南开大学博士英语入学考试试题
南开大学2009年英语考博试题（回忆版）
2009南开大学英语考博试题（回忆版）1听力：20分，很往年一样，单选10个，短文3篇（1.保险的种类；2.非洲的AIDS 问题；3.测谎仪）共10题10分，感觉听不太清楚。
感觉不是六级的。
那个外国男的accent is somewhat special.2单词题：10个，10分，今年的很简单，六级就够了3作文(20分) : on enforcement of the morality in China提纲：1，问题 2， 分析原因 3，对策 200words4阅读理解 共4篇40分： 比去年少一篇但是明显偏难了第一题，有关公司内部职员股票； 经济经济第二题，有关霍金的Big Bang ，黑洞理论；物理，黑洞理论；物理第三题，有关对黑人的歧视；政治第四题，生物入侵；生物。
此四篇据说涵盖了南开四大优势学科。
5改错题10空10分，原文：Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in in the the the film, film, film, on on on the the the other other other hand, hand, hand, are are are clearly clearly clearly recognizable. recognizable. recognizable. There There There is is is nothing nothing nothing about about about their their their appearance appearance appearance to to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age. This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so- called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised. If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed black-mailed by by by the the the designers designers designers and and and the the the big big big stores. stores. stores. Clothes, Clothes, Clothes, which which which have have have been been been worn, worn, worn, only only only a a a few few few times times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable capable of of of standing standing standing in in in front front front of of of a a a wardrobe wardrobe wardrobe packed packed packed full full full of of of clothes clothes clothes and and and announcing announcing announcing sadly sadly sadly that that that she she she has has nothing to wear. Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast vast sums sums sums of of of money money money each each each year year year to to to replace replace replace clothes clothes clothes that that that have have have hardly hardly hardly been been been worn. worn. worn. Women, Women, Women, who who who cannot cannot afford afford to to to discard discard discard clothing clothing clothing in in in this this this way, way, way, waste waste waste hours hours hours of of of their their their time time time altering altering altering the the the dresses dresses dresses they they they have. have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on. No No one one one can can can claim claim claim that that that the the the fashion fashion fashion industry industry industry contributes contributes contributes anything anything anything really really really important important important to to to society. society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomf ort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes. When When comparing comparing comparing men men men and and and women women women in in in the the the matter matter matter of of of fashion, fashion, fashion, the the the conclusions conclusions conclusions to to to be be be drawn drawn drawn are are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their their unchanging unchanging unchanging styles styles styles of of of dress dress dress reflect reflect reflect basic basic basic qualities qualities qualities of of of stability stability stability and and and reliability? reliability? reliability? That That That is is is for for for you you you to to decide.阅读相对论原文：Stephen William Hawking BiographyThe theories of British physicist and mathematician Stephen William Hawking (born 1942) placed him in the great tradition of Newton and Einstein. Hawking made fundamental contributions to the science of cosmology--the study of the origins, structure, and space-time relationships of the universe. Stephen Stephen W. W. Hawking Hawking was was was born born born on on on January January January 8, 8, 8, 1942, 1942, 1942, in in in Oxford, Oxford, Oxford, England. England. England. His His His father, father, a a well-known well-known researcher in tropical medicine, urged his son to seek a career in the sciences. Stephen found biology and medicine too descriptive and lacking in exactness. Therefore, he turned to the study of mathematics and physics. Hawking Hawking was was was not not not an an an outstanding outstanding student student at at at St. St. St. Alban's Alban's Alban's School, School, School, Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, nor nor later later later at at at Oxford Oxford University, which he entered in 1959. He was a sociable young man who did little schoolwork because he was able to grasp the essentials of a mathematics or physics problem quickly and intuitively. While at Oxford he he became became increasingly interested in in relativity relativity theory theory and and quantum quantum mechanics, mechanics, eventually graduating with a first class honors in physics (1962). He immediately began post-graduate studies at Cambridge University. The onset of Hawking's graduate education at Cambridge marked a turning point in his life. It was then that he embarked upon the formal study of cosmology that focused his intellectual energies in a way that they they had had had never never never been been been previously. previously. And And it it it was was was then then then that that that he he he was was was first first first stricken stricken stricken with with with amyotrophic amyotrophic amyotrophic lateral lateral sclerosis sclerosis (Lou (Lou (Lou Gehrig's Gehrig's Gehrig's disease), disease), disease), a a a debilitating debilitating debilitating neuromotor neuromotor neuromotor disease disease disease that that that eventually eventually eventually led led led to to to his his his total total confinement to a wheelchair and to a virtual loss of his speech functions. At Cambridge his talents were recognized by his major professor, the cosmologist Dennis W. Sciama, and he was encouraged to carry on on his his his studies studies studies despite despite despite his his his growing growing growing physical physical physical disabilities. disabilities. disabilities. His His His marriage marriage marriage in in in 1965 1965 1965 to to to Jane Jane Jane Wilde Wilde Wilde was was was an an important step in his emotional life. Marriage gave him, he recalled, the determination to live and make professional progress in the world of science. Hawking received his doctorate degree in 1966 and began his life-long research and teaching association with Cambridge University. Hawking made his first major contribution to science with his theorem of singularity, a work which grew out of his collaboration with theoretician Roger Penrose. A singularity is a place in either space or time at which some quantity becomes infinite. Such a place is found in a black hole, the final stage of a collapsed star, star, where where where the the the gravitational gravitational gravitational field field field has has has infinite infinite infinite strength. strength. strength. Penrose Penrose Penrose proved proved proved that that that a a a singularity singularity singularity was was was not not not a a hypothetical construct; it could exist in the space-time of a real universe. Drawing upon Penrose's work and on Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, Hawking demonstrated that our our universe universe universe had had had its its its origins origins origins in in in a a a singularity. singularity. In In the the the beginning beginning beginning all all all of of of the the the matter matter matter in in in the the the universe universe universe was was concentrated in a single point, making a very small but tremendously dense body. Ten to twenty billion years ago that body exploded in a big bang which initiated time and the universe. Hawking was able to bring current astrophysical research to support the big bang theory of the origin of the universe and refute the rival steady-state theory. Hawking's research into the cosmological implications of singularities led him to study the properties of the the best-known best-known best-known singularity: singularity: singularity: the the the black black black hole. hole. hole. Although Although Although a a a black black black hole hole hole is is is a a a discontinuity discontinuity discontinuity in in in space-time, space-time, space-time, its its boundary, called the event horizon, can be detected. Hawking proved that the surface area of the event horizon of a black hole could only increase, not decrease, and that when two black holes merged the surface surface area area area of of of the the the new new new hole hole hole was was was larger larger larger than than than the the the sum sum sum of of of the the the two two two original original original surface surface surface areas. areas. areas. Working Working Working in in concert concert with with with B. B. B. Carter, Carter, Carter, W. W. W. Israel, Israel, Israel, and and and D. D. D. Robinson, Robinson, Robinson, Hawking Hawking Hawking was was was also also also able able able to to to prove prove prove the the the "No "No "No Hair Hair Theorem" first proposed by physicist John Wheeler. According to this theorem, mass, angular momentum, and electric charge were the sole properties conserved when matter entered a black hole. Hawking's continuing examination of the nature of black holes led to two important discoveries. The first of them, that black holes can emit thermal radiation, was contrary to the claim that nothing could escape from a black hole. The second concerned the size of black holes. As originally conceived, black holes were immense in size because they were the end result of the collapse of gigantic stars. Using quantum mechanics mechanics to to to study study study particle particle particle interaction interaction interaction at at at the the the subatomic subatomic subatomic level, level, level, Hawking Hawking Hawking postulated postulated postulated the the the existence existence existence of of millions of mini-black holes. These were formed by the force of the original big bang explosion. Hawking summarized his scientific interests as "gravity--on all scales," from the realm of galaxies at one extreme to the subatomic at the other extreme. In the 1980s Hawking worked on a theory that Einstein unsuccessfully searched for in his later years. This is the famous unified field theory that aims to bring together together quantum quantum quantum mechanics mechanics mechanics and and and relativity relativity relativity in in in a a a quantum quantum quantum theory theory theory of of of gravity. gravity. gravity. A A A complete complete complete unified unified unified theory theory encompasses encompasses the the the four four four main main main interactions interactions interactions known known known to to to modern modern modern physics: physics: physics: the the the strong strong strong nuclear nuclear nuclear force, force, force, which which operates at the subatomic level; electromagnetism; the weak nuclear force of radioactivity; and gravity. The unified theory would account for the conditions which prevailed at the origin of the universe as well as for the existing physical laws of nature. When humans develop the unified field theory, said Hawking, they will "know the mind of God." As his physical condition grew worse Hawking's intellectual achievements increased. Not content with causing a revolution in cosmology, he presented a popular exposition of his ideas in A Brief History ofTime: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. First published in 1988, this book acquired great popularity in the United States. It sold over a million copies and was listed as the best-selling nonfiction book for over a year. In In 1993 1993 1993 Hawking Hawking Hawking wrote wrote Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays , , which, which, which, in in in addition addition addition to to to a a discussion discussion of of of whether whether whether elementary elementary elementary particles particles particles that that that fall fall fall into into into black black black holes holes holes can can can form form form new, new, new, "baby" "baby" "baby" universes universes separate from our own, contains chapters about Hawking's personal life. He co-authored a book in 1996 with Sir Roger Penrose titled The Nature of Space and Time, which is based on a series of lectures and a final final debate debate debate by by by the the the two two two authors. authors. authors. Issues Issues Issues discussed discussed discussed in in in this this this book book book include include include whether whether whether the the the universe universe universe has has boundaries and if it will continue to expand forever. Hawking says yes to the first question and no to the second, while Penrose argues the opposite. Hawking joined Penrose again the following year, as well as Abner Shimony and Nancy Cartwright, in the creation of another book, The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind (1997). In this collection of talks given as Cambridge's 1995 Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Hawking and the others respond to Penrose's thesis on general relativity, quantum physics, and artificial intelligence. Hawking's work in modern cosmology and in theoretical astronomy and physics was widely recognized. He He became became became a a a fellow fellow fellow of of of the the the Royal Royal Royal Society Society Society of of of London London London in in in 1974 1974 1974 and and and five five five years years years later later later was was was named named named to to to a a professorial professorial chair chair chair once once once held held held by by by Sir Sir Sir Isaac Isaac Isaac Newton: Newton: Newton: Lucasian Lucasian Lucasian professor professor professor of of of mathematics, mathematics, mathematics, Cambridge Cambridge University. Beyond these honors he earned a host of honorary degrees, awards, prizes, and lectureships from the major universities and scientific societies of Europe and America. These included the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, in 1975; the Pius XI Gold Medal, in 1975; the Maxwell Medal of the Institute of Physics, in 1976; the Albert Einstein Award of the Lewis and Rose Strauss Memorial Fund (the most prestigious award in theoretical physics), in 1978; the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute, in 1981; the Gold Medal of the Royal Society, in 1985; the Paul Dirac Medal and Prize, in 1987; and the Britannica Award, in 1989. By the last decade of the 20th century Stephen Hawking had become one of the best-known scientists in the world. Hawking's endeavors include endorsing a wireless connection to the internet produced by U.S. Robotics Inc., beginning in March 1997, and speaking to wheelchair-bound youth. In addition, Hawking made an appearance on the television series Star Trek that his fans will not soon forget. Hawking does not readily discuss his personal life, but it is generally know that he was divorced from his first wife in 1991 and they have two sons and a daughter. When asked about his objectives, Hawking told Robert Deltete of Zygon in a 1995 interview, "My goal is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all." 阅读生物入侵原文：WHAT WHAT makes makes makes for for for a a a successful successful successful invasion? invasion? invasion? Often, Often, Often, the the the answer answer answer is is is to to have have better better better weapons weapons weapons than than than the the the enemy. enemy. And, as it is with people, so it is with plants —at least, that is the conclusion of a paper published published in in in ★★Biology Biology Letters[1] Letters[1] by Naomi Cappuccino, Cappuccino, of of Carleton University, University, and and Thor Arnason, of the University of Ottawa, both in Canada.怎样才能成功入侵？答案常常是：拥有比敌人更好的武器。
南开大学2020年考博英语试题1001英语(试卷B)
C.rich and powerful entrepreneurs
D.people operating an online business
4.In paragraph 4, the author seemsto _______.
Today pumped hydropower is the most common way to store energy. When it is sunny or windy any excess electricity from solar and wind farms can be used to pump water uphill into reservoirs, to be released later to generate hydropower. But lots of places lack mountains, rain and room. Batteries are an alternative. They can smooth jumps and drops in supply and store renewable energy when it is abundant, as in California on a sunny afternoon, and then release it in the evening, when demand rises. If batteries are to realise their potential, they need to become cheaper and better. Progress is being made. Lithium-ion batteries have become 85% less expensive since 2010, as firms have poured capital into factories to mass-produce batteries for electric vehicles. But technical problems persist. For example, lithium-ion batteries are bad at storing energy for long periods, which is important in countries with rainy seasons. Happily, firms are experimenting.Tycoons, including Jack Ma of Alibaba and Jeff Bezos of Amazon, have invested in startups that are pursuing energy storage usingeverything from novel battery designs to molten salt to pressurised water pumped underground.
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷9
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients—to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death? In medicine as in law, government, and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy.What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer? If he asks, should the doctor deny that he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the illness? Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient’s own sake. In thei r eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones. Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide. As one physician wrote: “Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth’s sake, and that is, as far as po ssible ‘do no harm’.” Armed with such a precept, a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that they assume will “do no harm” and may well help their patients. But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be documented. Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning thatthey invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health. Lies also do harms to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of “defensive medicine”, and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession.1.Doctors think that lying to their patients is （）.2.Most patients think that being told the truth of their illness may （） .3.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the author?4.What is the author’s attitude towards doctors?问题1选项A.a medical traditionB.to harm their own integrityC.to defend medicineD.utte ring the truth for truth’s sake问题2选项A.slow down recoveryB.lead to suicide in some casesC.be too hard for them to acceptD.help deal with illness问题3选项B.D octors’ reluctance to tell patient truth has no real support in reality.C.Doctors’ lies are different from that of lawyers and government officials.D.Doctors and patients hold different views about telling truth.问题4选项A.realisticB.praisingC.objectiveD.appreciative【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C【解析】1.信息推断题。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷14
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题An unidentified wit once said, “laugh, and the world laughs with you. Snore, and you sleep alone.” Yet snoring is far from a laughing matter, as those unfortunates with good hearing, who are rightly subjected to the sounds of the snoring disorder, will testify.It has been estimated that one of eight Americans snores: this means that there are approximately 21 million people—women as well as men—who render an unpleasant sound when they are asleep. And assuming that each snorer disturbs the sleep of at least one other person, it necessarily follows that there are 21 million unhappy listeners. While a sleeping person breathes, either in or out, several structures in his nose and throat generate the snoring. The sounds, coming from the soft palate and other soft structures of the throat, are caused by vibratory responses to inflowing and outflowing air. When the soft tissues of the mouth and throat come close to the lining of the throat, the vibrations that occur are caused by the position of the tongue. In short, the noise made by snoring can be compared to the noise when breezes flutter a flag on a pole. The frequency of the vibrations depends on the size, density, and elasticity of the affected tissues and on the force of the air flow. Although it is usually the process of in haling or exhaling through the mouth that cause snoring, short snorts come from the nose of an open-mouthed sleeper. In all fairness to snorers, however, it should be emphasized that snoring is an involuntary out which stops as the offender is awakened.2.If a person produces short snores, most probably he has （） .3.The snorers can have control over their act.4.The author’s attitude to wards the snorers is （） .问题1选项A.the soft palate and other structures of the throatB.the inflowing and outflowing air through the noseC.the inflowing and outflowing air through mouthD.the vibrations as a result of the inflowing and outflowing air问题2选项A.a soft palateB.a big noseC.an open mouthD.a small throat问题3选项A.The snorers can have control over their act.B.both the listeners and the snorers wish to stop the offensive sound of snoring.C.The frequency of the vibrations depends on the position of the tongue.D.There are more men than women who snore.问题4选项A.objectiveB.subjectiveC.sympatheticD.annoyed【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：83
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.写作题Nowadays, advertisements can be found everywhere in a big city such as Shanghai. They shout at us from the television screen and radio loudspeakers, wave to us from every page of the newspaper, signal to us from the roadside billboards all day and flash messages to us in colored lights all night. What do you think of the flood of advertising make any contribution to our society?For this part you are to write a composition on the topic If There Were No Advertisements. You should illustrate your viewpoints on advertisement in no less than 200 words.【答案】2.单选题Researchers have found that migrating animals use a variety of inner compasses to help them navigate. Some direct themselves by the position of the sun. Others navigate by the stars. Some use the sun as their guide during the day, and then switch tn star navigation by night. One study shows that the homing pigeon uses the Earth's magnetic fields as a guide in finding its way home, and there are indications that various other animals, from insects to mollusks, can also make use of magnetic compasses. It is of course very useful for a migrating bird to be able to switch to a magnetic compass when clouds cover the sun; otherwise it would just have to land and wait for the sun to come out again.Even with the sun or stars to guide by, the problems of navigation are more complicated than they might seem at first. For example, a worker honeybee that has found a rich source of nectar and pollen flies rapidly home to report. A scientist has discovered that the bee sent out to look for food delivers her report through a complicated dance to the other workers not only how far away the food is, but also what direction to fly in relation to the sun. But the sun does not stay in one place all day. As the workers start out to gather the toed, the sun may already have changed its position in the sky somewhat. In later trips during the day, the sun will seem to move farther and farther toward the west. Yet the worker bee seem to have no trouble at all in finding the food source. Their inner clocks tell them just where the sun will be, and they change their course correspondingly.1.The author mentions all the following natural phenomena that help animals navigate EXCEPT （）.2.What makes it necessary for a bird to rely on a magnetic compass when navigating?3.According to the passage what information does the dance of the scout bee communicate to the other worker bees?4.What enables the bees to fly by the sun even though the sun’s position is not fixed?问题1选项A.the sunB.the starsC.magnetic fieldsD.wind direction问题2选项A.The possibility of bad weatherB.The constant motion of the sun.C.Its patterns of migration.D.Its need to constantly change homes.问题3选项A.The time of the day.B.What the weather is like.C.How far away the food is.D.Which flowers the scout has found.问题4选项A.They are equipped with biological time clocks.B.They fly in formation behind the scout bee.C.They have excellent eyesight.D.They have long memories.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：95
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Unless you lived through the Eisenhower era, it may be hard to imagine the impact of the on-screen sight of sneering high-school students challenging adults with switch-blades. But in 1950s America, killing was still seen as something rare and horrible, something done by soldiers in battle, by lawmen, by gangsters, or by the occasional psychopath.Homicides in movies, even those considered violent, were infrequent. Those films presented juvenile delinquency more as the thread of rebellion and disobedience than of outright violence.The idea of American teenagers as killers was beyond compression. The change in 1957 when a wave of teen-street-gang killing in New York City (22 in the first six months of the year) spurred the emergency deployment of six hundred Police Academy cadets in a war on teen street crime. Though teen violence soon lost its place in news headlines to other crises, it did not go away.Thirty-five years later America is in the grip of a violence epidemic that has transformed the country into one of the most dangerous nations on earth. The national homicide rate, corrected for population growth, increased almost exactly 100 percent from 1950 to 1990. In major cities the increase has been much higher. In Los Angeles County the 1953 homicide total was 82. In 1992, with a population almost doubled, the total was 2, 512一an increase of over 1, 000 percent. These are staggering increase by any measure, with the one-year toll for L.A. County exceeding the deaths in over fifteen years of conflict in Northern Ireland.Youth crime accounts for a disproportionate number of these killings. That’s more than twice the number recorded a decade earlier, reflecting the fact, according to FBI reports, that the number of youths who committed murder with guns was up 79 percent in one decade. Clearly something has gone horribly wrong. In looking for a root cause, one of the most obvious differences in the social and cultural fabric between post-World War II and pre-World War II America is the massive and pervasive exposure of American youth to television. Since the 1950s, behavioral scientists and medical researchers have been examining screen violence as a possible causative element in America’s spiraling violent crime rate. There is compelling evidence of a direct, demonstrable link. Homicide has become the second leading cause among African-American youth. In 1992 the US surgeon general cited violence as the leading cause of injury to women aged 15 to 44, and the US Centers for Disease Control consider violence a public health issue, to be treated as an epidemic.1.From the passage we can infer that （） .2.Which of the following is not true?3.A major reason for youth crime increase is （） .4.It is a fact, in 1992, that （） .5.The word “spiraling”（Para.5） is close in meaning to （） .问题1选项A.from the 1950s on high-school students have been a threat to the safety of adultsB.in the 1950s only some gun-men used gun as weaponsC.it was in the late 1950s that violence was frequentD.youth crime began in the 1950s问题2选项A.There were more than 22 killings of teenagers in New York, in 1957.B.The wave of teen murder urged policemen to take a quick action.C.Violence was so emergent that even six hundred students of Police Academy were turned to for help.D.Six hundred students of Police Academy were involved in the street crime.问题3选项A.population grows too muchB.young people are exposed too much to screen violenceC.violence is a public issueD.the economic background问题4选项A.population in Los Angeles was of 2, 512 peopleB.homicide totaled 352 in Los AngelesC.homicide rose up to 2, 512 in Los AngelesD.population in Los Angeles was over 1, 512问题5选项A.movingB.changingC.risingD.falling【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。
南开大学考博英语真题解析—育明考博
南开大学考博英语真题解析1. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were_______.A.hung upB.hung backC.cut downD.cut off参考答案：D解析：正确答案选D。
(A) hung up："把……挂起来，挂断电话"。
(B)hung back："犹豫;踌躇不前"。
(C)cut down："砍倒"。
(D)cut off："突然中断，切断，打断"。
(B)、(C)与原句意思较远，应立即排除。
(A)虽可作"挂断电话"解，但是通常指双方通话期间，其中一方把电话挂断。
本句的后半句是"we are---"，显然在双方通话期间，没有任何一方把电话挂断，而是外来因素(如：接线员)把"我们的通话突然中断了。
"(D)符合句意，应填(D)。
2. She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend _______here so that she could learn more about the city.A.sometimesB.some timeC.sometimeD.some times参考答案：B解析：正确答案选B。
(A) sometimes："有时"。
(B)some time："一些时间"。
(C)sometime："以前的，一度的，前任的"。
(D)some times："在某些场合，不时"。
从句意上看，应填(B)。
全句的意思是：她不知道她是否有机会在此处花一些时间以便使她更多了解这个城市的情况。
3. Ms. Breen has been living in town for only one year, yet she seemsto be _______with everyone who comes to the store.A.acceptedB.admittedC.admiredD.acquainted参考答案：D（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537)解析：正确答案选D。
南开大学2014年考博英语真题
南开大学2014年考博英语真题Section ADirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B，C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points，2 points each)Passage OneI recently conducted a survey to see what people thought and knew about Martin Luther King, Jr. I did this by bringing up the subject of MLK Day in casual conversations with people and gauging their reaction. (The sampling was 23 friends, colleagues, and strangers； 10 Black, 9 White, 3 Hispanic,1 Asian； 4 were between the ages 42 -35 and 19 were 34 -20. ) All knew King as the famous black civil rights leader who was killed, but few knew much more. The majority of people under 30— regardless of race—knew little more, in fact. How is it that Jill (black, 27, college educated) did not know that MLK was a Nobel Peace Prize recipient? Or that Tim (white, 31，college educated) was clueless about King’s nonviolent approach to civil rights activism?Darlene (black, 23) thought she should have the day off to sleep in. She had no idea the MLK day is really about doing something to inspire others.What is the point of having a day to mark the man if we do not understand the significance of his life? How is it that not only one of the greatest Americans, but one of the most influential humans in the history of our planet is not better known in this country? Had King been a football player or a musician, he may have registered better with the present generation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was more than just an inspirational black leader. His desire and ability to rise above his own failings and those of fellow humans uplifted us all—both those who were living at the time and those who have come after. Even if we do not know it, our world is a better place because of his light.Dr. King’s life was extinguished more than 30 years ago, but not his light. It is still here for each of us to carry, and to illuminate even brighter with our own unique creativity and contributions. Martin Luther King, Jr. was bom on January 15,1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. After graduating from Morehouse College and becoming a minister, he made his way to Montgomery, Alabama in 1954. This was an important decision for it was in the same city that, on December 1 of the following year, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white man. King was elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association and led a boycott of Montgomery buses throughout 1956, which brought him national recognition.King’s legacy of non-violent activism was influenced by the teachings of Jesus and Gandhi. King reinforced and expanded his Biblical convictions during a visit to India in 1959, where he studied Gandhi’s methods of non-violent protests during the early 1960’s.A gifted orator, King ignited the world and a generation in the cause for American civil rights with his “I Have a Dream” speech on Aug 28 1963 to a crowd of 250 000 in Washington, D. C. “We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protests to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force” ...“I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal. ’’ ...“When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, ‘ Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!，”Dr. King received the Nobel Peace Prize and was named Time magazine’s u Person of the Year” in 1964. In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, he said, “ Non-violence is the answer to the crucial political and moral questions of our time: the need for man to overcome oppression and violence without resorting to oppression and violence. Man must evolve for all human conflicts a method which rejects revenge, aggression and retaliation. The foundation of such a method is love. ’’ King was one of the most extraordinary humans to ever grace our planet. He was a man who methate and hopeless with love and inspiration. He used non-violence to point out the obscenity of violence. Martin Luther King was gunned down at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis on April 4, 1968. Some call it irony. I choose to think of it as his final lesson to us.1. The Purpose of the author in writing the passage is to .A. condemn the terrorist action of Martin Luther King, Jr.，s assassinationB. honor Martin Luther King, Jr. since MLK Day is drawing nearC. criticize the present generations for their ignorance of Dr. KingD. highlight the significance of the beliefs and spirit of Dr. King2. “Had King been a football player or a musician, he may have registered better with the present generation. ’’ (Para. 4) can be best interpreted as “”.A. King is not remembered by the present generation as a football player or a musicianB. The present generation is ignorant of King who gave his life for the peoples of the worldC. If King had turned to music or sports he would have been more successfulD. It is meaningless to have a day to mark King since he is not famous enough3. According to Dr. King, what is the solution to major political and moral problems?A. Non-violence.B. Armed struggle.C. Violent activism.D. Believing in God.4. Which of the following statements about Martin Luther King, Jr. is true?A. His Nobel Prize acceptance speech was the famous “I Have a Dream” speech.B. He was the first one who adopted a non-violent approach in political struggle.C. He had a firm belief in God, which helped to form his non-violent activism.D. He was named 4< Person of the Year” because of his w I Have a Dreamv speech.5. The overall tone of the article can be best summarized as .A. emotionalB. furiousC. indifferentD. matter-of-factPassage TwoA few decades ago, it was still possible to leave home and go somewhere else: the architecture was different, the landscape was different, the language, lifestyle, dress, and values were different. That was a time when we could speak of cultural diversity. But with economic globalization, diversity is fast disappearing. The goal of the global economy is that all countries should be homogenized. When global hotel chains advertise to tourists that all their rooms in every city of the world are identical, they don’t mention that the cities are becoming identical too: cars, noise, smog, corporate high-rises, violence, fast food, McDonalds, Nikes, Levis, Barbie Dolls, American TV and film. What，s the point of leaving home?There are many causes for this dreary turn of events, but one is central: economic globalization and institutions like the World Bank and the WTO promote a specifickind of homogenizing development that frees the largest corporations in the world to invest and operate in every market, everywhere. For these agencies and corporation, diversity is not a primary value: efficiency is. Diversity is an enemy because it requires differentiated sales appeal. What corporations love is creating the same values，the same tastes, using the same advertising, selling the same products, and driving out small local competitors. Mass marketers prefer homogenized consumers. They also prefer places with low wages, cheap resources, and the least restrictive environmental and labor laws. The new rules of global trade are primarily set by the ultra-secretive World Trade Organization (WTO), which now rivals the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the most powerful, yet undemocratic body in the world. Its rules are specifically designed to serve global corporate expansion and the homogenization process. They make it nearly impossible for nation-states to prevent certain harmful forms of corporate development, no matter what problems they bring. So we find that European bankers can dominate Third World economies ； Asian companies can cut down Canadian and Brazilian forests ；American corporations can dominate the whole world’s farmers and food supply ；Disney can homogenize consciousness and McDonalds can homogenize tastes, globally. Every country loses while global corporations win.Corporate invasions into diverse cultures often occur over vigorous protests by local governments and populations that try to protect local business, culture, health, food safety, and local livelihoods. Not everyone wants to become like everyone else. ( More than one million of India’s small farmers protested against the entry of industrial agriculture, specifically Cargill Corporation and Kentucky Fried Chicken. ) Millions of others have protested against the invasion and promotion of genetically engineered foods which are destroying local livelihoods and threatening public health. But whencountries try to slow down these corporate invasions—or create laws that protect local resources, or jobs, or health standards一they may find the laws challenged at the WTO as illegal restrictions against foreign investment. In fact, a recently proposed addition to the WTO would make it nearly impossible for any country to prevent imports of biotech food products—despite public concern over health aspects. Meanwhile, all places are starting to merge. In rural France, local cheese farms are sucked up by giant agribusiness. In England, small towns in the countryside have high-speed freeways and trucks jamming through them despite mass opposition. Rice paddies in Bali are turned into hotel resorts. Small farms in Japan become executive golf courses. Small businesses and retail shops everywhere, including the U. S. , are being driven under by untaxed e-commerce, which the WTO may soon codify. Nepalese villages have Sylvester Stallone on their billboards, Barbie in their stores, and Jay Leno on their TV sets.Every place is becoming everyplace else: monoculture. “Get there before it’sruined. ” Is this a familiar phrase? Is this a system you want?If globalization homogenizes cultures, its effect on Nature is just as bad. With every country pressured to open up its forests, minerals, water, and land to global corporations, the few pristine places are disappearing fast. So are the native people who live in them. So are the animals, plants and biota …the biodiversity of the planet. ( Brazil, for example, recently suspended its environmental laws, so that Amazon forests can be cut down faster to help the country pay off IMF debts.) Meanwhile, industrial forestry practices, like clear-cutting, produce landscapes so barren that it’s hard to know if it’s the Amazon or Oregon ； landscapes of tree stumps look alike wherever they are. This is monoculture too. Biodiversity is disappearing as fast as cultural diversity. Here’s the rationale for all this: By serving the needs of global business, everyone benefits. “A rising tide lifts all boats. ’’ Is this true? While CEO salaries for global corporations are rising —some make $ 50 - 500 million annually—worldwide, real wages for most people are falling. According to the U. N. , the gaps between rich and poor within countries and among countries, has grown because of the inequities of global trade. Even in the U. S. , the median wage of factory workers has fallen by 10% in the last two decades. And, England now advertises that its workers are the lowest paid in Europe. Low wages are suddenly virtuous. Apparently, the rising tide lifts mainly yachts.The global economy is designed to benefit the largest corporations in the world, who are getting rapidly larger and more dominant. Already some corporations are bigger in economic terms than most nation states. Mitsubishi is the 22nd largest economy in the world. General Motors is 26th. Ford is 31st. They are larger than Denmark, Thailand, Turkey, Norway, Greece, Chile, Brazil, New Zealand and dozens of others. What can we do? Dozens of good organizations are working on these issues. This year, most are focused on the World Trade Organization Ministerial Meeting in Seattle, Washington, two weeks from now. Most groups are demanding a halt to all WTO expansion and a full public reassessment of its activities.6. From the first paragraph，we know that .A. the author is describing both the good and bad impacts of economic globalizationB. globalization is reducing the differences between the rich and the poorC. the author is unhappy with the consequences of globalizationD. globalization is good for both the rich and the poor7. The main purpose of the author in writing this passage is .A. to discuss what’s good and what’s bad in economic globalizationB. to blame the WTO and other large global corporations for their wrongdoingsC. to justify his worries about the disappearance of cultural diversityD. to refute the rationale of globalization and show his objection to global monoculture8. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about a homogenized world?A. Every place will become exactly the same as every place else.B. Cultural diversity and biodiversity will not be ruined.C. People’s value orientation is sure to be identical gradually.D. People can buy the same goods and may have the same tastes.9. Who should be blamed for the Brazilian forests，being down?A. The International Monetary fund.B. The World Trade Organization.C. Large global corporations such as Mitsubishi.D. The Brazilian government.10. We can infer from the passage that vigorous protests occurred in India because •A. the Indians didn’t like the rules of the World Trade OrganizationB. global corporations promoted the sale of genetically engineered foods thereC. the international corporations have destroyed the local people’s livelihood and healthD. the Indians didn’t want to follow the new rules of global tradePassage ThreeUnless you lived through the Eisenhower era, it may be hard to imagine the impactof the on- screen sight of sneering high-school students challenging adults with switch-blades. But in 1950s America, killing was still seen as something rare and horrible, something done by soldiers in battle, by lawmen, by gangsters, or by the occasional psychopath. Homicides in movies, even those considered violent, were infrequent. Those films presented juvenile delinquency more as the thread of rebellion and disobedience than of outright violence.The idea of American teenagers as killers was beyond compression. The change in 1957 when a wave of teen-street-gang killing in New York City (22 in the first six months of the year) spurred the emergency deployment of six hundred Police Academy cadets in a war on teen street crime. Though teen violence soon lost its place in news headlines to other crises, it did not go away.Thirty-five years later America is in the grip of a violence epidemic that has transformed the country into one of the most dangerous nations on earth. The national homicide rate, corrected for population growth, increased almost exactly 100 percent from 1950 to 1990. In major cities the increase has been much higher. In Los Angeles County the 1953 homicide total was 82. In 1992, with a population almost doubled, the total was 2, 512一an increase of over 1, 000 percent. These are staggering increase by any measure, with the one-year toll for L. A. County exceeding the deaths in over fifteen years of conflict in Northern Ireland. Youth crime accounts for a disproportionate number of these killings. That’s more than twice the number recorded a decade earlier, reflecting the fact, according to FBI reports, that the number of youths who committed murder with guns was up 79 percent in one decade. Clearly something has gone horribly wrong. In looking for a root cause, one of the most obvious differences in the social and cultural fabric between post-World War II and pre-World War II America is the massive and pervasive exposure of American youth to television. Since the 1950s, behavioral scientists and medical researchers have been examining screen violence as a possible causative element in America’s spiraling violent crime rate. There is compelling evidence of a direct, demonstrable link. Homicide has become the second leading cause among African-American youth. In 1992 the US surgeon general cited violence as the leading cause of injury to women aged 15 to 44, and the US Centers for Disease Control consider violence a public health issue, to be treated as an epidemic.11. From the passage we can infer that .A. from the 1950s on high-school students have been a threat to the safety of adultsB. in the 1950s only some gun-men used gun as weaponsC. it was in the late 1950s that violence was frequentD. youth crime began in the 1950s12. Which of the following is not true?A. There were more than 22 killings of teenagers in New York, in 1957.B. The wave of teen murder urged policemen to take a quick action.C. Violence was so emergent that even six hundred students of Police Academy were turned to for help.D. Six hundred students of Police Academy were involved in the street crime.13. A major reason for youth crime increase is .A. population grows too muchB. young people are exposed too much to screen violenceC. violence is a public issueD. the economic background14. It is a fact, in 1992, that .A. population in Los Angeles was of 2, 512 peopleB. homicide totaled 352 in Los AngelesC. homicide rose up to 2, 512 in Los AngelesD. population in Los Angeles was over 1, 51215. The word “spiraling”（Para.5） is close in meaning to .A. movingB. changingC. risingD. fallingPassage FourMy mother raised me as best as she could, taking on odd jobs in the neighborhood for money. Still without a father to tell me how to act and what was expected of me, I felt lost. I wandered for years and got involved with tough guys on the East Side of New York. They would fight madly over adropped coin. They would steal to get what they wanted. I wanted to be like them.It was lucky for me that I left the city and entered a world of discipline, after following my mother’s advice. During three years of military service, I had time to rethink my life, and my thoughts often ran to my mother. I realized suddenly just how much of a heartache I must have been to her, how little I had noticed her suffering. When my father left this world, my mother was completely alone. To support us, my mother cleaned apartments and took in washing and ironing from the neighbors. And as she worked hard at this labor, she kept her head high. Each week she would bring a pile of books home from the library and read to us. My mother had wanted nothing more than for me to turn into an honest responsible man. But I had acted against her. Finally, almost too late I had the sense to feel shame. Ten years passed and I returned to the apartment on the East Side. I knew I wouldn’t fall back in with the wrong people, although I still wasn’t sure where I was heading. My mother, I could tell was worried about me. In my neighborhood, to become a police officer or a firefighter was a mark of significant social success and achievement. For me it was an opportunity for a real start in life. I wondered if I was up to it, but I knew that it was time to try. When I found myself in the big hall raising my hands to take the firefighter’s oath of office, my mother was sitting a few rows behind with a smile of relief. She knew that at last I was off on life’s road and moving steadily. Her smile said, “My job is finally done. ”16. From this story, we may guess that the East Side of New York must be a area.A. commercialB. richC. poorD. distant17. The author used to behave himself •A. oddlyB. toughlyC. remarkablyD. badly18. From the context, we understand that “odd jobs” in the first paragraph refer to jobsA. of cleaning, washing and ironingB. which are not regular or fixedC. which one can make extra money withD. with house work19. In the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author says “It was lucky for me that...”The lucky experience he talks about here is his experience of .A. the three years of military serviceB. leaving a world of disciplineC. leaving the city and his motherD. fighting with tough guys20. What is NOT true according to the passage?A. After her husband died, his mother did all available jobs to support the family.B. The author was surprised that he was accepted as a firefighter.C. The author finally realized that his mother always wanted him to be an honest and responsible man.D. In face of poverty, his mother never lowered her head. She bravely struggled on.Section B Replacing the Removed SentencesDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 21 - 25, choose the most suitable one from the list A - G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices，which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points, 2 points each) Honesty no longer seems to be the best policy with telling of lies becoming a common part of our daily lives. A new research by a psychologist has revealed that most people lie in everyday conversation when they are trying to appear likable and competent.21. “ People tell a considerable number of lies in everyday conversation. It wasa very surprising result. We didn’t expect lying to be such a part of daily conversation，’’ said Robert Feldman.The study also found that lies told by men and women differ in content, though not in quantity.22. “Women were more likely to lie to make the person they were talking to feel good, while men lied most often to make themselves look better，” Feldman noted.As part of the study, a group of 121 pairs of undergraduate students were recruited to participate. 23. Participants were unaware that the session was being videotaped. At the end of the session, the students were then asked to watch the video of them and identify any inaccuracies in what they had said during the conversation. They were encouraged to identify all lies, no matter how big or small.Feldman said the students who participated in the study were surprised at their own results. “When they were watching themselves on videotape, people found themselves lying much more than they thought they had，” Feldman said. The lies the students told varied considerably. 24. Others were more extreme，such as falsely claiming to be the star of a rock band. “It’s so easy to lie,” Feldman said. “We teach our children to be honest, but we also tell them it’s polite to pretendthey like a birthday gift they’ve been given. ”A. The results showed that men do not lie more than women or vice versa, but they lie in different ways.B. Kids get a very mixed message regarding the practical aspects of lying, and it has an impact on how they behave as adults.C. Some were relatively minor, such as agreeing with the person that they liked someone when they did not.D. They were told that the purpose of the study was to examine how people interact when they meet someone new.E. We are told it is a fact that both adults and children lie many times a day.F. The study, published in the Journal of Basic and Applied Social Psychology, found that 60 percent of people lied at least once during a 10-minute conversation and told an average of two to three lies.G. Anyway, the knowledge that we are all capable of lying makes it really hard to trust people when they tell you things.Part D VocabularyDirections: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points，0. 5 point each)25. Jack came to the party with a young woman, whom I to be his girl friend.A. pretendedB. supposedC. resumedD. granted26. I took someone else’s book mistake.A. inB. forC. withD. by27. Henry looked very much when he was caught cheating in the biology exam.A. discouragedB. embarrassedC. disappointedD. bewildered28. The problem has simply because you didn’t follow my instruction.A. raisedB. risenC. arisenD. aroused29. Recently the newspapers have reported several on the boundaries of Israel and Jordan.A. accidentsB. incidentsC. eventsD. happenings30. The actual cost of the building was much higher than our original •A. considerationB. judgmentC. estimateD. plan31. The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to the weight of the building.A. idealizeB. subsideC. initiateD. sustain32.The torch was by a famous athlete at the opening of the sports meeting.A. deceivedB. ignitedC. implementedD. designated33.The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get quickly.A. decomposedB. denouncedC. detachedD. deduced34.Mary didn’t openly attack the plan, but her opposition was in her failure to say anything in support of it.A. explicitB. implicitC. internalD. immortal35.His heart with excitement as he was waiting for the reception by the leaders.A. flappedB. flourishedC. flushedD. fluttered36.The doctors are very much worried about the of the patient’s condition after operation.A. dispositionB. deliberationC. deterioration37.The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that refreshments.A. at largeB. at easeC. at randomD. at intervals38.The company will to its agreement, no matter how costly the process may be.A. retainB. alterC. adhereD. abandon39.You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. unlessB. so long asC. otherwiseD. whereas40.The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under of law.A. guidelineB. definitionC. constraintD. identity41.If you don’t want to talk to him，I’ll speak to him ,A. on your behalfB. on your accountC. for your part42.Difficult as it is, English study is in the long run to a learner in his or her career development.A. rewardingB. advantageousC. profitableD. earning43.Cosmic rays of various kinds come through the air from outer space，but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are off.A. avoidedB. excludedC. separatedD. screened44.The famous inventor was awarded an doctorate by the university.A. honorableB. honoraryC. honoredD. honorific45.The senator agrees that his support of the action would his chances for reelection.A. obscureB. mystifyC. jeopardizeD. distinguish46.We can rely on William to carry out this mission, for his judgment is always •A. inexplicableB. healthyC. soundD. straight47.When she entered the room, the smell of her perfume immediately the room.A. distributedB. penetratedC. pervadedD. perished48.It goes without saying that people who refuse to with the law will be punished.A. complyB. concealC. consentD. abide49.Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, their cleanness，toughness， and low cost.A. in addition toB. by virtue ofC. as opposed to50.The book might well have had it been less expensive.A. worked outB. gone throughC. fitted in51.When there are not enough volunteers for the armed forces,D. for the sake of52.caught on the government additional men.A. revisesB. suspendsC. conscriptsD. encourages53.There are differences between theory and practice.A. legibleB. radicalC. medievalD. laden54.She once with another musician to compose a piece of pop music.A. mergedB. coincidedC. constitutedD. collaborated55.It took a lot of imagination to come up with such an plan.A. inherentB. ingeniousC. infectiousD. indulgent56.A man has to make for his old age by putting aside enough to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment57.They had planned to go outing this weekend, but they finally had to it because of the rainy weather.A. cancelB. eliminateC. delayD. prolong58.Nobody knows what triggered the event, which a million cubic meters of water per second, obliterating the barrier between Britain and France.A. relievedB. releasedC. restoredD. retained。
南开大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和解析
南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehension (20 points)Passage 1Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture.To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S. cities have simply built more roads. But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviated the traffic problem in the long run. Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style construction program.The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system. Proponents of the advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television, radio communication, ramp metering, variable message signing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic.Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a “smart corridor”, is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement.Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communication linked to property equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours.Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock.Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.“Electronics on the highway addresses ju st one aspect of the problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently,” explains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the world-watch Institute.“It doesn't deal with the central problem of too many cars for roads that can't be built fast enough. It sends people the wrong message.They start thinking ‘Yes, there used to be a traffic congestionproblem, but that's been solved now because we have, advanced high-tech system in place.'” Larson agrees and adds, “Smart highways is just one of the tools that we u se to deal with our traffic problems.It's not the solution itself, just part of the package.There are different strategies.”Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highway.It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a big change.1．What is the appropriate title for the passage?A．Smart Highway Projects—The Ultimate Solution to Traffic Congestion.B．A Quick Fix Solution for the Traffic Problems.C．A Venture to Remedy Traffic Woos.D．Highways Get Smart—Part of the Package to Relieve Traffic Gridlock.2．The compound word “quick-fix” in Paragraph 1, sentence 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A．an optional solution B．an expedient solutionC．a ready solution D．an efficient solution3．According to the passage, the smart-highway technology is aimed to ______.A．develop sophisticated facilities on the interstate highwaysB．provide passenger vehicle with a variety of servicesC．optimize the highway capabilitiesD．improve communication between driver and the traffic monitors4．According to Larsen, to redress the traffic problem, ______.A．car pooling must be studiedB．rapid mass transit system must be introducedC．flexible work hours must be experimentedD．overall strategies must be coordinated5．Which of the following best describes the organization of the whole passage?A．Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.B．A problem is examined and complementary solutions are proposed or offered.C．Latest developments are outlined in order of importance.D．An innovation is explained with its importance emphasized.Passage 2A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage.Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals.If we encounter a dangerous wild animal—a poisonous snake or a wildcat—we do not fly into a temper. If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away; if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage. We reserve rage for our own species. It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one's own, but if we take account of the long competition which must have existed between our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal mar —indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthal man—man rage becomes more comprehensible.In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles. We are always using tile words “us and them”.“Our” side is perpetually trying to do dow n the “other”side.In games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack.The opposition of “us” and “them” is the touchstone of the two-party system of “democratic” politics.Although there are no very serious consequences to many of this modern psychological representation of the “us” and “them” emotion, it is as well to remember that the original aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it.The readiness with which human beings allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the “us” and “them” blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within our subspecies itself.The First World War is an example in which Europe divided itself into two imaginary subspecies. And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland. The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the pope has been able to control it. The clash is much more primitive than the Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin.The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear is imposed from outside the community, or until tile combatants become exhausted.6．A suitable title for this passage would be ______.A．Wily Human Armies Are Formed B．Man's Anger Against the WorldC．The Human Capacity for Rage D．Early Struggles of Angry Mail7．According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is ______.A．its lengthy and complex developmentB．a conflict such as is now going on in Northern IrelandC．that we do not fly into a temper more oftenD．that we reserve anger for mankind8．The passage suggests that ______.A．historically, we have created an “us” versus “them” societyB．humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal groupingC．the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided dominationD．the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time9．From the passage we can infer that ______.A．the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happensB．games are psychologically unhealthyC．any artificially created subspecies would be our enemyD．the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man's activities 10．The author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland is ______.A．founded in historical fact B．deceptiveC．apparent D．accuratePart ⅢVocabulary (5 points)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1．Most of the young people hold the mistaken belief that goods produced in our own country are ______ to imported ones.A．inadequate B．inappropriate C．inferior D．interior2．It is not a question of how much a man knows, but what use he ______ what he knows.A．makes for B．makes of C．makes up D．makes out3．Throughout the empire of Kublai Khan, money made of paper was used for business_______, something unheard of in Europe.A．transformations B．transmissions C．transitions D．transactions4．As the pressure ______ the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rock to the earth's surface.A．intensifies B．magnifies C．heightens D．deviates5．The strong scent of Kate's perfume ______ the air in the small room.A．radiated B．permeated C．extracted D．dispersed6．The scientific and medical prizes have proved to be the least ______, while those for literature and peace by their very nature have been the most exposed to critical differences.A．radical B．prominent C．confidential D．controversial7．They are ______ to industrialists, who need the valuable copper and nickel in them.A．tempting B．tickling C．tormenting D．tricking8．Another popular misconception is the ______ that great talent is usually highly specific.A．notion B．dilemma C．domain D．analogy9．You can ______ the loudness of the radio by turning the knob to right or left.A．change B．vary C．alter D．transform10．The distance between the earth and the sun may be said to be ______.A．enormous B．huge C．vast D．immensePart ⅣError Correction (10 points)Directions: In the following passage, there are 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to add a word, cross out a word, or change a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided, If you cross out a word, put a slant (/) in the blank.When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is in faulty or insome other way does not live to the manufacturer's claim for it, the firststep is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.In most cases, this action will produce results. Moreover,if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.1．_____ ___2．_____ ___3．_____ ___A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager.In general, the “high up” the consumertakes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect to be settled. In such case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favor, assumed heor she has a just claim. Consumers should complain about in person whenever possible, but if it cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint with a letter. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate that is wrong with the item in question.4．_____ ___5．_____ ___6．_____ ___7．_____ ___8．_____ ___9．_____ ___10．____ ____Part ⅤWriting (10 points)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic “It pays to be honest”.Your composition should be no less than 150 words based on the given outline. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1．Honest is the best policy.2．Give examples to support your point of view.3．Conclusion.南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehensionpassage 11．【答案】D【解析】本题中，A项与第四段第一句话的意思不符；B项不正确，本文主要讲的不是修路；C项在文中未被提及。
南开大学考博英语真题2010年_真题-无答案
南开大学考博英语真题2010年(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part Ⅱ V ocabularyDirections:Choose the one word or phrase which you think closest in meaning to the underlined part of the sentence in its context and mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.1. With technological developments, some labor-intensive industries have ______ high-tech industries.A. given upB. stepped asideC. stood alongD. yielded to2. Economic activity has been organized on the ______ of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the 20th century.A. gistB. notionC. rationaleD. premise3. Owing to a/an ______ lack of lower-income housing, the municipal government is embarrassed by the impressing housing issue.A. acuteB. stressfulC. demandingD. urgent4. The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed ______ two hundred years ago.A. originalB. eccentricC. terrificD. splendid5. The policy ______ it necessary for the town"s safety to arrest most speeders.A. narratedB. elaboratedC. deemedD. commended6. If you do something on ______, you do it because you suddenly want to, although you haven"t planned to.A. impulseB. pulseC. impromptuD. imminence7. We had no computer back-up and had to rely on old paper files to ______ the records we lost.A. remedyB. reconditionC. reconstructD. register8. A ______ is an occasion at which people who have great knowledge of a particular subject meet in order to discuss a matter of interest.A. conventionB. congressC. symposiumD. conference9. In some cases nowadays concerning job hunting, one had to ______ 1,000 competitors to get a position.A. stand outB. edge outC. squeeze inD. jostle against10. A(An) ______ is a person who knows a great deal about a particular subject and whose advice on it may be taken by others.A. consulB. mentorC. eliteD. pundit11. Total investments for this year reached $56 million, and to put this into ______ investments this year will double those made in 1997.A. sightB. perspectiveC. visionD. horizon12. There was not ______ of evidence to suggest that he committed the crimes, so the case was dismissed in the court.A. scrapB. screwC. scratchD. scrape13. The basic ______ of their philosophy is that everyone should be free to do as they please, as long as they do not harm others.A. requisiteB. conceptionC. premiseD. opinion14. The spring of last year witnessed the ______ of the strange weather.A. adaptationB. shiftC. vicissitudeD. kaleidoscope15. Countless billions of ______ sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed.A. secondB. minuteC. hourD. dayPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this section, there are five passages. Read the passages and questions carefully and make your choices that you think would **plete the statements or best answer the questions by marking them on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneNo matter what you think about testing rends, one thing is clear: as long as there is teaching and learning, there will be testing. But how much credit do those charts and numbers deserve?When you review a school"s test scores at a school board meeting, always look beyond the basic numbers. The scores for a single school in a single year have limited value for judging school performance. Equally important is "trend data" —test scores from several years that show you how a school"s performance has changed over time. Additionally, comparing a school to otherschools with similar demographics may give your perspective on where the school stands relative to other schools like it. You can also learn a lot from data that is broken down by ethnic group and socioeconomic level. A school is only truly successful when it achieves high performance with students across all ethnic and social groups.On the other hand, the next time you hear somebody say, "That school is the best in the district because it has the highest test scores," make a point to respond: "I"d love to know more about what"s happening at the school that accounts for those scores, but I can"t assume that it"s the best school just based on one piece of evidence. What you know about the school"s teaching methods, the leadership of the principal, or its climate of safety?" Take time to investigate these other measures of school quality before making judgments about a school.To communicate with your child certainly is the final way. Raise your hand if you"ve heard some stories about students begging to stay home on test day. Is this level of anxiety appropriate? The correct answer is no! When your child"s class is preparing for its annual standardized testing marathon, let your child know that while you hope she does her best on the test, it"s not a competition. Explain that the results may help her and her teacher understand the areas where she might be especially strong or where she may need to focus more.1. The second paragraph implies that when you review a school"s test scores ______.A. you should give priority to the stores for this yearB. you should take into an account the performance of the students across all ethnic and social groupsC. you needn"t refer to the test scores in the past several yearsD. you don"t need to compare a school with others since you are only concerned about your children"s scores2. According to the author, when we evaluate the quality of a school, the following factors should be involved EXCEPT ______.A. teaching methodsB. leadership of the principalC. relationship with other schoolsD. safety3. In the last paragraph of this passage, the word "anxiety" in the sentence "Is this level of anxiety appropriate?" implies the child"s serious concern about ______.A. strict teachersB. competitive examC. unsafe conditions of the schoolD. no care from the parents4. What is the most proper title for this passage?A. Get Smart about School Test ScoresB. Don"t Look up to the Test ScoresC. The Scores Matter a LotD. Deal Better with the Child and ScoresPassage TwoThere are four basic types of competition in business that form a continuum from **petition through **petition and oligopoly (商品应垄断) to monopoly. At one end of the continuum, **petition results when **pany has a similar product. Companies that deal in commodities such as wheat or corn are often involved in **petition. In **petition, it is often the ease and efficiency of distribution that influences purchase.In contrast, in **petition **panies **pete for the sale of items that may be substituted. The classic example of **petition is coffee and tea. If the price of one is perceived as too high, consumers may begin to purchase the other. Coupons and other discounts are often used as part of a marketing strategy to influence sales.Oligopoly occurs when a **panies dominate the sales of a product or service. For example, only five airline carriers control more than 70 percent of all ticket sales in the United States. In oligopoly, **petition is not considered desirable because it would result in reduced revenue for **pany in the group. Although price wars do occur, in which **panies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously is also usual.Finally, monopoly occurs when only one firm sells the product. Some monopolies have been tolerated for producers of goods and services that have been considered basic or essential, including electricity and water. In these cases, it is government control, rather **petition, that protects and influences sales.1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. MonopoliesB. The Commodity MarketC. The Competition ContinuumD. The Best Type of Competition2. An example of a product in **petition is ______.A. cornB. electricityC. airline ticketsD. coffee3. What does the author mean by the statement "Although price wars do occur, in which **panies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously also usual"?A. It is not unusual for **panies to increase prices at the same timeB. It is common **panies to compete for customers by lowering pricesC. Customers may lose money **panies have price warsD. Prices are lower during price wars, but they are usually higher afterward4. The word "it" in Paragraph 3 refers to ______.A. a product or serviceB. competitionC. revenueD. oligopolyPassage ThreeIn August 2004, Duke University provided free iPods to its entire freshman class. The next month, a Korean education firm offered free downloadable college entrance exam lectures to students who purchased an iRiver personal multimedia player. That October, a financial trading firm in Chicago was reportedly assessing the hand-eye coordination of traders" using GameBoys. Yetwhile such innovative applications abound, the use of technology in education and training is far from new, a fact as true in language classrooms as it is in medical schools.Practically since their availability, a succession of audiovisual recording devices ( e. g. , reel-to- reel, VCRs, PCs) has been used to capture language samples, and myriad playback and broadcast devices (e. g. , phonographs, radios, televisions) have provided access to authentic speech samples. The espousal of audiolingual theory in the 1950s brought the widespread use of the language laboratory in educational settings. Influenced by behaviorism, the lab was progressively replaced in the 1960s by drill-**puter-assisted instruction, which decades later was itself surpassed by a more intelligent, interactive and **puter-assisted language learning. The popular acceptance of the Internet in the 1990s advanced the development of computer-**munications.As technologies continue to evolve, so does their propensity to shrink in size. "Other technologies that hold the capacity for language learning include PDAs, multimedia cellular phones, MP3 players, DVD players, and digital dictionaries. " Such portable media—referred to in popular and scholarly literature as mobile, wireless, handheld or nomadic—are now social staples. Mobile learning, or m-learning, is a burgeoning subdivision of the e-learning movement, further evidenced by European initiatives such as m-learning and Mobilearn. In this paper, applied fusions of m-learning and language learning follow, after which their benefits and challenges are reviewed.1. What is the article introduction specifically deals with?A. Language learningB. Emerging technologyC. Mobile assisted language learningD. Wired learning2. The word "espousal" in paragraph two can be best replaced by ______.A. advocateB. supportC. ideaD. perception3. Mobile learning is a burgeoning subdivision of the e-learning movement in the sense that you can study without ______.A. iPhoneB. laptopC. PDAD. **puter4. Behaviorism language learning strategy does not include ______.A. pattern drillsB. learner autonomyC. rote memorizationD. repetitionPassage FourMost Americans believe that our society of consumption-happy, fun-loving, jet-traveling people creates the greats happiness for the greatest number. Contrary to this view, I believe that our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness and, eventually, to the disintegration of our cultures. I refuse to identify fun with pleasure, consumption with joy, busyness with happiness, or the faceless, buck-passing "organization man" with an independent individual. Modem industrialism has succeeded in producing this kind of man. He is the "alienated" man. He is alienated in the sense that his actions, and his own forces have become estranged from him; theystand above him and against him, and rule him rather than being ruled by him. His life forces have been transformed into things and institutions, and these things and institutions have become idols. They are something apart from him, which he worships and to which he submits. Alienated man bows down before the works of his own hands. He experiences himself not as the active bearer of his own forces and riches but as an impoverished "thing", dependent on other things outside of himself. He is the prisoner of the very economic and political circumstances which he has created. Since our economic organizations is based on continuous and ever-increasing consumption (think of the threat to our economy if people did not buy a new car until their old one was really obsolete), contemporary industrial man is encouraged to be consumption-crazy. Without any real enjoyment, he "takes in" drink, food, cigarettes, sights, lectures, books, movies, television, any new kind of gadget. The world has become one great maternal breast, and man has become the eternal suckling, forever expectant, forever disappointed.In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucracy in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, fringe benefits, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue—and white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.1. Modern industrialized society needs men who are ______.A. individualistic in their tastesB. capable of commanding the social machineC. obedient and submissiveD. free and independent2. An alienated man is one who is ______.A. in control of economic and political circumstancesB. ruled by the things he createsC. worshipped as an idolD. more interested in women than in sports cars3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of modern industrial society?A. Ever increasing consumptionB. BureaucracyC. Ever-increasing power of manD. Automated machines4. The word "prisoner" in the last sentence of Paragraph 2 closely means ______.A. the person who is detained by policeB. the person who is being put behind barC. the person who is confined to his circumstancesD. the person who is being kept away from the normal lifePassage FiveThere is a confusion about two distinct questions: (a) **puters made books obsolete? and (b)**puters make written and printed material obsolete?Let us suppose **puters will make books disappear (I do not think this will happen and I shall elaborate later on this point, but let us suppose so for the sake of the argument). Still, this would not entail the disappearance of printed material. We have seen that it was wishful thinking to hope **puters, and particularly word processors, would have helped to save trees. Computers encourage the production of printed material. We can imagine a culture in which there will be no books, and yet where people go around with tons and tons of unbound sheets of paper. This will be quite unwieldy, and will pose a new problem for libraries.Debray has observed that the fact that Hebrew civilization was a civilization based upon a book is not independent of the fact that it was a nomadic civilization. I think that this remark is very important. Egyptians could carve their records on stone obelisks, Moses could not. If you want to cross the Red Sea, a book is a more practical instrument for recording wisdom. By the way, another nomadic civilization, the Arabic one, was based upon a book, and privileged writing upon images.But books also have an advantage with respect to computers. Even if printed on acid paper, which lasts only seventy years or so, they are more durable than magnetic supports. Moreover, they do not suffer power shortages and blackouts, and are more resistant to shocks. As Bolter remarked, "it is unwise to try to predict technological change more than few years in advance," but it is certain that, up to now at least, books still represent the most economical, flexible, wash-and-wear way to transport information at a very low cost.**munication travels ahead of you, books, travel with you and at your speed, but if you are shipwrecked on a desert island, a book can be useful, while a computer cannot—as Landow remarks, electronic texts need a reading station and a decoding device. Books are still the **panions for a shipwreck, or for the Day After.I am pretty sure that new technologies will render obsolete many kinds of books, like encyclopedias and manuals. Take for example the Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited. When finished it will probably contain more information than the Encyclopedia Britannica (or Treccani or Larousse), with the advantage that it permits cross-references and nonlinear retrieval of information. The whole of **pact disks, plus **puter, will occupy one-fifth of the space occupied by an encyclopedia. The encyclopedia cannot be transported as the CD-ROM can, and cannot be easily updated; it does not have the practical advantages of a normal book, therefore it can be replaced by a CD-ROM, just a phone book can. The shelves today occupied, at my home as well as in public libraries, by meters and meters of encyclopedia volumes could be eliminated in the next age, and there will be no reason to lament their disappearance. For the same reason today I no longer need a heavy portrait painted by an indifferent artist, for I can send my sweetheart a glossy and faithful photograph. Such a change in the social functions of painting has not made painting obsolete, not even the realistic paintings of Annigoni, which do not fulfill the function of portraying a person, but of celebrating an important person, so that **missioning, the purchasing, and the exhibition of such portraits acquire aristocratic connotations.Books will remain indispensable not only for literature, but for any circumstance in which one needs to read carefully, not only to receive information but also to speculate and to reflect about it. To read a computer screen is not the same as to read a book. Think of the process of learning how to use a piece of software. Usually the system is able to display on the screen all the instructionsyou need. But the users who want to learn the program generally either print the instructions and read them as if they were in book form, or they buy a printed manual (let me skip over the fact that currently all the manuals **e with a computer, on-line or off-line, are obviously written by irresponsible and tautological idiots, **mercial handbooks are written by intelligent people). It is possible to conceive of a visual program that explains very well how to print and bind a book, but in order to get instructions on how to write such a computer program, we need a printed manual. After having spent no more than twelve hours at a computer console, my eyes are like two tennis balls, and I feel the need to **fortably down in an armchair and read a newspaper, or maybe a good poem. It seems to me **puters are diffusing a new form of literacy but are incapable of satisfying all the intellectual needs they are stimulating. In my periods of optimism I dream of a computer generation which, compelled to read a computer screen, gets acquainted with reading from a screen, but at a certain moment feels unsatisfied and looks for a different, more relaxed, and **mitting form of reading.1. "Hebrew civilization was a civilization based upon a book" indicates that printed books will be ______.A. preserved permanentlyB. perused widelyC. repaired when damagedD. transcribed as heritage2. The advantages of the printed books include all of the following except ______.A. being less durable than magnetic supportsB. not suffering power shortages and blackoutsC. being more resistant to shocksD. transporting information at a very low cost3. The example of Encyclomedia project developed by Horizons Unlimited shows that ______.A. CD-ROM can store more informationB. the space is left on shelvesC. the e-encyclopedia is more superiorD. the disappearance of normal print is a grief4. By comparison, the author likes to do reading ______.A. onlineB. off lineC. at leisureD. during the adventurePart Ⅳ ClozeDirections:Read the article below and fill in each of the blanks with one suitable word or phrase by marking your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.The marvel of the machine age, the **puter has been 1 only since 1946. It can do **putations—add, subtract, multiply and divide— 2 lighting speed and perfect accuracy. It can multiply two 1-digit number in 1/1,1000 seconds, a problem that would 3 an average person five minutes to do with pencil and paper. **puters can work 500,000 times faster than 4 . Once it is given a "program"—that is, a 5 set of instructions devised by a technician trained in computer language—a computer can gather 6 information for many purposes. For example, itcan 7 bank accounts up to date and make out electric bills. If you are planning a trip by plane, **puter will find out 8 route to take. Not only can **puter gather facts, it can also store them as fast as they are gathered and can 9 whenever they are needed. 10 gathering and storing information, **puter can also **plicated problems that once took months for people to do.For example, 11 sixteen hours an electronic brain solved a difficult design problem. First, it was 12 all the information necessary for designing a chemical plant. After running through 16,000 possible designs, it 13 the plan for the plant that would produce the most chemical at the lowest cost. Then it issued a printed set of exact 14 . Before it solved this problem, a team of engineers having the same information had worked for a year to produce only three designs, 15 of which was as efficient as **puter"s.1.A. usingB. in useC. being usedD. used2.A. atB. withC. inD. of3.A. useB. spendC. takeD. demand4.A. can any personB. any person canC. any personD. any person do5.A. carefully worked outB. worked out carefullyC. carefully works outD. works out carefully6.A. manyB. all kinds ofC. a great number ofD. a wide range of7.A. takeB. keepC. bringD. get8.A. thatB. howC. anyD. what9.A. pour them outB. drive them outC. stamp them outD. get rid of them10.A. ExceptB. Except forC. BesidesD. In spite of11.A. forB. withinC. onD. beyond12.A. inputB. fedC. sentD. planted13.A. picked outB. formedC. hadD. worked14.A. numbersB. figuresC. detailsD. specifications15.A. noneB. oneC. anyD. allPart Ⅴ Writing1. Directions: Write an essay (200-300 words) according to the topic given: Some people say that social change occurs more quickly in heterogeneous societies (where there is a mixture of different kinds of people) than in homogeneous ones ( where people are similar in many ways). Write an **paring the two kinds of societies and explain in which you think social changes is most likely to occur.。
南开大学考博英语2008年部分真题解析
南开大学考博英语2008年部分真题解析PARTЏSTRUCTURE&VOCABULARY(25minutes,15points)sectionA(0.5point eath)direction:choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement,and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring answer sheet.16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things,I feel sure that I have no__________but to report him to the local police.A.timeB.chanceC.authorityD.alternative17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars,his eyes often seemed to__________regret.A.teemB.brim withe withD.look with18.There is only one difference between an old man and a young one:the young one has a glorious future before him and the old one has a_______future behind him.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)A.splendidB.conspicuousC.uproariousD.imminent19.That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only_________necessity.A.within reach ofB.for fear ofC.by means ofD.in case of20.A young man sees a sunset and unable to understand of express the emotion that it_________in him,concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A.reflectsB.retainsC.rousesD.radiates21.______________the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another8-10minutes or until most of the water has evaporated.A.Turn offB.Turn overC.Turn downD.Turn up22.Banks shall be unable to___________,or claim relief against the first15%of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them.A.write offB.put asideC.shrink frome over23.I am to inform you,that you may,if you wish,attend the inquiry,and at the inspectors discretion state your case_________or through an entrusted representative.A.in personB.in depthC.in secretD.in excess24.In his view,though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by“being___________,”being open to all kinds of art.A.gratifyingB.predominatingC.excellingD.accommodating25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens_________the1stgrade.A.leadsB.precedesC.forwardsD.advances26.Desert plants________two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.A.break downB.fall intoC.differ inD.refer to27.In the airport,I could hear nothing except the roar of aircraft engines which_________all other sounds.A.dwarfedB.diminishedC.drownedD.relative28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not _________and should be avoided if possible.A.constructiveB.productiveC.descriptiveD.relative29.The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the____________of investigations.A.caseB.chaseC.causeD.course30.Since neither side was ready to__________what was necessary for peace,hostility were resumed in1980.A.precedeB.recedeC.concedeD.intercede31.Such an_________act of hostility can only lead to war.A.overtB.episodicC.ampleD.ultimate32._________both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values,and expectations places a severe strain on the individual.A.RecreationB.TransactionC.DisclosureD.Exposure33.It would then be replaced by interim government,which would _________be replaced by a permanent government after four months.A.in stepB.in turn B.in practice D.in haste34.Haven’t I told you I don’t want you keeping____________ with those awful riding-about bicycle boys?panyB.acquaintanceC.friendsD.place35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply_________every cheat in the marketplace.A.at the mercy ofB.in lieu ofC.by courtesy ofD.for the price ofSection B(0.5point each)Directions:in each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A,B,C,and D.Indicate which of the four parts is incorrectly used.Mark the corresponding letter of your choice by drawing a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.36.The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goods he isA B C Dselling.37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, drug-related crimes that have nothingA B Cdoing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.D38.A large collection of contemporary photographs,including some taken by Mary are on displayA B Cat the museum.D39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.A B C D40.Capital inflows will also tend to increase the international value of the dollar,make it moreA B Cdifficult to sell U.S.exports.D41.It can be argued that the problems,even something as fundamental as the ever-increased worldA B Cpopulation,have been caused by technological adcance.D42.It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of driversto resist the temptation to revengeA B Cas subfected to uncivilized behavior.D43.While experts in basic science are important,skilled talents should be the overriding majorityA B Csince they are at heavy demand in the market.D44.Retailers offered deep discounts and extra hours this weekend in the bid to lure shoppers.A B C D45.The amendments of the laws on patent,trademark and copyright have enhanced protection ofA Bintellectual property rights and made them conform to WTO rules.C DPART3CLOZE TEST(15minutes,15points)Directions:There are15questions in this part of the test.Read the passage through.Then,go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A,B,C,or D for each blank in the passage.Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution,gender roles have been in a state of transition.As a result,cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change,One of the more obvious___46____has occurred in the roles that women47.Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena,48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n)49that is a haven for all family members.50many women experience strain from trying to“do it all,”they often endoy the increased51that can result from playing multiple roles.As women’s roles have changed, changing expectations about men’s roles have become more52.Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility53the family provider.Probably the most significant change in men’s roles,however,is in the emotional54of family life.Men are increasingly 55to meet the emotional needs of their families,56their wives.In fact,expectations about he emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general.Research on57 marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationship,and the importance of sharing in the“emotion work”58to nourish marriages and other family relationships.Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent,59both partners nurture each other,attend and respond to each other,and encourage and promote each other.We are thus seeing marriages in which men’s and women’s roles are becoming increasingly more60.46. A.incidents B.changes C.results D.effects47. A.take B.do C.play D.show48. A.by B.while C.hence D.thus49. A.home B.garden C.arena D.paradise50. A.When B.Even though C.Since D.Nevertheless51. A.rewards B.profits C.privileges D.incomes52. A.general B.acceptable C.popular D.apparent53. A.as B.of C.from D.for54. A.section B.constituent C.domain D.point55. A.encouraged B.expected C.advised D.predicted56.A.not to mention B.as well as C.including D.especially57. A.how B.what C.why D.if58. A.but B.only C.enough D.necessary59. A.unless B.although C.where D.because60. A.pleasant B.important C.similar D.manageablePART4READING COMPREHENSION(60minutes,30points)Directions:Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements.Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A,B,C and D.Read each passage carefully,and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan,but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop.He was John Styth Pemberton,born in1833in Knoxville,Georgia, eighty miles away.Sometimes known as Doctor,Pemberton was a pharmacist who,during the Civil War,led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheelrer.He settled in Atlanta in1869,and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup.In1885,he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant,a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company,and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M.Robinson,who not only had a good head for figures but,attached to it,so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it.In1886-a year in which,as contemporary Coca-Coca officials like to point our,Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Coca.It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken our the wine and added a pinch of caffeine,and,when the end product tasted awful,had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils,blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar.He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles,and Robinson,with his glowing bookkeeper’s script,presently devised a label,on which “Coca-Cola”was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure,especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in1886,one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a doolop of Cola-Cola.Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water,but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh-water tap,a couple of feet off.Instead,he mixed the syrup with some soda water,which was closer at hand.The suffering customer perked up almost at once,and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.64.What dose the passage tell us about John Styth Pemberton?A.He was highly respected by AtlantansB.He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C.He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D.He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62.Which of the following was unique to Frank M.Robinson, working with the Pemberton’s Company?A.Skills to make French wineB.Talent for drawing picturesC.An acute sense of smell.D.Ability to work with numbers.63.Why was the year1886so special to Pemberton?A.He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes’sB.He brought a quite profitable product into being.C.He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D.He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula was__________ed beer bottles were chosen as containersB.the amount of caffeine in it was increasedC.it was blended with oils instead of waterD.Cola nut extract was added to taste65.According to the passage,Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially for________A.the young as a soft drinkB.a replacement of French Wine CocaC.the relief of a hangoverD.a cure for the common headache66.The last paragraph mainly tells___________A.the complaint against the lazy shop-assistantB.a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cureC.the mediocre service of the drugstoreD.a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-ColaPassage2Between1833and1837,the publishers of a“penny press”proved that a low-priced paper,edited to interest ordinary people,could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and therebyattract an advertising volume that would make it independent.These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community,like the mercantile press,or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance.It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handing of the news and opinion functions.But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational;human interest stories overshadowed important news,and crime and sex stories were written in full detail.But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social and economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified.The ordinary reader came to want a better product,too.A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained,but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership.Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way,later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sun in1833.The sun,published by Benjamin Day,entered the lists against11other dailies.It was tiny in comparison;but it was bright and readable,and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speech reports.It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers.And,most important,it sold for a penny,whereas its competitors sold for six cents.By1837the sun was printing30,000copies a day,which was more than the total of all11New York daily newspapers combined when the sun first appeared.In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald(1835),and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day’s success founded the Philadelphia Public ledger(1836) and the Baltimore sun(1837).The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67.What does the first paragraph say about the“penny press?”A.It was known for its in-depth news reportingB.It had an involvement with some political parties.C.It depended on the business community for survival.D.It aimed at pleasing the general public.68.In its early days,a penny paper often___________--A.paid much attention to political issuesB.provided stories that hit the public tasteC.offered penetrating editorials on various issuesD.covered important news with inaccuracy69.As the readership was growing more diverse,the penny paper____________A.improved its contentB.changed its writing styleC.developed a more sensational styleD.became a tool for political parries70.The underlined word“ventures”in Paragraph2can best be replaced by___________A.editorsB.reportersC.newspaperspanies71.What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore sun.?A.They turned out to be failures.B.They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C.They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D.They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72.This passage is probably taken from a book on___________A.the work ethics of the American mediaB.the techniques in news reportingC.the history of sensationalism in American mediaD.the impact of mass media on American societyPassage3Forget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs—a room of one’s own.The writer she had in mind wasn’t at work on a novel in cyberspace,one with multiple hypertexts,animated graphics and downloads of trancey,chiming music.For that you also need graphic interfaces,RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University.That was where Mark Amerika—his legally adopted name; don’t ask him about his birth name—composed much of his novel Grammatron.But Grammatron isn’t just a story.It’s an onlinenarrative()that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicate knots.In the four year it took to produce—it was completed in1997—each new advance in computer software became anther potential story device.“I became sort of dependent on the industry,”jokes Amerika,who is also the author of two novels printed on paper.“That’s unusual for a writer, because if you just write on paper the‘technology’is pretty stable.”Nothing about Grammatron is stable.At its center,if there is one,is Abe Golam,the inventor of Nanoscript,a quasi—mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire.For much of the story,Abe wanders through Prague-23,a virtual“city”in cyberspace whare visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex,which can get fairly graphic,The reader wanders too,because most of Grammatron’s1,000-puls text screens contain several passages in hypertext.To reach the next screen,just double-click.But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story.Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo.Choose another and there’s a XXX-rated sexual rant.The story you read is in some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado,where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art,film and literature.“I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot,”he says.Some avant-garde writers—Julio Cortazar,Italo Calvino—have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author’s control.“But what makes the Net so exciting,“says Amerika,“is that you can add sound,randomly generated links,3-D modeling,animaion.”That room of one’s own is turning into a fun house.73.The passage is mainly to tell__________________.A.differences between conventional and modern novelsB.how Mark Amerika composed his novel Grammatronmon features of all modern electronic novelsD.why Mark Amerika took on a new way of writing74.Why does the author ask the reader to forget what VirginiaWoolf said about the necessities of a writer?A.Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B.It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C.Modern writers will get nowhere without a word processorD.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75.As an on-line narrative,Grammatron is anything but stable because it______________.A.provides potentials for the story developmentB.is one of the novels atC.can be downloaded free of chargeD.boasts of the best among cyber stories76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant that_________.A.he could not help but set his Grammatron and thers in Industrial RevolutionB.conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technologyC.much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependentD.he couldn’t care less about new advance in computer software77.As the passage shows,Grammatron makes it possible for readers to_____________-A.adapt the story for a video versionB.“walk in”the story and interact with itC.develop the plots within the author’s controlD.steal the show and become the main character78.Amerika told his students not to____________A.immerse themselves only in creating the plotB.be captivated by the plot alone while readingC.be lagged far behind in the plot developmentD.let their plot get lost in the on-going storyPassage4In1993,a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smaller boy out of a Liberpool, England,shopping center.The boys lured James Bulger,2,away from his mother,who was shopping,and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroas track.There,inexplicably,theolder boys tortured the toddler,kicking him,smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before heaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train.The boys,Jon Venables and Robert Thompson,then went of to watch cartoons.Today the boys are18-year-ole men,and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities,they have been deemed fit for release--probably this spring.The dilemma now confronting the English justice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their st week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sils decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release.For ht e rest of their lives, Venable sands Thompson will have a right to anonymity.All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts of the new identities the government will help them establish.Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.In the U.S,which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable.“We’re clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world,”says Laurence Steinberg,a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice.Over the past decade,the trend in the U.S.has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders.U.S.courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts,ewhich,for example,ban all video cameras.But even for Britain,the order is extraordinary.The victim’s family is enraged,as are the ever eager British tabloids.“What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?”asks Bulger’s mother Denise Fergus.Newspaper editorials have insisted that citizens have a right to know if Venables of Thompson move in next door.Says conserbative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins;”It almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime,the greater the chance for a completely new life.”79.What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A.2ten-year-olds killed James by accident in playB.James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C.Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D.A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80.According to the passage,Jon Venables and Robert Thompson________________A.hav been treated as juvenile delinquentsB.have been held in protective custody for their murder gameC.were caught while watching cartoons eight years agoD.have already served out their10years in prison81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men would_______________A.hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general publicB.be doomed to become social outcasts after releaseC.still remain dangerous and destructive if set freeD.be inclined to commit a recurring crime82.According to the British courts,after their return to society, the two adults will be__________A.banned from any kind of press interviewB.kept under constant surveillance by policeC.shielded from being identified an killersD.ordered to report to police their whereabouts83.From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or Thompson would________.A.have no freedom to go wherever he wantsB.serve a life imprisonment for the crimeC.be forbidden to join many of his relativesD.no doubt receive massive publicity in the U>S>84.As regards the mentioned justice ruling,the last paragraph mainly tells that________________A.it is controversial as it goes without precedentB.the British media are sure to do the contraryC.Bulger’s family would enter all appeal against itD.Conservatives obviously conflict with LiberalsPassage5Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor’s office?The silicon Valley Employers Forum,a sophisticated group of technology companies,is launching a pilot program to test online“virtual visits“between doctors at three big local medical groups and about6,000employees and their families.The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative,including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems,hope that online visits will mean employees won’t have to skip work to tend to minor ailments of to follow up on chronic conditions.“With our long commutes and traffic, driving40miles to your doctor in your hometown can be a big chunk of time,“says Cindy Conway,benefits director at Cadence Design Systems,one of the participating companies.Doctors aren’t clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time ton the phone.Only1in5has ever E-mailed a patient,and just9percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue.”We are not stupid,”says Stirling Somers,executive of the Silicon Valley employers group.“Doctors getting jpaid is a critical piece in getting this to work.”In the pilot program,physicians will get$20per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they’ll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what’s needed to make a diagnosis.So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx,an Alameda, Calif.-based start-up.Healinx’s“Smart Symptom Wizard”questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message.The company has online dialogues for60common conditions.The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan,which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor’s office?Many conditions,such as persistent cough,require a stethoscope to discover what’s wrong—and to avoid a malpractice suit.Even Larry Bonham,head of one of the doctor’s groups in the pilot,believes the virtual doctor’s visits offer a“very narrow”sliver of service between hone calls to an advice nurse an a visit to the clinic.The pilot program,set to end in nine months,also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service.So far,the Internet’s record in the health field has been underwhelming.The experiment is“a huge roll of the dice for Healinx,”notes Michael Barrett,an analyst atInternet consulting firm Forester Research.If the“Web visits”succeed,expect some HMOs(Health Maintenance Organizations)to pay for online visits.If doctors,employers,and patients aren’t satisfied,figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85.the Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose of___________A.rewarding their employeesB.gratifying the local hospitalsC.boosting worker productivityD.testing a sophisticated technology86.What can be learned about the on-line doctors’visits?A.They are a quite promising business.B.They are funded by the local government.C.They are welcomed by all the patientsD.They are very much under experimentation.87.Of he following people,who are not involved in the program?A.Cisco System employeesB.advice nurses in the clinicC.doctors at three local hospitalsD.Oracle executives88.According to Paragraph2,doctors are___________A.reluctant to serve online for nothingB.not interested in Web consultationC.too tired to talk to the patients onlineD.content with$20paid per Web visit89.“Smart Symptom Wizard”is capable of___________A.making diagnosesB.producing prescriptionsC.profiling patients’illnessD.offering a treatment plan90.It can be inferred from the passage that the future of online visits will mostly depend on whether___________A.the employers would remain confident in themB.they could effectively replace office visitsC.HMOs would cover the cost of the serviceD.new technologies would be available to improve the E-health。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：26
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题An important property of scientific theory is its ability to （）further research and further thinking about a particular topic.问题1选项A.stimulateB.renovateC.arouseD.advocate【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。
stimulate刺激，鼓舞；renovate革新，修复；arouse引起，唤醒；advocate 主张，拥护。
句意：科学理论的一个重要特性是它能够激发对特定主题的进一步研究和思考。
选项A符合句意。
2.单选题In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the tact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more d matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along. etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalis m? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1.By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is （）.2.From die passage we can inter that real happiness of life belongs to those（） .3.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should（） .4.The author's attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of（） .问题1选项A.a necessary part of the society though each individual's function is negligibleB.working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothlyD.a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly问题2选项A.who are at the bottom of the societyB.who prove better than their fellow-competitorsC.who could keep far away from this competitive worldD.who are higher up in their social status问题3选项A.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsB.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realities for granted问题4选项A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.tolerance【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.信息推断题。
南开大学考博英语阅读题及其解析
南开大学考博英语阅读题及其解析Part ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text1Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes:emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people.“The burnt childfears the fire”is one instance;another is the rise of despotslike Hitler.Both these examples also point up the fact that attitudes come from experience.In the one case the experience was direct and impressive;in the other it was indirect and cumulative.The Nazis were influenced largely by the speeches they heard andthe books they read.The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a strategic position to influence attitudes.This is true partly becauseGeng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xiqing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liuliu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi children acquire attitudes from those adults whose words arehighly regarded by them.Another reason it is true is that pupils often devote their time to a subject in school that has only been touched upon at hom e or has possibly never occurred to them before.To a child who h ad previously acquired little knowledge of Mexico his teacher s method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans.The media through which the teacher can develop wholesome att itudes are innumerable.Social studies(with special reference to races,creeds and nationalities),science matters of health and safety,the very atmosphere of the classroom...these are a few o f the fertile fields for the inculcation of proper emotional reac tions.However,when children go to school with undesirable attitude s,it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feelin gs by cajoling or scolding them.She can achieve the proper effec t by helping them obtain constructive experiences.To illustrate,first-grade pupils afraid of policemen will pr obably alter their attitudes after a classroom chat with the neig hborhood officer in which he explains how he protects them.In th e same way,a class of older children can develop attitudes throu gh discussion,research,outside reading and all-day trips.Finally,a teacher must constantly evaluate her own attitudes, because her influence can be negative if she has personal prejud ices.This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions on which children should be encouraged to reach their own decision as a result of objective analysis of all the fact s.(377words)Notes:point up(=emphasize)强调，突出。
南开大学考博英语2009年(回忆版)
2009年南开大学英语考博试题（回忆版）5.改错题10空10分，原文：Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so- called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed by the designers and the big stores. Clothes, which have been worn, only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women, who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.阅读相对论原文：Stephen William Hawking BiographyThe theories of British physicist and mathematician Stephen William Hawking (born 1942) placed him in the great tradition of Newton and Einstein. Hawking made fundamental contributions to the science of cosmology--the study of the origins, structure, and space-time relationships of the universe.Stephen W. Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England. His father, a well-known researcher in tropical medicine, urged his son to seek a career in the sciences. Stephen found biology and medicine too descriptive and lacking in exactness. Therefore, he turned to the study of mathematics and physics.Hawking was not an outstanding student at St. Alban's School, Hertfordshire, nor later at Oxford University, which he entered in 1959. He was a sociable young man who did little schoolwork because he was able to grasp the essentials of a mathematics or physics problem quickly and intuitively. While at Oxford he became increasingly interested in relativity theory and quantum mechanics, eventually graduating with a first class honors in physics (1962). He immediately began post-graduate studies at Cambridge University.The onset of Hawking's graduate education at Cambridge marked a turning point in his life. It was then that he embarked upon the formal study of cosmology that focused his intellectual energies in a way that they had never been previously. And it was then that he was first stricken with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), a debilitating neuromotor disease that eventually led to his total confinement to a wheelchair and to a virtual loss of his speech functions. At Cambridge his talents were recognized by his major professor, the cosmologist Dennis W. Sciama, and he was encouraged to carry on his studies despite his growing physical disabilities. His marriage in 1965 to Jane Wilde was an important step in his emotional life. Marriage gave him, he recalled, the determination to live and make professional progress in the world of science. Hawking received his doctorate degree in 1966 and began his life-long research and teaching association with Cambridge University.Hawking made his first major contribution to science with his theorem of singularity, a work which grew out of his collaboration with theoretician Roger Penrose. A singularity is a place in either space or time at which some quantity becomes infinite. Such a place is found in a black hole, the final stage of a collapsed star, where the gravitational field has infinite strength. Penrose proved that a singularity was not a hypothetical construct; it could exist in the space-time of a real universe.Drawing upon Penrose's work and on Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, Hawking demonstrated that our universe had its origins in a singularity. In the beginning all of the matter in the universe was concentrated in a single point, making a very small but tremendously dense body. Ten to twenty billion years ago that body exploded in a big bang which initiated time and the universe. Hawking was able to bring current astrophysical research to support the big bang theory of the origin of the universe and refute the rival steady-state theory.Hawking's research into the cosmological implications of singularities led him to study the properties of the best-known singularity: the black hole. Although a black hole is a discontinuity in space-time, its boundary, called the event horizon, can be detected. Hawking proved that the surface area of the event horizon of a black holecould only increase, not decrease, and that when two black holes merged the surface area of the new hole was larger than the sum of the two original surface areas. Working in concert with B. Carter, W. Israel, and D. Robinson, Hawking was also able to prove the "No Hair Theorem" first proposed by physicist John Wheeler. According to this theorem, mass, angular momentum, and electric charge were the sole properties conserved when matter entered a black hole.Hawking's continuing examination of the nature of black holes led to two important discoveries. The first of them, that black holes can emit thermal radiation, was contrary to the claim that nothing could escape from a black hole. The second concerned the size of black holes. As originally conceived, black holes were immense in size because they were the end result of the collapse of gigantic stars. Using quantum mechanics to study particle interaction at the subatomic level, Hawking postulated the existence of millions of mini-black holes. These were formed by the force of the original big bang explosion.Hawking summarized his scientific interests as "gravity--on all scales," from the realm of galaxies at one extreme to the subatomic at the other extreme. In the 1980s Hawking worked on a theory that Einstein unsuccessfully searched for in his later years. This is the famous unified field theory that aims to bring together quantum mechanics and relativity in a quantum theory of gravity. A complete unified theory encompasses the four main interactions known to modern physics: the strong nuclear force, which operates at the subatomic level; electromagnetism; the weak nuclear force of radioactivity; and gravity. The unified theory would account for the conditions which prevailed at the origin of the universe as well as for the existing physical laws of nature. When humans develop the unified field theory, said Hawking, they will "know the mind of God."As his physical condition grew worse Hawking's intellectual achievements increased. Not content with causing a revolution in cosmology, he presented a popular exposition of his ideas in A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. First published in 1988, this book acquired great popularity in the United States. It sold over a million copies and was listed as the best-selling nonfiction book for over a year.In 1993 Hawking wrote Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, which, in addition to a discussion of whether elementary particles that fall into black holes can form new, "baby" universes separate from our own, contains chapters about Hawking's personal life. He co-authored a book in 1996 with Sir Roger Penrose titled The Nature of Space and Time, which is based on a series of lectures and a final debate by the two authors. Issues discussed in this book include whether the universe has boundaries and if it will continue to expand forever. Hawking says yes to the first question and no to the second, while Penrose argues the opposite. Hawking joined Penrose again the following year, as well as Abner Shimony and Nancy Cartwright, in the creation of another book, The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind (1997). In this collection of talks given as Cambridge's 1995 Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Hawking and the others respond to Penrose's thesis on general relativity, quantum physics, and artificial intelligence.Hawking's work in modern cosmology and in theoretical astronomy and physics was widely recognized. He became a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1974 and five years later was named to a professorial chair once held by Sir Isaac Newton: Lucasian professor of mathematics, Cambridge University. Beyond these honors he earned a host of honorary degrees, awards, prizes, and lectureships from the major universities and scientific societies of Europe and America. These included the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, in 1975; the Pius XI Gold Medal, in 1975; the Maxwell Medal of the Institute of Physics, in 1976; the Albert Einstein Award of the Lewis and Rose Strauss Memorial Fund (the most prestigious award in theoretical physics), in 1978; the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute, in 1981; the Gold Medal of the Royal Society, in 1985; the Paul Dirac Medal and Prize, in 1987; and the Britannica Award, in 1989. By the last decade of the 20th century Stephen Hawking had become one of the best-known scientists in the world.Hawking's endeavors include endorsing a wireless connection to the internet produced by U.S. Robotics Inc., beginning in March 1997, and speaking to wheelchair-bound youth. In addition, Hawking made an appearance on the television series Star Trek that his fans will not soon forget.Hawking does not readily discuss his personal life, but it is generally know that he was divorced from his first wife in 1991 and they have two sons and a daughter. When asked about his objectives, Hawking told Robert Deltete of Zygon in a 1995 interview, "My goal is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all."阅读生物入侵原文：WHAT makes for a successful invasion? Often, the answer is to have better weapons than the enemy. And, as it is with people, so it is with plants—at least, that is the conclusion of a paper published in ★Biology Letters[1] by Naomi Cappuccino, of Carleton University, and Thor Arnason, of the University of Ottawa, both in Canada.怎样才能成功入侵？答案常常是：拥有比敌人更好的武器。
南开大学考博英语真题2007年
南开大学考博英语真题2007年(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part Ⅱ Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.（分数：1.00）A.stimulate √B.renovateC.arouseD.advocate解析：[解析] 动词词义辨析。
选项中，能与further research and further thinking搭配的动词只能是stimulate(刺激，激励)。
故答案为A。
其他选项，renovate“翻新，修复，整修”；arouse“唤醒，引起，激发”；advocate“提倡，主张”，均不符合逻辑。
2.They advised their clients to ______ with another company.（分数：1.00）A.merge √B.engageC.emergeD.submerge解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
merge与with搭配，意为“与……联合，与……合并”。
engage with意为“交战”，不符合句意。
emerge(出现，显出)；submerge(潜入水中，淹没)，一般不与with搭配。
故答案为A。
3.Donations are needed to ______ our child-care programs.（分数：1.00）A.implement √B.validateC.strengthenD.approve解析：[解析] 动词词义辨析。
选项中，与child-care programs符合逻辑的搭配只能是动词implement(贯彻，执行)。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：38
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Science and technology actually help to （） the useful and pleasant parts of traditional culture.问题1选项A.preserveB.prevailC.reserveD.precede【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。
句意:科学技术实际上有助于保存传统文化中有用的和讨人喜欢的部分。
选项中只有A和C有保留，保存的意思。
preserve强调保护东西完好无损;reserve指保存储备留作后用。
根据句意可知，选项A更符合语境。
2.单选题The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U. S. advice to poor countries that they restrain their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now an exceptionally large group of married couples.It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women’s liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs are careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive. And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties, introduced by divorce; couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the terrible experience of marital breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone.These circumstances—women working outside the home and the instability of marriage一tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries in the near future. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century.Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1998 and 1999 have been consumed. Urbanization is likely to continue, with the cities of the developing nations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2010. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women, and they incidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrial society will spread to the poor countries, and aspiration will exceed resources. All this will lead to a population in the new century that is smaller than was feared a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control, the news is encouraging.1.What influences the birth rate most in the United States is （） .2.The sentence “From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive” implies that （） .3.A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century is （） .4.The population in the new century, according to the writer, （） .问题1选项A.highly paid jobsB.women’s desire for independenceC.expenses of child raisingD.high divorce rate问题2选项A.food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensiveB.prices are going up dramatically all the timeC.to raise children women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobsD.social development has made child-raising inexpensive问题3选项A.birth controlB.the desire to seek fortune in citiesC.the instability of marriageD.the changed place of women问题4选项A.will be smaller than a few years agoB.will not be as small as people expectC.will prove to be a threat to the worldD.will not continue as serious a problem as expected【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D【解析】1.信息推断题。