生物信息学常用基本词汇表
【转】生物信息学中的常用词汇
【转】生物信息学中的常用词汇【转】生物信息学中的常用词汇 2011年03月13日degeneracy 简并性指某些氨基酸可以被一个以上的三联密码子编码的特性。
denatured protein 变性蛋白质指蛋白质因为受热作用或者去污剂或尿素等化学作用而失去了正常的三级结构和四级结构的结果。
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 脱氧核糖核酸 ( DNA ) 由相连的核苷酸组成的双链生物二聚体，其核苷酸含有脱氧糖基。
DNA是遗传的分子基础。
dipeptide 二肽由一个肽键连成的两个氨基酸。
disulfide bond 二硫键二硫键是蛋白质中两个半胱氨酸侧链之间形成的化学键。
DNA DNA 参见脱氧核糖核酸。
domain 域(结构域) 指蛋白质结构中相对独立的、具有特定功能的空间区域。
dot plot 点阵图对两条序列进行图形化比较的方法。
图形中的一系列的斜线对应于序列相似的区域。
dynamic programming 动态规划一种可以有效地探求一定复杂问题的各种可能的解决方案的程序;它将一个问题合理分解成一些小的子问题，然后利用部分计算解得到最终答案。
E enhancer 增强子可以与真核转录因子特异性结合的 DNA 序列片段。
增强子序列可以在任何一个方向上起到逐渐增加转录水平的作用。
enzyme 酶一种生物催化剂(通常是蛋白质)，能通过降低活化能使特定的化学反应可以更快地进行。
EST ( Expressed sequence tags ) EST 表达序列标签从 cDNA 的 5' 或 3' 端获取的短的 DNA 片段。
euchromatin 常染色质指真核生物中组蛋白高度甲基化( 乙酰化,)并且 DNA 低度甲基化的开放染色质。
exhaustive search 穷举搜索对问题所有可能的解进行评估。
exon 外显子一个 hnRNA 分子的各个部分，它们被剪接后连在一起形成 mRNA 。
生物信息学术语
生物信息学术语BLAST ：Basic Local Alignment Search Tool，基本的基于局部对准的搜索工具；一种快速查找与给定序列具有连续相同片断的序列的技术。
Entrez ：美国国家生物技术信息中心所提供的在线资源检索器。
该资源将GenBank序列与其原始文献出处链接在一起。
NCBI ：美国国立生物技术信息中心（National Center for Biotechnology Information），1988年设立，为美国国家医学图书馆（NLM）和国家健康协会（NIH）下属部门之一。
提供生物医学领域的信息学服务，如世界三大核酸数据库之一的GenBank数据库，PubMed医学文献检索数据库等。
Conserved sequence ：保守序列。
演化过程中基本上不变的DNA中的碱基序列或蛋白质中的氨基酸序列。
Domain ：功能域。
蛋白质中具有某种特定功能的部分，它在序列上未必是连续的。
某蛋白质中所有功能域组合其起来决定着该蛋白质的全部功能。
EBI：欧洲生物信息学研究所（European Bioinformatics Institute）。
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the NationalLibrary of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH)EMBL ：欧洲分子生物学实验室（uropean Molecular Biology Laboratory）。
GenBank ：由美国国家生物技术信息中心提供的核酸序列数据库。
Gene ：基因。
遗传的基本的物理和功能单位。
一个基因就是位于某条染色体的某个位置上的核苷酸序列，其中蕴含着某种特定功能产物（如蛋白质或RNA分子）的编码。
DUST ：A program for filtering low complexity regions from nucleic acid sequences.Gene expression ：基因表达。
生物信息学主要英文术语及释义
生物信息学主要英文术语及释义生物信息学主要英文术语及释义Abstract Abstract Syntax Syntax Syntax Notation Notation Notation (ASN.l)(ASN.l)（NCBI 发展的许多程序，如显示蛋白质三维结构的Cn3D等所使用的内部格式）等所使用的内部格式） A A language language language that that that is is is used used used to to to describe describe describe structured structured structured data data data types types types formally, formally, formally, Within Within Within bioinformatits,it bioinformatits,it bioinformatits,it has has been been used used used by by by the the the National National National Center Center Center for for for Biotechnology Biotechnology Biotechnology Information Information Information to to to encode encode encode sequences, sequences, sequences, maps, maps, taxonomic information, molecular structures, and biographical information in such a way that it can be easily accessed and exchanged by computer software. Accession number （记录号）（记录号）A unique identifier that is assigned to a single database entry for a DNA or protein sequence. Affine gap penalty （一种设置空位罚分策略）（一种设置空位罚分策略）（一种设置空位罚分策略） A gap penalty score that is a linear function of gap length, consisting of a gap opening penalty and a a gap gap gap extension extension extension penalty penalty penalty multiplied multiplied multiplied by by by the the the length length length of of of the the the gap. gap. gap. Using Using Using this this this penalty penalty penalty scheme scheme scheme greatly greatly enhances enhances the the the performance performance performance of of of dynamic dynamic dynamic programming programming programming methods methods methods for for for sequence sequence sequence alignment. alignment. alignment. See See See also also Gap penalty. Algorithm （算法）（算法）A A systematic systematic systematic procedure procedure procedure for solving for solving a a problem problem problem in in in a a a finite finite finite number number number of of of steps, steps, steps, typically typically typically involving involving involving a a repetition of operations. Once specified, an algorithm can be written in a computer language and run as a program. Alignment （联配/比对/联配）联配）Refers to the procedure of comparing two or more sequences by looking for a series of individual characters or character patterns that are in the same order in the sequences. Of the two types of alignment, alignment, local local local and and and global, global, global, a a a local local local alignment alignment alignment is is is generally generally generally the the the most most most useful. useful. useful. See See See also also also Local Local Local and and Global alignments. Alignment score （联配/比对/联配值）联配值）An algorithmically computed score based on the number of matches, substitutions, insertions, and deletions deletions (gaps) (gaps) (gaps) within within within an an an alignment. alignment. alignment. Scores Scores Scores for for for matches matches matches and and and substitutions substitutions substitutions Are Are Are derived derived derived from from from a a scoring scoring matrix matrix matrix such such such as as as the the the BLOSUM BLOSUM BLOSUM and and and P AM P AM matrices matrices matrices for for for proteins, proteins, proteins, and and and aftine aftine aftine gap gap gap penalties penalties suitable for the matrix are chosen. Alignment scores are in log odds units, often bit units (log to the the base base base 2). 2). 2). Higher Higher Higher scores scores scores denote denote denote better better better alignments. alignments. alignments. See See See also also also Similarity Similarity Similarity score, score, score, Distance Distance Distance in in sequence analysis. Alphabet （字母表）（字母表）The total number of symbols in a sequence-4 for DNA sequences and 20 for protein sequences. Annotation （注释）（注释）The The prediction prediction prediction of of of genes genes genes in in in a a a genome, genome, genome, including including including the the the location location location of of of protein-encoding protein-encoding protein-encoding genes, genes, genes, the the sequence of the encoded proteins, anysignificantmatches to other Proteins of known function, and the location of RNA-encoding genes. Predictions are based on gene models; e.g., hidden Markov models models of of of introns introns introns and and and exons exons exons in in in proteins proteins proteins encoding encoding encoding genes, genes, genes, and and and models models models of of of secondary secondary secondary structure structure structure in in RNA. Anonymous FTP （匿名FTP ）When a FTP service allows anyone to log in, it is said to provide anonymous FTP ser-vice. A user can can log log log in in in to to to an an an anonymous anonymous anonymous FTP FTP FTP server server server by by by typing typing typing anonymous anonymous anonymous as as the the user name user name and and his E-mail his E-mail address as a password. Most Web browsers now negotiate anonymous FTP logon without asking the user for a user name and password. See also FTP. ASCII The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) encodes unaccented letters a-z, A-Z, A-Z, the the the numbers numbers numbers O-9, O-9, O-9, most most most punctuation punctuation punctuation marks, marks, marks, space, space, space, and and and a a a set set set of of of control control control characters characters characters such such such as as carriage carriage return return return and and and tab. tab. tab. ASCII ASCII ASCII specifies specifies specifies 128 128 128 characters characters characters that that that are are are mapped mapped mapped to to to the the the values values values O-127. O-127. ASCII ASCII tiles tiles tiles are are are commonly commonly commonly called called called plain plain plain text, text, text, meaning meaning meaning that that that they they they only only only encode encode encode text text text without without without extra extra markup. BAC clone （细菌人工染色体克隆）（细菌人工染色体克隆）Bacterial Bacterial artificial artificial artificial chromosome chromosome chromosome vector vector vector carrying carrying carrying a a a genomic genomic genomic DNA DNA DNA insert, insert, insert, typically typically typically 100100100––200 200 kb. kb. Most of the large-insert clones sequenced in the project were BAC clones. Back-propagation （反向传输）（反向传输）When training feed-forward neural networks, a back-propagation algorithm can be used to modify the network weights. After each training input pattern is fed through the network, the network’s output output is is is compared compared compared with with with the the the desired desired desired output output output and and and the the the amount amount amount of of of error error error is is is calculated. calculated. calculated. This This This error error error is is back-propagated through the network by using an error function to correct the network weights. See also Feed-forward neural network. Baum-Welch algorithm （Baum-Welch 算法）算法）An expectation maximization algorithm that is used to train hidden Markov models. Baye ’s rule （贝叶斯法则）（贝叶斯法则）Forms Forms the the the basis basis basis of of of conditional conditional conditional probability probability probability by by by calculating calculating calculating the the the likelihood likelihood likelihood of of of an an an event event event occurring occurring based on the history of the event and relevant background information. In terms of two parameters A and B, the theorem is stated in an equation: The condition-al probability of A, given B, P(AIB), is is equal equal equal to to to the the the probability probability probability of of of A, P(A), A, P(A), times times the the the conditional conditional conditional probability probability probability of of of B, B, B, given given given A, P(BIA), A, P(BIA), divided by the probability of B, P(B). P(A) is the historical or prior distribution value of A, P(BIA) is a new prediction for B for a particular value of A, and P(B) is the sum of the newly predicted values for B. P(AIB) is a posterior probability, representing a new prediction for A given the prior knowledge of A and the newly discovered relationships between A and B. Bayesian analysis （贝叶斯分析）（贝叶斯分析）A A statistical statistical statistical procedure procedure procedure used used used to to to estimate estimate estimate parameters parameters parameters of of of an an an underlyingdistribution underlyingdistribution underlyingdistribution based based based on on on an an observed distribution. See a lso Baye’s rule.Biochips （生物芯片）（生物芯片）Miniaturized arrays of large numbers of molecular substrates, often oligonucleotides, in a defined pattern. They are also called DNA microarrays and microchips. Bioinformatics （生物信息学）（生物信息学）The merger of biotechnology and information technology with the goal of revealing new insights and and principles principles principles in in in biology. biology. biology. /The /The /The discipline discipline discipline of of of obtaining obtaining obtaining information information information about about about genomic genomic genomic or or or protein protein sequence sequence data. data. data. This This This may may may involve involve involve similarity similarity similarity searches searches searches of of of databases, databases, databases, comparing comparing comparing your your your unidentified unidentified sequence sequence to to to the the the sequences sequences sequences in in in a a a database, database, database, or or or making making making predictions predictions predictions about about about the the the sequence sequence sequence based based based on on current current knowledge knowledge knowledge of of of similar similar similar sequences. sequences. sequences. Databases Databases Databases are are are frequently frequently frequently made made made publically publically publically available available through the Internet, or locally at your institution. Bit score （二进制值/ Bit 值）值）The value S' is derived from the raw alignment score S in which the statistical properties of the scoring system used have been taken into account. Because bit scores have been normalized with respect respect to to to the the the scoring scoring scoring system, system, system, they they they can can can be be be used used used to to to compare compare compare alignment alignment alignment scores scores scores from from from different different searches. Bit units From information theory, a bit denotes the amount of information required to distinguish between two two equally equally equally likely likely likely possibilities. possibilities. possibilities. The The The number number number of of of bits bits bits of of of information, information, information, AJ, AJ, AJ, required required required to to to convey convey convey a a message that has A4 possibilities is log2 M = N bits. BLAST （基本局部联配搜索工具，一种主要数据库搜索程序）（基本局部联配搜索工具，一种主要数据库搜索程序）Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. A set of programs, used to perform fast similarity searches. Nucleotide sequences can be compared with nucleotide sequences in a database using BLASTN, for for example. example. example. Complex Complex Complex statistics statistics statistics are are are applied applied applied to to to judge judge judge the the the significance significance significance of of of each each each match. match. match. Reported Reported sequences may be homologous to, or related to the query sequence. The BLASTP program is used to search a protein database for a match against a query protein sequence. There are several other flavours of BLAST. BLAST2 is a newer release of BLAST. Allows for insertions or deletions in the sequences being aligned. Gapped alignments may be more biologically significant. Block （蛋白质家族中保守区域的组块）（蛋白质家族中保守区域的组块）Conserved Conserved ungapped ungapped ungapped patterns patterns patterns approximately approximately approximately 3-60 3-60 3-60 amino amino amino acids acids acids in in in length length length in in in a a a set set set of of of related related proteins. BLOSUM matrices （模块替换矩阵，一种主要替换矩阵）（模块替换矩阵，一种主要替换矩阵）An alternative to PAM tables, BLOSUM tables were derived using local multiple alignments of more distantly related sequences than were used for the PAM matrix. These are used to assess the similarity of sequences when performing alignments. Boltzmann distribution （Boltzmann 分布）分布）Describes Describes the the the number number number of of of molecules molecules molecules that that that have have have energies energies energies above above above a a a certain certain certain level, level, level, based based based on on on the the Boltzmann gas constant and the absolute temperature.Boltzmann probability function(Boltzmann 概率函数) See Boltzmann distribution. Bootstrap analysis A method for testing how well a particular data set fits a model. For example, the validity of the branch branch arrangement arrangement arrangement in in in a a a predicted predicted predicted phylogenetic phylogenetic phylogenetic tree tree tree can can can be be be tested tested tested by by by resampling resampling resampling columns columns columns in in in a a multiple multiple sequence sequence sequence alignment alignment alignment to to to create create create many many many new new new alignments. alignments. alignments. The The The appearance appearance appearance of of of a a a particular particular branch in trees generated from these resampled sequences can then be measured. Alternatively, a sequence sequence may may may be be be left left left out out out of of of an an an analysis analysis analysis to to to deter-mine deter-mine deter-mine how how how much much much the the the sequence sequence sequence influences influences influences the the results of an analysis. Branch length （分支长度）（分支长度）In sequence analysis, the number of sequence changes along a particular branch of a phylogenetic tree. CDS or cds （编码序列）（编码序列）（编码序列） Coding sequence. Chebyshe, d inequality The probability that a random variable exceeds its mean is less than or equal to the square of 1 over the number of standard deviations from the mean. Clone （克隆）（克隆）Population of identical cells or molecules (e.g. DNA), derived from a single ancestor. Cloning V ector （克隆载体）（克隆载体）A molecule that carries a foreign gene into a host, and allows/facilitates the multiplication of that gene in a host. When sequencing a gene that has been cloned using a cloning vector (rather than by by PCR), PCR), PCR), care care care should should should be be be taken taken taken not not not to to to include include include the the the cloning cloning cloning vector vector vector sequence sequence sequence when when when performing performing similarity searches. Plasmids, cosmids, phagemids, Y ACs and PACs are example types of cloning vectors. Cluster analysis （聚类分析）（聚类分析） A method for grouping together a set of objects that are most similar from a larger group of related objects. The relationships are based on some criterion of similarity or difference. For sequences, a similarity or distance score or a statistical evaluation of those scores is used. Cobbler A single sequence that represents the most conserved regions in a multiple sequence alignment. The BLOCKS server uses the cobbler sequence to perform a database similarity search as a way to reach sequences that are more divergent than would be found using the single sequences in the alignment for searches. Coding system (neural networks) Regarding Regarding neural neural neural networks, networks, networks, a a a coding coding coding system system system needs needs needs to to to be be be designed designed designed for for for representing representing representing input input input and and output. output. The The The level level level of of of success success success found found found when when when training training training the the the model model model will will will be be be partially partially partially dependent dependent dependent on on on the the quality of the coding system chosen. Codon usageAnalysis of the codons used in a particular gene or organism. COG （直系同源簇）（直系同源簇）Clusters of orthologous groups in a set of groups of related sequences in microorganism and yeast (S. cerevisiae). These groups are found by whole proteome comparisons and include orthologs and paralogs. See also Orthologs and Paralogs. Comparative genomics （比较基因组学）（比较基因组学）A comparison of gene numbers, gene locations, and biological functions of genes in the genomes of diverse organisms, one objective being to identify groups of genes that play a unique biological role in a particular organism. Complexity (of an algorithm)（算法的复杂性）（算法的复杂性）Describes the number of steps required by the algorithm to solve a problem as a function of the amount of data; for example, the length of sequences to be aligned. Conditional probability （条件概率）（条件概率）The The probability probability probability of of of a a a particular particular particular result result result (or (or (or of of of a a a particular particular particular value value value of of of a a a variable) variable) variable) given given given one one one or or or more more events or conditions (or values of other variables). Conservation （保守）（保守）Changes at a specific position of an amino acid or (less commonly, DNA) sequence that preserve the physico-chemical properties of the original residue. Consensus （一致序列）（一致序列）A A single single single sequence sequence sequence that that that represents, represents, represents, at at at each each each subsequent subsequent subsequent position, position, position, the the the variation variation variation found found found within within corresponding columns of a multiple sequence alignment. Context-free grammars A A recursive recursive recursive set set set of of of production production production rules rules rules for for for generating generating generating patterns patterns patterns of of of strings. strings. strings. These These These consist consist consist of of of a a a set set set of of terminal characters that are used to create strings, a set of nonterminal symbols that correspond to rules and act as placeholders for patterns that can be generated using terminal characters, a set of rules for replacing nonterminal symbols with terminal characters, and a start symbol. Contig （序列重叠群/拼接序列）拼接序列）A A set set set of of of clones clones clones that that that can can can be be be assembled assembled assembled into into into a a a linear linear linear order. order. order. A A A DNA DNA DNA sequence sequence sequence that that that overlaps overlaps overlaps with with another contig. The full set of overlapping sequences (contigs) can be put together to obtain the sequence for a long region of DNA that cannot be sequenced in one run in a sequencing assay. Important in genetic mapping at the molecular level. CORBA （国际对象管理协作组制定的使OOP 对象与网络接口统一起来的一套跨计算机、操作系统、程序语言和网络的共同标准）作系统、程序语言和网络的共同标准）The The Common Common Common Object Object Object Request Request Request Broker Broker Broker Architecture Architecture Architecture (CORBA) (CORBA) (CORBA) is is is an an an open open open industry industry industry standard standard standard for for working working with with with distributed distributed distributed objects, objects, objects, developed developed developed by by by the the the Object Object Object Management Management Management Group. CORBA allows Group. CORBA allows the interconnection of objects and applications regardless of computer language, machine architecture, or geographic location of the computers. Correlation coefficient （相关系数）（相关系数）A numerical measure, falling between - 1 and 1, of the degree of the linear relationship between two variables. A positive value indicates a direct relationship, a negative negative value value value indicates indicates indicates an an an inverse inverse inverse relationship, relationship, relationship, and and and the the the distance distance distance of of of the the the value value value away away away from from from zero zero indicates the strength of the relationship. A value near zero indicates no relationship between the variables. Covariation (in sequences)（共变）（共变）Coincident change at two or more sequence positions in related sequences that may influence the secondary structures of RNA or protein molecules. Coverage (or depth) （覆盖率（覆盖率/厚度）厚度）The average number of times a nucleotide is represented by a high-quality base in a collection of random raw sequence. Operationally, a 'high-quality base' is defined as one with an accuracy of at least 99% (corresponding to a PHRED score of at least 20). Database （数据库）（数据库）A A computerized computerized computerized storehouse storehouse storehouse of of of data data data that that that provides provides provides a a a standardized standardized standardized way way way for for for locating, locating, locating, adding, adding, removing, and changing data. See also Object-oriented database, Relational database. Dendogram A form of a tree that lists the compared objects (e.g., sequences or genes in a microarray analysis) in a vertical order and joins related ones by levels of branches extending to one side of the list. Depth （厚度）（厚度）See coverage Dirichlet mixtures Defined Defined as as as the the the conjugational conjugational conjugational prior prior prior of of of a a a multinomial multinomial multinomial distribution. distribution. distribution. One One One use use use is is is for for for predicting predicting predicting the the expected expected pattern pattern pattern of of of amino amino amino acid acid acid variation variation variation found found found in in in the the the match match match state state state of of of a a a hid-den hid-den hid-den Markov Markov Markov model model (representing one column of a multiple sequence alignment of proteins), based on prior distributions found in conserved protein domains (blocks). Distance in sequence analysis （序列距离）（序列距离）The number of observed changes in an optimal alignment of two sequences, usually not counting gaps. DNA Sequencing （DNA 测序）测序）The The experimental experimental experimental process process process of of of determining determining determining the the the nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide sequence sequence sequence of of of a a a region region region of of of DNA. DNA. DNA. This This This is is done by labelling each nucleotide (A, C, G or T) with either a radioactive or fluorescent marker which which identifies identifies identifies it. it. it. There There There are are are several several several methods methods methods of of of applying applying applying this this this technology, technology, each each with with with their their advantages and disadvantages. For more information, refer to a current text book. High throughput laboratories laboratories frequently frequently frequently use use use automated automated automated sequencers, sequencers, sequencers, which which which are are are capable capable capable of of of rapidly rapidly rapidly reading reading reading large large numbers of templates. Sometimes, the sequences may be generated more quickly than they can be characterised. Domain （功能域）（功能域）A A discrete discrete discrete portion portion portion of of of a a a protein protein protein assumed assumed assumed to to to fold fold fold independently independently independently of of of the the the rest rest rest of of of the the the protein protein protein and and possessing its own function.Dot matrix （点标矩阵图）（点标矩阵图）Dot matrix diagrams provide a graphical method for comparing two sequences. One sequence is written horizontally across the top of the graph and the other along the left-hand side. Dots are placed within the graph at the intersection of the same letter appearing in both sequences. A series of diagonal lines in the graph indicate regions of alignment. The matrix may be filtered to reveal the the most-alike most-alike most-alike regions regions regions by by by scoring scoring scoring a a a minimal minimal minimal threshold threshold threshold number number number of of of matches matches matches within within within a a a sequence sequence window. Draft genome sequence （基因组序列草图）（基因组序列草图）（基因组序列草图） The sequence produced by combining the information from the individual sequenced clones (by creating merged sequence contigs and then employing linking information to create scaffolds) and positioning the sequence along the physical map of the chromosomes. DUST （一种低复杂性区段过滤程序）（一种低复杂性区段过滤程序）A program for filtering low complexity regions from nucleic acid sequences. Dynamic programming （动态规划法）（动态规划法）A dynamic programming algorithm solves a problem by combining solutions to sub-problems that are computed once and saved in a table or matrix. Dynamic programming is typically used when a problem has many possible solutions and an optimal one needs to be found. This algorithm is used for producing sequence alignments, given a scoring system for sequence comparisons. EMBL （欧洲分子生物学实验室，EMBL 数据库是主要公共核酸序列数据库之一）数据库是主要公共核酸序列数据库之一）European Molecular Biology Laboratories. Maintain the EMBL database, one of the major public sequence databases. EMBnet （欧洲分子生物学网络）（欧洲分子生物学网络）European European Molecular Molecular Molecular Biology Biology Biology Network: Network: Network: / / was was established established established in in in 1988, 1988, 1988, and and provides provides services services services including including including local local local molecular molecular molecular databases databases databases and and and software software software for for for molecular molecular molecular biologists biologists biologists in in Europe. There are several large outposts of EMBnet, including EXPASY . Entropy （熵）（熵）From information theory, a measure of the unpredictable nature of a set of possible elements. The higher the level of variation within the set, the higher the entropy. Erdos and Renyi law In a toss of a “fair” coin, the number of heads in a row that can be expected is the logarithm of the number of tosses to the base 2. The law may be generalized for more than two possible outcomes by changing the base of the logarithm to the number of out-comes. This law was used to analyze the number of matches and mismatches that can be expected between random sequences as a basis for scoring the statistical significance of a sequence alignment. EST （表达序列标签的缩写）（表达序列标签的缩写）See Expressed Sequence Tag Expect value (E)（E 值）值）E E value. value. value. The The The number number number of of of different different different alignents alignents alignents with with with scores scores scores equivalent equivalent equivalent to to to or or or better better better than than than S S S that that that are are expected to occur in a database search by chance. The lower the E value, the more significant the score. In a database similarity search, the probability that an alignment score as good as the one found between a query sequence and a database sequence would be found in as many comparisons between random sequences as was done to find the matching sequence. In other types of sequence analysis, E has a similar meaning. Expectation maximization (sequence analysis) An algorithm for locating similar sequence patterns in a set of sequences. A guessed alignment of the sequences is first used to generate an expected scoring matrix representing the distribution of sequence characters in each column of the alignment, this pattern is matched to each sequence, and and the the the scoring scoring scoring matrix matrix matrix values values values are are are then then then updated updated updated to to to maximize maximize maximize the the the alignment alignment alignment of of of the the the matrix matrix matrix to to to the the sequences. The procedure is repeated until there is no further improvement. Exon （外显子）（外显子）。
生物信息分析经常使用名词说明
生物信息分析经常使用名词说明生物信息学（bioinformatics）：综合运算机科学、信息技术和数学的理论和方式来研究生物信息的交叉学科。
包括生物学数据的研究、存档、显示、处置和模拟，基因遗传和物理图谱的处置，核苷酸和氨基酸序列分析，新基因的发觉和蛋白质结构的预测等。
基因组（genome)：是指一个物种的单倍体的染色体数量，又称染色体组。
它包括了该物种自身的所有基因。
基因（gene）：是遗传信息的物理和功能单位，包括产生一条多肽链或功能RNA所必需的全数核苷酸序列。
基因组学：（genomics)是指对所有基因进行基因组作图（包括遗传图谱、物理图谱、转录图谱）、核酸序列测定、基因定位和基因功能分析的科学。
基因组学包括结构基因组学（structural genomics)、功能基因组学（functional genomics)、比较基因组学(Comparative genomics)宏基因组学：宏基因组是基因组学一个新兴的科学研究方向。
宏基因组学（又称元基因组学，环境基因组学，生态基因组学等），是研究直接从环境样本中提取的基因组遗传物质的学科。
传统的微生物研究依托于实验室培育，元基因组的兴起填补了无法在传统实验室中培育的微生物研究的空白。
蛋白质组学（proteomics）：说明生物体各类生物基因组在细胞中表达的全数蛋白质的表达模式及功能模式的学科。
包括鉴定蛋白质的表达、存在方式(修饰形式)、结构、功能和彼此作用等。
遗传图谱：指通过遗传重组所取得的基因线性排列图。
物理图谱：是利用限制性内切酶将染色体切成片段，再依照重叠序列把片段连接称染色体，确信遗传标记之间的物理距离的图谱。
转录图谱：是利用EST作为标记所构建的分子遗传图谱。
基因文库：用重组DNA技术将某种生物细胞的总DNA 或染色体DNA的所有片断随机地连接到基因载体上,然后转移到适当的宿主细胞中，通过细胞增殖而组成各个片段的无性繁衍系（克隆），在制备的克隆数量多到能够把某种生物的全数基因都包括在内的情形下，这一组克隆的整体就被称为某种生物的基因文库。
生物专业常用词汇IBIGCSEAlevel必备biology
生物专业常用词汇IBIGCSEAlevel必备biologyAbsorption 吸收Accommodation 调节Acid Rain 酸雨Acne 粉刺Active site 活性部位Active transport 主动转运Adaptation 适应Additives 添加剂Adenine 腺嘌呤Amylase 淀粉酶Anemia 贫血症Angina 心绞痛Angiosperm 被子植物Anopheles 疟蚊Anorexia 厌食Antagonistic pair 相互拮抗的Anther 花粉囊Antibiotic 抗生素Antibody 抗体Monoclonal 单克隆Antigen 抗原Antiseptic 防腐剂Aorta 主动脉Aphid 蚜虫Coronary Artery 冠状动脉Hepatic Artery 肝动脉Pulmonary Artery 肺动脉Renal Artery 肾动脉Arthritis 关节炎Arthropod 节肢动物Artificial selection 人工选择Athlete’s foot 脚气Atmosphere 大气ATP(Adenosine triphosphate) 三磷酸腺苷Atrium 心房Autotroph 自养生物Axes 轴Axon 轴突Bactericide 杀菌剂Bacteriostatic 抑菌剂Bacterium 细菌Base pair 碱基对Bee 蜜蜂Bicarbonate indicator 碳酸氢盐指示剂Biceps 二头肌Bile 胆汁Biogas 沼气Biological control 生物防治Bioreactor 生物反应器Bladder 膀胱Blind spot 盲点Red blood cell 红细胞white blood cell 白细胞BOD（Biological Oxygen Demand）生物耗氧Caffeine 咖啡因Calcium 钙Cambium 形成层（植）Bladder cancer 膀胱癌Colon cancer 结结肠癌Lung cancer 肺癌Skin cancer 皮肤癌Cap（Diaphragm）子宫帽Capillary 毛细血管Carbohydrate 糖类Carbon cycle 碳循环Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Carnivore 肉食动物Carrier proteins 转运蛋白Carrier 转运者，载体Carrying capacity 转运能力Cartilage 软骨Catalyst 催化剂Cell division 细胞分裂Cellulose cell wall 植物前卫细胞壁Cellulose 植物纤维Centromere 着丝粒Cerebellum 小脑Cerebral cortex 大脑皮层Cervix 子宫颈CFC（Chlorofluorocarbon 含氯氟烃Chlorophyll 叶绿素Chloroplast 叶绿体Cholesterol 胆固醇Choroid 脉络膜Chromatid 染色单体Chromosome 染色体Ciliary muscle 睫状肌Cirrhosis 肝硬化Clinistix 尿糖试纸cobalt chloride paper 氯化钴试纸coil 避孕环color blindness 色盲combustion 燃烧community 群落cone cell 视锥细胞constipation 便秘consumer 消费者cornea 角膜cotyledon 子叶cuticle 表皮cystic fibrosis 囊性纤维化cytoplasm 细胞质cytosine 胞嘧啶DDT 滴滴涕（杀虫剂的一种）Deamination 去氨基Decomposition 分解腐烂Denaturation 变性denitrification 脱氮作用depression 抑郁diabetes 糖尿病dialysis 透析diaphragm 横膈膜diarrhea 腹泻adequate diet 足量饮食balanced diet 平衡饮食diffusion 扩散digestion 消化diploid 二倍体disease 疾病DNA 脱氧核糖核酸dominant 显性double helix 双螺旋Dow n ’s syndrome 唐氏综合症drugs 药物ecology 生态学ecosystem 生态系统egg 卵细胞embryo 胚胎emphysema 肺气肿endocrine gland 内分泌腺endonuclease 核酸内切酶endosperm 胚乳endothermy 温血状态，体温的生理调节energy 能量environmental resistance 环境的阻力enzyme 酶epidermis 表皮epididymis 附睾eutrophication 富营养作用excretion 排泄，分泌factor-8 因子8 （血友病的凝血因子）fair testing 客观的实验fermentation 发酵fermenter 发酵器fern 蕨类植物fertilization 受精fertilizer 肥料fever 发热fiber 纤维fibrin 纤维蛋白fibrinogen 纤维蛋白质filament 细丝fish farming 养鱼业flaccidity 软弱，枯萎fetus 胚胎food chain 食物链food preservation 食物保存fossil fuel 矿物燃料fruit 果实fungus 真菌，菌类gall bladder 胆囊gamete 配子gene probe 基因探针gene transfer 转基因gene vector 基因载体gene 基因genus 类，属geotropism 向地性global warming 全球变暖glucagon 胰高血糖素glucose 葡萄糖glycogen 糖原gonorrhea 淋病Graafian follicle 格拉夫卵泡，囊状卵泡graphs 线图greenhouse effect 温室效应grey and white matter 灰质和白质guanine 鸟嘌吟gut 消化道，内脏habitat 栖息地hemoglobin 血红蛋白hemophilia 血友病haploid 单倍体的hay fever 花粉热，干草热heat 热度，热量hepatitis 肝炎herbicide 除草剂herbivore 食草类动物heroin 海洛因heterotroph 异养生物heterozygous 咋合的homeostasis 平衡状态，稳态homologous pair 同源染色体对homozygous 纯合子的，同型结合的hormone 荷尔蒙horticulture 园艺human growth hormone 人类生长激素humerus 肱骨humidity 潮湿的，温度Huntingto n’s disease 杭廷顿氏舞蹈病hybridoma 杂交瘤hydrochloric acid 盐酸hyperglycemia 多糖症，高血糖症hypoglycemia 低血糖hypothalamus 丘脑下部hypothermia 体温过低hypothesis 假设active 主动passive 被动natural 天然artificial immunity 人工免疫independent assortment 自由组合，独立分配influenza 流行性感冒insect 昆虫insecticide 杀虫剂insulin 胰岛素iron 铁irradiation 放射，照射IUD（intra-uterine device）子宫内器件joint 关节karyotype 染色体组型key 关键kidney 肾脏kingdom 界，王国kwashiorkor 夸休可尔症，恶性营养不良lacteal 乳汁lactic acid 乳酸large intestine 大肠lead 铅leaf 树叶lens 晶体ligament 韧带ligase 连接酶light 光照limewater 石灰水limiting factor 限制因素Linnaeus 林奈lipase 脂肪酶lipid 脂类liver 肝脏loop of Henle 亨利氏襻louse 虱子LSD 麦角酸二乙基酰胺（致幻药）lung 肺lymphocyte 淋巴细胞lysozyme 溶菌酶magnesium 镁malnutrition 营养不良mammal 哺乳动物mammary gland 乳腺marasmus 消瘦，衰弱medulla 脊髓meiosis 减数分裂Mende l’s law孟德尔遗传定律meninges 脑膜meningitis 脑膜炎menstrual cycle 月经周期menstruation 月经meristem 分裂组织，生长点mesophyll 叶肉metabolism 新陈代谢methane 沼气，甲烷microorganism 微生物micropyle 珠孔mineral ions 矿物离子mitochondria 线粒体mitosis 有丝分裂moss 苔藓mould 霉菌mouth 口腔movement 运动muscle 肌肉mutagen 诱变剂mutation 突变myelin sheath 髓鞘natural selection 自然选择negative feedback 负反馈nephron 肾单位nervous system 神经系统neuron 神经元neurotransmitter 神经递质night blindness 夜盲nitrate 硝酸盐nitrification 硝化作用nitrogen fixation 固氮作用nitrogen cycle 氮循环nitrogen 氮气node of Ranvier 郎飞氏结nucleotide 核苷nucleus 细胞核obesity 肥胖esophagus 食道estrogen 雌激素oil 油optic nerve 视神经osmosis 渗透osteoporosis 骨质疏松ovary 卵巢，子房oviduct 输卵管ovulation ovule 胚珠oxygen debt 氧债oxygen 氧ozone 臭氧painkiller 止痛药pancreas 胰腺parasite 寄生虫pasteurization 巴氏灭菌法pathogen 病原体penicillin 青霉素penis 阴茎pepsin 胃蛋白酶peristalsis 蠕动pest 害虫pesticide 杀虫剂petal 花瓣PH 氢离子浓度phagocyte 吞噬细胞phenotype 显型pheromone 信息素phloem 韧皮部phosphate 磷酸盐photosynthesis 光合作用phototropism 趋光性Pill 口服避孕药pituitary hormones 脑垂体placenta 胎盘pulmonary 肺的radiation 放射radiotherapy 放射治疗radius 镭receptacle 容器，花托recessive 隐性的rectum 直肠reflex action 反射动作reflex arc 反射弧refrigeration 冷藏，制冷rennin 高血压蛋白酶，肾素reptile 爬行动物resistance 抵抗力，阻力respiration 呼吸aerobic respiration 需氧呼吸anaerobic respiration 厌氧呼吸respirometer 呼吸计restriction enzyme 限速酶retina 视网膜rhizobium 根瘤菌ribosome 核糖体rickets 软骨病，佝偻rod cell 视杆细胞root 根root nodule 根瘤roughage 粗粮Salmonella 沙门氏菌属saprotroph 腐生菌schizophrenia 精神分裂症SCP（single cell protein）单细胞蛋白质scrotum 阴囊scurvy 坏血症seed 种子selective breeding 选择育种sepal 萼片sewage 废水，污水sex 性别shiver 颤抖sickle cell anemia 镰状细胞血症skeleton 骨骼skin 皮肤sludge 泥浆，污泥small intestine 小肠smoke 吸烟solvent abuse 溶剂滥用species 种类，类型sperm 精子spermicide 杀精剂sphincter 括约肌spider 蜘蛛spinal cord 脊索sporulation 孢子形成stamen 雄蕊starch 淀粉stem 茎，干sterilization 灭菌，消毒stigma （花的）柱头stomach 胃stomata 口，气孔style 花柱sucrose 蔗糖surrogacy 代理sweating 排汗synapse 突触synovial fluid 骨膜液，关节液tables 表格tendon 腱testis 睾丸testosterone 睾酮，睾丸素thymine 胸腺嘧啶tobacco 烟草tooth decay 龋齿toxin 毒素transcription 转录transgenic organism 转基因生物体translation 翻译，转换transpiration 蒸发，蒸腾作用transplant 移植triceps 三头肌turgidity 肿胀，浮肿typhoid 伤寒ulna 尺骨umbilical cord 脐带unit 单位urea 尿素ureter 输尿管urethra 尿道uterus 子宫vaccine 疫苗vacuole 液泡vagina 阴道，叶鞘valve 心瓣膜variable 变量，变数vas deferens 输精管vascular bundle 维管束vasectomy 输精管切除术vasoconstriction and vasodilation 血管收缩和舒张vegetative propagation 无性繁殖vein 静脉hepatic portal vein 肝门静脉umbilical vein 脐静脉vena cava 腔静脉ventricle 心室vesicle （器官的）囊，泡villus 绒毛vinegar 醋剂，醋virus 病毒vitamins 维生素vulva 女阴water potential 水势能water 水weed killer 除草剂wilting 萎蔫X chromosome X染色体xylem 木质部Y chromosome Y染色体yeast 酵母yellow spot 黄斑zygote 受精卵。
生物信息学主要英文术语及释义
生物信息学主要英文术语及释义Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.l)（NCBI发展的许多程序，如显示蛋白质三维结构的Cn3D 等所使用的内部格式）A language that is used to describe structured data types formally, Within bioinformatits,it has been used by the National Center for Biotechnology Information to encode sequences, maps, taxonomic information, molecular structures, and biographical information in such a way that it can be easily accessed and exchanged by computer software.Accession number（记录号）A unique identifier that is assigned to a single database entry for a DNA or protein sequence.Affine gap penalty（一种设置空位罚分策略）A gap penalty score that is a linear function of gap length, consisting of a gap opening penalty and a gap extension penalty multiplied by the length of the gap. Using this penalty scheme greatly enhances the performance of dynamic programming methods for sequence alignment. See also Gap penalty.Algorithm（算法）A systematic procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of steps, typically involving a repetition of operations. Once specified, an algorithm can be written in a computer language and run as a program.Alignment（联配/比对/联配）Refers to the procedure of comparing two or more sequences by looking for a series of individual characters or character patterns that are in the same order in the sequences. Of the two types of alignment, local and global, a local alignment is generally the most useful. See also Local and Global alignments.Alignment score（联配/比对/联配值）An algorithmically computed score based on the number of matches, substitutions, insertions, and deletions (gaps) within an alignment. Scores for matches and substitutions Are derived from a scoring matrix such as the BLOSUM and PAM matrices for proteins, and aftine gap penalties suitable for the matrix are chosen. Alignment scores are in log odds units, often bit units (log to the base 2). Higher scores denote better alignments. See also Similarity score, Distance in sequence analysis. Alphabet（字母表）The total number of symbols in a sequence-4 for DNA sequences and 20 for protein sequences.Annotation（注释）The prediction of genes in a genome, including the location of protein-encoding genes, the sequence of the encoded proteins, anysignificantmatches to other Proteins of known function, and the location of RNA-encoding genes. Predictions are based on gene models; e.g., hidden Markov models of introns and exons in proteins encoding genes, and models of secondary structure in RNA.Anonymous FTP（匿名FTP）When a FTP service allows anyone to log in, it is said to provide anonymous FTP ser-vice. A user can log in to an anonymous FTP server by typing anonymous as theuser name and his E-mail address as a password. Most Web browsers now negotiate anonymous FTP logon without asking the user for a user name and password. See also FTP.ASCIIThe American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) encodes unaccented letters a-z, A-Z, the numbers O-9, most punctuation marks, space, and a set of control characters such as carriage return and tab. ASCII specifies 128 characters that are mapped to the value s O-127. ASCII tiles are commonly called plain text, meaning that they only encode text without extra markup.BAC clone（细菌人工染色体克隆）Bacterial artificial chromosome vector carrying a genomic DNA insert, typically 100–200 kb. Most of the large-insert clones sequenced in the project were BAC clones. Back-propagation（反向传输）When training feed-forward neural networks, a back-propagation algorithm can be used to modify the network weights. After each training input pattern is fed through the network, the network’s output is compared with the desired output and the amount of error is calculated. This error is back-propagated through the network by using an error function to correct the network weights. See also Feed-forward neural network.Baum-Welch algorithm（Baum-Welch算法）An expectation maximization algorithm that is used to train hidden Markov models. Baye’s rule（贝叶斯法则）Forms the basis of conditional probability by calculating the likelihood of an event occurring based on the history of the event and relevant background information. In terms of two parameters A and B, the theorem is stated in an equation: The condition-al probability of A, given B, P(AIB), is equal to the probability of A, P(A), times the conditional probability of B, given A, P(BIA), divided by the probability of B, P(B). P(A) is the historical or prior distribution value of A, P(BIA) is a new prediction for B for a particular value of A, and P(B) is the sum of the newly predicted value s for B. P(AIB) is a posterior probability, representing a new prediction for A given the prior knowledge of A and the newly discovered relationships between A and B.Bayesian analysis（贝叶斯分析）A statistical procedure used to estimate parameters of an underlyingdistribution based on an observed distribution. See a lso Baye’s rule.Biochips（生物芯片）Miniaturized arrays of large numbers of molecular substrates, often oligonucleotides, in a defined pattern. They are also called DNA microarrays and microchips.Bioinformatics （生物信息学）The merger of biotechnology and information technology with the goal of revealing new insights and principles in biology. /The discipline of obtaining information about genomic or protein sequence data. This may involve similarity searches of databases, comparing your unidentified sequence to the sequences in a database, ormaking predictions about the sequence based on current knowledge of similar sequences. Databases are frequently made publically available through the Internet, or locally at your institution.Bit score （二进制值/ Bit值）The value S' is derived from the raw alignment score S in which the statistical properties of the scoring system used have been taken into account. Because bit scores have been normalized with respect to the scoring system, they can be used to compare alignment scores from different searches.Bit unitsFrom information theory, a bit denotes the amount of information required to distinguish between two equally likely possibilities. The number of bits of information, AJ, required to convey a message that has A4 possibilities is log2 M = N bits.BLAST （基本局部联配搜索工具，一种主要数据库搜索程序）Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. A set of programs, used to perform fast similarity searches. Nucleotide sequences can be compared with nucleotide sequences in a database using BLASTN, for example. Complex statistics are applied to judge the significance of each match. Reported sequences may be homologous to, or related to the query sequence. The BLASTP program is used to search a protein database for a match against a query protein sequence. There are several other flavours of BLAST. BLAST2 is a newer release of BLAST. Allows for insertions or deletions in the sequences being aligned. Gapped alignments may be more biologically significant. Block（蛋白质家族中保守区域的组块）Conserved ungapped patterns approximately 3-60 amino acids in length in a set of related proteins.BLOSUM matrices（模块替换矩阵，一种主要替换矩阵）An alternative to PAM tables, BLOSUM tables were derived using local multiple alignments of more distantly related sequences than were used for the PAM matrix. These are used to assess the similarity of sequences when performing alignments. Boltzmann distribution（Boltzmann 分布）Describes the number of molecules that have energies above a certain level, based on the Boltzmann gas constant and the absolute temperature.Boltzmann probability function(Boltzmann概率函数)See Boltzmann distribution.Bootstrap analysisA method for testing how well a particular data set fits a model. For example, the validity of the branch arrangement in a predicted phylogenetic tree can be tested by resampling columns in a multiple sequence alignment to create many new alignments. The appearance of a particular branch in trees generated from these resampled sequences can then be measured. Alternatively, a sequence may be left out of an analysis to deter-mine how much the sequence influences the results of an analysis. Branch length（分支长度）In sequence analysis, the number of sequence changes along a particular branch of a phylogenetic tree.CDS or cds （编码序列）Coding sequence.Chebyshe, d inequalityThe probability that a random variable exceeds its mean is less than or equal to the square of 1 over the number of standard deviations from the mean.Clone （克隆）Population of identical cells or molecules (e.g. DNA), derived from a single ancestor. Cloning Vector （克隆载体）A molecule that carries a foreign gene into a host, and allows/facilitates the multiplication of that gene in a host. When sequencing a gene that has been cloned using a cloning vector (rather than by PCR), care should be taken not to include the cloning vector sequence when performing similarity searches. Plasmids, cosmids, phagemids, YACs and PACs are example types of cloning vectors.Cluster analysis（聚类分析）A method for grouping together a set of objects that are most similar from a larger group of related objects. The relationships are based on some criterion of similarity or difference. For sequences, a similarity or distance score or a statistical evaluation of those scores is used.CobblerA single sequence that represents the most conserved regions in a multiple sequence alignment. The BLOCKS server uses the cobbler sequence to perform a database similarity search as a way to reach sequences that are more divergent than would be found using the single sequences in the alignment for searches.Coding system (neural networks)Regarding neural networks, a coding system needs to be designed for representing input and output. The level of success found when training the model will be partially dependent on the quality of the coding system chosen.Codon usageAnalysis of the codons used in a particular gene or organism.COG（直系同源簇）Clusters of orthologous groups in a set of groups of related sequences in microorganism and yeast (S. cerevisiae). These groups are found by whole proteome comparisons and include orthologs and paralogs. See also Orthologs and Paralogs. Comparative genomics（比较基因组学）A comparison of gene numbers, gene locations, and biological functions of genes in the genomes of diverse organisms, one objective being to identify groups of genes that play a unique biological role in a particular organism.Complexity (of an algorithm)（算法的复杂性）Describes the number of steps required by the algorithm to solve a problem as a function of the amount of data; for example, the length of sequences to be aligned. Conditional probability（条件概率）The probability of a particular result (or of a particular value of a variable) given one or more events or conditions (or value s of other variables).Conservation （保守）Changes at a specific position of an amino acid or (less commonly, DNA) sequencethat preserve the physico-chemical properties of the original residue. Consensus（一致序列）A single sequence that represents, at each subsequent position, the variation found within corresponding columns of a multiple sequence alignment.Context-free grammarsA recursive set of production rules for generating patterns of strings. These consist of a set of terminal characters that are used to create strings, a set of nonterminal symbols that correspond to rules and act as placeholders for patterns that can be generated using terminal characters, a set of rules for replacing nonterminal symbols with terminal characters, and a start symbol.Contig （序列重叠群/拼接序列）A set of clones that can be assembled into a linear order. A DNA sequence that overlaps with another contig. The full set of overlapping sequences (contigs) can be put together to obtain the sequence for a long region of DNA that cannot be sequenced in one run in a sequencing assay. Important in genetic mapping at the molecular level. CORBA（国际对象管理协作组制定的使OOP对象与网络接口统一起来的一套跨计算机、操作系统、程序语言和网络的共同标准）The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is an open industry standard for working with distributed objects, developed by the Object Management Group. CORBA allows the interconnection of objects and applications regardless of computer language, machine architecture, or geographic location of the computers. Correlation coefficient（相关系数）A numerical measure, falling between - 1 and 1, of the degree of the linear relationship between two variables. A positive value indicates a direct relationship, a negative value indicates an inverse relationship, and the distance of the value away from zero indicates the strength of the relationship. A value near zero indicates no relationship between the variables. Covariation (in sequences)（共变）Coincident change at two or more sequence positions in related sequences that may influence the secondary structures of RNA or protein molecules.Coverage (or depth) （覆盖率/厚度）The average number of times a nucleotide is represented by a high-quality base in a collection of random raw sequence. Operationally, a 'high-quality base' is defined as one with an accuracy of at least 99% (corresponding to a PHRED score of at least 20).Database（数据库）A computerized storehouse of data that provides a standardized way for locating, adding, removing, and changing data. See also Object-oriented database, Relational database.DendogramA form of a tree that lists the compared objects (e.g., sequences or genes in a microarray analysis) in a vertical order and joins related ones by levels of branches extending to one side of the list.Depth （厚度）See coverageDirichlet mixturesDefined as the conjugational prior of a multinomial distribution. One use is for predicting the expected pattern of amino acid variation found in the match state of a hid-den Markov model (representing one column of a multiple sequence alignment of proteins), based on prior distributions found in conserved protein domains (blocks).Distance in sequence analysis（序列距离）The number of observed changes in an optimal alignment of two sequences, usually not counting gaps.DNA Sequencing （DNA测序）The experimental process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a region of DNA. This is done by labelling each nucleotide (A, C, G or T) with either a radioactive or fluorescent marker which identifies it. There are several methods of applying this technology, each with their advantages and disadvantages. For more information, refer to a current text book. High throughput laboratories frequently use automated sequencers, which are capable of rapidly reading large numbers of templates. Sometimes, the sequences may be generated more quickly than they can be characterised. Domain （功能域）A discrete portion of a protein assumed to fold independently of the rest of the protein and possessing its own function.Dot matrix（点标矩阵图）Dot matrix diagrams provide a graphical method for comparing two sequences. One sequence is written horizontally across the top of the graph and the other along the left-hand side. Dots are placed within the graph at the intersection of the same letter appearing in both sequences. A series of diagonal lines in the graph indicate regions of alignment. The matrix may be filtered to reveal the most-alike regions by scoring a minimal threshold number of matches within a sequence window.Draft genome sequence （基因组序列草图）The sequence produced by combining the information from the individual sequenced clones (by creating merged sequence contigs and then employing linking information to create scaffolds) and positioning the sequence along the physical map of the chromosomes.DUST （一种低复杂性区段过滤程序）A program for filtering low complexity regions from nucleic acid sequences. Dynamic programming（动态规划法）A dynamic programming algorithm solves a problem by combining solutions to sub-problems that are computed once and saved in a table or matrix. Dynamic programming is typically used when a problem has many possible solutions and an optimal one needs to be found. This algorithm is used for producing sequence alignments, given a scoring system for sequence comparisons.EMBL （欧洲分子生物学实验室，EMBL数据库是主要公共核酸序列数据库之一）European Molecular Biology Laboratories. Maintain the EMBL database, one of the major public sequence databases.EMBnet （欧洲分子生物学网络）European Molecular Biology Network: / was established in 1988,and provides services including local molecular databases and software for molecular biologists in Europe. There are several large outposts of EMBnet, including EXPASY. Entropy（熵）From information theory, a measure of the unpredictable nature of a set of possible elements. The higher the level of variation within the set, the higher the entropy. Erdos and Renyi lawIn a toss of a “fair” coin, the number of heads in a row that can be expected is the logarithm of the number of tosses to the base 2. The law may be generalized for more than two possible outcomes by changing the base of the logarithm to the number of out-comes. This law was used to analyze the number of matches and mismatches that can be expected between random sequences as a basis for scoring the statistical significance of a sequence alignment.EST （表达序列标签的缩写）See Expressed Sequence TagExpect value (E)（E值）E value. The number of different alignents with scores equivalent to or better than S that are expected to occur in a database search by chance. The lower the E value, the more significant the score. In a database similarity search, the probability that an alignment score as good as the one found between a query sequence and a database sequence would be found in as many comparisons between random sequences as was done to find the matching sequence. In other types of sequence analysis, E has a similar meaning.Expectation maximization (sequence analysis)An algorithm for locating similar sequence patterns in a set of sequences. A guessed alignment of the sequences is first used to generate an expected scoring matrix representing the distribution of sequence characters in each column of the alignment, this pattern is matched to each sequence, and the scoring matrix value s are then updated to maximize the alignment of the matrix to the sequences. The procedure is repeated until there is no further improvement.Exon （外显子）Coding region of DNA. See CDS.Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) （表达序列标签）Randomly selected, partial cDNA sequence; represents it's corresponding mRNA. dbEST is a large database of ESTs at GenBank, NCBI.FASTA （一种主要数据库搜索程序）The first widely used algorithm for database similarity searching. The program looks for optimal local alignments by scanning the sequence for small matches called "words". Initially, the scores of segments in which there are multiple word hits are calculated ("init1"). Later the scores of several segments may be summed to generate an "initn" score. An optimized alignment that includes gaps is shown in the output as "opt". The sensitivity and speed of the search are inversely related and controlled by the "k-tup" variable which specifies the size of a "word". (Pearson and Lipman)Extreme value distribution（极值分布）Some measurements are found to follow a distribution that has a long tail which decays at high value s much more slowly than that found in a normal distribution. This slow-falling type is called the extreme value distribution. The alignment scores between unrelated or random sequences are an example. These scores can reach very high value s, particularly when a large number of comparisons are made, as in a database similarity search. The probability of a particular score may be accurately predicted by the extreme value distribution, which follows a double negative exponential function after Gumbel.False negative（假阴性）A negative data point collected in a data set that was incorrectly reported due to a failure of the test in avoiding negative results.False positive （假阳性）A positive data point collected in a data set that was incorrectly reported due to a failure of the test. If the test had correctly measured the data point, the data would have been recorded as negative.Feed-forward neural network （反向传输神经网络）Organizes nodes into sequence layers in which the nodes in each layer are fully connected with the nodes in the next layer, except for the final output layer. Input is fed from the input layer through the layers in sequence in a “feed-forward” direction, resulting in output at the final layer. See also Neural network. Filtering (window size)During pair-wise sequence alignment using the dot matrix method, random matches can be filtered out by using a sliding window to compare the two sequences. Rather than comparing a single sequence position at a time, a window of adjacent positions in the two sequences is compared and a dot, indicating a match, is generated only if a certain minimal number of matches occur.Filtering （过滤）Also known as Masking. The process of hiding regions of (nucleic acid or amino acid) sequence having characteristics that frequently lead to spurious high scores. See SEG and DUST.Finished sequence（完成序列）Complete sequence of a clone or genome, with an accuracy of at least 99.99% and no gaps.Fourier analysisStudies the approximations and decomposition of functions using trigonometric polynomials.Format (file)（格式）Different programs require that information be specified to them in a formal manner, using particular keywords and ordering. This specification is a file format. Forward-backward algorithmUsed to train a hidden Markov model by aligning the model with training sequences. The algorithm then refines the model to reduce the error when fitted to the given data using a gradient descent approach.FTP (File Transfer Protocol)（文件传输协议）Allows a person to transfer files from one computer to another across a network using an FTP-capable client program. The FTP client program can only communicate with machines that run an FTP server. The server, in turn, will make a specific portion of its tile system available for FTP access, providing that the client is able to supply a recognized user name and password to the server.Full shotgun clone （鸟枪法克隆）A large-insert clone for which full shotgun sequence has been produced. Functional genomics（功能基因组学）Assessment of the function of genes identified by between-genome comparisons. The function of a newly identified gene is tested by introducing mutations into the gene and then examining the resultant mutant organism for an altered phenotype.gap （空位/间隙/缺口）A space introduced into an alignment to compensate for insertions and deletions in one sequence relative to another. To prevent the accumulation of too many gaps in an alignment, introduction of a gap causes the deduction of a fixed amount (the gap score) from the alignment score. Extension of the gap to encompass additional nucleotides or amino acid is also penalized in the scoring of an alignment. Gap penalty（空位罚分）A numeric score used in sequence alignment programs to penalize the presence of gaps within an alignment. The value of a gap penalty affects how often gaps appear in alignments produced by the algorithm. Most alignment programs suggest gap penalties that are appropriate for particular scoring matrices.Genetic algorithm（遗传算法）A kind of search algorithm that was inspired by the principles of evolution. A population of initial solutions is encoded and the algorithm searches through these by applying a pre-defined fitness measurement to each solution, selecting those with the highest fitness for reproduction. New solutions can be generated during this phase by crossover and mutation operations, defined in the encoded solutions. Genetic map （遗传图谱）A genome map in which polymorphic loci are positioned relative to one another on the basis of the frequency with which they recombine during meiosis. The unit of distance is centimorgans (cM), denoting a 1% chance of recombination.Genome（基因组）The genetic material of an organism, contained in one haploid set of chromosomes. Gibbs sampling methodAn algorithm for finding conserved patterns within a set of related sequences. A guessed alignment of all but one sequence is made and used to generate a scoring matrix that represents the alignment. The matrix is then matched to the left-out sequence, and a probable location of the corresponding pattern is found. This prediction is then input into a new alignment and another scoring matrix is produced and tested on a new left-out sequence. The process is repeated until there is no further improvement in the matrix.Global alignment（整体联配）Attempts to match as many characters as possible, from end to end, in a set of twomoresequences.Gopher (一个文档发布系统，允许检索和显示文本文件)Graph theory（图论）A branch of mathematics which deals with problems that involve a graph or network structure. A graph is defined by a set of nodes (or points) and a set of arcs (lines or edges) joining the nodes. In sequence and genome analysis, graph theory is used for sequence alignments and clustering alike genes.GSS（基因综述序列）Genome survey sequence.GUI（图形用户界面）Graphical user interface.H （相对熵值）H is the relative entropy of the target and background residue frequencies. (Karlin and Altschul, 1990). H can be thought of as a measure of the average information (in bits) available per position that distinguishes an alignment from chance. At high value s of H, short alignments can be distinguished by chance, whereas at lower H value s, a longer alignment may be necessary. (Altschul, 1991)Half-bitsSome scoring matrices are in half-bit units. These units are logarithms to the base 2 of odds scores times 2.Heuristic（启发式方法）A procedure that progresses along empirical lines by using rules of thumb to reach a solution. The solution is not guaranteed to be optimal.Hexadecimal system（16制系统）The base 16 counting system that uses the digits O-9 followed by the letters A-F. HGMP （人类基因组图谱计划）Human Genome Mapping Project.Hidden Markov Model (HMM)（隐马尔可夫模型）In sequence analysis, a HMM is usually a probabilistic model of a multiple sequence alignment, but can also be a model of periodic patterns in a single sequence, representing, for example, patterns found in the exons of a gene. In a model of multiple sequence alignments, each column of symbols in the alignment is represented by a frequency distribution of the symbols called a state, and insertions and deletions by other states. One then moves through the model along a particular path from state to state trying to match a given sequence. The next matching symbol is chosen from each state, recording its probability (frequency) and also the probability of going to that particular state from a previous one (the transition probability). State and transition probabilities are then multiplied to obtain a probability of the given sequence. Generally speaking, a HMM is a statistical model for an ordered sequence of symbols, acting as a stochastic state machine that generates a symbol each time a transition is made from one state to the next. Transitions betweenstates are specified by transition probabilities.Hidden layer（隐藏层）An inner layer within a neural network that receives its input and sends its outputto other layers within the network. One function of the hidden layer is to detect covariation within the input data, such as patterns of amino acid covariation that are associated with a particular type of secondary structure in proteins. Hierarchical clustering（分级聚类）The clustering or grouping of objects based on some single criterion of similarity or difference.An example is the clustering of genes in a microarray experiment based on the correlation between their expression patterns. The distance method used in phylogenetic analysis is another example.Hill climbingA nonoptimal search algorithm that selects the singular best possible solution at a given state or step. The solution may result in a locally best solution that is not a globally best solution.Homology（同源性）A similar component in two organisms (e.g., genes with strongly similar sequences) that can be attributed to a common ancestor of the two organisms during evolution. Horizontal transfer（水平转移）The transfer of genetic material between two distinct species that do not ordinarily exchange genetic material. The transferred DNA becomes established in the recipient genome and can be detected by a novel phylogenetic history and codon content com-pared to the rest of the genome.HSP （高比值片段对）High-scoring segment pair. Local alignments with no gaps that achieve one of the top alignment scores in a given search.HTGS/HGT（高通量基因组序列）High-throughout genome sequencesHTML（超文本标识语言）The Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML) provides a structural description of a document using a specified tag set. HTML currently serves as the Internet lingua franca for describing hypertext Web page documents.HyperplaneA generalization of the two-dimensional plane to N dimensions.HypercubeA generalization of the three-dimensional cube to N dimensions.Identity （相同性/相同率）The extent to which two (nucleotide or amino acid) sequences are invariant. Indel（插入或删除的缩略语）An insertion or deletion in a sequence alignment.Information content (of a scoring matrix)A representation of the degree of sequence conservation in a column of ascoring matrix representing an alignment of related sequences. It is also the number of questions that must be asked to match the column to a position in a test sequence. For bases, the max-imum possible number is 2, and for proteins, 4.32 (logarithm to the base 2 of the number of possible sequence characters).Information theory（信息理论）。
常用生物学专业英语词汇同名
常用生物学专业英语词汇(同名19427)1.Biology - 生物学2.Cell - 细胞3.DNA - 脱氧核糖核酸4.RNA - 核糖核酸5.Gene - 基因6.Chromosome - 染色体7.Protein - 蛋白质8.Enzyme - 酶9.Mitosis - 有丝分裂10.Meiosis - 减数分裂11.Photosynthesis - 光合作用12.Respiration - 呼吸作用13.Evolution - 进化14.Adaptation - 适应15.Mutation - 突变16.Genetics - 遗传学17.Genotype - 基因型18.Phenotype - 表型19.Natural selection - 自然选择20.Ecology - 生态学21.Ecosystem - 生态系统22.Biodiversity - 生物多样性23.Conservation - 保护24.Endangered species - 濒危物种25.Extinction - 灭绝26.Classification - 分类27.Taxonomy - 分类学28.Kingdom - 界29.Phylum - 门30.Class - 纲31.Order - 目32.Family - 科33.Genus - 属34.Species - 种35.Anatomy - 解剖学36.Physiology - 生理学37.Microbiology - 微生物学38.Virology - 病毒学39.Immunology - 免疫学40.Biotechnology - 生物技术41.Genetic engineering - 基因工程42.Cloning - 克隆43.Stem cells - 干细胞44.Embryology - 胚胎学45.Developmental biology - 发育生物学46.Neurobiology - 神经生物学47.Botany - 植物学48.Zoology - 动物学49.Entomology - 昆虫学50.Marine biology - 海洋生物学51.Ornithology - 鸟类学52.Herpetology - 爬行动物学53.Mammalogy - 哺乳动物学54.Ecology - 生态学55.Population - 种群munity - 群落57.Ecosystem - 生态系统58.Habitat - 栖息地59.Food chain - 食物链60.Food web - 食物网61.Trophic level - 营养级62.Producer - 生产者63.Consumer - 消费者64.Decomposer - 分解者65.Mutualism - 互利共生66.Parasitism - 寄生mensalism - 共生68.Biome - 生物群落69.Tundra - 苔原70.Desert - 沙漠71.Grassland - 草原72.Forest - 森林73.Rainforest - 热带雨林74.Freshwater - 淡水75.Marine - 海洋76.Estuary - 河口77.Wetland - 湿地78.Adaptation - 适应79.Migration - 迁徙80.Hibernation - 冬眠81.Camouflage - 伪装82.Mimicry - 拟态83.Symbiosis - 共生84.Reproduction - 繁殖85.Asexual reproduction - 无性繁殖86.Sexual reproduction - 有性繁殖87.Fertilization - 受精88.Gamete - 配子89.Ovum - 卵子90.Sperm - 精子91.Pollination - 授粉92.Seed dispersal - 种子传播93.Germination - 发芽94.Growth - 生长95.Development - 发育96.Metabolism - 新陈代谢97.Homeostasis - 动态平衡98.Nervous system - 神经系统99.Digestive system - 消化系统100.Respiratory system - 呼吸系统。
生物信息学常见名词
BlastBasic Local Alignment Search Tool，基本的基于局部对准的搜索工具；一种快速查找与给定序列具有连续相同片断的序列的技术。
在BLAST2.0，2.05新版中启用了gapped BLAST、PSI-BLAST 和PHI-BLAST。
gapped BLAST是比原BLAST更灵敏更快的局部相似联配（俗称局部同源）搜索法；PSI- BLAST用迭代型的剖面打分算法，每次迭代所费时间与前者相同，它可检索弱同源的目标；PHI-BLAST 98年刚出台，是模体（Motif ）构造与搜索软件，是更灵敏的同源搜索软件。
例如线虫的CED4是apoptosis 的调控蛋白，含有涉及磷酸结合的P 环模体，在各种ATP 酶和GTP 酶中可发现。
在用gapped BLAST搜索NR数据库时，CED4仅跟人凋亡调控蛋白Apaf-1显著同源或相似（其中含有P-loop保守区）。
但PHI-BLAST搜索，另有一个显著同源（E=0.038 ）目标，是植物抗病蛋白Arabidopsis thaliana T7N9.18，证实此动物与植物蛋白确实在apoptosis 中有相似的功能。
另有，按PHI-BLAST搜索在MutL DNA修复蛋白中的ATP 酶域，II型拓扑异构酶，组氨酸激酶和HS90家族蛋白，发现一个新的真核蛋白族，共有HS90型ATP 酶域。
再有在古核tRNA核苷酸转移酶中发现核苷酸转移酶域，在细菌DNA 引物酶的古核同源体中发现螺旋酶超家族II的模体VI。
用以往的搜索法这些是得不到的。
Entrez美国国家生物技术信息中心所提供的在线资源检索器。
该资源将GenBank序列与其原始文献出处链接在一起。
NCBI美国国立生物技术信息中心（National Center for Biotechnology Information），1988年设立，为美国国家医学图书馆（National Library of Medicine, NLM）和国家健康协会（ational Institutes of Health, NIH）下属部门之一。
最全的生物学专业相关词汇
AAbdomen 腹〔部〕Abdominal cavity腹腔Abdominal muscle 腹肌Abiotic(1)非生物的﹐(2) 无生命的Abscess 脓肿Absolute alcohol 无水酒精Absorption 吸收作用Accommodation调整作用Acetic acid 醋酸Acetic alcohol醋酸酒精Aceto-orcein 醋酸地衣红Acetylcholine乙醯胆碱Acid rain 酸雨Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)后天免疫力缺乏症(艾滋病) Acquired immunity获得免疫﹔后天免疫Acromegaly 肢端巨大症Acrosome 顶体Actinomycete 放菌Activated sludge method活性污(淤)泥处理法Active immunity 自动免疫Active site 活性部位Active transport主动运输Adaptation 适应Addiction 瘾Adenine腺嘌呤Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)腺〔嘌呤核〕二磷酸﹔二磷酸腺Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)腺〔嘌呤核〕三磷酸﹔三磷酸腺Adipose tissue脂肪组织Adolescense青年期Adrenal cortex肾上腺皮质Adrenal gland肾上腺Adrenal medulla 肾上腺髓质Adrenaline肾上腺素Adulthood 成年期Aedes 伊蚊属Aeration tank曝气池Aerobe 需氧生物Aerobic respiration需氧呼吸Affective psychosis情感性精神病Afferent arteriole输入小动脉Afforestation造林Aflatoxin 黄曲霉素Afterbirth 胎盘胎膜Agar 琼脂Agar plate 琼脂平面Aging 衰老Agglutination凝集作用Agglutinin 凝集素Agglutinogen 凝集原Agranulocyte无粒白细胞﹔无粒白血球Aggression攻击性行为Ailment疾病Air pollution 空气染污Albinism白化Albumen蛋白Albumin白蛋白Alcohol 醇﹔酒精Alcohol dependence 酒Alcoholic 酗酒者Alcoholic fermentation酒精发酵Alcoholic posioning 醇中毒﹔酒精中毒Alcoholism (1) 酗酒﹐(2) 醇中毒﹔酒精中毒Alga 藻Alimentary canal 消化道﹔消化管Allele等位基因Allergy 过敏反应Alveolus肺泡Amino acid 胺基酸﹔氨基酸Amino group 胺基﹔氨基Ammonia 氨Ammonification 氨化作用Ammonifying bacteria 氨化细菌Amnesia 记忆缺失﹔遗忘〔症〕Amnion羊膜Amniotic cavity 羊膜腔Amniotic fluid羊水Amniotic sac 羊膜囊Amoeba变形虫Amoebic dysentery 变形虫性痢疾﹔阿米巴痢疾Amoeboid movement 变形运动Amphetamine安非他明Amphibian两栖动物Ampicillin氨青霉(霉)素Ampulla壶腹Amylase淀粉Anabolism组成代谢Anaemia贫血Anaerobe 厌氧生物Anaerobic缺氧的Anaerobic respiration 缺氧呼吸Anaesthesia 麻醉法Anaesthetic 麻醉剂Analgesic 镇痛剂Androgen 雄激素Angina 绞痛Animal husbandry 畜牧〔业〕Ankle 踝Anopheles 按蚊属Anorexia nervosa 厌食Antagonistic muscle拮抗肌Anterior pituitary 脑垂体前叶Anterior vena cava前腔大静脉Anthrax 炭疽Anthropoid 类人猿Antibiotic 抗生素﹔抗菌素Antibiotic disc 抗生素片Antibody 抗体Anticoagulant抗凝血剂Anti-depressant 抗抑郁药Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)抗利尿激素Antigen 抗原Antihistamine 抗组胺药Antioxidant 抗氧化剂Antiperspirant 止汗药Antipsychotic drug 精神抑制药Antiseptic 防腐剂Antisocial act 反社会性行为Antitoxin 抗毒素Anxiety 焦虑Anus 肛门Aorta 大动脉Ape 人猿Appendicitis阑尾炎Appendicular skeleton 附肢骨骼Appendix 阑尾Aquaculture水产养殖Aqueous humour 水状液Arrector pili 竖毛肌Arterial pressure 动脉血压Arterial system 动脉系统Arteriole 小动脉Arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化Artery 动脉Arthritis关节炎Articular capsule 关节囊Articular cartilage 关节软骨Artificial respiration 人工呼吸Asbestos 石棉Asbestosis石棉沉着病Ascariasis 蛔虫病Ascaris 蛔虫Ascaris lumbricoides 人蛔虫Ascorbate 抗坏血酸盐Ascorbic acid抗坏血酸Asepsis 无菌法Aseptic technique 无菌技术Aspirin 阿司匹林Assimilation同化作用Association area 联合区Association neurone 联合神经元Asthma气喘﹔哮喘Astigmatism散光Atheroma, atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化Athlete's foot 脚癣Atlas 寰椎Atrial systole心房收缩期Atrioventricular node房室结Atrioventricular valve房室瓣Atrium心房Atrophy 萎缩Attenuation 减毒作用Auditory canal 听道Auditory nerve 听神经Auditory ossicle听小骨Aureomycin 金霉(霉)索Auricle心耳Australoid 棕种；澳大利亚人种Autoclave高压灭菌器；消毒蒸锅Autolysis 自主溶解Autonomic nervous system自主神经系统Autosome 常染色体；体染色体Autotroph自养生物Autotrophic nutrition自养营养Axial sketelon 中轴骨骼Axis 枢椎Axon 轴突Azobacter 定氮菌BBaboon 狒狒Bacillus 杆菌Bacillus anthracis 炭疽杆菌Bacillus megatherium巨大芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilus 枯草杆菌Bacillus typhosus 伤寒沙门杆菌Backbone 柱Background radiation 本底辐射Bactericidal 杀菌的Bactericide杀〔细〕菌剂Bacterium 细菌Balance of nature 自然平衡Balanced diet 均衡膳食Ball and socket joint 球窝关节Barbiturate 巴比妥盐Barnacle藤壶Barrier method 屏障法Basal metabolic rate (BMR) 基础代谢率Basal metabolism基础代谢Base pair 碱基对Base sequence 碱基顺序Basement membrane 基底膜Basilar membrane 基膜B.C.G. (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) vaccine 卡介苗Beaker 烧杯Beef extract 牛肉汁Bell jar 钟形罩Benedict's solution 本立德溶液Benedict's test本立德试验Beri beri脚气病Bicarbonate indicator 重碳酸盐指示剂Biceps二头肌Bicuspid valve二尖瓣Bile 胆汁Bile duct 胆管Bile pigment 胆色素Bile salt 胆盐Bilirubin 胆红素Biliverdin 胆绿素Binary fission二分体分裂Binocular vision 双眼视觉Binomial nomenclature双名法Binomial system 双名法Biochemical 生化的Biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D) 生化需氧量Biocide 杀生物剂Biodegradable生物可降解的Biological control 生物防治Biological fitler method 生物过滤法Biological indicator 生物指示者Biomass 生物量Biome生物群落Biosphere 生物圈Biosynthesis生物合成Biotic (1)生物的﹐(2)有生命的Biotic community 生物群落Bird 鸟Birth 分娩Birth control 控制生育﹔节育Biuret test二缩试验Bladder (1)囊﹐(2)膀胱Bladderworm 囊尾幼虫Blind spot 盲点Blinking reflex 瞬目反应Blood 血〔液〕Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) 血酒精浓度Blood capillary 微血管Blood cell 血细胞Blood circulation 血液循环Blood clot 血凝块Blood clotting 凝血作用Blood group 血型Blood pressure 血压Blood sinus血窦Blood smear 血涂片Blood stream 血流Blood sugar 血糖Blood transfusion输血Blood vessel 血管Blue asbestos 青石棉Body 躯体Body cavity 体腔Body fluid 体液Trunk 躯干Body tube 镜筒Boil 疖Boiling tube 大试管Bolus 食团Bone 骨Bone marrow 骨髓Bone tissue 骨组织Bony labyrinth骨迷路Booster 加强剂Bordetella pertussis百日咳杆菌Botulism 肉毒中毒Bowman 's capsule鲍〔曼〕氏囊﹔肾小球囊Brachial artery 肱动脉Brain 脑Breast bone 胸骨Breathing 呼吸Breathing rate 呼吸率Breeding 育种Bristle 刚毛Broad spectrum antibiotics广谱抗生素Bromothymol blue溴百里香酚蓝Bronchiole 小支气管Bronchitis支气管炎Bronchus 支气管Broth 液体培养基Bubonic plague 黑死病Buccal cavity 口腔Buffer 缓冲剂BugBulbourethral gland 尿道球腺Bulimia nerovsa贪食﹔食欲过盛Bunsen burner 本生灯CCaddisfly石蛾Caddisfly larva 石蚕Caecum盲肠Caesarian section剖腹取子术Caffeine咖啡因Calciferol (vitamin D)化醇Calcification 化作用Calcium carbonate 碳酸Calculus 齿石Calf muscle 小腿肌肉Calorie卡〔路里〕Calorific value 热值﹔卡值Calorimeter 量热器Cancer 癌Cancerous cell癌细胞Candiada 念珠菌属Candiada albicans 白色念珠菌Canine犬齿Cannabis 大麻Cannabis sativa 大麻Canopy (1)树冠﹐(2)冠层Capillary 微血管Capillary bed 微血管床Capillary network 微血管网Capillary tube 毛细管Capsular ligament囊状带Caramel 焦糖Carbaminohaemoglobin碳胺血红蛋白﹔碳胺血红素Carbohaemoglobin 碳酸血红蛋白﹔碳酸血红素Carbohydrase 碳水化合物Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Carbon cycle 碳循环Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Carbon monoxide 一氧化碳Carbon monoxide haemoglobin 一氧化碳血红蛋白﹔一氧化碳血红素Carbonic anhydrase 碳酸Carboxyhaemoglobin 碳氧血红蛋白﹔碳氧血红素Carcinogen致癌物Carcinoma癌Cardiac cycle 心搏周期Cardia muscle 心〔脏〕肌Cardiac output 心输出量Cardiac sphincter贲门括约肌Cardiac volume 心容量Cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病Carnivore食肉生物Carotene 胡萝卜素Carotid artery 颈动脉Carpal 腕骨Cartilage 软骨Casein 酪蛋白Casualty急症室Catabolism分解代谢Catalase 过氧化氢Catalyst 催化剂Cataract白内障Caucasoid 白种﹔高加索人种Caudal vertebra 尾椎Cavity 腔Cell 细胞Cell body 〔细〕胞体Cell division 细胞分裂Cell membrane 细胞膜Cell sap 细胞液Cell theory 细胞学说Cell wall 细胞璧Cellular respiration 细胞呼吸〔作用〕Cellulase 纤维素Cellulose 纤维素Cement 牙骨质﹔白垩质Cementum 牙骨质Centipede 蜈蚣﹔百足Central canal 中心管Central dogma 中心法则Central nervous system 中枢神经系统Centrifuge离心机Centriole中心粒Centromere丝点Centrum 椎体Ceramic wire gauze 陶瓷铁丝网Cerebellum小脑Cerebral cortex大脑皮层Cerebral hemisphere 大脑半球Cerebral thrombosis脑血栓形成Cerebral ventricle 脑室Cerebrospinal fluid脑髓液Cerebrum大脑Cerumen 聍﹔耳垢Ceruminous gland 聍腺Cervical vertebra颈椎Cervix(1)颈﹐(2)子宫颈Chancre 下疳Character (1)性状﹐(2)特征Cheek cell 颊上皮细胞Chemoreceptor化学感受器Chemotherapy 化学疗法Chiasma 交叉Chickenpox 水痘Child birth 分娩Childhood 儿童期Chimpanzee 黑猩猩Chinese liver fluke 中华肝吸虫Chloramphenicol 氯霉(霉)素Chlorination 加氯消毒法Chloroform氯仿Chlorophyll叶绿素Chloroplast叶绿体Choking 气哽﹔气阻Cholera霍乱Cholesterol胆固醇Chordae tendineae腱索Chorion 绒〔毛〕膜Choroid脉胳膜Chorionic villi绒毛膜绒毛Chromatid 染色单体Chromatin 染色质Chromomere 染色粒Chromonema 染色丝Chromosomal aberration染色体畸变Chromosomal duplication染色体复制Chromosome 染色体Chromosome number染色体数GGalactose 半乳糖Gall bladder 胆囊Gamete 配子Gametogenesis 配子形成Ganglion 神经节Gas cylinder 气体钢筒Gaseous exchange 气体交换Gastric gland 胃腺Gastric juice 胃液Gastrin 促胃液素Gastrointestinal tract 胃肠管Gel 凝胶Gelatin 明胶Gelatinous plate 胶质块Gene 基因Gene mutation 基因突变Gene segregation 基因分离General practitioner (GP) 普通科医生Generation 〔世〕代Genetic carrier 遗传载体Genetic code 遗传密码Genetic material 遗传物质Genetics 遗传学Genital herpes 生殖器疹Genital organ 生殖器Genital warts 生殖器疣Genotype 基因型Genus 属Germ 病菌German measles (Rubella) 德国痲疹,〔病毒性〕风疹Germinative layer 生发层Gestation period 妊娠期Gibbon 长臂猿Gigantism 巨人症Gingiva 龈Gingivitis 龈炎Girdle 带Glacial acetic acid 无水醋酸Gland 腺Glandular cell 腺细胞Glans penis 阴茎头Glass rod 玻璃棒Glass tubing 玻璃管Glenoid 肩臼Gliding joint 滑动关节Globulin 球蛋白Glomerular filtrate 肾小球滤液Glomerulus 肾小球Glottis 声门Glucagon 高血糖素Glucose 葡萄糖Glyceride 甘油酯Glycerine 甘油Glycerol 甘油糖原Glycogen 糖原Glycolysis 糖酵解Goblet cell 杯状细胞Goitre 甲状腺肿Golgi body 高尔基体Gonad 生殖腺,性腺Gonadotrophin 促性腺激素Gonococcus 淋球菌Gonorrhoea 淋病Gorilla 大猩猩Graafian follicle 囊状卵泡Granular layer 〔颗〕粒层Granulocyte 颗粒白〔血〕细胞,颗粒白血球Grassland habitat 草原生境Green revolution 绿色革命Greenhouse effect 温室效应Grey matter 灰质Grid 格子Griseofulvin 灰黄霉(霉) 素Grit chamber/tank 砂砾池Growth 生长Growth hormone (GH) 生长激素Growth spurt 速长期Guanine 鸟〔粪〕嘌呤Gum 齿龈Gum disease 齿龈病Gynecology 妇科HHabitat 生境Habituation 习惯形成,成瘾Haemoglobin 血红蛋白,血红素Haemolysis 溶血作用Haemophilia 血友病Haemorrhage 出血Hair 毛〔发〕Hair cell 毛细胞Hair follicle 毛囊Hair papilla 毛乳头Hair plexus 毛丛Hair shaft 毛干Hallucination 幻觉Hallucinogen 致幻剂Hand lens 放大镜Haploid 单倍体Hard palate 硬腭Haversian canal 哈〔弗〕氏管Hay fever 枯草热,花粉病Head 头Hearing 听〔觉〕Heart 心〔脏〕Heart cycle 心搏周期Heart failure 心力衰竭Heart muscle 心〔脏〕肌Heart sound 心音Heartbeat 心搏Heartbeat rate 心搏率Heat cramp 热痉挛Heat receptor 热觉感受器Heat stroke 中暑Hematocrit 血细胞比容﹔血细胞容量计Heparin 肝素Hepatic artery 肝动脉Hepatic portal vein 肝门静脉Hepatic vein 肝静脉Hepatitis 肝炎Herb 草本植物Herbicide 除莠剂﹔除草剂Herbivore 草食性动物Hereditary disease 遗传〔性疾〕病Hereditary 遗传Hermaphrodite 雌雄同体Hermit crab 借居蟹Heroin 海洛因Herpes 疹Heterotroph 异养生物Heterotrophic nutrition 异养营养Heterozygote 杂合子Heterozygous 杂合的High power objective 高倍〔接〕物镜Hind brain 后脑Hinge joint 铰链关节Hip girdle 腰带Hip joint 髋关节Histamine 组〔织〕胺Historgram 直方图Histology 组织学Homeostasis 体内平衡Homeostatic mechanism 体内平衡机制Hominoid 人科Homo sapiens 智人Homoiotherm 恒温动物Homoiothermy 恒温Homologous chromosomes 同源染色体Homozygote 纯合子Homozygous 纯合的HookHormonal coordination 激素协调Hormone 激素Host 寄主Human growth curve 人类生长曲Human species 人种Human torso 人体躯干模型Humerus 肱骨,上膊骨Humus 腐殖质Humus tank 腐殖质池Hyaline cartilage 透明软骨Hydrilla 黑藻Hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物Hydrochloric acid 盐酸Hydrogencarbonate indicator 碳酸氢盐指示剂Hydrogen peroxide 过氧化氢Hydrogen sulphide 硫化氢Hydrolysis 水解作用Hymen 处女膜Hypermetropia (longsight) 远视Hypertension 高血压Hypertonic solution 高渗溶液Hyperventilation 过度换气Hypha 菌丝Hypnotic 催眠药Hypochondria 疑病(症) Hypodermal injection 皮下注射Hypothalaums 下丘脑Hypothermia 低温Hypothesis 假说Hypotonic solution 低渗溶液Hysteria 病,歇斯底里IIce bath 冰浴Ileum 回肠Iliac artery 髂骨动物,肠骨动脉Ilium 髂骨,肠骨Immovable joint 不动关节Immune response 免疫反应Immunity 免疫〔性〕Immunization 免疫接种作用﹔免疫法Immunization programme 免疫计划Implantation 植入Impulse 脉冲Incisor 门齿,切齿Inclusion 内含体Incomplete dominance 不完全显性Incubation period 潜伏期Incubator 恒温箱Incus 砧骨Indigestion 消化不良Individual 个体Infancy 婴儿期Infection 传染Infectious disease 传染病Inferior vena cava 下腔大静脉Inflammation 炎〔症〕Inflammatory response 炎性反应Influenza 流行性感冒Ingestion 摄食Inhalation 吸气Inheritance 遗传Injection 注射Inner ear 内耳Inoculating loop 接种环Inoculating needle 接种针Inoculation 接种Insect 昆虫Insecticide 杀虫剂Insemination 授精Insertion, tendon 肌止Inspiration 吸气Insulin 胰岛素Integration 整合作用Intelligence quotient (IQ) 智商Intercostal muscle 肋间肌Interferon 干扰素Internal fertilization 体内受精Internal respiration 内呼吸Interneurone 中间神经元Interstitial cell 间质细胞Intertidal zone 潮间带Intervertebral disc 椎间盘Intestinal gland 肠腺Intestinal juice 肠液Intestine 肠Intoxication 中毒Intracellular 细胞内的Intracellular enzyme 细胞内Intracellular fluid 〔细〕胞内液Intra-uterine device (IUD) 子宫环Intravenous injection 静注射Invertebrate 无椎动物Involuntary 不随意的Involuntary muscle 不随意肌Iodine 碘Iodine solution 碘液Iodine test 碘液试验Iris 虹膜Iris diaphragm 虹膜式光栏Irritability 感应性Irritant 刺激物Ischium 坐骨Inshihara test 石原氏视力试验Islets of Langerhans 胰岛Isotonic 等渗的Isotonic solution 等渗溶液JJar 瓶Jaw 颚Jejunum 空肠Joint 关节Joint capsule 关节囊Joule (J) 焦耳Jugular vein 颈静脉KKaposis sarcoma 卡波济肉瘤Karyotype 核型图Katabolism 分解代谢Keratin 角蛋白Key 检索表Kidney 肾〔脏〕Kidney tubule 肾小管Kilojoule (KJ) 千焦耳Kingdom 界Knee 膝Knee cap 膝盖Knee jerk reflex 膝跃反射Knee joint 膝关节Krause end bulb 球状终球Kwashiorkor 加西卡,蛋白缺乏病Kymograph转筒记录器LLabel 标记,标签Labium 唇Labour 分娩Lachrymal duct 泪管Lachrymal gland 泪腺Lactase 乳糖Lactation 泌乳作用Lacteal 乳糜管Lactic acid 乳酸Lactobacillus acidophilus 嗜乳酸杆菌Lactose 乳糖Lancet 刺血针Large intestine 大肠Larva 幼虫Larynx 喉Leaching 淋溶Lead acetate paper 醋酸铅试纸Lecithin 卵磷脂Leech 蚂蟥Leguminous plant豆科植物Lemur 狐猴Lens 晶〔状〕体Leprosy 麻疯Lesion 损害,病损Leucocyte 白细胞,白血球Leukaemia 白血病Level of organization 组织层次Librium 利眠宁Lice 虱Lichen 地衣Life cycle 生命史,生命周期Life history 生命史,生命周期Ligament 韧带Limb 肢Limb bone 肢骨Limb water 石灰水LimpetLinkage 连锁Lipase 脂〔肪〕Lipid 脂类Liver 肝〔脏〕Liver fluke 肝吸虫,肝蛭Liverwort 苔Living organism 生命有机体Living system 生命系统Lochia 产褥排泄﹔恶露"Llock and key" hypothesis 锁钥假说Locus 位点Long bone 长骨Longitudinal muscle 纵肌Longitudinal section 纵切面Long sight 远视Loop of Henle 亨利氏套Low power objective 低倍〔接〕物镜Lower jaw 下颚Lower limb 下肢Lower limb bone 下肢骨LSD (lysergic acid diethylamine) 二乙麦角胺Lumbar vertebra 腰椎Lumen 腔Lung 肺〔脏〕Luteinizing hormone (LH) 促黄体素Lymph 淋巴Lymph capillary 淋巴微管Lymph circulation 淋巴循环Lymph duct 淋巴管Lymph flow 淋巴流Lymph gland 淋巴腺Lymph node 淋巴结Lymph vessel 淋巴管Lymphatic 淋巴的Lymphatic system 淋巴系统Lymphatic valve 淋巴管瓣Lymphocyte 淋巴细胞,淋巴球Lymphoid tissue 淋巴组织Lysin 〔细胞〕溶素Lysozyme 溶菌MMac Conkey agar plate 麦康基氏琼脂平面Macrophage 巨噬细胞Maggot 蛆Malaria 疟疾Male 男性Malignant tumour 恶性肿瘤Malleus 锤骨Malnutrition 营养不良Malpighian corpuscle 马〔尔皮基〕氏球Malpighian layer 马〔尔皮基〕氏层Maltase 麦芽糖Maltose 麦芽糖Mammal 哺乳动物Mammary gland 乳腺Mania 躁狂Manometer 液体压强计Mantoux test 结核菌素皮内试验Marasmus 消瘦Marijuana 大麻Marrow (1) 髓,(2) 骨髓Maternal care 孕妇保健Matrix 基质Maturation 成熟Maturity (1) 成熟,(2) 成熟度Measles 麻疹Mayfly nymph 蜉蝣若虫Measuring cylinder 量筒Mechanism 机制﹔机理Medical ward 内科病房Medium (1) 培养基(2) 介质Medulla 髓〔质〕Medulla oblongata 延脑,延髓Medullated nerve fibre 有髓鞘神经纤维Meiosis 减数分裂Meissner corpuscle 梅〔斯纳〕氏小体Melanin 黑色素Melanocyte 黑素细胞Membranous labyrinth 膜迷路Meninx 脑膜Meninges 脑膜Meningitis 脑膜炎Menopause 绝经Menstrual cycle 月经周期Menstruation, menses 月经Mental derangement 精神错乱Mental health 心理健康Mental illness 精神病Mental retardation 弱智Mercury 汞Mercury poisoning 汞中毒Mesenteric artery 肠系膜动脉Mesentery 肠系膜Messenger RNA 信使核糖核酸Metabolic activity 代谢活动Metabolic disorder 代谢失调Metabolism 代谢作用Metabolite 代谢物Metacarpal 掌骨Metaphosphoric acid 偏磷酸Metaphysis 干端Metatarsal 跖骨Methadone 美沙酮Methylene blue 亚甲蓝Methy-red 甲基红Microbe 微生物Microorganism 微生物Microprojector 显微投影器Microscope 显微镜Microvillus 微绒毛Micturition 排尿Midbrain 中脑Middle ear 中耳Midlife 中年期Milk dentition 乳齿〔齿〕系Milk teeth 乳齿Millipede 马陆,千足虫Minamata disease 水病Mineral 矿物质MiteMitochondrion 粒体Mitosis 有丝分裂Mitral valve 僧帽瓣Molar 臼齿Mongoloid 黄种,蒙古人种Monkey 猴Monoculture 单种裁培Monocyte 单核白〔血〕细胞,单核白血球Monoglyceride 甘油酯Monohybrid 单基因杂种Monoploid 单倍体Monosaccharide 单糖Monosodium glutamate 麦夫胺酸钠,谷氨酸钠Mood altering drug 改变情绪药物Morphine 吗啡Morphology 形态学Mortar and pestle 研钵及研杵Moss 藓Motor ability 动作能力Motor area 运动区Motor end plate 运动终板Motor nerve 运动神经Motor nerve ending 运动神经末梢Motor nerve fibre 运动神经纤维Motor neurone 运动神经元Mould 霉〔菌〕,霉〔菌〕Mounting needle 装片针Mouth cavity 口腔Movable joint 活动关节Movement 运动Mucosa 黏膜Mucothermic method 基〔层体〕温避孕法Mucous membrane 黏膜Mucus 黏液Multicellular 多细胞的Multiple allele 复等位基因Mumps 流行性腮腺炎Muscle 肌〔肉〕Muscle bundle 肌束Muscle cell 肌细胞Muscle contraction 肌肉收缩Muscle fibre 肌纤维Muscle tone 肌紧张Musclar layer 肌肉层Musclar system 肌肉系统Mushroom 菇类Mussel 贻贝Mutation 突变Mutualism 互利共生Mycelium 菌丝体Mycobacterium tuberculosis 结核杆菌Myelin 髓磷酯,髓鞘质Myelin sheath 髓鞘Myelinated nerve 有髓神经Myopia 近视Myxodema 黏液性水肿NNail 趾甲,指甲Narcissism 自恋Narcosis 痲醉Narcotic 痲醉剂Narrow spectrum antibiotic 狭谱抗生素Nasal cavity 鼻腔Nasal septum 鼻隔Natality 出生率Natural immunity 天然免疫Nausea 恶心Neck 颈Neck vertebra 颈椎Negroid 黑种,尼格罗种Neisseria gonorrhoeae 淋球菌Nematode 虫Neomycin 新霉(霉)素Nephron 肾元Nerve 神经Nerve cell 神经细胞Nerve ending 神经末梢Nerve fibre 神经纤维Nerve impulse 神经脉冲Nervous coordination 神经协调Nervous system 神经系统Nervous system 神经组织Nervous tissue 神经弓Neural arch 神经管Neural canal 神经管Neural spine 神经棘Neurilemma 神经膜,神经鞘Neurone 神经元Neurosis 神经机能病,神经〔官能〕症Neurotransmitter 神经递质Nicotine 烟碱Nicotinic acid 烟酸Night-blindness 夜盲症Nipple 乳头Nitrate bacteria 硝酸细菌Nitrification 硝化作用Nitrifying bacteria 硝化细菌Nitrite bacteria 亚硝酸细菌Nitrobacter 硝化细菌Nitrobacteria 硝化细菌Nitrogen cycle 氮循环Nitrogen fixation 固氮作用Nitrogen fixing bacteria 固氮细菌Nitrogenous waste 氮性废物Nitrosomonas 亚硝化单胞菌Nocturnal emission 梦遗Node of Ranvier 郎〔飞〕氏结Nodule, root 根瘤Nondegradable 非降解性Non-disjunction 不分离现象Non-medullated nerve 无髓神经Non-myelinated nerve 无髓神经Non-renewable resource 非再生资源Non-specific urethritis 非特异性尿道炎Nosepiece 物镜转换器Nostril 鼻孔Notifiable disease 应具报疾病Nuclear membrane 核膜Nuclear pore 核膜孔Nucleic acid 核酸Nucleolus 核仁Nucleoplasm 核质Nucleotide 核酸Nucleus 〔细胞〕核Nutrient 营养素,养份Nutrient agar 营养琼脂Nutrient agar plate 营养琼脂平面Nutrient broth 营养液体培养基Nutrient cycle 营养循环Nutrient medium 营养培养基Nutrition 营养作用Nutritional disease 营养病Nutritive cell 营养细胞OObesity 肥胖Objective 〔接〕物镜Obligate 专性Oblique muscle 斜肌Obstetrics 产科Occupation disease 职业病Odontoid process 齿状突Oedema 水肿Oesoophagus 食道Oestradiol 雌二醇Oestrogen 雌激素Oil globule 脂肪球Old sight 老视Olfactory lobe 嗅叶Olfactory nerve 嗅神经Oligosaccharide 低聚醣Omnivore 杂食性动物Oogenesis 卵子发生Operation theatre 手术室Opiate 鸦片制剂Opisthorchis chinensis 华支睪吸虫Opposable thumb 对生拇指Opposing muscle 拮抗肌Opsonin 调理素Optic lobe 视叶Optic center 视觉中心Optic nerve 视神经Optimum 最适度Optimum pH 最适酸碱度Optimum temperature 最适温度Oral anti-poliomyelitis vaccine 口服小儿麻痹剂Oran-gutan 猩猩Orbit 眶,眼窝Orcein 地衣红Order 目Organ 器官Organ of Corti 哥蒂氏器官,螺旋器Organelle 细胞器Organic matter 有机质Organic substance 有机物Organism 生物,有机体Origin, tendon 肌始Osmoreceptor 渗〔透〕压感受器Osmoregulation 渗透调节Osmosis 渗透作用Osmotic balance 渗透平衡Osmotic potential 渗透潜能,渗透势Osmotic pressure 渗透压Ossicle 小骨Ossification 骨化作用Osteocyte 骨细胞Otolith 耳石Outer ear 外耳Oval window 卵圆窗Ovarian follicle 卵泡Ovary 卵巢Oven 烘箱Oviduct 输卵管Oviduct funnel 输卵管漏斗Ovulation 排卵Ovum 卵〔细胞〕Oxidation 氧化作用Oxygen 氧Oxygen cycle 氧循环Oxygen cylinder 氧气钢筒Oxygen debt 氧债Oxygenated blood 含氧血Oxygenation 氧合作用Oxyhaemoglobin 氧合血红蛋白氧合血红素Oxytocin 催产素Ozone 臭氧Coagulation 凝固Coarse adjustment knob 粗调节器粗调焦手轮Cocaine 古柯可卡因Coccus 球菌Coccyx 尾骨Cochlea 耳蜗Codeine 可待因Codominance 等显性Coitus 性交Cold receptor 冷觉感受器Collagen 胶原〔蛋白〕Collagen fibre 胶原纤维Collar bone 锁骨Collecting duct 集尿管Colloid 胶体Colloidal fluid 胶状液Colon 结肠Colonization 集群现像Colony (1)集群,群体(2)菌落Colostrum 初乳Colour-bilindness 色盲Colour vision 色觉Coma 昏迷Commensalism 片利共生Common cold 伤风Communicable disease 传染病Community 群落Community health 社会健康Community health service 社康服务Compact bone 密质骨Competiton 竞争Concentration 浓度Concentraton gradient 浓度梯度Conception 受孕Condensation 缩合反应Condenser 聚光器Conditioned reflex 条件反射Conditioning 条件作用Condom 避孕套Condyle 骨突Cone cell 视锥细胞Congenital 先天的Conical flask 圆锥瓶Coniferous forest 针叶林Conjunctiva 结膜Conjunctivis 结膜炎Connective tissue 结缔组织Connector neurone 联合神经元,联系神经元Conservation 保护,保持Constipation 便秘Consumer 消费者Contagious disease 接触传染病Contamination 污染Continuous variation 连续变异Contour ploughing 等高耕作Contraception 避孕Contraceptive barrier 避孕屏障Contraceptive pill 避孕丸Contraction 收缩Control 对照Convulsion 抽搐Coordination 协调Coping 顺应Copper sulphate 硫酸铜Cork 木栓Cornea 角膜Cornified layer 角质层Coronary artery 冠状动脉Coronary circulation 冠状循环Coronary heart disease 冠心病Coronary thrombosis 冠状动脉血栓形成Coronary vein 冠状静脉Corpus callosum 胼胝体Corpus luteum 黄体Cortex 皮层,皮质Corynebacterium diphtheriae 伤寒杆菌Cotton swab 棉花棒Cotton wool 棉絮Cough suppressant 咳嗽遏抑剂Coughing 咳〔嗽〕Country park 郊野公园Cover slip 盖玻片Cowper's gland 高柏氏腺,尿道球腺Cowpox 牛痘Cramp 痉挛Cranial nerve 脑神经Cranium 颅Cretinism 呆小病Crop rotation 轮作Crossing over 互换,交换Crown, tooth 齿冠Crucible tong 坩埚钳Crustacean 甲壳类动物Culex 库蚊属Culture 培养物Culture bottle 培养瓶Culture medium 培养基Cusp 尖突Cyclop 剑水蚤Cyst 胞囊,囊Cytoplasm 细胞质Cytosine 胞嘧啶DDaugther 子代Dead space 无效空间Deamination脱胺作用﹔脱氨基作用Decant 倾注Decay 腐败Decibel (dB) 分贝Decidua 蜕膜Decomposer 分解者Decomposition 分解作用Decongestant 减充血剂Defaecation 排粪Deficiency disease 营养缺乏病Deforestation 滥伐〔林木〕Degeneration 退化Degenerative disease 退化病Degradation 降解作用Dementia 痴呆Demineralisation 脱矿质作用Denaturation 变性作用Denatured protein 变性蛋白Dendrite 树突Dendron 树突Denitrification反硝化作用﹔脱氮作用Denitrfying bacteria 反硝化细菌﹔脱氮细菌Dental caries 龋齿Dental floss 牙Dental formula 齿式Dentine 牙本质,象牙质Dentition 牙列Denture 牙托Deodorant 除臭剂Deoxygenated blood 缺氧血Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 脱氧核糖核酸Deoxyribose 脱氧核糖Deprementia 精神抑郁Depressant 抑制药﹔镇静剂Depression 抑郁Dermal papilla 真皮乳头Dermatitis 皮〔肤〕炎Dermis 真皮Detergent 清洁剂Detoxication 解毒作用Detritus (1) 碎屑(2) 腐质Development 发育Diabetes mellitus 糖尿病Dialysis 透析作用Dialysis tubing 透析管Diaphragm (1) 横膈膜﹐(2) 光栏Diaphragm, contraceptive 子宫帽Diaphysis 骨干Diarrhoea 腹泻Diastole 心舒期Diastolic pressure 心舒压Diatom 硅藻Dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) 二氯酚靛酚Diet 膳食Dietary fibre 食用纤维Dieting 节食Differential air thermometer 相异空气温度计Differential permeability 分别透性Differentially permeable membrane 分别透〔性〕膜Differentiation 分化作用Diffusion 扩化作用Digestion 消化作用Digestive enzyme 消化Digestive gland 消化腺Digestive system 消化液Digestive tract 消化系统Digit 趾Diglyceride 甘油二酯Dilate 扩张Dilirium tremens 颤抖性谵妄Dilute 稀释Dinoflagellate 双鞭藻Dioptre 屈光度Dip net 掬网Dipeptide 二Diphtheria 白喉Diplococcus pneumoniae 肺炎双球菌Diploid 二倍体Disaccharide 二糖Discharge 流出Discontinuous variation 不连续变异Disease carrier 疾病媒介物Disinfectant 消毒剂Dislocation 脱位Dispensary 配药房Dissecting microscope 解剖显微镜Dissecting needle 解剖针Dissecting scissors 解剖剪Dissecting tray 解剖盘Dissection 解剖Distal convoluted tubule 远曲小管Divider 针规Dominace 显性Dorsal root 背根Dorsal root ganglion 背根节Double circulation 双循环Double helix 双螺旋Down syndrome 唐氏综合症状Dragonfly nymph 蜻蜓若虫Dressing 敷料Droplet infection 飞沬传染Dropper 滴管Dropping bottle 滴瓶Dropping funnel 滴液漏斗Dropping pipette 滴管Drug 药〔物〕Drug abuse 滥用药物Drug dependence 药瘾Drug resistance 抗药性Drug therapy 药物治疗Drug tolerance 药物耐受性Duckweed (1) 浮萍(2) 青萍Ductless gland 无管腺Duodenal gland 十二指肠腺Duodenum 十二指肠Duplication 复制Dwarfism 侏儒Dysentery 痢疾Dysorganization 行为发展反常EEar 耳Ear drum 耳膜Ear fluid 耳液Ear lobe 耳垂Ear ossicle 听小骨Ear pinna 耳壳Ear stone 耳石Eardrum 鼓膜Ecological niche 生态位Ecological pyramid 生态塔Ecological succession 生态演替Ecology 生态学Ecosystem 生态系统Ectoparasite 外寄生物Effector 反应器Efferent arteriole输出小动脉Effluent 废水Egestion 排遗作用Egg 卵Egg membrane 卵膜Ejaculation 射精Ejaculatory duct 射精管Elastic fibre 弹性纤维Elastic tissue 弹性组织Elbow 肘Elbow joint 肘关节Electron micrograph 电子显微照片Electron microscope 电子显微镜Embolism 栓塞Embolus 栓子Embryo 胚胎Embryonic membrane 胎膜Emphysema 肺气肿Emulsification 乳化作用Emulsifier 乳化剂Emulsion 乳剂Emulsion test 乳剂试验Enamel 牙釉质,珐琅质End brush 刷状末梢Endangered species 濒危物种Endemic disease 地方病Endocrine gland 内分泌腺Endocrine system 内分泌系统Endolymph 内淋巴Endometrium 子宫内膜Endoparasite 内寄生物Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 内质网Endoskeleton 内骨骼Endospore 内孢子Endothelium 内皮Energy flow 能量流Energy value 能量值Entamoeba histolytica 痢疾变形虫Enterokinase 肠激Environment 环境Environmental control环境控制Environment factor 环境因素Enzyme 素Enzyme specificity 专特性Epidemic disease流行病Epidermal cell 表皮细胞Epidermis 表皮Epidermophyton 表面癣菌属Epididymis 附睪Epiglottis 会厌〔软骨〕Epinephrine 肾上腺素EpiphysisEpiphyte 附生植物Epithelial cell 上皮细胞Epithelium 上皮Equatorial plate 赤道板Erectile tissue 勃起组织Erector 竖立肌Erepsin 肠蛋白Erosion 侵蚀Erythrocyte 红细胞,红血球Erythrosin 真曙红Escherichia coli (E.coli) 大肠杆菌Ethanoic acid 乙酸Ethanol 乙醇Ether 醚Eukaryote 真核生物Euphoria 精神愉快Eustachian tube 欧氏管,耳咽管Eutrophication 富养化作用Excreta 排泄物Excretion 排泄作用Excretory organ 排泄器官Excretory product 排泄物Excretory system 排泄系统Exhalation 呼气Exocrine gland 外分泌腺Exophthalmus goiter 突眼性甲状腺肿Expectorant 祛痰药Experiment 实验Expiration 呼气Exponential growth 指数增长Extensor 伸肌External auditory canal (meatus) 外耳道External ear 外耳Extracellular 细胞外的Extracellular fluid 〔细〕胞外液Extract 抽出液Eyeball 眼球Eyelid 眼睑Eyepiece 〔接〕目镜FFacultative 兼性Faeces 粪便Fallopian funnel 输卵管漏斗Fallopian tube 输卵管False rib 假肋Family 科Fat 脂肪Fat cell 脂肪细胞Fat soluble 脂溶性的Fatty acid 脂肪酸Fatty sheath 脂肪鞘Fatty tissue 脂肪组织Fauna 动物区系Feedback 反馈Feedback control 反馈控制Feedback mechanism 反馈机制Fehling's solution 菲令氏溶液Fehiling's test 菲令氏试验Female 女性Female sex hormone 女性激素Femoral artery 股骨动脉Femur 股骨Fenestra ovalis (oval window) 卵圆窗Fenestra rotunda (round window) 正圆窗Fermentation 发酵作用Fern 蕨Fertilization 受精作用Fertilization membrane 受精膜Fertilized egg 受精卵Fertilized ovum 受精卵Fertilizer 肥料Fibre 纤维Fibrin 纤维蛋白Fibrinogen 纤维蛋白原Fibrous tissue 纤维组织Fibula 腓骨Filter paper 滤纸Filtration 过滤法Fine adjustment knob 微调节器,微调焦轮Finger 指Finger bone 指骨First aid 急救术Fish 鱼Fissure 裂缝Fixative 固定剂Fixed joint 不动关节Flagellum 鞭毛Flaming 火灭菌Flatworm 扁虫类Flavour enhancer 味加强剂Flea 蚤Flexor 屈肌。
生物基础专业词汇
Botany 植物学Cell theory 细胞学说 cell membrane 细胞膜 nucleus 细胞核Organelle 细胞器 cell wall 细胞壁 cytoplasm 细胞质 protoplast 原生质体 cell cycle 细胞周期 mitochondrion 线粒体 photosynthesis 光合作用 unit membrane 单位膜 chloroplast 叶绿体 chlorophyll 叶绿素xanthophyll 叶黄素 carotene 胡萝卜素 golgiosome 高尔基体 ribosome 核糖体 lysosome 溶酶体 microfilament 微丝 nuclearfission 核分裂secondary wall 次生壁amitosis 无丝分裂interphase 间期anaphase 后期pistil 雌蕊pollination 传粉porogamy 珠孔受精reproduction 繁殖plasmodesma 胞间连丝meiosis 减数分裂prophase 前期telophase 末期stamen 雄蕊pollen tube 花粉管chalazogamy 合点受精primary wall 初生壁mitosis 有丝分裂cytokinesis 胞质分裂metaphase 中期tissue 组织ovary 子房mesogamy 中部受精 apomixis 无融合生殖 apogamy 无配子生殖 patrogenesis 孤雄生殖 parthenogensis 孤雌生殖 apospory 无孢子生殖life history 生活史lateral root 侧根cortex 皮层xylem ray 木射线pericarp 果皮root system 根系 main root 主根taproot system 直根系 fibrous root system 须根系vascular cylinder 维管柱 pericycle 中柱鞘vascular ray 维管射线 phloem ray 韧皮射线root cap 根冠 Casparian strip 凯氏带 primary xylem 初生木质部primary phloem 初生韧皮部 vascular ray 维管射线 xylem ray 木射线phelloderm 栓内层 phloem ray 韧皮射线 embryo 胚homologous organ 同源器官seed coat 种皮hypocotyl 下胚轴seed germination 种子萌发analogous organ 同功器官radicle 胚根cotyledon 子叶eukaryote 真核生物endosperm 胚乳plumule 胚芽dormancy 休眠prokaryote 原核生物algae 藻类mucopolysaccharide 黏多糖heterosexual cell 异性细胞anisogamy 异配生殖blue-green algae 蓝藻 trichogyne 受精丝gelatinous sheath 胶质鞘green algae 绿藻anisogamy 卵式生殖haploid 单倍体carposporophyte agar 琼脂生的精子器diploid 二倍体 polyploid 多倍体孢子体 brown algae 褐藻 sea-tangle 海带fungi 菌类 parasitism 寄生 saprophytic 腐lichen 地衣 archegonium 颈卵器 antheridium antiphyte 孢子体gametophyte 配子体苔藓植物 cruciferae 十字花科vascular plants 微管植物 aquatic angiosperm 被子植物vegetative reproduction 营养繁殖phellogen& cork cambium 木栓形成层sexual propagation 有性繁殖protonema 原丝体 bryophytaplant 水生植物 salicaceae 杨柳科endoplasmic reticulum 内质网intercellular layer 胞间层asexual reproduction 无性繁殖tetradynamous stamen 四强雄蕊exospore 外生孢子isogamy 同配生殖zygogamy 接合生殖didynamous stamen 二 强 雄 蕊 diadelphous stamen 二 体 雄 蕊 polyadelphous stamens 多体雄蕊 primary wall cells 初生壁细胞 male sterility 雄 性 不 育 meristem zone 分 生 区 maturation zone 成熟区specific parasitism 专性寄生 facultative parasitism 兼性寄生 sexual generation 有性世代Zoology 动物学monodelphous stamen 单 体 雄蕊 triadelphous stamen 三 体 雄 蕊synantherous stamen 聚药雄蕊vegetative cell 营养细胞filiform apparatus 丝 状 器elongation zone 伸 长 区embryophyte 有胚植物 specific saprophyte 专性腐生 facultative saprophyte 兼性腐生 asexual generation 无性世代cell 细胞protein 蛋白质 lipid 脂质cell cycle 细 胞 周 期 food vacuole 食物泡 microgamete 小 配 子prokaryotic cell 原核细胞nucleic acid 核酸 protoplasm 原生质flagellum 鞭 毛 fission 裂 体 生 殖 microtubule 微管contraction silk 收 缩 complete cleavage 完 myoneme 肌 丝 monoecism 雌雄同体symmetry 辐射对称 symmetry 两侧对称丝全 卵 裂 merogenesis 卵 裂 layering 分 层myocyte 肌 细 胞 dioecism 雌雄异体nerve net 神经网mesoderm 中胚层 tubule cell blastocoele 囊 胚 腔cynapse 突 触 mesoglea 中胶层velum 缘膜 radialplanula 浮浪幼虫 bilateral 管细胞 osmoregulation渗透调节 acetabulum pseudocoel 假体腔 cloacal pore 泄殖孔 resting egg 休 眠 卵 sense organ 感 觉 器 nacreous layer 珍 珠 层 adductor 闭 壳 肌 pericardial cavity 围心腔oral sucker 口吸盘 metacercaria 囊蚴cuticle 角质膜renette 腺肾细metamere 体 节 periostracum 壳 皮 层veliger 面 盘 幼 虫segmentation 异 律 分 节 cervical vertebra 颈椎emunctory 排泄管 metamerism 分 节 现 象 prismatic layer 壳 层 glochidium 钩 介 幼 虫 linear animal 线 形 动 物 sacral vertebra 荐椎 pulmonaryvein 肺静脉 middle ear 中耳 neopallium 新皮层 vein 后腔静脉salt gland 盐腺placenta 胎盘precaval vein 前腔静脉 bladder 气囊tympanum cavity 中耳腔 amnion 羊膜lagena 瓶状囊glandular stomach 腺胃sclerotic ring 巩膜骨 allantois 尿囊wishbone 叉骨 postcavalair sac 气囊viviparity 胎生 rumen 瘤胃bursa of fabricius 腔上囊 omasum 瓣胃 earthworm 蚯蚓 arthropod 节肢动物 masticatory stomach 肌胃 abomasum 皱胃 internal naris 内鼻孔 coelenterate 腔肠动物reticulum 网胃 cochlea 耳蜗 amniota 羊膜动物 annelid 环节动物cell membrane&plasma membrane 细胞膜 tissue 结缔组织osseous tissue 骨组织epithelial tissue 上皮组织 connectivecartilage tissue 软骨组织muscular tissue 肌肉组织pulmonary alveolus 肺 泡pinocytosis 胞 饮 作 用 zygote 合 子 eukaryotic cell 真核细胞carbohydrate 糖 inclusion 内含物腹吸盘cardiac muscle 心肌Nissl's body 尼氏小体meroblastic cleavage 不完全卵裂gastrovascular cavity 消化循环腔excretory system 排泄系统digestive system 消化系统basal lamina & basal membrane 基膜self-fertilization 自体受精first intermidate host 第一中间寄主second intermediate host 第二中间寄主vertebrates 脊椎动物forelimb 前肢intercalated disc 闰盘colony &group 群体colonial theory 群体说muscle system 肌肉体系reproductive system 生殖系统archinephric duct 原肾管cross-fertilization 异体受精final host 终寄主semicircular canal 半规管pterosaurs 翼龙reptilian 爬虫类的flounder 比目鱼owl 猫头鹰 seahorse 海马 bison 北欧野牛 ostrich 鸵鸟Genetics 遗传学heredity 遗传pisum sativum 豌豆zygote 合子phenotype 表现型diploid 二倍体satellite 随体mesoblast 中胚层spindle fiber 纺锤丝spermatogenous 精原细胞Phenocopy 拟表型gametic lethal 配子致死dominant lethal 显性致死heterozygote 杂合体linkage group 连锁群map 遗传学图auxotroph 营养缺陷型recipient 受体induction 诱导Mendel’s laws 孟德尔定律first filial generation 子一代dominant character 显性性状variation 变异 gene 基因segregation 分离 gamete 生殖细胞allele 等位基因 genotype 基因型test cross 测交 oryza sativa 水稻haploid 单倍体 centromere 着丝粒linker 连丝 mitosis 有丝分裂spindle 纺锤体 interphase 间期vicia faba 蚕豆 nucleoplasm 核质oogonium 卵原细胞 spermatid 精细胞epistasis 上位效应 mutant 突变型zygotic lethal 合子致死 autosome 常染色体carrier 携带者 homozygote 纯合体genotype 基因型 phenotype 表现型interference 干涉 coincidence 并发率 genetic wild type 野生型 mutation 突变 heterokaryon 异核体strain 菌株donor 供体 fragment 片段prophage 原噬菌体 transduction 转导law of segregation 分离定律parental generation 亲代recessive character 隐性性状hereditary determinant 遗传因子recombination 重组合Mendelian character 孟德尔性状secondary constriction 次级缢痕first polar body 第一极体sister chromatids 姐妹染色单体multiple alleles 复等位基因sex-linked inheritance 伴性遗传secondary constriction 次级缢痕parental combination 亲组合punnett square 棋盘法primary constriction 初级缢痕nucleolar organizer 核仁形成区second polar body 第二极体female gametic nucleus 卵核sex-chromosome 性染色体primary constriction 初级缢痕complementary gene 互补基因pelvises 骨盆flatfish 鲆鱼homologous chromosome 同源染色体secondary oocyte 次级卵母细胞primary spermatocyte 初级精母细胞secondary spermatocyte 次级精母细胞first division segregation 第一次分裂分离second division segregation 第二次分裂分离law of independent assortment 自由组合定律Biochemistry 生物化学sister chromatids 姐妹染色单体three-point testcross 三点测交essential element 必需元素 trace elements 微量元素 proteoglycan 蛋白聚糖amino acid 氨基酸 primary structure 一级结构 random coil 无规卷曲 structural domain 结构域 subunit 亚基 degeneration 变性 adenine 腺嘌呤guanine 鸟嘌呤 cytosine 胞嘧啶 thymine 胸腺嘧啶 uracil 尿嘧啶 nucleoside 核苷 nucleotide 核苷酸 base pairing 碱基配对base pair 碱基对数base 碱基数 gyrase 旋转酶 nucleosome 核小体complementary DNA 互补 DNA plasmid 质粒 transposons 转座子 repetitive sequence 重复序列 exon 外显子 intron 内含子ribonuclease 核糖核酸酶base stacking force 碱基堆积力melting-out temperature 熔解温度sucrose 蔗糖glycogen 糖原selectivity 选择性cofactor 辅因子hypochromic effect 减色效应lactose 乳糖cellulose 纤维素substrate 底物coenzyme 辅酶renaturation 复性annealing 退火maltose 麦芽糖starch 淀粉cellulase 纤维素酶holoenzyme 全酶oxidase 氧化酶metabolism 新陈代谢metabolite 代谢产物rotenone 鱼藤酮cyanide 氰化物citrate 柠檬酸oxaloacetic acid 草酰乙酸glyoxylate cycle 乙醛酸循环carbon unit 一碳单位assimilation 同化作用biological oxidation 生物氧化amytal 阿密妥glycolysis 糖酵解cis-aconitate 顺乌头酸catabolism 异化作用cytochrome 细胞色素antimycin A 抗霉素 Aethanol 乙醇succinic acid 琥珀酸acetyl-coenzymemalate 苹果酸replicon 复制子乙酰辅酶 fumarate 延胡索酸fatty acid 脂肪酸core enzyme 核心酶 primosome引发体 Okazaki fragment 冈崎片段 leading chain 前导链 lagging strand 后随链terminator 终止子 telomere 端粒 telomerase 端粒酶 replication fork 复制叉 vector 载体promoter 启动子codon 密码子citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环terminator 终止子degeneracy 简并性deamination 脱氨基作用operon 操纵子hormone 激素urea cycle 尿素循环euchromatin 常染色质transfer RNA 转移 RNA metabolic regulation 代谢调节gene 结构基因operator gene 操纵基因termination factor 终止因子messenger RNA 信使 RNAribosome RNA 核糖体 RNAfeedback regulation 反馈调节 structural promoter gene 启动基因regulator gene 调节基因triplet code 三联体密码variable loop 可变环hyperchromic effect 增色效应initiator codon 起 始 密 码 semiconservative replication 半保留复制 ketogenic amino acid 生酮氨基酸 oxidative deamination 氧化脱氨作用 reverse transcription 逆转录 semidiscontinuous replication 半不连续复制 missense mutation 错义突变 neutral mutation 中性突变 phosphatidic acid 磷脂酸 dihydrouracil loop 二氢尿嘧啶环double-strand circular DNA 双链环形 DNA open circular DNA 开环 DNAbase stacking force 碱 基 堆 积 力 super-secondary structure 超 二 级 结 构 quaternary structure 四级结构positive supercoil DNA 正超螺旋 DNAtermination codon 终 止 密 码ornithine cycle 鸟氨酸循环glucogenic amino acid 生糖氨基酸transamination 转氨基作用 decarboxylation 脱羧作用 reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶 synonymous mutation 同义突变 nonsense mutation 无义突变 essential amino acids 必需氨基酸 anticodon loop 反密码子环 superhelical DNA 超螺旋 DNAlinear DNA 线形 DNAsecondary structure 二 级 结 构tertiary structure 三 级 结 构negative supercoil DNA 负超螺旋 DNAGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 甘油醛-3-二磷酸glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid 生糖兼生酮氨基酸 restriction endonuclease 限制性内切酶 polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应Microbiology 微生物学 living creatures 生物 culture plate 培 养 平 板 eukaryote 真核生物 hypha 菌 丝plasmolysis 质 壁 分 离 peptidoglycan 肽 聚 糖 chromosome 染色体 chromatin 染 色 质 protoplast 原生质体 mesosome 间体culture medium 培养基 lawn 菌苔bacteria 细 菌 archaea 古 生 菌prokaryote 原核生物 protozoan 原生动物mycoplasma 支 原 体 yeast 酵 母 菌 Escherichia Coli 大 肠 杆 菌 murein 胞 壁 质 mucopeptide 黏 肽 outer membrane 外 膜nucleolus 核仁centromere mycoplasma 支原体cytoplasm 细胞质nucleoid 拟核着 丝 粒 telomere 端 粒glycoprotein 糖蛋白 megnetosome 磁小体 nucleoid 拟核flagellum 鞭 毛 thylakoid 类囊体 sulfur bacteria 硫细菌glycocalyx 糖被 capsule 荚膜lysosome 溶 酶 体 chloroplast 叶 绿 体inorganic salt 无机盐beef extract 牛肉膏body 内含物 agar 琼脂lithotroph 无机营养型 medium 培养基organotroph 有机营养型 antiport 逆向运输active transport 主动运输 transport 被动运输 batch culture 分批培养 pinocytosis 胞饮作用 catabolism 分解代谢 passiveuniport 单向运输 anabolism 合成代谢 fermentation 发酵log phase 对数生长期stationary phase 稳定生长期 aerobe 好氧菌 transformation 转化lag phase 迟缓期 antibiotic 抗生素 genome 基因组 decline phase 衰亡期 antigenome 反基因组plasmid 质粒 transformingfactor 转化因子 diploid 二倍体 haploid 单倍体peptone 蛋白胨vitamin 维生素 inclusiontransposable element 转座因子 conjugation 接合作用 transposon 转座子 phenotype 表型 genotype 基因型 auxotroph 营养缺陷型 wild-type 野生型transition 转换 transversion 颠换spontaneous mutation 自发突变 reverse mutation 回复突变 sexduction 性导transduction 转导 promoter 启动子 operon 操纵子recombination repair 重组修复 repressor 阻遏蛋白 corepressor 辅阻遏物clone 克隆 denaturation 变性 annealing 退火 extension 延伸 cloning vector 克隆载体 replicon 复制子telomere 端粒 cohesive end 黏性末端 promoter 启动子 terminator 终止子 gene therapy 基因治疗 phylogeny 系统发育ammonification 氨化作用 nitrification 硝化作用denitrification 反硝化作用 expression vector 表达载体aerobic respiration 有氧呼吸 anaerobic respiration 无氧呼吸origin of replication 复制起始点 incompatibility 不亲和性 gene mutation 基因突变 synonymous mutation 同义突变chromosomal aberration 染色体畸变 missense mutation 错义突变 frame-shift mutation 移码突变 lactose operon 乳糖操纵子negative transcription control 负转录调控 tryptophan operon 色氨酸操纵子cytoplasmic inheritance 细胞质遗传 genetic engineering 基因工程recombinant DNA technology 重组 DNA 技术 palindromic structure 回文结构spread plate method 涂布平板法 pour plate method 倾注培养法streak plate method 平板划线法 shake tube method 稀释摇管法continuous culture 连续培养其他:古生物学家 paleontologists 意见 assertion 解剖学 anatomy气动 aerodynamic 钢筋 reinforce 大规模 massively代谢 metabolism 推测 speculated 隔离 insulatebilateral adj. 双向的；双系的；双边的，双方的；两侧的symmetry n. 对称；对称美；整齐，匀称striking adj. 显著的；引人注目的；妩媚动人的；容貌出众的evident adj. 彰；明显的，明白的；昭著maturity n. 完备； [地]壮年期；成熟； (票据等的)到期starry adj. 布满星星的cline n. 渐变群(一种生态特征)interpret vt. 解释；诠释，体现；理解；口译； vi. 作解释；作口译implie vt.& vi 隐含；意味；暗示；说明，表明provoke vt. 触怒，使愤怒；激起，挑起；煽动；招致perplexing adj. 使人困惑的，令人费解的reverse vt.& vi. [法]撤消，推翻； (使)反转； (使)颠倒；掉换，交换anatomy (详细的)剖析；解剖，分解，分析；骨骼； (生物体的)解剖结构optic adj. 光学的；镜片；眼睛的，视觉的twisting n. 翘曲，扭曲； v. 转动；歪曲；扭，搓，缠绕 (twist 的现在分词 )；扭转mechanically adv. 机械地；物理上地；机械方面地；呆板地uppermost adj. 最重要的；至上的；最高的； adv. 最高地，最重要地exclusively adv. 排外地；专有地；唯一地；专门地，特定地untenable adj. 不能维持的； (尤指辩论中的立场)站不住脚的；难以防守的；不能租赁的encounter vt. 遭遇；对抗；不期而遇； n. 遭遇战；相遇，碰见；对决，冲突； vi. 碰见，尤指不期而遇evolutionary adj. 进化的red herring n. 熏青鱼，转移注意力的话bilaterally [医]adv.两侧，双向地。
生物信息学常用基本词汇表
A
英 文 名 词
中 文 名 词
解 释
A （Adenine ）
腺嘌呤
作为碱基的两种嘌呤中的一种。
active site
活化位点
蛋白质三维表面催化作用发生的区域。
alignment
比对
为了确定两个同源核酸或蛋白质序列的累计差异而进行的配对称为比对。
alignment of alignments
分支约束法
一种空间搜索方法，通过约束条件减少搜索空间，提高搜索效率。
branches
分支
在 系统发生树中，通过分支连接两个节点。
C
C (Cytosine)
胞嘧啶
作为碱基的两种嘧啶中的一种。
CAAT box
CAAT 盒
大多数真核启动子具有的一段短序列，其片段模式为 C-A-A-T ， 通常出现在 转录起始位点上游 80 个 核苷酸的地方。许多因子可以与CAAT盒结合 。
在类染色体载体中插入特定的 DNA 一段，使得它们可以在活细胞中得以保存并复制。
Coding sequence
编码序列
DNA 序列中为蛋白质编码的部分。
Codon
密码子
基因编码部分的三核苷酸组合，对应于一个特定的氨基酸。
Complementary
互补的
（ 1 ）通过氢键连接的核苷酸对（ G 和 C; A 和 T; A 和 U ） ；（ 2 ）核苷酸链的反向平行对。
central dogma
中心法则
从基因的核酸序列中提取信息并以此合成蛋白质的过程（ DNA ? RNA ? protein ） 。
character
特征
在 系统发生树中 ， 具有有限状态数的特征。
生物专业英语词汇必备
生物专业英语词汇—词素（词根）部分一、表示数量的词素1. haplo,mono,uni 单，一，独haploid 单倍体monoxide一氧化碳monoatomic单原子的2. bi,di,dipl,twi,du：二，双，两，偶biocolor 双色,dichromatic 双色的, diplobacillus 双杆菌dikaryon 双核体twin 孪生dual 双重的3. tri 三，丙Triple 三倍的triangle三角triacylglycerol三酰甘油tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环4. quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra：四Quadruple 四倍的quadrilateral四边的quadrivalent四价的quadruped四足动物tetrode四极管tetracycline四环素5. pent, penta, quique五pentose戊糖pentagon五角形pentane戊烷quintuple 五倍的pentose戊糖pentomer五邻粒6. hex,hexa,sex 六hexose已糖hexapod六足动物hexapoda昆虫纲hexamer六聚体7. hepta,sept(i) 七heptane 庚烷heptose 庚糖heptoglobin七珠蛋白8. oct八octpus 章鱼octagon八角形octane 辛烷octase 辛糖9. enne, nona九nonapeptide 九肽enneahedron 九面体10. deca, deka :十decapod 十足目动物decahedron 十面体decagram 十克11. hecto, 百hectometer百米hectoliter百升hectowatt 百瓦12. kilo,千kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿kilobase 千碱基kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特13. deci,十分之一，分decimeter 分米decigram 十分之一克14. centi,百分之一15. milli,千分之一，毫millimole 毫摩（尔）milliliter 毫升16. micro,百万分之一，微，微小，微量microgram微克microogranism微生物microecology微生态学micropipet微量移液器17. nano十亿分之一，毫微，纳nanosecond十亿分之一秒nanometer纳米18. demi,hemi,semi半hemicerebrum 大脑半球[hemi'seribrəm] semiopaque半透明：['semiəu'peik] semi-allel半等位基因semi-conductor半导体19. holo 全，整体，完全holoenzyme 全酶holoprotein全蛋白holocrine全（质分）泌20. mega巨大，兆，百万megaspore大孢子，['megəspɔ:] megabasse兆碱基megakaryocyte巨核细胞megavolt兆伏megalopolitan特大城市[.megə'lɔpəlis] 21. macro 大，巨大，多macrophage巨噬细胞macrogamete大配子macroelement常量元素macromolecular大分子22. poly,multi,mult 多，复合polyacrylate聚丙烯酸酯polymerase 聚合酶multichain多链的multinucleate 多核的multicistronic mRNA多顺反子mRNA multicopy多拷贝二、表示颜色的词素1. chrom颜色chromophore生色团['krəuməfɔ:] chromosome染色体chromatography色谱法[krəumə'tɔgrəfi] 2. melan,melano,nigr 黑melanoma黑素瘤melanin黑色素melanophore黑色素细胞3. xantho,flavo,fla,flavi,lute黄xanthophyl叶黄素xanthous黄色的，黄色人种xathine黄嘌呤flavin(e)黄素flavone黄酮letein黄体素，叶黄素flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸4. erythro, rub, rubrm, ruf,红erythrocyte红细胞[i'riθrə.sait] erythromycin红霉素erythropoitin(EPO)促红细胞生成素5. chloro,chlor绿，氯chlorophyll叶绿素['klɔrəfil]chloride氯化物chloramphenicol氯霉素6. cyan,cyano 蓝，青紫色，氰cyanophyceae 蓝藻纲cyanobacteria蓝细菌cyanide氰化物7 aur, glid, chrys金色aureomycin金霉素chrysose 金藻淀粉chrysanthemum菊花glidstone 金沙石glid 镀金8 leu,leuco,leuk,leuko,blan,alb无色，白色leucine亮氨酸leukaemia=leucosis白血病bleaching powder漂白粉albomycin白霉素三、表示摄食的词素1 -vore 食......动物，-vorous食......动物的algivore食藻动物carnivore 食肉动物herbivore 食草动物omnivore 杂食动物2-phage吃（食）食......生物（体）-phagous吃（食）......的phage噬菌体phagocyte 吞噬细胞zoophage食肉动物saprophage腐食者四、表示方位和程度的词素1 endo,ento,内，在内endocrine内分泌endocytosis胞吞作用endogamy近亲繁殖endolysin内溶素entoderm内胚层2 ec, ect, exc, extra 外，外面，表面ectoblast外胚层ectoparasite 外寄生生物extract 抽取，浸出3 meso 中，中间mesosphere 中圈，中层mesoplast 中胚层质4 intra,intro,inter 在内，向内intra-allelic interaction 等位基因内相互作用intracellular（细）胞内的interurban城市之间5 centri,centro,medi,mid 中心，中央，中间centrifuge离心centriole 中心粒centrosome 中心体centrogeng着丝基因6 epi,peri 上，外，旁epidermal growth factor(EGF): 表皮生长因子epibranchial上鳃的perilune近月点7 sub,suc,suf,sug 下，低，小suborder 亚目submucosa粘膜下层subclone亚克隆subcellular亚细胞subsection小节，分部8 super,supra 上，高，超superconductor超导体superfluid 超流体superoxide 超氧化物supramolecular超分子的9 hyper 超过，过多hypersensitive 过敏的hyperelastic 超弹性的[haipəri'læstik]hypertension 高血压hyperploid 超倍体10 hypo下，低，次hypoglycaemia 低血糖hypotension低血压hypophysis脑下垂体[haiˈpɔfisis]11 iso 等，相同，同iso-osmotic等渗的isopod等足目动物isotope同位素12 oligo，olig少，低，寡，狭oligohaline 狭盐性oligogene寡基因oligomer寡聚体oligophagous寡食性oligarchy寡头政治13 eury 多，宽，广eurythermal 广温的euryhaline广盐性eurytopic species广幅种14 ultr 超ultra-acoustics 超声学ultra-structure超微结构ultroviolet紫外线15 infra 下，低，远infralittoral 潮下带，远岸的infrahuman类人生物infrared红外线的infrastructure基础结构，基本结构五、表示动物不同器官和组织的词素1 cephal,capit,cran 头，头颅2 cyte 细胞3 carn,my,mya,myo,肉，肌肉4 haem,haemat,hem,aem,sangul 血5 soma,corp 体，身体6 some,plast 体，颗粒7 hepa,hepat 肝heparin 肝素hepatopancreas肝胰腺hepatocyte 肝细胞hepatoma肝癌8 ren,nephr 肾adrenal肾上腺的nephridia肾管nephron肾单位9 card,cord 心cardiotoxin 心脏毒素cardiovascular center 心血管中枢electrocardiogram心电图concord一致，和谐10 ophthalm,ocell,ocul 眼ophthalmology眼科学ophthalmia眼炎ophthalmologist眼科专家11 branchi 鳃filibranch丝鳃lamellibrnch瓣鳃sencondary branchium次生鳃12 brac ,brachi 腕，手臂brachiolaria 短腕幼虫brachionectin臂粘连蛋白bracelet手镯13 dent,odont 牙齿dentin牙质odontphora 齿舌odontoblast成牙质细胞14 plum羽plumatus 羽状的plumule绒毛plumage （鸟的）羽毛15 foli, foil 叶follicle滤泡foiling叶形foliage 叶子foliose 多叶的常用的后缀后缀在缀合法中只起改变词性的作用，不改变词根的含意，这在第一章内已叙述。
生物学专业英语词汇（I）
生物学专业英语词汇(I)i band 蛤同性带ibis 朱鹭ice 冰ice age 冰川时代ichthyography 鱼类志ichthyology 鱼类学ichthyopsids 鱼形类ichthyosaur 鱼龙类ichthyotoxicology 鱼毒学ichthyotoxin 鱼毒icosahedral virion 二十面体病毒粒子icsh 黄体生成素icterus 黄疸id 遗子idant 遗子因identical twins 单卵双生identification 鉴定identification key 检隧idioadaptation 个别适应idiobiology 个体生物学idioblast 异细胞idioblastic 异细胞的idiochromatin 性染色质idiochromosome 性染色体idioecology 个体生态学idiogenetics 个体遗传idiogram 染色体组型idiomer 染色体泡idioplasm 生殖质idiosome 异状体idiosyncrasy 特异体质idiotype 个体基因型idiovariation 个体突变idiozome 异状体ig 免疫球蛋白igneous rock 火成岩ileum 回肠iliac bone 肠骨iliac vein 肠骨静脉iliodelphus 部联胎iliopagus 部联胎ilium 肠骨illumination 照明illusion 错觉illuvial horizon b层ilness 疾病image forming technique 画像编修技术imaginal bud 成虫盘imaginal disc 成虫盘imaginal moult 羽化imago 成虫imbibition 吸胀imbibition pressure 吸胀压imidazole 味唑imino acid 亚氨基酸imitation 模拟immarginate 无边缘的immature cell 未成熟细胞immaturity 未成熟immersion 浸液immersion lens 油浸物镜immersion objective 油浸物镜immigration 迁移immiscible 咪唑immission damage 注射害immission injury 注射害immobilization 固定化immovable joint 不动关节immune 免疫的immune antibody 免疫抗体immune body 免疫体immune complex 免疫复合物immune cytolysis 免疫细胞溶解immune serum 免疫血清immune surveillance 免疫监视immunity 免疫immunity breeding 免疫种育种immunity substance 免疫性物质immunization 免疫酌immunizator 免疫体immuno engineering 免疫工程immunobiology 免疫生物学immunochemistry 免疫化学immunochromatography 免疫色谱法immunoelectrophoresis 免疫电泳immunogen 免疫原immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白immunological memory 免疫记忆immunological reaction 免疫反应immunological torelance 免疫耐受性immunology 免疫学immunoprotein 免疫蛋白质immunoreaction 免疫反应immunosensor 免疫感受器immunosuppression 免疫抑制immunotherapy 免疫疗法immunotolerance 免疫耐受性imperfect flower 不完全花imperfect fungi 半知菌类impermeability 不透性impermeable 不透的impermeable soil 不渗透性土壤impervious 不透的impervious soil 不渗透性土壤imperviousness 不透性implant 植入物implantation 移植implantation of the fallopian tube 子宫输卵管移植implements 工具impondment lake 贮水池imposed rest 促成休眠impregnation 受孕impression preparation 印象标本imprinting 印痕improved variety 改良品种improvement 改良improvement of breed 动物育种improving of environment 环境改良impulse 脉冲impure substance 不纯物质impurity 不纯物质impurity of seed 种子不纯度imputrescible 不腐败的in situ hybridization 原位混合法in situ synthesis 原位合成in vitro 离体in vitro culture 活体外培养in vivo 活体inactivation 失活inactive precursor 无活性前体inanimate 无生命的inanimate object 无生物inanition 饥饿inarching 靠接inarticulate 无结节的inbred lines 近交系inbreeding 近亲交配inbreeding coefficient 近交系数inbreeding depression 近交衰退inbreeding population 近交群体incentive 诱惑力incidental species 偶见种incineration 烧灰incipient plasmolysis 初始质壁分离incipient species 端始种incision 缺刻incision enzyme 切断酶incisor 门齿incisor tooth 门齿inclement winter 严冬inclusion body 内含体inclusive fitness 包括适应度incompatibility 不亲和性incompatibility factor 不相合因子incompatible 不亲和的incomplete antibody 不完全抗体incomplete dominance 半显性incomplete flower 不完全花incomplete mesentery 不完全隔膜incomplete metamorphosis 半变态incongruent crossing 不适宜交配incongruent hybridization 不适宜交配incorporation 掺合incrassate 增厚的increase 增加increase in diameter 加厚生长increase in population 人口增加increment 增加increta 内分泌物incretion 内分泌incretology 内分泌学incretory 内分泌的incretory gland 内分泌腺incrustation 皮层incrusted seed 有外皮种子incubation 孵卵incubation behavior 孵化行为incubation drive 孵化驱动incubation mixture 保温混合物incubation patch 抱卵点incubation period 孵化时间incubation time 培养时间incubator 孵卵器恒温箱incurrent canal 廉沟incurvation 内弯incus 砧骨indefinite bud 不定芽indefinite inflorescence 无限花序indehiscent fruit 闭果independent assortment of genes 基因自由组合independent character 独立分配特征independent culling 独立选择independent differentiation 织分化independent mutation 独立突变indeterminate inflorescence 无限花序indeterminate plants 中间性植物类index fossil 指示化石index number 指标index of discrimination 辨别指数index of similarity 相似系数index selection 指标选择index species 特罩indian corn 玉蜀黍indican 尿蓝母indication 指示indicator 指示剂indicator enzyme 指示酶indicator plant 指示植物indicator species 指示种indigene 土生动植物indigenous plant 本地生植物indigenous species 土著种indigestibility 不消化indigestion 不消化indigo 青定蓝indirect development 间接发育indirect division 间接分裂indirect nuclear division 间接核分裂indispensable amino acid 必需氨基酸individium 个体individual 个体individual distance 个体间距individual nest 个体巢individual recognition 个体识别individual selection 个体选择individual variation 个体变异individuality 个体性individualization 个体化individuation 个体化indole 3 acetic acid 吲哚 3 乙酸indole 氮节induced mutation 诱发突变inducer 诱导剂inducibility 诱导性inducible enzyme 诱导酶inducible phage 诱导噬菌体inducing substance 诱导物质induction 感应induction of flowering 开花诱导induction of mutation 诱发突变induction period 诱导期inductive agent 诱导剂inductive capacity 诱导力inductive infection 诱导感染inductive phase 诱导期inductive statistics 随机学inductive substance 诱导物质inductor 诱导剂indusium 囊群盖industrial melanism 工业黑化现象industrial microbiology 工业微生物学industrial plant 工业植物industrial waste 工业废物inequal cleavage 不等裂inert gene 惰性基因inexcitability 无兴奋性infarct 梗塞infauna 海底潜底性动物infect agent 病原体infection 触染infection pressure 感染压infectious abortion 传染性龙infectious disease 传染病infectious nucleic acid 感染性核酸infectious titer 感染效价infective center 感染中心infectivity 传染性infecundity 不育inferent 传入的inferior maxilla 下颌骨inferior ovary 下位子房inferior palea 外稃infertility 不育infestation 侵扰infiltration 浸润inflammation 炎症inflated 溶胀的inflation 膨胀inflorescence 花序列inflorescence axis 花序轴inflow 岭influence 影响influenza 列性感冒influenza virus 列性感冒病毒information biology 生物信息学information content 信息容量information processing 信息加工information theory 信息论informational macromolecule 信息大分子informosome 信息体infrared heater 红外线加热器infrared rays 红外线infrared spectrum 红外线吸收光谱infrascapular 肩胛下的infrasound 超低音波infructescence 果序列infundibular leaf 漏斗形叶infundibular organ 漏斗瀑infundibulum 漏斗infusion 注入infusion solution 输液infusoria 纤毛类infusorial earth 硅藻土infusorians 纤毛类ingestion 摄食ingestion of food 食物摄取ingestion of nutritive substance 营养素摄取ingredient 成分ingression 内移inguinal gland 腹股沟腺inguinal region 腹股沟inhalation 吸入inhalent canal 廉沟inhalent siphon 入水管inherent 固有的inheritable 可遗传的inheritable variation 遗传性变异inheritance 遗传inheritance of acquired characters 获得性状遗传inherited character 遗传性状inherited immunity 遗传免疫inhibiting antibody 抑制抗体inhibiting gene 抑制基因inhibiting nerve 抑制性神经inhibiting substance 抑制物质inhibition 抑制inhibition of germination 发芽抑制inhibitor 抑制因子inhibitory action 抑制酌inhibitory effect 抑制酌inhibitory nerve 抑制性神经inhibitory postsynaptic potential 抑制性突触后电势inhibitory reaction 抑制性反应inhibitory substance 抑制物质inhibitory synapse 抑制性突触inhomogeneity 异质性inisine acid 肌甙酸initial cell 原始细胞initial community 先锋群落initial growth index 初生长指数initial infection 一次侵入initial population 原始群体initial velocity 初速度initiating cell 原始细胞initiation codon 起始密码子initiator 起动器起动装置injection 注射injector 注射器injurious insect 害虫injury 损伤ink gland 墨腺ink sac 墨囊innate 先天的innate capacity for increase 内僭然增长率innate releasing mechanism 先天释放机制inner capsule 内荚膜inner ear 内耳inner integument 内珠inner longitudinal layer 内纵层inner seed coat 内种皮innervation 神经支配innocent tumour 良性肿瘤innocuousness 无害性innominate bone 骨innovation shoot 更新芽inoculated tumour 接种肿瘤inoculation 接种inoculum 接种体inorganic environment 无机环境inorganic fertilizer 无机肥料inorganic phosphorus 无机磷inorganic respiration 无机呼吸inosine 肌甙inosine triphosphate 次黄苷三磷酸inosinic acid 肌甙酸inosite 肌醇inquiline 寄食inquilinism 寄食现象insect 昆虫insect catching leaf 食虫叶insect gall 虫瘿insect injury 虫害insect pollination 虫媒insect pollinator 花粉媒虫insect resistance 耐虫性insect society 昆虫社会insect state 昆虫社会insect transmission 昆虫传染insect vector 昆虫媒介insecta 昆虫类insectarium 昆虫饲养室insecticide 杀虫剂insecticide resistance 抗杀虫性insectivores 食虫类insectivorous 食虫的insectivorous leaf 食虫叶insectivorous plant 食虫植物insectology 昆虫学insects 昆虫类insemination 授精insemination reaction 授精反应insensibility 无感觉insertion 插入insertion breakage 插入断裂insertion sequence 插入序列insertion vector 插入运载体insertional translocation 插入移位insight 识别力insight behavior 洞察行为insolation 日射insolubility 不溶性insoluble fibrin 不溶性血纤维蛋白inspection system 检查体系inspiration 吸气inspiratory reserve volume 补吸气量inspired air 吸气instability 不稳定性instar 龄instictive action 本能的动作instinct 本能instinct hierarchy 本能等级结构instinct of self preservation 自存本能instinctive behavior 本能行为instinctive movement 本能运动insufficiency 机能不全insulation 隔离insulin 胰岛素insulin receptor 胰岛素受体intact dna 完整 dnaintake 摄取integer programming 整数规划化integrase 统合酶integrated genome 整合基因组integration 整合酌integrifolious 全缘叶的integument 珠被intelligence 智力intelligence quotient 智力系数intemperate phage 毒性噬菌体intensifying factors 加强基因intensifying genes 加强基因intensity of infestation 侵扰度intensive agriculture 集约农业intensive farming 集约农业intensive rearing 集约饲育intention movement 意向运动inter brain 间脑inter oestrual period 发情间隔inter varietal crossing 变种间交配interaction 相互酌interallelic complementation 等位基因内互补interallelic recombination 等位基因内重组interambulacral zone 间步带interarm pairing 臂间配对interband 间带interbrachial membrane 腕间膜interbrain 间脑interbranchial septum 鳃隔膜intercalary deletion 中间缺失intercalary growth 居间生长intercalary meristem 居间分生组织intercalary translocation 插入易位intercalation 插入intercellar layer 中层intercellular fluid 胞间液intercellular space 细胞间隙intercellular substance 胞间质interchange 置换interchangea 相互易位interchromosomal recombination 染色体间重组intercistronic recombination 顺反子间重组intercostal 肋间的intercropping 间作intercross 互交intercrossing 互交interfascicular cambium 束间形成层interference 干涉interference distance 干涉距离interference microscopy 干涉显微镜检术interferon 干扰素intergeneric hybrid 属间杂种intergeneric hybridization 属间杂交intergenic complementation 基因间互补interglacial period 间冰期intergrana lamella 基粒间薄片interkinesis 分裂间期interleukin 白细胞间介素interlinear cross 品系间杂交interlocking 互锁intermediary metabolism 中间代谢intermediate form 中间类型intermediate host 中间宿主中间寄主intermediate hybrid 中间杂种intermediate lobe of hypophysis 脑垂体中叶intermediate product 中间产物intermicellar space 微胞间隙intermittent fever 间歇热internal capsule 内囊internal clock 生物钟internal environment 内环境internal fertilization 体内受精internal gill 内鳃internal ligament 内韧带internal marginal zone 内缘带internal membrane system 内膜系internal milieu 内环境internal parsite 体内寄生物internal respiration 内呼吸internal secretion 内分泌internal skeleton 内骨international rules of nomenclature 国际命名法规international unit 国际单位interneurone 中间神经元internodal cell 节间细胞internodal growth 节间生长internode 节间internodium 节间interoceptor 内感受器interoreceptor 内感受器interosseous 骨间的interpetiolar 叶柄间的interphase 分裂间期interphase nucleus 间期核interphasic nucleus 间期核interplantation 内植interpolation 内插法interradial canal 间辐管interrupted gene 断裂基因intersegmental membrane 节间膜intersex 间性intersexuality 雌雄间性interspace 间隙interspecies competition 种间竞争interspecific competition 种间竞争interspecific hybrid 种间杂种intersterility 杂交不育性interstice 间隙interstitial cell 间质细胞interstitial cell stimulating hormone 黄体生成素interstitial chiasma 中间交叉interstitial fauna 间隙动物相interstitial fluid 胞间液interstitial lamella 间介板interstitial tissue 间质组织intertidal zone 潮间带interval 中间intervarietal hybrid 品种间杂种intervertebral disc 椎间盘intestinal bacterium 肠内细菌intestinal canal 肠道intestinal gland 肠腺intestinal juice 肠液intestinal parasite 肠寄生虫intestinal peristalsis 肠蠕动intestinal portal 肠门intestinal respiration 肠呼吸intestinal villus 肠绒毛intestinal wall 肠壁intestine 肠intima 内膜intine 内壁intolerant tree 阳生树intoxication 中毒intra arterial 动脉内的intracellular digestion 胞内消化intracellular electrode 细胞内电极intracellular enzyme 胞内酶intracellular freezing 细胞内冻结intrachromosomal aberration 染色体内畸变intrachromosomal recombination 染色体内重组intracoelomic graft 体腔内移植intraembryonic coelom 胚体腔intrafascicular cambium 束中形成层intragenic recombination 基因内重组intragenic suppression 基因内抑制intramolecular bond 分子内键合intramolecular respiration 分子内呼吸intranuclear mitosis 核内有丝分裂intraspecies competition 种内竞争intraspecific competition 种内竞争intraspecific cross 种内杂交intraspecific mimicry 种内拟态intrauterine 子宫内的intravascular 血管内的intravital staining 活体染色intrazonal soil 隐域土壤intrinsic factor 内因intrinsic rate of natural increase 内僭然增长率introduction 引种introgression 渐渗现象introgressive hybridization 渐渗杂交intussusception 侵入生长inulase 菊糖酶inulin 菊糖inulinase 菊糖酶inundation 洪水invader species 侵入种invaders 侵入种invagination 内陷inversion 倒位inversion duplication 倒位重复inversion heterozygote 倒位杂合子invert sugar 转化糖invertase 蔗糖酶invertebrates 无脊椎动物inverted microscope 倒置显微镜investigation 研究inviability 生存不能invisible mutation 不可见突变involucel 小总苞involucellum 小总苞involucral bract 总苞叶involucre 总苞involuntary muscle 不随意肌involuntary nervous system 不随意神经系统involution 退化iodation 碘化酌iodide 碘化物iodiferous 有碘的iodine 碘iodine number 碘值iodine solution 碘溶液iodine value 碘值iodo acetic acid 碘醋酸iodometry 碘量滴定法iodopsin 视紫蓝质ion 离子ion antagonismus 离子对抗酌ion current 离子流ion exchange chromatography 离子交换色谱法ion exchange resin 离子交换尸ion flow 离子流ion transport 离子传输ionic pump 离子泵ionic regulation 离子第ioning exchange 离子交换ionization 电离ionized water 离子水ionizing ray 电离线ionophore 离子载体iridophore 虹细胞iris 虹彩iron 铁iron bacteria 铁细菌iron deficiency 铁缺乏iron induced chlorosis 铁诱导萎黄病irradiation 扩散;辐射irradiation dose 照射剂量irregular crossingover 不规则交叉irreversibility 非可逆性irreversibility of evolution 进化的不可逆性irreversible process 不可逆过程irrigable culture 灌水栽培irrigated land 灌溉地irrigation 灌溉irrigation water 灌溉水irritability 应激性irritation 刺激isatin 靛红ischiopodite 坐肢节ischium 坐骨isidium 珊嚎island 岛isle 岛islet 岛islets of langerhans 郎格罕氏岛iso osmotic solution 等渗溶液isoagglutinin 同族凝集素isoagglutinogen 同种凝集原isoallele 同等位基因isoamylase 异淀粉酶isoantibody 同族抗体isoantigen 同族抗原isobar 等压线isobody 同族抗体isobrachial chromosome 等臂染色体isochromatid break 等位染色单体断裂isocitric acid 异柠檬酸isocytotoxin 同种细胞毒素isoelectric point 等电点isoenzyme 同功酶isogamete 同形配子isogamy 同配生殖isogenic line 等基因系isogenome 同形染色体组isogeny 同源isohemagglutination 同族血细胞凝集素isohemoagglutination 同族血细胞凝集素isohemolysin 同族溶血素isohormone 同族激素isohyet 等雨量线isoimmunity 同种免疫isoimmunization 同族免疫isoiony 等离子性isolate 分离物isolation 分离isolation gene 隔离基因isolation index 隔离指数isolation mechanism 隔离机制isolecithal egg 均黄卵isoleucine 异亮氨酸isomar 等物候线isomer 异构体isomerase 异构酶isomerism 异构现象isomerized sugar 异构化糖isomery 异构现象isometric contraction 等长收缩isomorphism 同形性isophane 等物候线isophene 等物候线isophenogamy 同表型配合isoploidy 同倍性isopolyploid 同多倍体的isopolyploidy 同倍性isoprene 异戊二烯isoprenoid 类异戊二烯isospore 同形孢子isospory 孢子同型isotherm 等温线isotonia 等张性isotonic coefficient 等张系数isotonic contraction 等张力性收缩isotonic solution 等渗溶液isotope 同位素isotope dilution analysis 同位素稀释分析isotope tracer technique 同位素示踪法isotopic tracer 放射性示踪剂isotropic band 蛤同性带isotype 同号模式标本isotypy 均一型isozygosity 遗传同一性isozygoty 遗传同一性isozyme 同功酶isthmus 峡itaconic acid 衣康酸itch mite 疥癣虫ivory 象牙ixodology 蜱螨学。
生物信息学主要英文术语及释义（续完）
⽣物信息学主要英⽂术语及释义（续完）These substitutions may be found in an amino acid substitution matrix such as the Dayhoff PAM and Henikoff BLOSUM matrices. Columns in the alignment that include gaps are not scored in the calculation. Perceptron（感知器，模拟⼈类视神经控制系统的图形识别机) A neural network in which input and output states are directly connected without intervening hidden layers. PHRED （⼀种⼴泛应⽤的原始序列分析程序，可以对序列的各个碱基进⾏识别和质量评价） A widely used computer program that analyses raw sequence to produce a 'base call' with an associated 'quality score' for each position in the sequence. A PHRED quality score of X corresponds to an error probability of approximately 10-X/10. Thus, a PHRED quality score of30 corresponds to 99.9% accuracy for the base call in the raw read. PHRAP （⼀种⼴泛应⽤的原始序列组装程序） A widely used computer program that assembles raw sequence into sequence contigs and assigns to each position in the sequence an associated 'quality score', on the basis of the PHRED scores of the raw sequence reads. A PHRAP quality score of X corresponds to an error probability of approximately 10-X/10. Thus, a PHRAP quality score of 30 corresponds to 99.9% accuracy for a base in the assembled sequence. Phylogenetic studies（系统发育研究） PIR （主要蛋⽩质序列数据库之⼀，翻译⾃GenBank） A database of translated GenBank nucleotide sequences. PIR is a redundant (see Redundancy) protein sequence database. The database is divided into four categories: PIR1 - Classified and annotated. PIR2 - Annotated. PIR3 -Unverified. PIR4 - Unencoded or untranslated. Poisson distribution（帕松分布） Used to predict the occurrence of infrequent events over a long period of time 143or when there are a large number of trials. In sequence analysis, it is used to calculate the chance that one pair of a large number of pairs of unrelated sequences may give a high local alignment score. Position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM)（特定位点记分矩阵，PSI-BLAST等搜索程序使⽤） The PSSM gives the log-odds score for finding a particular matching amino acid in a target sequence. Represents the variation found in the columns of an alignment of a set of related sequences. Each subsequent matrix column corresponds to the next column in the alignment and each row corresponds to a particular sequence character (one of four bases in DNA sequences or 20 amino acids in protein sequences). Matrix values are log odds scores obtained by dividing the counts of the residue in the alignment, dividing by the expected number of counts based on sequence composition, and converting the ratio to a log score. The matrix is moved along sequences to find similar regions by adding the matching log odds scores and looking for high values. There is no allowance for gaps. Also called a weight matrix or scoring matrix. Posterior (Bayesian analysis) A conditional probability based on prior knowledge and newly uated relationships among variables using Bayes rule. See also Bayes rule. Prior (Bayesian analysis) The expected distribution of a variable based on previous data. Profile（分布型） A matrix representation of a conserved region in a multiple sequence alignment that allows for gaps in the alignment. The rows include scores for matching sequential columns of the alignment to a test sequence. The columns include substitution scores for amino acids and gap penalties. See also PSSM. Profile hidden Markov model（分布型隐马尔可夫模型） A hidden Markov model of a conserved region in a multiple sequence alignment that includes gaps and may be used to search new sequences for similarity to the aligned sequences. Proteome（蛋⽩质组） The entire collection of proteins that are encoded by the genome of an organism. Initially the proteome is estimated by gene prediction and annotation methods but eventually will be revised as more information on the sequence of the expressed genes is obtained. Proteomics （蛋⽩质组学） Systematic analysis of protein expression_r of normal and diseased tissues that involves the separation, identification and characterization of all of the proteins in an organism. Pseudocounts Small number of counts that is added to the columns of a scoring matrix to increase the variability either to avoid zero counts or to add more variation than was found in the sequences used to produce the matrix. 144PSI-BLAST （BLAST系列程序之⼀） Position-Specific Iterative BLAST. An iterative search using the BLAST algorithm. A profile is built after the initial search, which is then used in subsequent searches. The process may be repeated, if desired with new sequences found in each cycle used to refine the profile. Details can be found in this discussion of PSI-BLAST. (Altschul et al.) PSSM （特定位点记分矩阵） See position-specific scoring matrix and profile. Public sequence databases （公共序列数据库，指GenBank、EMBL和DDBJ） The three coordinated international sequence databases: GenBank, the EMBL data library and DDBJ. Q20 (Quality score 20) A quality score of > or = 20 indicates that there is less than a 1 in 100 chance that the base call is incorrect. These are consequently high-quality bases. Specifically, the quality value "q" assigned to a basecall is defined as: q = -10 x log10(p) where p is the estimated error probability for that basecall. Note that high quality values correspond to low error probabilities, and conversely. Quality trimming This is an algorithm which uses a sliding window of 50 bases and trims from the 5' end of the read followed by the 3' end. With each window, the number of low quality (10 or less) bases is determined. If more than 5 bases are below the threshold quality, the window is incremented by one base and the process is repeated. When the low quality test fails, the position where it stopped is recorded. The parameters for window length low quality threshold and number of low quality bases tolerated are fixed. The positions of the 5' and 3' boundaries of the quality region are noted in the plot of quality values presented in the" Chromatogram Details" report. Query （待查序列/搜索序列） The input sequence (or other type of search term) with which all of the entries in a database are to be compared. Radiation hybrid (RH) map （辐射杂交图谱） A genome map in which STSs are positioned relative to one another on the basis of the frequency with which they are separated by radiation-induced breaks. The frequency is assayed by analysing a panel of human–hamster hybrid cell lines, each produced by lethally irradiating human cells and fusing them with recipient hamster cells such that each carries a collection of human chromosomal fragments. The unit of distance is centirays (cR), denoting a 1% chanceof a break occuring between two loci Raw Score （初值，指最初得到的联配值S） The score of an alignment, S, calculated as the sum of substitution and gap scores. Substitution scores are given by a look-up table (see PAM, BLOSUM). Gap scores are typically calculated as the sum of G, the gap opening penalty 145and L, the gap extension penalty. For a gap of length n, the gap cost would be G+Ln. The choice of gap costs, G and L is empirical, but it is customary to choose a high value for G (10-15)and a low value for L (1-2). Raw sequence （原始序列/读胶序列） Individual unassembled sequence reads, produced by sequencing of clones containing DNA inserts. Receiver operator characteristic The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve describes the probability that a test will correctly declare the condition present against the probability that the test will declare the condition present when actually absent. This is shown through a graph of the tesls sensitivity against one minus the test specificity for different possible threshold values. Redundancy （冗余） The presence of more than one identical item represents redundancy. In bioinformatics, the term is used with reference to the sequences in a sequence database. If a database is described as being redundant, more than one identical (redundant) sequence may be found. If the database is said to be non-redundant (nr), the database managers have attempted to reduce the redundancy. The term is ambiguous with reference to genetics, and as such, the degree of non-redundancy varies according to the database manager's interpretation of the term. One can argue whether or not two alleles of a locus defines the limit of redundancy, or whether the same locus in different, closely related organisms constitutes redundency. Non-redundant databases are, in some ways, superior, but are less complete. These factors should be taken into consideration when selecting a database to search. Regular expression_rs This computational tool provides a method for expressing the variations found in a set of related sequences including a range of choices at one position, insertions, repeats, and so on. For example, these expression_rs are used to characterize variations found in protein domains in the PROSITE catalog. Regularization A set of techniques for reducing data overfitting when training a model. See also Overfitting. Relational database（关系数据库）Organizes information into tables where each column represents the fields of informa-tion that can be stored in a single record. Each row in the table corresponds to a single record. A single database can have many tables and a query language is used to access the data. See also Object-oriented database. Scaffold （⽀架，由序列重叠群拼接⽽成） The result of connecting contigs by linking information from paired-end reads from plasmids, paired-end reads from BACs, known messenger RNAs or other sources. The contigs in a scaffold are ordered and oriented with respect to one another. 146 Scoring matrix（记分矩阵） See Position-specific scoring matrix. SEG （⼀种蛋⽩质程序低复杂性区段过滤程序） A program for filtering low complexity regions in amino acid sequences. Residues that have been masked are represented as "X" in an alignment. SEG filtering is performed by default in the blastp subroutine of BLAST 2.0. (Wootton and Federhen) Selectivity (in database similarity searches)（数据库相似性搜索的选择准确性） The ability of a search method to locate members of a protein family without making a false-positive classification of members of other families. Sensitivity (in database similarity searches)（数据库相似性搜索的灵敏性） The ability of a search method to locate as many members of a protein family as possi-ble, including distant members of limited sequence similarity. Sequence Tagged Site （序列标签位点） Short cDNA sequences of regions that have been physically mapped. STSs provide unique landmarks, or identifiers, throughout the genome. Useful as a framework for further sequencing. Significance（显著⽔平） A significant result is one that has not simply occurred by chance, and therefore is prob-ably true. Significance levels show how likely a result is due to chance, expressed as a probability. In sequence analysis, the significance of an alignment score may be calcu-lated as the chance that such a score would be found between random or unrelated sequences. See Expect value. Similarity score (sequence alignment) （相似性值） Similarity means the extent to which nucleotide or protein sequences are related. The extent of similarity between two sequences can be based on percent sequence identity and/or conservation. In BLAST similarity refers to a positive matrix score. The sum of the number of identical matches and conservative (high scoring) substitu-tions in a sequence alignment divided by the total number of aligned sequence charac-ters. Gaps are usually ignored. Simulated annealing A search algorithm that attempts to solve the problem of finding global extrema. The algorithm was inspired by the physical cooling process of metals and the freezing process in liquids where atoms slow down in movement and line up to form a crystal. The algorithm traverses the energy levels of a function, always accepting energy levels that are smaller than previous ones, but sometimes accepting energy levels that are greater, according to the Boltzmann probability distribution. Single-linkage cluster analysis An analysis of a group of related objects, e.g., similar proteins in different genomes to identify both close and more distant relationships, represented on a tree or dendogram. The method joins the most closely related pairs by the neighbor-joining algorithm by representing these pairs as outer branches on 147the tree. More distant objects are then pro-gressively added to lower tree branches. The method is also used to predict phylogenet-ic relationships by distance methods. See also Hierarchical clustering, Neighbor-joining method. Smith-Waterman algorithm（Smith-Waterman算法） Uses dynamic programming to find local alignments between sequences. The key fea-ture is that all negative scores calculated in the dynamic programming matrix are changed to zero in order to avoid extending poorly scoring alignments and to assist in identifying local alignments starting and stopping anywhere with the matrix. SNP （单核苷酸多态性） Single nucleotide polymorphism, or a single nucleotide position in the genome sequence for which two or more alternative alleles are present at appreciable frequency (traditionally, at least 1%) in the human population. Space or time complexity（时间或空间复杂性） An algorithms complexity is the maximum amount of computer memory or time required for the number of algorithmic steps to solve a problem. Specificity (in database similarity searches)（数据库相似性搜索的特异性） The ability of a search method to locate members of one protein family, including dis-tantly related members. SSR （简单序列重复） Simple sequence repeat, a sequence consisting largely of a tandem repeat of a specific k-mer (such as (CA)15). Many SSRs are polymorphic and have been widely used in genetic mapping. Stochastic context-free grammar A formal representation of groups of symbols in different parts of a sequence; i.e., not in the same context. An example is complementary regions in RNA that will form sec-ondary structures. The stochastic feature introduces variability into such regions. Stringency Refers to the minimum number of matches required within a window. See also Filtering. STS （序列标签位点的缩写） See Sequence Tagged Site Substitution （替换） The presence of a non-identical amino acid at a given position in an alignment. If the aligned residues have similar physico-chemical properties the substitution is said to be "conservative". Substitution Matrix （替换矩阵） A substitution matrix containing values proportional to the probability that amino acid i mutates into amino acid j for all pairs of amino acids. such matrices are constructed by assembling a large and diverse sample of verified pairwise alignments of amino acids. If the sample is large enough to be statistically significant, the resulting matrices should reflect the true probabilities of mutations occuring through a period of evolution. 148Sum of pairs method Sums the substitution scores of all possible pair-wise combinations of sequence charac-ters in one column of a multiple sequence alignment. SWISS-PROT （主要蛋⽩质序列数据库之⼀） A non-redundant (See Redundancy) protein sequence database. Thoroughly annotated and cross referenced. A subdivision is TrEMBL. Synteny The presence of a set of homologous genes in the same order on two genomes. Threading In protein structure prediction, the aligning of the sequence of a protein of unknown structure with a known three-dimensional structure to determine whether the amino acid sequence is spatially and chemically compatible with that structure. TrEMBL （蛋⽩质数据库之⼀，翻译⾃EMBL） A protein sequence database of Translated EMBL nucleotide sequences. Uncertainty（不确定性） From information theory, a logarithmic measure of the average number of choices that must be made for identification purposes. See also Information content. Unified Modeling Language (UML) A standard sanctioned by the Object Management Group that provides a formal nota-tion for describing object-oriented design. UniGene （⼈类基因数据库之⼀） Database of unique human genes, at NCBI. Entries are selected by near identical presence in GenBank and dbEST databases. The clusters of sequences produced are considered to represent a single gene. Unitary Matrix （⼀元矩阵） Also known as Identity Matrix.A scoring system in which only identical characters receive a positive score. URL（统⼀资源定位符） Uniform resource locator. Viterbi algorithm Calculates the optimal path of a sequence through a hidden Markov model of sequences using a dynamic programming algorithm. Weight matrix See Position-specifc scoring matrix.。
生物信息学基本知识
1. DNA: 遗传物质(遗传信息的载体) 双螺旋结构,A, C, G, T四种基本字符的复杂文本2. 基因（Gene）：具有遗传效应的DNA分子片段3. 基因组(Genome)：包含细胞或生物体全套的遗传信息的全部遗传物质。
人类包括细胞核基因组和线粒体基因组OR 一个物种中所有基因的整体组成4. 人类基因组：3.2×109 bp5.HGP的最初目标通过国际合作，用15年时间(1990～2005)至少投入30亿美元，构建详细的人类基因组遗传图和物理图，确定人类DNA的全部核苷酸序列，定位约10万基因，并对其它生物进行类似研究。
6.HGP的终极目标阐明人类基因组全部DNA序列；识别基因；建立储存这些信息的数据库；开发数据分析工具；研究HGP实施所带来的伦理、法律和社会问题。
7.遗传图谱（genetic map）又称连锁图谱(linkage map)，它是以具有遗传多态性（在一个遗传位点上具有一个以上的等位基因，在群体中的出现频率皆高于1%）的遗传标记为“路标”，以遗传学距离（在减数分裂事件中两个位点之间进行交换、重组的百分率，1%的重组率称为1cM）为图距的基因组图。
遗传图谱的建立为基因识别和完成基因定位创造了条件。
8. 遗传连锁图：通过计算连锁的遗传标志之间的重组频率，确定它们的相对距离，一般用厘摩（cM，即每次减数分裂的重组频率为1%）表示。
9. 物理图谱（physical map）是指有关构成基因组的全部基因的排列和间距的信息，它是通过对构成基因组的DNA分子进行测定而绘制的。
绘制物理图谱的目的是把有关基因的遗传信息及其在每条染色体上的相对位置线性而系统地排列出来。
10. 转录图谱是在识别基因组所包含的蛋白质编码序列的基础上绘制的结合有关基因序列、位置及表达模式等信息的图谱。
11. 序列图谱:随着遗传图谱和物理图谱的完成，测序就成为重中之重的工作。
DNA序列分析技术是一个包括制备DNA片段化及碱基分析、DNA信息翻译的多阶段的过程。
生信 基础概念
生信基础概念1. 基因组学（Genomics）：基因组学是研究生物体基因组的学科。
它涉及基因组的测序、组装、注释和比较分析等方面，以了解基因组的结构、功能和进化。
2. 转录组学（Transcriptomics）：转录组学是研究生物体转录组的学科。
它关注转录本（mRNA）的表达水平、差异表达、剪接变体等，以揭示基因的转录调控和表达模式。
3. 蛋白质组学（Proteomics）：蛋白质组学是研究生物体蛋白质组的学科。
它包括蛋白质的鉴定、定量、修饰和相互作用等方面，以了解蛋白质的功能、结构和代谢途径。
4. 数据挖掘（Data Mining）：数据挖掘是从大量数据中提取有用信息和模式的过程。
在生物信息学中，数据挖掘技术用于发现生物数据中的隐藏规律、相关性和模式。
5. 序列比对（Sequence Alignment）：序列比对是将两个或多个生物分子的序列进行比较的过程。
它用于识别相似性、同源性和进化关系。
6. 生物信息学数据库（Bioinformatics Databases）：生物信息学数据库是存储和管理生物数据的资源。
这些数据库包括基因组序列、蛋白质序列、基因表达数据等，可以用于数据查询、分析和下载。
7. 生物信息学工具（Bioinformatics Tools）：生物信息学工具是用于处理和分析生物数据的软件和程序。
这些工具包括序列比对工具、基因注释工具、数据可视化工具等。
8. 系统生物学（Systems Biology）：系统生物学是将生物体系视为一个整体，研究生物分子之间的相互作用和网络关系的学科。
它涉及到基因、蛋白质、代谢物等多个层次的分析。
以上是生物信息学的一些基础概念，生物信息学在基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学等领域有着广泛的应用，为生物研究提供了强大的分析和计算工具。
生物信息学词汇双语通解
生物信息学词汇双语通解什么是生物信息学？生物信息学是一门研究生物信息的学科，旨在探索基因、蛋白质和其他生物分子的结构和功能。
它结合了生物学、医学、计算机科学、数学和其他多领域的知识，以更好地理解生物系统。
生物信息学有助于研究药物发现、基因组学、分子进化、基因表达分析等研究对象。
生物信息学词汇是生物信息学领域中经常使用到的词汇，包括生物学、医学、计算机科学和数学等技术领域。
这些词汇出现在生物信息学文献、新闻报道、学术会议和科普文章中。
有些词汇只有在生物信息学中才有定义，而有些词汇可能是生物学、医学、计算机科学和数学等技术领域中通用的词汇。
为了帮助读者更好地理解生物信息学，本文将介绍一些常见的生物信息学词汇，并为其提供双语解释，以便读者更好地理解生物信息学的概念。
一、基因基因是一种由DNA序列构成的核酸分子，用于保存和传输遗传信息。
它是一个在生物系统中传播生物特征的基本单位，是实现生物多样性的关键。
基因在英文中的意思是gene，在汉语中的意思是基因。
二、染色体染色体是一种由DNA和蛋白质组成的结构体，用于保存、传输和表达遗传信息。
染色体在英文中的意思是chromosome，在汉语中的意思是染色体。
三、DNADNA是一种细胞内的核酸，是遗传信息的载体。
它由碱基对组成，它们通过链接在一起形成DNA链。
DNA在英文中的意思是deoxyribonucleic acid，在汉语中的意思是脱氧核糖核酸。
四、蛋白质蛋白质是一种从基因编码的大分子，它们可以调节和控制细胞的各种功能。
蛋白质在英文中的意思是protein，在汉语中的意思是蛋白质。
五、RNARNA是一种核酸，它们可以把基因编码的信息从DNA复制到蛋白质。
RNA在英文中的意思是ribonucleic acid，在汉语中的意思是核糖核酸。
六、序列序列是一种按照一定次序排列的字符串，它们用于描述基因、蛋白质和其他生物分子的结构和功能。
序列在英文中的意思是sequence，在汉语中的意思是序列。
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穷举搜索
对问题所有可能的解进行评估。
exon
外显子
一个 hnRNA 分子的各个部分，它们被剪接后连在一起形成 mRNA 。
expression profile
表达谱
基因在不同时空的表达模式。
F
family
家族
在整个长度范围内有多于 50 ％的氨基酸序列相同的蛋白质称为一个家族。
氨基端（ N 端）
在一个多肽中，具有自由氨基的分子端，对应于基因的 5'- 端。
anti-parallel
反向平行
表示相反的方向；在双链DNA中，这意味着如果一条链是 5' 到 3' 的，则其互补链 方向 是 3' 到 5' 的。
B
base pair
碱基对
（1）在双链DNA中嘌呤和嘧啶之间的相互作用（特别指A和T之间，G和C之间）；（2）双链DNA序列长度的基本单位。
dynamic programming
动态规划
一种可以有效地探求一定复杂问题的各种可能的解决方案的程序；它将一个问题合理分解成一些小的子问题，然后利用部分计算解得到最终答案。
E
enhancer
增强子
可以与真核转录因子特异性结合的 DNA 序列片段。增强子序列可以在任何一个方向上起到逐渐增加转录水平的作用。
gene expression
基因表达
利用存储在 DNA 中的信息来合成 RNA 分子，进而生成相应蛋白质的过程。
gene identification
基因识别
利用各种方法识别基因组中的基因序列。
gene ontology
基因本体论
关于基因和蛋白质知识的标准词汇，是今后实现各种与基因相关数据的统一、进行数据转换、开展数据挖掘的基础。
基因水平转移
基因从一个物种传递到另一个物种的过程。虽然病原体和转座子通常被疑似为导致它的原因，但是基因这种运动的机制仍然未知。
Human Genome Project, HGP
人类基因组计划
通过全球合作，绘制人类基因组的全部序列图谱。
housekeeping gene
管家基因
发育过程中在任何时间、在任何器官都高度表达的基因。
基本的局部比对搜索工具（ Blast ）
一种常用的序列数据库搜索工具。
blotting and hybridization
印迹和杂交
将分子（通常是核酸分子）从 凝胶转移到膜上，接着用绑定有特定感兴趣的分子的标记探针进行洗脱的过程。
bootstrap test
自举检验
对 置信程度进行量化的检验。
branch and bound method
D
degeneracy
简并性
指某些氨基酸可以被一个以上的三联密码子编码的特性。
denatured protein
变性蛋白质
指蛋白质因为受热作用或者去污剂或尿素等化学作用而失去了正常的三级结构和四级结构的结果。
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
脱氧核糖核酸 （ DNA ）
由相连的核苷酸组成的双链生物二聚体 ， 其核苷酸含有脱氧糖基。DNA是遗传的分子基础。
hydrophobic
疏水的
难以和 水分子相互作用，字面上就是厌水的。
hydrophobic amino acid
疏水氨基酸
含有一个全部由碳和氢组成的 R 基团 的氨基酸；它不可能和水分子形成氢键
hydrophobic collapse
疏水折叠
将一个多肽的过程，简单的说，是由疏水作用而引起的肽链折叠。
fold
折叠
通常和术语“结构模体”有近似的含义，但是特别暗示在两个或更多的蛋白质中具有相似二级结构的大区域。
fourfold degenerate site
四重简并位点
指那些改变一个核苷酸为任何其它三个中的一个都对核糖体将氨基酸插入到蛋白质没有影响的密码子位点。
G
G （Guanine ）
G（ 鸟嘌呤）
central dogma
中心法则
从基因的核酸序列中提取信息并以此合成蛋白质的过程（ DNA ? RNA ? protein ） 。
character
特征
在 系统发生树中 ， 具有有限状态数的特征。
charged amino acid
带电氨基酸
在一定的生物 pH 值下，带有正电或负电的氨基酸。
chromatin
Computational Molecular Biology
计算分子生物学
主要研究分子生物学数据的分析方法，开发分析工具。
conformation
构象
蛋白质的空间构象。
consensus sequence
一致序列
在两个或多个同源序列的每一个位置上多数出现的核苷酸或氨基酸组成的序列
conserved sequence
beta turns
β转角
在反向平行的β折叠片中，当β链反转方向的时候蛋白质内部形成的U型结构
Bioinformatics
生物信息学
应用信息科学的理论、方法和技术，管理、分析和利用生物分子数据。
Biocomputing
生物计算
本书中特指用计算机技术分析和处理生物分子数据。
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool ( Blast)
H-P (hydrophobic-polar) model
H-P （疏水极性）模型
以固定半径的单个原子表示蛋白质中的一个氨基酸残基的简单网格模型。
hydrogen bonding
氢键
由于极性共价键的作用，使得电荷作用发生轻微分离而形成的分子相互作用。
hydrophilic
亲水的
很容易在水性溶剂中溶解；字面上理解，就是和水易处的。
core fold
核心折叠
构成蛋白质空间形状的基本模式。
CpG island
CpG 岛
在 哺乳类动物基因组中的一个 500bp 到 3000bp 的区域 ， 该区域中的二核苷酸 CpG 的含量比其他区域的正常水平要高。通常，与此相关的是真核生物管家基因的启动子区域。
crystal
晶体
由分子的规则排列组成的固体结构。
比对的比对
即比对的对象不是简单的序列，而是序列的比对。
alleles
等位基因
一个基因的不同版本。
alpha carbon
α 碳
在氨基酸中与侧链（ R- 基团）相连的中心碳原子。
alternative splicing
可变剪接
从一个单独的 hnRNA 生成两个或多个 mRNA 分子的过程。
amino terminus (N-terminal)
dipeptide
二肽
由一个肽键连成的两个氨基酸。
disulfide bond
二硫键
二硫键是蛋白质中两个半胱氨酸侧链之间形成的化学键 。
DNA
DNA
参见脱氧核糖核酸。
domain
域（结构域）
指蛋白质结构中相对独立的、具有特定功能的空间区域。
dot plot
点阵图
对两条序列进行图形化比较的方法。图形中的一系列的斜线对应于序列相似的区域。
I
indel
插入或删除
插入或删除。
inferred ancestor 25
推断祖先
通过 系统发生树推断而得到的祖先。
inferred tree
推断树
对三个或三个以上的同源序列的系统发生关系的描述，是它们真正关系的一个近似。
染色质
在真核生物细胞核内部由大量 DNA 以及与此相关的组蛋白组成的近似均匀混合物。
chromosome
染色体
在原核生物，包含一个细胞基因组的DNA分子称为染色体。在真核生物中，与蛋白质复合在一起、包含大量遗传信息的线型DNA分子。
clone
克隆
无性繁殖，如生物体克隆、基因克隆等。
cloning
克隆
gene order
基因次序
基因在染色体上的排列顺序。
gene tree
基因树
基于同源基因分析得到的系统发生树。
genetic map
遗传图谱
以具有多态性的遗传标记为“路标”，以遗传学距离为图距的基因组图谱。
genome
基因组
一个生物体全部遗传物质的总和。
genomics
基因组学
研究基因组序列，研究序列与功能的关系，研究基因组中所包含的遗传信息。
分支约束法
一种空间搜索方法，通过约束条件减少搜索空间，提高搜索效率。
branches
分支
在 系统发生树中，通过分支连接两个节点。
C
C (Cytosine)
胞嘧啶
作为碱基的两种嘧啶中的一种。
CAAT box
CAAT 盒
大多数真核启动子具有的一段短序列，其片段模式为 C-A-A-T ， 通常出现在 转录起始位点上游 80 个 核苷酸的地方。许多因子可以与CAAT盒结合 。
enzyme
酶
一种生物催化剂（通常是 蛋白质），能通过降低活化能使特定的化学反应可以更快地进行。
EST （Expressed sequence tags ）
EST表达序列标签
从 cDNA 的 5' 或 3' 端获取的短的 DNA 片段。
euchromatin
常染色质
指真核生物中组蛋白高度甲基化（ 乙酰 化？）并且 DNA 低度甲基化的开放染色质。
在类染色体载体中插入特定的 DNA 一段，使得它们可以在活细胞中得以保存并复制。
Coding sequence