儒道文化

• Taoism began from the harmony of yin and yang theory and took the “respect yang and worship yin” as the basic point to form the distinctive characteristics of stressing yin and yang”, and the equal importance of the male and female”. Respecting women , equality between men and women is the most humane aureole (光环）of Taoism.
• Taoism (or Daoism) is a philosophical, ethical, and religious tradition of Chinese origin that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also romanized as Dao). The term Tao means "way", "path" or "principle", and can also be found in Chinese philosophies and religions other than Taoism. In Taoism, however, Tao denotes something that is both the source and the driving force behind everything that exists.
• While Taoism drew its cosmological notions from the tenets of the School of Yin Yang（阴阳）, the Tao Te Ching（道德经）, a compact and ambiguous book containing teachings attributed to Laozi( 老子)， is widely considered its keystone work. Together with the writings of Zhuangzi(庄子）, these two texts build the philosophical foundation of Taoism.
• Confucianism "largely defined the mainstream discourse on gender in China from the Han dynasty onward ". The often strict, obligatory gender roles based on Confucian teachings became a cornerstone of the family, and thus, societal stability. Starting from the Han period onward, Confucians in general began to gradually teach that a virtuous woman was supposed to follow the lead of the males in her family, especially the father before her marriage and the husband after she marries.
• The close combination of Confucianism and ethical
concepts formed the basic ideas of “women are inferior to men”(男尊女卑）and “women must obey men” (男 主女从）.Especially when Cheng Zhu neo-
simplicity, spontaneity, and the Three Treasures: compassion（慈）, moderation（俭）, and humility （谦）.
二.Different opinions to women＇s social status
• Women in Confucian thought
strengthened the imprisonment of women.
• There is no love in dictionary of Confucian culture, the concept of marriage is often synonymous with love, it ignores and suppresses women's emotional needs and ideology.
• In the later dynasties, more emphasis was placed on women to uphold the virtue of chastity when they lost their husbands. Chaste widows were revered as heroes during the Ming and Qing periods. This "cult of chastity" accordingly, "condemned many widows to poverty and loneliness by placing a social stigma on remarriage by women."
Differences between Confucianism and Taoism
——social status of women
一.General Introduction of Confucianism and
Taoism
• Confucianism is an ethical and philosophical system, on occasion described as a religion, developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius(孔子）. Confucianism originated as an “ethical-sociopolitical teaching” during the Spring and Autumn Period, but later developed metaphysical（形而上学的） and cosmological（宇宙论的） elements in the Han Dynasty. Following the official abandonment of Legalism in China after the Qin Dynasty, Confucianism became the official state ideology of the Han. Nonetheless, from the Han period onwards, most Chinese emperors have used a mix of Legalism and Confucianism as their ruling doctrine.
• The core of Confucianism is humanistic. Confucianism focuses on the practical order inscribed in a this-worldly awareness of the Tian and a proper respect of the gods (shen), with particular emphasis on the importance of the family, rather than on a transcendent divine or a soteriology （救世神学）. This stance rests on the belief that human beings are teachable, improvable, and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor especially self-cultivation and self-creation. Confucian thought focuses on the cultivation of virtue and maintenance of ethics.
• Some of the basic Confucian ethical concepts and practices include rén, yì, lǐ, and zhì. Ren is an obligation of altruism and humaneness for other individuals. Yi is the upholding of righteousness and the moral disposition to do good. Li is a system of ritual norms and propriety that determines how a person should properly act in everyday life. Zhi is the ability to see what is right and fair, or the converse, in the behaviors exhibited by others. Confucianism holds one in contempt, either passively or actively, for the failure of upholding the cardinal moral values of ren and yi.
Women in Taoist thought
• Taoism has a kind of respected attitude to women. Laozi philosophy of respecting women, promoting women ＇ s consciousness and improving the status of women played a guiding role on theory. In Taoist theory, the female is not dispensable(可有可无的），not ignoble(卑贱 的）, but has an independent position, enjoy the independent personality and Godhead, play an important role of independent will and desire.
Confucianism was prosperous in the Southern Song
Dynasty, neo-Confucianism further strengthened the feudal ethics. The “saving heaven” (存天理）, “destroying human desires”（灭人欲） , “the three obedience and four virtues” （三从四德）further
• TaoisBaidu Nhomakorabea propriety and ethics may vary depending on the
particular school, but in general tends to emphasize
wu-wei (action through non-action), “naturalness”,