的认识,他们能为企业提过高效集约化的物流,更为注重对行业经验和运营控制能力的把握,能是企业集中精力于自身的核心产业,为企业省去不必要的开支,这必然能为企业带来更为长远的发展和效益。
三.我国第三方物流的经济促进作用
第三方物流在我国发展时间较短,目前我国第三方物流产业还不完全成熟,但它所带来的经济效益却也是不容忽视的。
它所带来的优势主要可分为以下几点:1.第三方物流使企业更加合理的利用资源进行核心业务的拓展;2.第三方物流使企业可以灵活掌握新技术。
加强库存管理,降低经营成本;3.第三方物流可以使企业减少固定资产投资,加速资本周转;4.第三方物流提供灵活多样的客户服务。
为客户创造了更多价值。
具体来说,第三方在我们的经济发展中有着不可磨灭的痕迹。
我国零售业、畜产品供应链、电子废弃物回收、欠发达地区物流系统等都离不开第三方物流所带来的巨大便利。
我国加入WTO后,随着我国政府逐步放宽对外资零售业进入中国市场的限制,世界零售巨头便都迫不及待地涌向了中国,外资零售业在中国的扩张速度十分迅速。
随着外资零售企业进入中国零售市场越来越容易,在我国市场大规模扩张,面对如此大规模的外资入侵,内资零售企业很可能失去原有的市场份额甚至被挤出市场的情况下,第三方物流很好的弥补了我国零售业原有的问题漏洞。
对于我国零售企业来说,现今最重要的任务是企业竞争力的增强和核心能力的建立,以应对外来人侵者、巩固市场地位、加速自身发展。
物流对其来说正是其竞争的非优势部分,而物流对其竞争力的增强和核心能力的建立又有着非同一般的辅助、保障和促进作用。
具体表现为降低了我国零售业的物流成本、提升了我国零售业的核心竞争力、提升了我国零售业的企业形象。
如同在零售业的实用效果,第三方物流在其他行业中也绽放了光彩,但它同时也有着一定的风险存在,如第三方物流企业提供的技术与信息风险、买卖双方交易价格过高的风险、第三方物流企业与买卖双方的信任风险和第三方物流使企业存在业务流程失控的风险等。
可是,相对于作用而言,这些风险尚在可以防范和处理的范围内,还需要我们的不断努力发展。
四.针对我国第三方物流的建议
1.政府在发展第三方物流中应采取的对策。
加大政府部门的支持力度,既要在规范市场准入标准的基础上,鼓励多元化投资主体进入物流服务市场,还要对工商登记、税征管制度等进行必要的调整,鼓励企业实现跨区域经营。
2.企业在发展第三方物流中应采取的对策。
加快产权制度改革,激发企业活力,建立股权多元化的股份制企业和完善的法人治理结构,理顺权益关系,实现政企分开、所有权和经
营权分离,保证企业按市场规则运作,激发企业活力,向现代物流业转化。
培育具有国际竞争力的物流集团,实行集约化经营,树立全国一盘棋的思想,整合物流企业,鼓励强强联合,组建跨区域的大型集团,参与国际市场竞争。
3.强化增值服务,发展战略同盟关系,企业能把信息技术和实施能力融为一体,提供“一站到位”的整体物流解决方案。
构建企业的核心竞争力,物流企业要在竞争中立于不败之地,要拓展服务范围,突出服务特色,保持合理的人力资源配置结构。
4.构建第三方物流信息平台。
物流公共信息平台以提供基础性公共服务为主。
要根据实际情况建立有形网络,建立信息网络,通过因特网、管理信息系统、数据交换技术等信息技术实现物流企业和客户共享资源。
5.加强物流专业技术人才的培养。
重视物流人才培养,实施人才战略,企业的竞争归根到底是人才的竞争。
我们与物流发达国家的差距,不仅仅是装备、技术、资金上的差距,更重要的是观念和知识上的差距。
只有物流从业人员素质不断提高,不断学习与应用先进技术、方法,才能构建适合我国国情的第三方物流业。
五.总结
我国第三方物流还算是刚刚起步,虽然带来了一些经济上的成效,但我们仍面临着一系列的问题。
为此,我们不能松懈,应该大力宣传第三方物流的作用和功能,创造良好的外部环境积极扶持和支持第三方物流企业发展。
相信在不久的将来,第三方物流的发展定会愈加完善。
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