关系分句上课讲义

关系分句——定语从句

简介：关系分句即定语从句，是由关系词引导的分句结构。这种分句的主要功能是作名词修饰语（即定语）。

依据定语从句和先行项的语义关系：1、限制性定语从句

2、非限制性定语从句

热身体验：

1、限制性定语从句：缺少定语，作为先行项的名词便不能明确表示其所指对象。

例如：He is the boy who damaged the vase.

2、非限制性定语从句：省略定语，先行项所指意义不受影响。

例如：My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week.

限制性定语从句

1、限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写中通常不用逗号。例如

The man who did the robbery has been caught.

The chair (which) i sat was a broken one.

Can you show me the house where Shakespeare once lived?

The reason why i was alone in the mountains is that i had a difficulty with my guide.

2、限制性定语从句通常出现在下列搭配中：

2.1、当名词中心词带有表示类别的不定冠词时，其后的定语从句通常为限制性定语从句。

She was a woman who must be treated decently.

He spoke to me in a tone which i don’t at all like.

2.2、当名词中心词带有前照应定冠词时，其后的定语从句也必定是限制性的。例如：

He is the man who told me the news

This is the car i bought last year.

2.3、当名词中心词带有all, any, some, every, no 等不定限定词时，其后的定语从句也通常是限定性的。例如：

The first flame from Rainbarrow sprang into the sky, attracting all eyes that had been fixed on the distant conflagration.

Any man who smokes cigarettes is, the doctors say, risking his health.

Some friends that i made in colleges were more interested in grades than in learning.

He has read almost every book on linguistics that he could get hold of in the library.

No visitors who come to Beijing would fail to see the Great Wall.

非限定性定语从句

1、这种定语从句在口语中有停顿，在书写中常用逗号隔开。引导词通常是who, whom, whose和which等wh-词，但也并不绝对排除that。例如：

The chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right.

His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.

The chairman’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a patient smile.

She is devilish like Miss Cutter, that i used to meet at Dumdum.

2、关系副词where和when也能引导非限定性定语从句。例如：

Many of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina, where land is cheap.

I’m seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New York.

3、从语义的角度看，非限制性定语从句起着状语分句的作用，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。例如：

It is in line with the Charter, which recognizes the value of regional efforts to solve problems and settle disputes. (这里的which...相当于for it...或as it...的意思，表示原因。）

Chinese delegations have been sent to Asian-African countries, who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments. (这里的who will..相当于so that they may...的意思，表示目的。）

He would be a rash man, who should venture to forecast the results of this event.(这里的who...相当于if he...的意思，表示条件。）

Dr Lee, who had carefully read through the instruction before doing his experiments, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically.(这里的who...相当于through he...的意思，表示让步。）

Exercise 1: combine each group of sentences into one containing a relative clause

1、You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it.

2、She was dancing with a student. He had a slight limp.

3、There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box.

4、I was sitting in a chair. It suddenty collapsed.

5、I missed the train. I usually catch this train, and i had to travel on the next. This was a slow train.

6、Tom came to the party in patched jeans. This surprised the other guests. Most of the other guests were wearing evening dress.

7、They tie up parcels with string. This is so weak that the parcel usually comes to pieces before you get it home.