计算机组成原理课件英文版第一章

Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 3
§1.1 Introduction
The Computer Revolution

Makes novel applications feasible

Computers in automobiles


Input/output includes

Display, keyboard, mouse Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash For communicating with other computers

Storage devices


Network adapters

Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 17

Desktop Computers
Server Computers Embedded Computers


Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 8
Classes of Computers

Desktop computers PC
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 15
Understanding Performance

Algorithm

Determines number of operations executed Determine number of machine instructions executed per operation Determine how fast instructions are executed
Server computers

Network based High capacity, performance, reliability Range from small servers to building sized
World’s smallest web server
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 10

Hardware representation

§1.2 Below Your Program
Below Your Program

Application software

Written in high-level language (HLL) Compiler: translates HLL code to machine code Operating System: service code
§1.3 Under the Covers
Components of a Computer
The BIG Picture

Same components for all kinds of computer

Desktop, server, embedded User-interface devices
Classes of Computers

Embedded computers

Hidden as components of systems Stringent power/performance/cost constraints
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 11
Optical mouse

LED illuminates desktop Small low-res camera Basic image processor

Looks for x, y movement

Buttons & wheel

Supersedes roller-ball mechanical mouse
The Processor Market
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What You Will Learn

How programs are translated into the machine language

And how the hardware executes them
Anatomy (结构) of a Computer
Output device
Network cable
Input device
Input device
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 18
Anatomy of a Mouse

Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 22
Inside the Processor

AMD Barcelona: 4 processor cores
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 23

General purpose, variety of software Subject to cost/performance tradeoff
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Classes of Computers

Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 4
§1.1 Introduction
The Computer Revolution

Makes novel applications feasible

Cell phones
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 5

The hardware/software interface What determines program performance

And how it can be improved


How hardware designers improve performance What is parallel processing
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 2
Moore’s Law
The trend has continued for more than half a century and is not expected to stop until 2015 or later.
§1.1 Introduction
The Computer Revolution

Computers are pervasive
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 7
Classes of Computers

Question: How do you classify computers?
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Through the Looking Glass

LCD screen: picture elements (pixels)

Mirrors content of frame buffer memory

Assembly language

Textual representation of instructions
Binary digits (bits) Encoded instructions and data
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 14
wk.baidu.com

System software


Handling input/output Managing memory and storage Scheduling tasks & sharing resources

Hardware

Processor, memory, I/O controllers
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Levels of Program Code

High-level language


Level of abstraction closer to problem domain Provides for productivity and portability

Programming language, compiler, architecture


Processor and memory system


I/O system (including OS)

Determines how fast I/O operations are executed
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 16
A Safe Place for Data

Volatile (易变的) main memory

Loses instructions and data when power off

Non-volatile secondary memory


Magnetic disk Flash memory Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)
Chapter 1
Computer Abstractions and Technology
§1.1 Introduction
The Computer Revolution

Progress in computer technology

Underpinned by Moore’s Law

What is Moore’s Law ???
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 24
Networks

Communication and resource sharing Local area network (LAN): Ethernet


Moore's law describes a long-term trend in the history of computing hardware. The quantity of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit has doubled approximately every two years.
§1.1 Introduction
The Computer Revolution

Makes novel applications feasible

Human genome project World Wide Web Search Engines
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 6
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 20
Opening the Box
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 21
Inside the Processor (CPU)


Datapath: performs operations on data Control: sequences datapath, memory, ... Cache memory

Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to data
SRAM – Static Random Access Memory