华师《翻译理论与实践》在线作业-0001.3CDAF56A-EF13
《英汉翻译理论与实践》课程练习及答案
一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲“翻译”溯源第2讲翻译的本质第3讲翻译的标准第4讲翻译面面观第5讲翻译必有“失”/ 失于此而得于彼（两讲合并）第6讲翻译与联想第7讲翻译与语法第8讲翻译与语体第9讲翻译与语篇第10讲英汉十大差异第11讲形合与意合第12讲代词的困惑第13讲Connotation的翻译第14讲翻译与词典第15讲以“模糊”求精确第16讲落笔知轻重译文讲分寸第17讲翻译最难是口吻第18讲翻译与形象思维第19讲翻译与灵感思维第20讲英语修辞的翻译（包括连接三讲）第21讲翻译中的文化冲击第22讲思维是语言的脊梁（两讲合并）第23讲翻译美学之思考（两讲合并）二．汉英翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲汉译英呼唤文字功力第2讲语篇与翻译第3讲：英汉语美感比读（两讲合并）第4讲：理性概译：翻译之坦途第5讲：英语句式的亮点：非人称主语句（两讲合并）第6讲：汉译英有用的句型（两讲合并）第7讲：类析汉译英常见拙译（三讲合并）第8讲：从“湖光山色”的英译说开去（两讲合并）第9讲：Denotation和Connotation（两讲合并）第10讲：翻译，你的本质是什么？第11讲：归化与异化----汉语习语的英译一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之练习第1讲“翻译”溯源试将下列文字译成汉语：1/ Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)2/ Translation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)3/ A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation. 1791)参考译文1/ 所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。
翻译理论与实践作业
班级：2011英研：金美学号：英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。
常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、倒置法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。
一、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。
这种方式多半用在汉译英里。
汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。
英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。
英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。
因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。
英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。
因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。
英语句子离不开介词和冠词。
另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。
总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。
如：1）You could be mad as a mad dog at the way things went.你可以像疯狗那样对周围的一切愤愤不平．（出处：电影《返老还童》2） A she sailed into it.在他航行中找到的。
（出处：电影《加勒比海盗4》）3）Spanzurati it! Place the neck and lathe!吊死她！用绳子勒死她！（出处：电影《加勒比海盗4》）4）I was told you came to London Thi to find a crew.我听说你到伦敦找一个船员。
翻译理论与实践.doc
第一章英汉文化对比与翻译有一则趣谈:一所国际公寓闹火灾,里面住有犹太人,法国人,美国人和中国人.犹太人急急忙忙先搬出的是他的保险箱,法国人先拖出的是他的情人,美国人则先抱出他的妻子,而中国人则先背出的是他的老母.一、文化的定义文化是指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富,精神财富和相应的创造才能的总和。
文化包括物质文化与精神文化,物质文化是指文化中看得见,摸得着的那部分,因此也称之为硬文化.相对来说,精神文化就是软文化,而软文化则是文化的深层结构。
美国著名翻译理论家尤金．奈达将语言文化特性分为五类：Ecological Culture 生态文化Material Culture物质文化Social Culture社会文化Religious Culture宗教文化Linguistic Culture语言文化二.中西方文化差异（一）西方重唯理,思辩,中方重经验,直觉（二）西方的细节分析与中方的整体综合（三）中西方价值观与人生追求的不同三、文化影响翻译的表现形式:(一)词汇空缺现象（Zero of equivalent word）在一种语言里的有些词在另一种语言里没有对等或契合的词,有人称这种情况为词汇空缺(lexical gap) Salad沙拉Lost Generation迷惘的一代Beat Generation垮掉的一代Baby Boomers生育高峰儿婴儿潮一代Y uppies雅皮士Dinks丁克Sandwich Generation三明治世代Couch Potato电视迷老泡在电视机前的人；终日懒散的人Mall Rats购物狂Hippie嬉皮士功夫kongfu叩头kowtow 炕Kang太极Taichi粽子Zongzi苦力Kuli饺子jiaozi 还有一些民族文化内涵特别丰富的词语，在翻译时也必须采用释义或注释等方法，说明该词的语用含义，才能使译语读者了解原语独特的文化现象。
如：钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。
翻译理论与实践(汉译英)习题及参考答案
翻译理论与实践（汉译英）习题第一周词的选择复习思考题：翻译下列句子，注意选词：我的表不准，每天快十多分钟。
时间过得真快！情人节快到了。
这把刀很快。
参考译文：My watch doesn’t keep good time. It gains more than ten minutes a day.How time does fly!Valentine’s Day is near. Or:Valentine’s Day is at hand. Or:Valentine’s Day is drawing near.The knife is really sharp. (*The knife is swift.)第二周词语翻译技巧（词义引申）复习思考题练习：根据本节所讲进行选词1.人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这十几年有发展。
2.由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。
3.改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。
4.我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。
5.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。
6.世界科技进步和产业结构的调整，亚太地区经济的迅速增长，给我国经济发展提供了有利条件。
在我国中长期发展中，也有不可制约的因素，突出的是：……7.在1993年亚太经合组织第一次领导人非正式会议上，我曾说过，把一个什么样的世界带到二十一世纪，是我们这一代领导人必须认真思考和解决的重大问题。
环顾新世纪初的世界和亚太地区形势，可以说是有喜有忧。
8.为了进行认真细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景。
9.专家普遍认为积极的财政政策对于最近几年的经济快速增长势头起了很大作用，2003年，这一政策的实施除了应向社会保障，农村教育及基础设施倾斜以外，还应从政府投资转向民间投资。
10.这些价值观和孔子宣扬的一些思想有很多相同之处，孔子的思想强调的是中庸适度。
翻译理论与实践(13)
作业讲评：望梅止渴曹操是三国时期杰出的军事家和政治家。
有一次，在烈日炎炎的夏天，他带领军队穿过一个缺水的地区。
骄阳似火，前面的道路就象一片沙漠，没有一点阴凉处，没有半点有水的迹象。
最后，连最强壮的士兵都难以忍受了，曹操只好命令部队停下来休息，并派出士兵四处寻水。
不久，派出去的人陆续回来了，报告说这片荒凉的土地向四面延伸到老远的地方，既无河流，也无湖泊。
这实在令人沮丧，于是曹操命令挖井。
挖了半天，也见不到一滴水。
形势变得严峻了。
士兵们都感到绝望。
必须想办法渡过危机。
曹操是一个机敏的人，他眉头一皱，计上心来。
“听着，”他鞭梢往前方一指，对士兵们说，“我曾经到过这儿，对这儿的情况很熟悉。
前面不远处有一片梅林。
现在梅子熟了，又多又大，够我们吃的。
如果我们呆在这儿，无异于等死，何不赶到哪儿去，吃个痛快？出发吧，早到早享口福！”一提到梅子，大家口里都流出了口水，也就不感到渴得那么难受了。
他们一个个从地上站起来，士气为之一振，曹操抓紧时机，带领部队前进，终于摆脱了困境。
Quenching Thirst by Thinking of PlumsCao Cao, an excellent militarist as well as a famous politician in the Three Kingdoms Period, was once on a fiery summer day leading his army to advance through an area which lacked water resources. The hot sun was merciless; the road ahead was just like a desert; not the faintest shadow, not a sign of water. Finally even the toughest soldiers could no longer endure it, so Cao Cao had to give orders that the troops have a rest and soldiers be sent to look for water. But very soon reports came one by one that the barren land extended in every direction with no revers or lakes at all. This was really discouraging. Cao Cao had to order his men to dig wells. But this was to no effect. Now the situation seemed desperate. The whole army began to lose hope. Something must be done at once to tide over the crisis. Cao Cao was a man of resources. He knitted his brows and a stratagem came to mind.“Listen,” he shouted to his men, his whip pointing ahead. “I have once been here, and this area is familiar to me. Not very far away in front, there is an orchard of plum trees! Now the plums are ripe, big and enough for all of us! If we stay here, death will get in possession of us, so why don’t we rush there and eat to our hearts’ content?Now start, the early bird gets the worm, you know.”The mere mention of plums brought water to everyone’s mouth, which quenched their thirst to some degree.They all got up from the ground, their spirits raised. Cao Cao took advantage of this and thus managed to get the whole army out of the awkward fix.Comparison between English and Chinese (continued)indirect (间接) vs. direct（直接）1.euphemism (委婉)euphemisms for certain occupationsrat-catcher----exterminating engineertree-trimmer----tree surgeonundertaker----morticianhair-dresser----beauticianfloor-sweeper-----custodian-engineercobbler----shoe-rebuilderjanitor----superintendent/custodianprostitution----the oldest profession in the worldprostitute----street walker, business girl, call girl, working girl, pavement princessdustbin man----sanitary engineereuphemisms for some social, political, military termsstrike----industrial actiondebt----cash advanceeconomic crisis----recessionpoor people----the underprivileged, the disadvantaged, the indigent, the have-nots, the needyAt first I was poor. Then I became needy. Later I was underprivileged. Now I am disadvantaged. I still don’t have a cent to my name, but I sure have a great vocabulary.Attack----active defenseRetreat----strategic withdralOld people----senior citizensIn one’s old age----elderly, getting on in years, past one’s primeVenereal disease----social diseaseAsylum----mental homeGraveyard/cemetery-----memorial park, permanent camp, resting placeDead house -----funeral parlorFat----weightyThin-----slim, slender, wilowyPregnant----in the family way, expecting, in an interesting conditionDie ----to pass away, go to one’s long home, pay the debt of nature, pay Saint Peter a visit…Illegitimate child-----bastard, love childFree love----trial marriagePorngraphic movies (books) ----adult, X-rated, blue movies (books),Adultery----misconduct, intimacyRape----assaultToilet, lavatory----rest room, wash room, bathroom, powder room, convenient room, comfortable room, the smallest room, men’s/ women’s roomGo to the toilet----go to the washroom, spend a penny wash one’s hands, get some fresh air, answer the call of nature Urinate----to do number one, pass waterDefecate----to do mumber two, make stool,Shorts, bras-----unmentionables, unexpressibles2.understatement (克制陈述)An English man will say “I have a little house in the country”; when he invites you to stay with him you will find that the little house is a place with 300 bedrooms. If you are a world tennis-champion, say “Yes, I don’t play too badly”. If you have crossed the Atlantic in a small boat, say “I do a little sailing”.3.litotes (间接肯定) (not bad for “good”; not small for “big, great”)To my no small astonishment, I found the house on fire.It serves no little purpose to continue public discussion of this issue.I could n’t feel better.One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood.In Chinese we have: 未尝不可，不无遗憾，不虚此行，等4.indirect negation (间接否定)You could have come at a better time.You are telling me!As if anyone would believe the story. (鬼才相信那一套。
16春华师《翻译理论与实践》在线作业
16春华师《翻译理论与实践》在线作业华师《翻译理论与实践》在线作业一、单选题（共 50 道试题，共 50 分。
）1. omputr nnot rmmr who (); it simply os wht ().. hs us it; it is tol. will us it; it ws tol. uss it; it hs tol. hs us it; it tol正确答案：2. Thy oulnt t in rsturnt us () of thm h () mony on thm.. ll; no. ny; no. non; ny. no on; ny正确答案：3. () sh is not so hlthy () sh us to ?. It ws why; tht's wht. Is it why tht; s. Why is it tht; s. Why it is tht; tht正确答案：4. -Whn r you lving? -My pln () t six.. took off. is out to tk off. tks off. will tk off正确答案：5. Mrs. rown ws muh isppoint to s th wshing mhin sh h () wnt wrong gin.. it rpir. to rpir. to rpir. rpir正确答案：6. -You must xit out going to Jpn for shooling. --(),ut Im fri I nt o wll us my Jpns is poor.. Nvr min. Wll,I ought to. I on't know yt. rtinly not正确答案：7. You n go out () you promis to k for 11 olok.. so tht. s fr s. so long s. in s正确答案：8. It ws not until lirtion tht () to his homtown.. i h rturn. ws h rturn. h i rturn. h rturn正确答案：9. Jk () yt lst night, othrwis h () m.. mustn't hv rriv; must hv phon. n't hv rriv; woul hv phon. my hv rriv; n hv phon. shouln't hv rriv; n hv phon正确答案：10. Th ston on th rivr nk roll unr hr ft; sh ws ()into th rivr,n sh ll out for hlp. . ing jump. jump. pull. ing pull正确答案：11. Hnry nt ttn th prty () t Toms hous t prsnt us h is prpring th sph t th prty () t Mris hous tomorrow.. hl; ing hl. to hl; to hl. to hl; hl. ing hl; to hl正确答案：12. Lst trm our mths thr st so iffiult n xmintion prolm () non of us work out. . tht. s. so tht. whih正确答案：13. In th 16-19 g group,32 of womn smok () 28 of mn.. ompring to. ompring with. ompr to. ompr with正确答案：14. -Thnk you vry muh. -You r wlom. I ws () gl to hlp.. too muh. only too. not so. vry muh正确答案：15. -I xpt vrything will turn out s you wish.-().. Th sm to you. ll right. I' lik to. rtinly正确答案：16. n,ustrli n Nw Zln r ll () ountris.. Spokn nglish. nglish spokn. spking nglish. nglish spking正确答案：17. How plsnt th pitur is to ()!. look. for looking t. looking t. look t正确答案：18. -r you stisfi with hr nswr?-Not t ll. It oulnt hv n ().. wors. so. ttr. th wors正确答案：19. lthough h ws isl whn h ws only tn yrs of g, yt h im (), for whih his lssmts spok () of him.. high; high. highly; highly. highly; high. high; highly正确答案：20. -You must ll thm vry wk. - Ys, I ().. must. shoul. hv to. will正确答案：21. I will giv th ook to () wnts to r it.. whovr. whomvr. who. whom正确答案：22. () Suny, rthr thn () t hom, I prfrr ().. It ing; sty; to trvl. ing; to sty; to trvl. shvings n; sty; trvl. It ws; to sty; trvlling正确答案：23. Th nw mhin,if () proprly,will work t lst tn yrs.. us. using. ing us. us正确答案：24. -W wnt somon to sign th nw rt musum for us. -() th young fllow hv try?. My. Shll. N正确答案：25. It ws fiv olok in th ftrnoon () thy lim up to th top of th mountin.. sin. whn. Tht. until正确答案：26. Is thr inm roun () I n s movi?. tht. whih. whr. wht正确答案：27. Historilly, () min mtril for mking tls hs n woo, ut () mtl n ston hv lso n us . th; /. . /; /. th; th# /; th正确答案：28. -o you think w n gt thr on tim? -Ys,() th truk osnt rk own.. vn if. unlss. until. so long s正确答案：29. Thr r forty fiv stunts in our lss, n thy r () intrst in footll. . most. lmost. mostly正确答案：30. Th tls,() mny of you r ol nough to rmmr,m from Livrpool.. for. though. s. sin正确答案：31. () moil phon n you ring () you wnt to tlk with nywhr .. Using; whovr. Only on; whomvr. y; whomvr. With; whovr正确答案：32. Whn h ws littl oy,h () on th frm.. us to working. us to work. got us to work. ws us to work正确答案：33. -Whn () you rturn th itionry to m?-Only whn I () you nxt Suny. . will;s. o;will s. will;will s. o;s正确答案：34. It is too rly in th () to xpt mny visitors to th ity.. tim. hour. trm正确答案：35. ---n you finish th writing on tim? ---().. Nvr min. With plsur. No prolm. ll right正确答案：36. Its wht h i () wht h si tht mov us.. xpt for. ut so. inst. rthr thn正确答案：37. ——Wht out () jo? ——Its too iffiult () jo for m.. th;. th; th. ; th. ;正确答案：38. —Why not go out for wlk for rkfst? —Oh,ys. () is my fvorit tim of y.. In th rly morning. rly morning. Th rly of morning. Th rly morning tht正确答案：39. It will quit long tim () sh is k gin, so ont too ross with hr.. tht. for. until正确答案：40. How pls th ttiv ws () wht his ustomr tol him!. hring. hr. to hring. to hr正确答案：41. I m gl tht th Olympi Gms will hl in 2008 in hin, () ?. shll w. rn't I. won't it. won't thy正确答案：42. -r thr ny nglish Story ooks for us stunts in th lirry? -Thr r only fw, (). . if ny. if thr. if som. if hs正确答案：43. Th sun ws shining rightly, () vrything thr () mor utiful.. mking; look. to mk; look. n m; looking. n mking; look正确答案：44. —I fil gin. I wish I () hrr. —ut you ().. h work; hn't. work; on't. h work; in't. work; in't正确答案：45. So fr, svrl ships hv n rport missing () th ost of rmu Isln.. off. long. on. roun正确答案：46. --Shll w mt right now?--Sorry. Im too usy to () for th momnt.. gt through. gt wy. gt off. gt togthr正确答案：47. -r you pls with wht h hs on? -Not in th lst. It oulnt ().. so. muh ttr. ny wors. th st正确答案：48. -How n I us this wshing mhin? -Wll, just rfr to th ().. xplntions. xprssions. introutions. irtions正确答案：49. -i your unl fly to Pris irtly? -No,h trvll from Hong Kong ()Lonon. . Through. y wy of. ross. on wy of正确答案：50. Ill giv th priz to () finishs th work first.. whomvr. whovr. who. nyon正确答案：华师《翻译理论与实践》在线作业二、单选题（共 50 道试题，共 50 分。
《翻译理论与实践》习题
《翻译理论与实践》练习试题I Translate the following sentences into Chinese：1. John is now with his parents in New York; it is three years since he was a high school teacher in Washington.2. Managers face a host of new business realities, such as changing patterns of employment that include an explosion of outsourcing and new alliances.3. I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury.4. Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.5. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.6. The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on the north, and reaches south to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico.7. Only when we study their properties can we make better use of these materials.8. I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.II Translate the following sentences into English：1.在此期间，克兰处于半饥饿状态，而且常常生病，但他仍坚持写作。
17春秋华师《翻译理论与技巧》在线作业
17春秋华师《翻译理论与技巧》在线作业华师《翻译理论与技巧》在线作业一、单选题（共31 道试题，共62 分。
）1. And I suppose she’ll tell all the boys, the old cat. ____A. 我想她会告诉所有的男人，这只老猫B. 我想她会告诉所有的男人，这个长舌的老太婆！正确答案：2. 明年将出版更多的书籍。
____A. Next year will publish a greater number of new booksB. A greater number of new books will be published next year.正确答案：3. Electric power became the servant of man only after the motor was invented. ____A. 只是在电动机发明之后，电力才成了人类的仆人B. 只是在电动机发明之后，电力才开始造福于人类。
正确答案：4. 语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。
____A. The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effortB. Language is something one cannot master it without painstaking effort.正确答案：5. The little girl ____ by the drug-pusher to carry drugs into the country.A. was made useB. was made usedC. was made use ofD. was made used of正确答案：6. 但我的事现在搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。
____A. But there has been too much publicity about my case.B. But now everybody in the city knows about my thing.正确答案：7. People someti mes expect gratitude when they aren’t entitled to it. ____A. 有时人们在没有权利这么做的时候，也希望别人感激他们。
华师《翻译理论与实践》在线作业满分
D. Yes, but not good
满分：1 分
正确答案:
11. Although he was disabled when he was only ten years of age, yet he aimed (), for which his classmates spoke () of him.
A. as far as
B. as soon as
C. as quickly as
D. as possible as
满分：1 分
正确答案:
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
3. It will be quite a long time () she is back again, so dont be too cross with her.
C. introductions
D. directions
满分：1 分
正确答案:
6. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had () went wrong again.
A. it repaired
C. will;will see
D. do;see
满分：1 分
正确答案:
5. -How can I use this washing machine? -Well, just refer to the ().
A. explanations
B. expressions
A. that
B. which
C. where
华中师大《翻译理论与实践》期末考试备考资料全集题参考答案
华中师范大学网络学院《翻译理论与实践》练习测试题（答案及参考译文）一．在下列句中空白处填上合适的词语。
每空1分。
共10分。
1．翻译是跨（语言）、跨（文化）、跨（社会）的交际活动。
2．篇章的粘连分（语义）粘连和（结构）粘连两大类，粘连的目的是实现篇章的（连贯）。
3．社会符号学的翻译标准是（语意）相符、（功能）相似。
4．格赖斯的（合作）原则和利奇的（礼貌）原则是促使语言交际成功的语用原则。
5．社会符号学翻译法以韩礼德所述的语言的社会符号性为根据，以符号学的意义观为核心。
语言符号具备三种意义，它们是（言内）意义、（指称）意义和（语用）意义。
6．语言对比是研究语言在（使用）中产生的意义。
7．泰特勒在《翻译的原则》一书中提出了著名德三原则：A．译文应完整地再现原文的（思想内容）。
B．译文的（风格）、（笔调）应与原文的性质相同。
C．译文应像原文一样（流畅自然）。
8．汉语语法呈（隐含）性，英语语法呈（外显）性。
9．信、达、雅10．忠实通顺11．理解、表达校核12．译出语（或原文）译入语（或译文）13．口译笔译机器翻译14．意美音美形美15．直译16．合句法17．全译摘译编译18．切近自然信息19．口译笔译机器翻译20．易解丰姿21．归化22．神似23. 钱钟书先生提出：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘（化）’。
把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入‘（化境）’”。
24．从涉及到的语言符号来看，翻译可分为（语内）翻译、（语际）翻译、和（符际）翻译。
（答题顺序可以颠倒）25．所谓功能指语言所具有的种种社会功能。
英国翻译理论家彼得·纽马克将其分为6种：（信息）功能、（表情）功能、（祈使）功能、美感功能、酬应功能和元语言功能。
26．将He is armed to the teeth译成“他全副武装”，采用的是（意译）的方法；将其译成“他武装到了牙齿”，采用的是（直译）的方法。
《翻译理论与实践》练习答案
一．翻译部分（汉译英部分）1. Numerous scientific studies conducted since 1939 have indicated that smoking is very harmful to health. Legislation is badly needed to ban all advertising of tobacco products as it persuades people to smoke more and so is in a large part responsible for people with deteriorating health or those who died of lung cancer.2. China’s entry into World Trade Organization (WTO. will not have a radical impact on the State enterprises despite the distressing predictions of some economists. The International Financial News said in a commentary the negative effects of entering WTO would be limited while there would be substantial benefits for the state enterprises, such as the introduction of more foreign technology.3. Actually the last fifty years was not the golden age of invention and innovation. From 1900 to 1950, human life was transformed by such invention as cars, aeroplanes, telephones, radios and television sets, not to mention nuclear weapons and the computer of course. In the recent 50 years since only a few inventions have been made, was the wellspring of invention drying up? Not likely. Indeed, a new age of invention is just beginning.4. It is of great importance to be well-informed in the modern world. Success in many fields depends on getting the latest information. At the same time, failure in policy-making often results from the lack of necessary information. Therefore, we call the current era “the information will play an increasingly important part in future society. Without information we would act like the blind and could make no further step forward..5. The well-educated university students are a treasure to any country. It is a pity that the brain drain of the talented has caused some difficulties in the development of industries in many developing countries. In these countries, engineers, scientists, managers and other professionals are badly needed. They are needed to develop the industry and economy there.6. China will develop its economy further and open itself still wider to the outside world, which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises. Since China’s reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have vigorously undertaken Ecotech with overseas enterprises and scored tremendous achievements. While helping Chinese enterprises develop, overseas enterprises have also benefited from it, hence mutual benefit and all-win. The Chinese Government stands ready to continue to offer facilities and necessary conditions for closer cooperation between Chinese enterprises and their overseas counterparts.7. As specialists (experts. predict, in the near future, water will become a restriction (conditioned.factor for social economic development in many parts of China. Water degradation (Intensified water pollution. and increasing demand for water supply will, without mercy, result in the approaching of water shortage disaster. Thus, fighting against pollution and protecting water sources have become the common responsibilities of mankind as a whole.8. Culture is the best medium for people of different countries to understand each other. Through culture festivals, many cities in China have raised their prestige in the world. As has been proven that, this is one of the best ways to promote the communication between Chinese people and the people from different parts of the world. This kind of communication is not only confined to culture, but extends to economy and other fields.9. In a market economy, the crucial factor for prosperity is fair competition. But if thecompetition spins out of control, the negative effects must not be overlooked. Tremendous amounts of resources and talent will be wasted on vicious competition. In a highly competitive environment, the needs of the market usually give way to the need for competition. Hi-tech companies invest huge amounts of money into new projects. As a result, redundant products flood the market. Those who cannot grab a share of the market will suffer great losses.10. More young people get health information from the Internet than use it to ownload music,play games, or check sports scores. A new survey shows three out of four young people who use the Internet have searched for health and medical information. In face, the only activities that more young people reported participating in were emailing, school research, and finding news and entertainment information. The survey is the first to look in depth at how young people use the Internet for health purposes finds.11. China is already the world’s third largest producer o f electronics, and becoming a player inthe global appliance market. With its huge production capacity--growing by about 20 percent a year--the Chinese are relentlessly driving down global prices. Twenty years age, U.S., European and Japanese companies started moving into China to supply the local market with household goods. Now those companies are getting whipped by Chinese competitors. “We will see the emergence of globally competitive Chinese firms,” says the Brookings Institution’s Lardy.12. Green, h uman, and technological are the three main themes of Beijing’s bid for the 2008Olympic Games. Actively responding to the call of the International Olympic Committee, Beijing wants its Olympics to be the Games known for promoting environmental protection.Along with all of its citizens, through the bidding stage and hosting of the Olympic Games, Beijing’s aim is to further speed up its environmental protection plans to enhance theenvironmental quality, perfect construction of urban infrastructure, improve residents’ standard of living and promote the sustainable development of the city.13. It surely does harm to your lungs if other people smoke and you breathe it in. According tothe anticipation of American Lung Association, each year about 3,000 people who die from lung cancer are passive smokers. An investigation indicates that non-smoking women living in a smoking family environment for 40 years or still longer will have the double risk of developing lung cancer.14. The phenomenon of holiday economy demonstrates that, with an improvement of livingstandards, the consumption structure has been diversified and the consumption concept greatly changed. Traditional consumer demand for basic necessities of life has given way to leisure, comfort and development. Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development, and services should be refined to satisfy people’s demand for an improved quality of life.15. Developing a scenic spot represents the orientation of building culture. An economic flourishis not bound to bring about cultural progress. First, when people seek economic benefits, they often neglect or give up fostering the building of culture. Second, when old concepts are broken up, some people will be at a loss or go astray . Therefore, it has been an important task of society to keep a balance between economic development and cultural building.16. A national survey indicates that major tourist attractions and scenic spots nationwidereceived a total of 9.86 million visitors during October 1-7, and income from admission tickets hit 267 million yuan. During the week, 1.22 million Beijingers traveled to other places, an increase of 37 percent compared to the same period last year, and the city’s tourism income totaled 2.43 billion yuan, up 52 percent. Therefore, the seven-day holiday has been called a “golden week”.17. According to the 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005., the Central Government will increasetransfer payments to the western region. In the meantime, measures will be adopted to attract non-governmental and foreign capital for participation in western development and construction. Major engineering projects, such as the west-to-east power transmission, conservation and development of water resources, will provide great possibilities for rising investment demand in the coming years.18. A peaceful environment is indispensable for national, regional and even global development.Without peace or political stability, there would be no economic progress to speak of. Thishas been fully proved by both the past and the present. Peace and development are the themes of the times. People across the world should join hands in advancing the lofty cause of peace and development of mankind.19. In the past few years, important advances in computer science, artificial intelligence andmaterial science have once again raised hopes of making intelligent robots. In fact, progress toward an intelligent robot has been so convincing that many scientists are worrying publicly about the perils of robots. Whether humans are in a hopeful or precarious place, the journey here has been an intellectual challenge.20. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 50 non-government environmentalprotection organizations in the city. They exploit their advantages to the fullest with the public, guiding local people to protect the environment and build a green home and a green community, advocating garbage segregation, holding consultation meetings, giving public lectures, calling upon people to protect wild animals and organizing environmental protection summer camp activities, etc.21. It surely does harm to your lungs if other people smoke and you breathe it in. According tothe anticipation of American Lung Association, each year about 3,000 people who die from lung cancer are passive smokers. An investigation indicates that non-smoking women living in a smoking family environment for 40 years or still longer will have the double risk of developing lung cancer.22. Culture is the best medium for people of different countries to understand each other.Through culture festivals, many cities in China have raised their prestige in the world. As has been proven that, this is one of the best ways to promote the communication between Chinese people and the people from different parts of the world. This kind of communication is not only confined to culture, but extends to economy and other fields.23. Actually the last fifty years was not the golden age of invention and innovation. From 1900to 1950, human life was transformed by such invention as cars, aeroplanes, telephones, radios and television sets, not to mention nuclear weapons and the computer of course. In the recent 50 years since only a few inventions have been made, was the wellspring of invention drying up? Not likely. Indeed, a new age of invention is just beginning.24. Over the last two decades, no country in the world has expanded its foreign trade as fast asChina. Japan took more than 20 years to double its foreign trade, while China, for the same length of time, has quadrupled its foreign trade (has increased its foreign trade by three times .. Already the world' s third largest producer of electric appliances, China is nowplaying a major role in the global market of the electric wares. China has also become a major producer of labor-intensive manufactured goods in the world.25. In order to hold the 2008 Olympic Games successfully, Beijing plans to invest 23 billion USdollars in the construction of basic facilities, It is reported that some foreign companies have noticed these business opportunities. Some American companies plan to provide products and service in the areas of telecommunication and information technology. Some British companies are also seeking business opportunities from Beijing Olympic Games.They are trying find the areas where U. K has advantages, such as the architectural technology which will not pollute the environment.26. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Chinese art, architecture and philosophy had been quiteappreciated in the west. In addition, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain had been warmlywelcomed, and had altered, to some extent, the lifestyle of many westerners. In the last part of the 20th century, the westerners focused their attention on Chinese culture again. Besides enjoying Chinese food, they learned Chinese, tried out Chinese medicine and herbs,watched gofu films.（英译汉部分）英译汉讲义答案Section One Sentence Translation1. 如何运用新的管理方式和观念来改造一个服务性企业，英航在这方面的确提供了一个范例。
翻译理论与实践A卷及答题纸
《翻译理论与实践》作业I．Multiple Choice QuestionsDirections: This part consists of ten sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is the closest equivalent of the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness.1. It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest.A. 恶鸟渎巢。
B. 只有坏鸟会弄脏自己的窝。
C. 再坏的鸟也不会弄脏自己的窝。
D. 只有有病的鸟才会弄脏自己的窝。
2. I have no opinion of that young man.A. 我对那个年轻人没有看法。
B. 我不了解那个年轻人。
C. 我对那个青年人没有意见。
D. 我觉得那个年轻人不怎么样。
3. He did not speak clearly and correctly.A. 他讲得不清楚，但正确。
B. 他讲得清楚，但不正确。
C. 他讲得既清楚也正确。
D. 他讲得既不清楚也不正确。
4. You can’t be too careful while driving!A. 开车要特别小心！B. 开车不能太小心！C. 你开车时不得不小心翼翼！D. 你开车要小心，但切忌谨小慎微！5. The samples of soil from various depths are examined for traces of oil.A. 土样被从不同深度取出，进行检验，看是否有含油的迹象。
B. 从不同深度取出土样以后，便进行检验，看是否有含油的迹象。
C. 根据含油的迹象，土样被从不同深度取出，对之进行检验。
D. 为了寻找含油的迹象，从不同深度取出土样以后，便进行检验。
《翻译理论与实践》讲义(完美版)练习与作业答案
翻译理论与实践讲义作业一。
字词的翻译一、词的理解1.一词多义：例子：wetShe had a wet nurse for the infant Elliot. 她雇了一名奶妈为艾略特喂奶。
If you think I am for him, you are all wet. 如果你认为我支持他，那你就大错特错了。
She wet her pants at the news. 听到这个消息，她吓得尿了裤子。
2.词的大小：state and revolution, 国家与革命（列宁著作）state of the union (国情咨文)the united states. 美国（联合的各州）3.词义引申：抽象化、具体化例子：every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
She stood there chewing over the strange thing. 她站在那儿仔细地琢磨这件怪事。
The engine sounds good. 那台机器听起来很正常。
At 23, he had first learned what it is to be a Negro. 他23岁时，平生第一次尝到了做黑人的滋味。
4.词的褒贬：例子：commentAlice was excited as a child, delighted to be once more the center of the comment.爱丽丝兴奋得像个小孩子似地，很高兴自己有成了谈论的中心。
But what a comment, she could not help reflecting, on her own charms.但她禁不住想到，这对她个人的魅力是多么大的讽刺啊。
He walked around the room. He then stopped and looked around, “comment” ?他在房间里走来走去，之后停下来环视着说：“谁有高见”？5.词的轻重：看词类、看场合、看句型、看习惯等等。
翻译理论与实践（TranslationtheoryandPractice）
翻译理论与实践（Translation theory and Practice）This paper consists of the 8888 contributionPpt documents may experience poor browsing on the WAP side. It is recommended that you first select TXT, or download the source file to the local view.Translation theory and PracticeI., What, is, translation, II., Is, it, to, translate, easy, III.,, Can, all, the, translated, words, be?I., What, is, translation?1, the definition of translation? 2, translation is to translate the text or? E.g.1:, My, sister, went, to, school, at, 7., e.g.2:, have you eaten? Where to? E.g.3: you're beautiful today! -- where?!II., Is, it, easy, to, translate?Henchman? Go back to man in the? The? Street? Crow s feet a hen party '? Fog lock hill mountain fog water disappears in the sky with rain window, two East West three point cut to carve up the piece, seven horizontal eight vertical knife knife toward the sea towards towards falling towards long clouds long long.III., Can, all, the, words, be, translated?According to the nephew lanterns (old uncle)? East sunrise rain, is (clear) the situation is a (clear)? --The professor shouted:Gentlemen, order --The entire class yelled:! "" Beer! "--Why is the river very? Rich? --Because it has two banks.You can cage a swallow, but you can t swallow a "cage. --The secret is going to? Be exposed, and we ll look pretty silly. --You" already look pretty and silly. bathing on bikini? Girl, eyeing, boy, finds boy eyeing bikini on bathing girl.Chapter 1The definition of translation, the purpose of translation, the type of translation, the standard of translation, the process of translation, the conditions for translationDefinition of translationTranslation is the practice of language in which the content of another language is re expressed in one language. Feng Qinghua? Translation is a kind of language (i.e., primitive) information in another language (the target language) express, so that the readers can get the original thoughts expressed by the author, are roughly the same as the original readers feel. - Fan Zhongying, translation is the translator's re understanding of the same thing and the use of another text. - Qiao HaiqingDefinition of translationTranslation is "an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language Translation is." Jakobson? "The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) byequivalent textual material in another language (TL). Catford Translation is the replacement of? A representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. HudsonThe purpose of translationA bridge of communication and communication between different languages and cultures.Types of translationIntra language translation (intralingual translation) an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language (interlingual translation) translation? An interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language? Intersemiotic translation (intersemiotic translation) an interpretation of verbal signs by means of nonverbal signs systemChinese translation theoriesYan Fu: Xindaya translation - Three: xindaya. It is hard to ask for a letter. Take care of the letter and fail to reach it,Even if you do not translate it, you will also interpret it. ? Lu Xun: faith, Shun - a course to make it easy, one is to preserve the original charm. / / faith rather than fluency? Qu Qiubai: the notion of equivalence translation should be the original intention, exactly China introduced to readers, make readers get China concept concept equal to other language from the textto the reader. Contradiction: to reproduce the artistic conception the highest task of literary translation is to reproduce the artistic conception so that the target readers can enjoy the beauty as much as the original.Chinese translation theoriesLiu Zhongde: letter, reach, cut letter: believe in content: as long as it is cut: to adapt to style, Zhang today: true, good, beautiful, truth: truth, principle, good: ideological principles: Beauty: artistic principlesForeign translation theoriesTytler: 1. The translation should the same effect on give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. style and manner of 2. The writing should be of the same character as that of the original. translation should have all 3. The the ease of the original composition.Federov: on Translation should produce a translation version which may be read with as much pleasure as the original, and yet remain faithful to its spirit, sense and style. Nida: dynamic equivalence theory readers get responses, and feelings with the original readers read the original income roughly equal. Newmark: text centered theoryProcess of translationIt is generally believed that the original text is understood expression Nida: original text testAnalytical translationTarget textRestructureFour steps: analysis, translation, reconstruction, testTranslation, from, English, to, Chinese:1., The, days, run, into, weeks., the days go by, for a few weeks.2. It, s, all, Greek, to, me., the translation condition, I do not understand at all. Mandarin Chinese is better than3. Mary has? A clever tongue. Marie (glib glib). English language ability is better than4., You, can, never, tell., wide knowledge, no one can say.5., My, memory, failed, me, at, that, moment., I can't remember that moment.6., Your, name, obstinately, escapes, me., I can't remember your name.7., To, think, that, you, should, fail., I don't think you will fail. 8., Would, it, were, otherwise, if that's not the case. There was more mischief than harm in him. he is only mischievous, and no harm. 10., I, never, go, past, my, old, school, but,, think, of, our, headmaster.. Every time I pass my alma mater, I remember our headmaster. 11., The, book, is, beyond, me., I can't read this book. 12., There, is, nothing, like, leather, for, shoes., leather shoes are great. 13., It, is, too, recent, to, be, forgotten., fresh in memory.14., The, mountain, is, not, valuable, because, it, is, high.,mountain is precious, not at its height. The "This is the last place I where expected to meet you." did not expect to meet you here. 16., He, is, nothing, if, not, stubborn., he's a stubborn man. 17., I, was, not, a, little, surprised., I was shocked.18., He, can, do, it, if, any, one, can., only he can do it.19. You cannot make something out of nothing. one can't make bricks without straw. 20., I, can, t, bear, the, sight,, of, that, man.I can't stand seeing that man.Similar sentences1. He had made a box., he has made a box. He had a box made., he told people to make a box.2. Foolishly he spoke. he was so foolish to speak. He spoke foolishly. he talks very stupid.3. Quite properly he was punished. he deserved to be punished. He was punished quite properly., he was properly punished.4., We, asked, him, to, speak, from, his, experience., we ask him to talk about it based on his experience. We asked him to speak about his experiences. we asked him to talk about his experience.Similar sentences5. He is behind time. he's late. He, is, behind, the, times., he's behind the times.6. His success is out of question. his success is beyond doubt. His, success, is, out, of, the, question, he's never going to be successful.7., They, went, to, sea., they're going to besailors. They, went, to, the, sea., they went to the beach. 8., It, has, been, raining, continually, for, two, days., rain, intermittent two days. It has, been, raining, continuously, for,, two, days rain continued for two days.Similar sentences9., He, has, no, more, than, ten, books., he has only ten books. He has not more than ten books., he has ten books at most.He is not a little afraid of it. he was very scared. He is not a bit afraid of it., he is not afraid at all. 11., I, didn, t, go, because, I, was, afraid., I am not afraid to go. I, didn, t, go, because, I, to., was, afraid, I did not go, because I dare not go. 12. She kept the house., she watches over the house. She kept house. her home.Similar sentences13., This, is, no, place, for, me, to, go., this is not whereI should go. There, is, no, place, for, me, to, go, I have nowhere to go. 14. I, had, a, good, talk, to, him, yesterday., I gave him a good dressing down yesterday. I had a good talk with him yesterday. I had a really good time talking to him yesterday. 15., Tom, escaped, prison., Tom escaped the jail. Tom, escaped, from, prison., Tom, jailbreak. 16., Is, there, any, difficulty, in, this? Do you have any difficulty with this? Is, there, some, difficulty, in, this? It's a bit difficult, isn't it?Similar sentencesWe are sure that man is mortal. we are sure that man will always die. We, are, sure, that, man, is, dead., we are sure the man is dead. 18., We, hired, the, boat, by, the, hour.. We ship by hour. We hired, the, boat, for, an, hour., we rented an hour boat.Similar sentences19., I, did, not, notice, him., I didn't notice him. I, took, no, notice, of, him., I don't care about him. 20., Happily, he, did, not, die., thankfully he did not die. He did not die happily., he died uneasy.The second chapter is semantic translationFirst, the choice of meaning in the understanding of polysemy (polysemy)The translation of runRun, a, car, run, shop, run, oil, run, message, a, fever, run, a, computer, run, run, a, meeting, run,, chickens, run, a, arms, advertisement, run, anHead translation10. He arranged his speech under five heads. his speech is divided into five parts. 11., We, have, thirty, head, of, cattle.We have thirty cows. 12., Heads, or, tails? Heads or tails? 13., Where, is, the, head? Where is the toilet?The translation of head:1. head of the English Department, director of the English Department of2. head of the government head of the bed, head of government3.4. head of the staircase a of the needle at the top of the stairs5. head6. He was badly wounded in a the head. he was badly wounded in the head.7. He has a good head for maths. he has a lot of mathematical talent.8., You, should, use, your, head., you should use your head.9. The, dinner, cost, US, five, dollars, a, head., the meal cost us 5 yuan each.The translation of I. poor:1. The, cloth, is, poor, in, quality., this cloth is of poor quality.2. The, water, is, poor, in, oxygen., this water is anoxic.3. Her first concert had a poor audience., her first concert, with very few listeners.4. This, to, her, was, a, poor, consolation., this comfort does not work for her.5. In my poor opinion, you should let her go. in my humble opinion, you should let her go. Boat. She was a poor sailor and always went to bed immediately on on getting the she has seasickness problems, so always go to bed on board.The translation of II. runThe He will not be running in the next election., he is not ready to run for the next election. 2., The, train, is, not, running, today., that train is off today. 3. The film began to run. filmat the. 4. His face was running with sweat. he Sweat streamed down the face. 5., It, was, such, a, ran., hot, day, that, the, butter, the weather was so hot that the butter melted. 6., The, road, runs, north., this road extends north. The "The rumor runs that he is going to resign." is rumoured that he is going to resign. 8., The, monsoon, had, six, weeks, more, to, run., the rainy season will last six weeks.The translation of II. run9., The, car, repair, will, run, you, at, least, two, hundred., repair, at least you spend two hundred yuan. 10. The play ran for only a week in that theatre.. The play was only staged for a week in that theater. 11., Potatoes, are, running, large, this, year., potatoes grow a lot this year. 12., A, freezer, doesn, run., t, cost, much, to, the use of the refrigerator is not very expensive.The translation of III. liveShe needs to find somewhere to live. she needs to find a place to live. 2., Where, do, these, plates, live? Where are these dishes? 3., Spiders, can, live, for, several, days, without, food., spiders can live without food for a few days. 4., We, saw, a, real, rattlesnake, live! We saw a live rattlesnake.The translation of III. live5. The club has live music most nights., the club has live music most nights.6. The show is going on live., the show is being broadcast live.7., Pollution, is, still, very, much, a, live,issue. pollution is still a very interesting issue at the moment.8., This, is, a, live, and, interesting, book., this is a lively and interesting book.The translation of IV. like1., He, likes, mathematics, more, physics., than, he prefers mathematics to physics.2., Bananas, don, t, like, me., I ate a banana and my stomach was upset. (bananas do not fit my stomach.) Three它的味道像芒果。
翻译理论与实践考试题库
翻译理论与实践考试题库一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 翻译理论中的“信、达、雅”是由哪位翻译家提出的？A. 严复B. 林语堂C. 王力D. 钱钟书2. 在翻译过程中，哪种方法强调原文的忠实度？A. 直译B. 意译C. 音译D. 形译3. 翻译理论中，“功能主义”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 奈达B. 霍姆斯C. 斯奈尔-霍恩比D. 费舍尔4. 下列哪个选项不是翻译过程中可能遇到的问题？A. 文化差异B. 语言障碍C. 翻译技巧D. 语言风格5. 翻译理论中的“交际翻译”是指什么？A. 翻译者与原文作者的交流B. 翻译者与目标语言读者的交流C. 原文与译文的交流D. 原文与目标语言的交流6. 翻译理论中的“动态对等”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 奈达B. 霍姆斯C. 斯奈尔-霍恩比D. 费舍尔7. 在翻译实践中，哪种翻译策略更注重原文的文化内涵？A. 直译B. 意译C. 音译D. 形译8. 翻译理论中的“交际翻译”主要强调的是什么？A. 原文的忠实度B. 译文的流畅性C. 译文的可读性D. 译文的交际功能9. 翻译理论中的“翻译单位”通常指的是什么？A. 词汇B. 句子C. 段落D. 文章10. 在翻译实践中，哪种翻译方法更注重译文的可读性？A. 直译B. 意译C. 音译D. 形译二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述翻译理论中的“交际翻译”与“语义翻译”的区别。
2. 描述翻译过程中如何处理文化差异，并举例说明。
3. 阐述翻译理论中的“功能主义”对翻译实践的影响。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述翻译理论中的“动态对等”理论，并结合实际翻译案例进行分析。
2. 论述翻译实践中如何处理语言风格的差异，并给出具体的翻译策略。
四、翻译实践题（共30分）请将以下中文段落翻译成英文，并注意保持原文的语义、风格和文化内涵。
原文：随着全球化的不断深入，跨文化交流变得越来越重要。
翻译作为跨文化交流的重要工具，不仅要忠实于原文，还要考虑到目标语言的文化背景和读者的接受能力。
翻译理论与实践课后习题答案
第一章翻译概论第一节中外翻译史简介四、课内练习1. 东汉至唐宋时期。
2. 玄奘不仅译出了75 部佛经，而且还把老子的部分著作译成梵文，成为第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。
3. 20 世纪初的“五四”新文化运动，开创了白话文学和白话翻译的新纪元，语言从文言正宗转为白话本位。
五四运动前后，东西方各国的优秀文学作品，特别是俄国和苏联的作品开始被介绍进来，《共产党宣言》等一批马克思主义著作的译文就发表在“五四”时期，为中国后来的革命做了充分的理论和思想准备。
4. 圣经的翻译成为了西方翻译研究的重要源头之一。
5. 中外悠久的翻译历史已为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。
我们应当认真总结前人的翻译经验，借鉴吸收前人从实践中总结出的理论、方法，以便继续提高我们的翻译水平，为中外文化交流做出自己的贡献。
五、课后练习（一）将下列段落译成中文：一百年前的今天：一些海鸥；北卡罗来纳州杀魔山海岸警卫队的三个队员；救生站以及一些本地人，见证了威尔帕·莱特(Wilbur Wright)和奥维尔·莱特(Orville Wright)兄弟的第一次机动飞机飞行。
1903 年12 月17 日，莱特兄弟第一次用比空气重的飞行器进行了有动力的持续飞行。
1932 年，90 英尺高的杀魔山顶立起了一座60 英尺高的花岗岩纪念碑，用以纪念这两个来自俄亥俄州代顿市的梦想家。
莱特兄弟来自于美国中部。
他们有着天空般广阔的眼界，也有着十分务实的作风。
1892 年，他们在俄亥俄州的代顿开创了自己的自行车企业：莱特自行车公司。
虽然在当时世纪之交的美国，有着数不清的自行车公司，但只有一个在造轮子的同时造出了翅膀。
当莱特兄弟在1903 年最终着眼于动力载人飞行器，他们成功地使世界变小了……（二）将下列段落译成英文：As Jia baoyu，Xue Baoqin，Xing youyan and Ping’er had birthdays on the same day，the young ladies held a hilarious drinking party in the hall of the peony garden for them. When it was Xiangyun’s turn to compose a verse amid a drinking game，she made fun of the service maids by saying，holding a duck head in hand，“This ya tou （referring to the duck head in hand）is not that ya tou （referring to the service maids around，as both are homophones in Chinese），for this ya tou has applied no hair oil….”Everybody roared with laughter. Some service maids protested，laughing，“You made fun of us，so you have to drink another cup. Let’s pour a full cup her….”As the party went on drinkers’games continued with ceaseless laughter and people suddenly noticed that Xiangyun had disappeared. While they looked this way and that，a service maid rushed in laughing，“Young ladies. Hurry to have a look at the Lady Xiangyun. She’s sleeping on the stone bench over there.”The group tiptoed over，and sure enough，saw Xiangyun sleeping soundly. Fallen flowers scattered on her body，her hair and her face. Her fan had dropped on the ground aside. Bees danced in the air around her. Under her head was a make-shift pillow of peony flowers wrapped with her handkerchief. Amid laughter service girls gently woke her up and helped her-she was still mumbling something drunkenly-get inside theroom.第二节翻译的定义与性质四、课内练习（一）将下列英文译成中文：1. 海蒂读过阿瑟的信后陷入了绝望之中。
英语翻译理论与实践
黄山学院外语系课程讲稿专业名称：英语专业课程名称：《英汉翻译理论与实践1》主导教材：冯庆华，《实用翻译教程》授课教师：***A Brief Introduction to Translation◇Teaching Contents:I.Discussion:●What is translation?●What is a successful translation?●What difficulties might occur in translating process?A.What is translation?1.Key words:source language(SL) / receptor language / target language(TL); reproduce; message /information; equivalence / correspondence2.Nature of translationTranslation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest naturalequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly interms of style. (Eugene A. Nida)德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation：Problems & Methods一书中说：Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words withsimilar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language.Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of formfrom the source language to the target language.（翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。
翻译理论与实践试题及答案
翻译理论与实践试题一、选择题（在四个选项中选择一个正确答案）：20%1. 中国古代佛经翻译家------提出了“既须求真，又须喻俗”的翻译思想。
A. 鸠摩罗什B. 玄奘C．安世高D。
释道安2. 严复说的“一名之立，旬月踟躇”是指---------------------。
A. 翻译一部书要化一个月时间作准备B 翻译一个术语往往要考虑很久C.只有化苦功才能翻译成一部名著D.书名的翻译颇费思量3..下列四句，----句的表述是不正确的。
A. 鲁迅提出过“宁信而不顺”的翻译观点。
B. 马建忠主张“善译”的翻译标准。
C. 钱钟书认为文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。
D. 傅雷认为文学翻译的最高境界是“形似”。
4.下列四位翻译家中，英译《红楼梦》的是------。
A. 林语堂B. 杨宪益C. 杨必D. 鲁迅5.英国语言学家M.A.K.Halliday提出的构成语境三要素中，fields of discourse指---------------------------。
A. 交际内容B. 交际方式C. 交际风格D. 交际地点6. 多用被动语态是----------的一个比较明显的语法特点。
A. 广告英语B. 科技英语C. 新闻英语D. 法律英语7. “意译”是指译文从意义出发，要求将原文的意义正确表达出来，不必拘泥于------的形式。
A.词句B. 词句和比喻C. 各种修辞手段D. 词、句、以及各种修辞手段8.. ------翻译了莎士比亚的全部戏剧作品。
A. 朱生豪B. 卞之琳C. 梁实秋D. 林语堂9. fast, firm, secure三个同义词中，firm的正规程度介于前后两者之间，由此可以判定，它最有可能源自------。
A. 法语B. 拉丁语C.盎格鲁-撒克逊语D. 德语10. 下列四种“语体”中，--------的语言最为正规。
A. 广告英语B. 法律英语C. 新闻英语D. 科技英语二、问答题：30%1. 为什么严复要在他的翻译标准中加上一个“雅”字？你认为现在我们应该怎样理解这个“雅”字？2、.我们可以通过观察哪几种“语域标志”来区别英语语言的正规程度？请举例说明其中两种。
翻译理论与实践作业
翻译理论与实践作业班级：2011英研：金美学号：英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。
常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、倒置法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。
一、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。
这种方式多半用在汉译英里。
汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。
英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。
英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。
因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。
英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。
因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。
英语句子离不开介词和冠词。
另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。
总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。
如：1）You could be mad as a mad dog at the way things went.你可以像疯狗那样对周围的一切愤愤不平．（出处：电影《返老还童》2） A she sailed into it.在他航行中找到的。
（出处：电影《加勒比海盗4》）3）Spanzurati it! Place the neck and lathe!吊死她！用绳子勒死她！（出处：电影《加勒比海盗4》）4）I was told you came to London Thi to find a crew.我听说你到伦敦找一个船员。
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B:to read the
C:reading a
D:being read the
答案：C
I am glad that the Olympic Games will be held in 2008 in China, () ?
A:shall we
B:aren't I
C:won't it
A:Agreed
B:suggested
C:promised
D:hoped
答案：C
Bettys English is () than () in the class.
A:much better; anyone else
B:far better; anyone else's
C:a lot better; anyone's else
华师《翻译理论与实践》在线作业-0001
—I failed again. I wish I () harder. —But you ().
A:had worked; hadn't
B:worked; don't
C:had worked; didn't
D:worked; didn't
答案：C
He () me to keep away from cigarette and take more exercise.
A:Never mind
B:Well,I ought to
C:I don't know yet
D:Certainly not
答案：B
() we know, hurricane is () to come.
A:As soon as; possible
B:As long as; probable
A:making; look
B:to make; looked
C:and made; looking
D:and making; be looked
答案：A
-Do you think we can get there on time? -Yes,() the truck doesnt break down.
D:sometimes
答案：A
Is there a cinema around () I can see a movie?
A:that
B:which
C:where
D:what
答案：C
-Id rather have some wine, if you dont mind. -().
A:No, you'd better not
A:the; the; the; such
B:the; a; /; such
C:a; /; a; such a
D:a; a; /; such a
答案：C
Exercise is () as any other to lose unwanted weight.
A:so useful a way
B:as a useful way
C:as useful a way
D:such useful way
答案：C
Let us hope we can settle the matter without () more trouble.
A:any
B:a little
C:some
D:little
答案：A
They couldnt eat in a restaurant because () of them had () money on them.
D:do;see
答案：A
-We want someone to design the new art museum for us. -() the young fellow have a try?
A:May
B:Shall
C:Will
D:Need
答案：B
-You must be excited about going to Japan for schooling. --(),but Im afraid I cant do well because my Japanese is poor.
D:a great deal better; anyone's else's
答案：B
If you keep on, youll succeed (). Wish you success in the examinations.
A:in time
B:at one time
C:for the same time
D:won't they
答案：D
-How can I use this washing machine? -Well, just refer to the ().
A:explanations
B:expressions
C:introductions
D:directions
答案：D
-Wouldnt be () wonderful world, if all na one another? -What () pleasure to live in () world!
B:Not at all, anything you want
C:Thank you all the same
D:Yes, but not good
答案：B
-What do you think of the book? -Oh, excellent. It is worth () second time.
A:even if
B:unless
C:until
D:so long as
答案：D
-When () you return the dictionary to me?-Only when I () you next Sunday.
A:will;see
B:do;will see
C:will;will see
A:all; no
B:any; no
C:none; any
D:no one; any
答案：C
Ill give the prize to () finishes the work first.
A:whomever
B:whoever
C:who
D:anyone
答案：B
The sun was shining brightly, () everything there () more beautiful.