英语语法2-Negation用法

4) not 和believe, except, feel, reckon, imagine, suppose, think 等动词一齐使用， 后面带有作宾语的名词从句时， 常有否定 转移现象，即否定宾语从句的否定词not 转 移到主句谓语动词前面。例如： I don’t believe he is telling the truth. He doesn’t think Ann is fit for the job.
Negation
1. 否定的主要表示法
1) 明示否定
unnoticed, a) 用neither, never, no, un occupied, nobody, none, nor, unpleasant, nothing, nowhere 等词 或disapproval, unquestioning, homeless, unread, unable, un touched, uncommunicative, unwarrantable, unconcerned, unwarranted, uneasy, unfit, unformed, unfriendly, unlike, unwillingness, unwise unmentioned, 等带否定词缀的词表示. unnaturally,
vii)用委婉肯定表达含蓄否定 vii)用委婉肯定表达含蓄否定
All music is alike to Tom. She lived and died a virgin.
2) Not 和 all, both, everyone, 一起使用， everything 一起使用，通常不表示完 全否定，而表示部分否定(Partial N e g a t i o n ) 。
B) 用at no cost, by no means, on no circumstances等词组 等词组. account, under no circumstances等词组.
eg: 1. He is by no means th ebest student in our class. 2. On no account should you leave your six-year-old alone at home.
暗示否定: 用暗含否定的词、 2) 暗示否定: 用暗含否定的词、词 句子表示否定的概念。 组、句子表示否定的概念。
A)运用词汇手段 i)动词: bewilder, deny, doubt, escape, exclude, fail, ignore, lack, miss, reject, refuse, resist, wonder.
v)副词 v)副词
barely, hardly, poorly, rarely, scarcely, seldom 1) Tony was so tired that he could hardly keep awake at dinner. 2) My boss treated me poorly.
3. 无否定意义的否定句
有些句型、词组和句子虽然带有否定词却表示肯 定含义。 句型， 有can’t but, can’t help, can’t …too, no sooner…than, not…until 等。例如： You can’t be too careful with your work. No sooner had I entered the classroom than the bell rang. 词组， 有in no time, none other than, nobody/nothing but 等。 例如： I’ll be back in no time. Mother wants nothing but peace.
iv)其他短语或词组 iv)其他短语或词组
anything but, few and far between, instead of, least of all, let alone, other than, still less, 更不用说 the last, to say nothing
1)I’d like to do anything but washing up. 2) He was the last person I expected to see. 3)They can’t read, still less write.
形容词, iii) 形容词, 如absent, different, free, reluctant等 ignorant, little, reluctant等.
1. He's been absent from class two weeks. 2. I'm free tomorrow. Let's go to the concert. 3. We tend to be reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.
Eg:
1. Nobody could possibly breathe this and survive. 2. She has eaten nothing today. 3. My glasses are nowhere to be found. 4.He looked at me with an air of disapproval. 5.The whole process was rather an unpleasant experience. 6.The narrow sunless hall smelled unpleasantly of stale cabbage.
c)运用句子手段 c)运用句子手段
i)修饰性疑问句：在形式上是肯定疑问句，语义上表达强 调的否定概念。 1)I know it’s wrong to do that, but how can I help it? 2) What’s the use of writing to him? He’s blind. ii)非真实条件句 1)If only I knew him. 2)I wish I could go with you. 3) John would still be doing the work but for Ed’s help.
1) As he is now clear of debt, he needn’t work extra hours. 2) Nobody in the village locks their doors. The village is said to be free of thieves. 3) Selfishness is foreign to her nature.
All his children are not at school. I don’t know ewverything about her. Both boys are not clever.
3) 表示完全否定（ Full Negation） 要用 no, neither, none, nothing, not…any 等， 以上两句none 和nothing 即可改为完全否 定句。试比较： None of his children are at school. I know nothing about her.
iii)介词短语 iii)介词短语
1) I’m at a loss what to at a loss, say. at one’s wit’s end, beneath one’s 2) Their victory is out of notice, the question; they’ve in vain, lost too many men. off one’s guard, out of the question 3) They tried in vain to convince me.
2. 否定词 的否定范围
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1)主句中的否定词有时否定主句，有时否定 从句；判定这种否定，主要靠上下文。试 比较： He didn’t come because he lost his way. I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living.
Eg: 1) The door refuses to shut. 2) I'm sorry, your name escapes me. 3)The window, although closed, cannot exclude street noise.
ii) 名词
absence, denial, failure, freedom, ignorance, lack, refusal, reluctance, want, zero
iii)习惯用法 Catch me doing that. For all I care. iv)在too…to/for 句型中 His hands are too big for the gloves. The tea is too hot to drink.
v) 比较级 1)work is more than a necessity. 2)Doctors should know better than to distort facts and mislead patients. 3)The filling station man looked surprised more than frightened. 4)The food is more than we can eat. vi)含有before 引出的副词从句中 1)He left before I had time to ask his name. 2)He would die before he would betray his country.
iv)介词 iv)介词
above, against, beneath, beyond, but , except, off, out, past, without 1)Two of us are against the plan. 2)He was beyond any pretension. 3)The patient’s condition is past hope.
Eg: 1) In the absence of adequate proof, we can't come to any conclusion. 2) There is a want of confidence in him. 3) The risks were close to zero.
1) He brushed aside their thanks. 2) The arrow fell short. 3) Keep off the wet paint.
ii)形容词短语 ii)形容词短语
clear of/from, far from, free of/from, short of, foreign to
vi) 连词
rather than, unless 1) The shoes are comfortable rather than pretty. 2) She won’t be operated on unless necessary.
b)运用短语手段 b)运用短语手段
i) 动词短语: brush aside, differ from, fall short (of), keep from/off, lose sight of of容易忘记做, , make light of不当回 事, prefer …to, protect… from, refrain from, stop …from